independent conceptual study - exploring a new financial...
TRANSCRIPT
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Markku Oksanen & Niclas Lindgren
Independent Conceptual Study
- Exploring a new Financial and Funding Model for AIT -
Country profiles
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Annex: Country studies
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Data gathered from 52 countries
East Asia & Pacific
1. Cambodia
2. China
3. Hongkong
4. Indonesia
5. Japan
6. Korea, north
7. Korea, south
8. Laos
9. Malaysia
10. Myanmar
11. Philippines
12. Singapore
13. Thailand
14. Vietnam
South & West Asia
15. Afghanistan
16. Bangladesh
17. Bhutan
18. India
19. Iran
20. Nepal
21. Pakistan
22. Sri Lanka
Central Asia
23. Kazakhstan
24. Kyrgystan
25. Mongolia
26. Uzbekistan
North America &
Western Europe
40. Canada
41. United States
42. Austria
43. Denmark
44. Finland
45. France
46. Germany
47. Greece
48. Italy
49. Norway
50. Spain
51. Sweden
52. United Kingdom
Arab states
27. Morocco
28. Irak
29. Oman
30. Saudi Arabia
31. Sudan
32. United Arab
Emirates
Africa
33. Ethiopia
34. Ghana
35. Kenya
36. Nigeria
Central & Eastern
Europe
37. Poland
38. Russia
39. Turkey
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THAILAND - Outbound student flows
FACT SHEET
• Total number of outbound
students: 202 885 (21,7%)
• >23.000 students go
annually abroad
• 97% go to top 10
countries; ~80 % to top 3
• Mobility increased ~20%
1999-2003, then settled at
current level
• Enrollment in HE has
increased by 34 %
between 1999-2008,
annual increase currently
marginal
• Annual enrollment around
2.5 million students
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Country profiles and student flows
BANGLADESH
• 30 public universities, 54 private universities, 3 int. Universities
• GER 7 %
• Student enrolment is growing steadily at an average rate of 7%; annual
enrolment >1,2M
• 100 new private higher education institutions where established between
1998 and 2001
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BANGLADESH – Enrollment
Education3%
Humanities and arts32%
Social sciences, business and law
42%
Science14%
Engineering, manufacturing and
construction
4%
Agriculture1%
Health and welfare4%
Services0%
General programs0%
BANGLADESHTertiary enrollment by field of study
0
100 000
200 000
300 000
400 000
500 000
600 000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Nu
mb
er
of
stu
de
nts
BANGLADESH- enrollment by field -
Education
Humanities and arts
Social sciences, business and law
Science
Engineering, manufacturing and construction
Agriculture
Health and welfare
Services
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BANGLADESH - Outbound student flows
FACT SHEET
• Total number of outbound
students: 113 703 (0,6%)
• 93,5% go to top 10
countries
• Student mobility has
almost doubled in the last
10 years (average growth
of 10 %)
• Moblity has slowed down,
settled on roughly
12.000/year, fairly stable
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BANGLADESH and AIT
• Student intake
– 1999-2009 overall: 3,6 % of total (ranking: 6.th)
– Continuous stream of students (delivers every year)
– Intake dropping fast: best year 81 (2003), last year 15
• Enrolled students
– 1999-2009 overall: 3,5 % (5.th biggest)
– Enrollment stabilized after heavy dropping: best year 132 (2003), last year 41
• Share of wallet (mobile students in Thailand)
– Accurate calculation can not be made as Thailand-data is missing
– Indication: dropping (> 45 % in 2001 and 2002; 9,1 % in 2008)
• Alumni
– Bangladesh is the 4.th most important alumni country (5,6 % of total)
• Partnership
– AIT has 10 partnerships and all are active (3,9 % of total)
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Country profiles and student flows
CAMBODIA
• About 135 000 students in 70 different HE institutions, 38 universities (10
private, e.g. IIC Univ. of Technology) and 28 public under 4 different
ministries
• HE in very poor condition
• GER 7,0 %
• Student enrolment is growing extremely fast, having increased with 454
% since 1999 at an average rate of 24%; annual enrolment >90.000
• Social sciences, business and law is growing the fastest as field of study
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CAMBODIA – Enrollment
Education9%
Humanities and arts8%
Social sciences, business and law
55%
Science12%
Engineering, manufacturing and
construction
3%
Agriculture3%
Health and welfare
5%
Services1%
General programs
2%Unspecified programs
2%
CAMBODIATertiary enrollment by field of study
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Nu
mb
er
of
stu
de
nts
CAMBODIA- enrolment by field -
Education
Humanities and arts
Social sciences, business and law
Science
Engineering, manufacturing and construction
Agriculture
Health and welfare
Services
General programs
Unspecified programs
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CAMBODIA - Outbound student flows
FACT SHEET
• Total number of outbound
students: 19 589 (0,1 %)
• 92,5% go to top 10
countries
• Student mobility has grown
with over 70 % since 1999
(average growth of 8 %)
• Growth continues
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CAMBODIA and AIT
• Student intake
– 1999-2009 overall: 2,7 % of total (ranking: 10.th)
– Continuous stream of students (delivers every year)
– Intake has been halved since 2006; best year 37 (2001), last year 14 (1,5%)
• Enrolled students
– 1999-2009 overall: 2,5 % (ranking 10.th)
– Enrollment stabilized after heavy dropping: best year 79 (2001), last three
years around 30 (1,4 % of enrolled)
• Share of wallet (mobile students in Thailand)
– Accurate calculation can not be made as Thailand-data is missing
– Indication: dropping fast (> 92% in 2001; 3,2 % in 2008)
• Alumni
– Is the 13.th most important alumni country (2,1 % of total)
• Partnership
– Has had only 2 partnerships with AIT, one is still active
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Country profiles and student flows
CHINA
• Major player in HE in Asia: • > 27 million students & close to 2 000 universities & about 150 top universities (25 % of
the world’s students)
• Huge state investments: 20 billion USD to create elite universities & research
• Gross enrolment ratio: increased from 6,6 to 22 in 9 years; increasing slower than mobility
• Sends 14,6 % of cross border students, about 1,0 million, hosts > 200 000 int. students
• Extensive co-operation with foreign universities, e.g. about 200 British universities have programs in China
• Very diversified HE inside the country and serious quality problems in HE
• 10 % of HE students are engaged in distance education
• Aspirations • To develop a world – class higher education system
• To achieve 23 % GER in higher education by 2010, 40 % in 2020 and 55 % in 2050
• To achieve 1,500 engineers and scientists per million population in 2020 and 3,000 per million population in 2050
• Expansion of Chinese higher education:
• global network of Confusius Institutes
• To host 0,5 million foreign students by 2020 .
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CHINA – Outboud student flows
FACT SHEET
• total number of outbound
students: 2 357 634
• 92 % of students go to top
10 countries
• growth of mobility has
increased with 300 %
since 1999 (average
growth 21 %)
• growth of mobility has
slowed down and
stabilized at level of
390.000/year
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CHINA and AIT
• Student intake
– 1999-2009 overall: 2,9 % of total (ranking: 9.th)
– Continuous stream of students (delivers every year)
– Intake dropping fast: best year 51 (2002), last year 7
• Enrolled students
– 1999-2009 overall: 2,9 % of total (7.th biggest)
– Enrollment dropping fast: best year 99 (2002), last year 18
• Share of wallet (mobile students in Thailand)
– Accurate calculation can not be made as Thailand-data is missing
– Indication: dropping fast (9,4 % in 2001 - 0,2% in 2008)
• Alumni
– China is the 10.th most important alumni country (4,2 % of total)
• Partnership
– AIT has 4 active partnerships and 6 inactive (4,2 % of total)
– Active partnerships form only 2 % of stock)
• Planned AIT Center
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Country profiles and student flows
INDIA
• Second largest player in the region • > 13 million students & 431 universities and more than 20 000 colleges & number of
prestigious institutions small, only 13 Indian Institutes of Technologies
• Share of students in private institutions 31 %
• GER grows continuously at a rate of 5%, 2007: 13,48
• Student enrolment has grown with 58% during 2000-2007 at an average rate of 24%; annual enrolment >15 Million
• 43 % of students enrolled in humanities and arts in 2007
• Serious quality problems & very difficult to entry to IITs (less than 2 % of applications approved)
• Expansion to the Gulf region
• Aspirations • The 11th Five Year Plan aims to expand capacity in all institutions of higher education by
50% over the next 3 years.
• Creation of 100 additional posts in colleges and universities
• Setting up of computer laboratories in all government colleges and university departments, and scientific labs in schools and colleges.
• To develop a world class higher education system, Government program:
• 8 new IITs, 7 new IIMS, 30 new research universities, 2 Indian institutes of science and 1000 new polytechnics
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INDIA – Enrollment
Education3%
Humanities and arts43%
Social sciences, business and law
16%
Science18%
Engineering, manufacturing and
construction
17%
Agriculture0%
Health and welfare3%
Services0%
General programs0%
INDIATertiary enrollment by field of study in 2007
Note: ”unspecified programs” diluted
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INDIA - Outbound student flows
FACT SHEET
• Total number of outbound
students: 944 580 (4,9% of
total mobility, 2nd)
• >150.000 students go
annually abroad
• 95,8% go to top 10
countries; ~90 % to top 3
• Student mobility has grown
with over 220 % since 1999
(average growth 17 %);
growth continues
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INDIA and AIT
• Student intake
– 1999-2009 overall: 4,6 % of total (ranking: 3rd)
– Continuous stream of students (delivers every year)
– Intake has been halved since 2003 when intake was 87, last year 38 (4,1%)
– Seems to be regaining strength, grown in average 9% during 2007-2009
• Enrolled students
– 1999-2009 overall: 4 % (ranking 4th), grown with 145 %
– Enrollment stabilized after heavy dropping: best year 144 (2004), last three
years around 80 (3,7% of enrolled)
• Share of wallet (mobile students in Thailand)
– Accurate calculation can not be made as Thailand-data is missing
– Indication: dropping but good (> 64% in 2001; 10,5 % in 2008)
• Alumni
– Is the 3rd most important alumni country (5,7 % of total)
• Partnership
– AIT has 13 partnerships and all are active (5,1 % of total)
• Planned AIT Center
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Country profiles and student flows
INDONESIA
• Dramatic growth in HE since 1950
• 3,4 million students (6 500 in 1950) and > 2300 HE institutions
• Four different types of HE: academies, polytechnics, advanced schools, insitutions,
universities 95 % of HE institutions and 62 % of its enrollment are in the private sector
• Share of students in private institutions > 67 %
• GER grows continuously at a rate of 3%, 2007: 18,00
• Student enrolment has grown with ~25% during 2001-2007 at an average rate of 4%;
annual enrolment >3,7 Million
• In 2007 >50% of students enrolled in social sciences, business and law
• Aspirations
• Under the Higher Education Long-Term Strategy 2003–2010, the structural adjustment to
be carried out aims to have, by the year of 2010, a healthy higher education system, with
provision of the corresponding framework and structures
• Goal to increase GER up to 40 & by 2020
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INDONESIA – Enrollment
Education15% Humanities and arts
1%
Social sciences, business and law
51%
Science8%
Engineering, manufacturing and
construction
16%
Agriculture5%
Health and welfare4%
Services0%
General programs0%
Unspecified programs0%
INDONESIATertiary enrollment by field of study in 2007
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INDONESIA - Outbound student flows
FACT SHEET
• Total number of outbound
students: 289 123 (1,5% of
total mobility, 15th)
• ~30.000 students go
annually abroad
• 97,5% go to top 10
countries; ~78 % to top 3
• Student mobility is
declining after top years
2002-2003
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INDONESIA and AIT
• Student intake
– 1999-2009 overall: 2,6 % of total (ranking: 11th)
– Continuous stream of students (delivers every year)
– Intake has dropped continuously 2007-2009 from 51 to 26 (equal to year 2000)
• Enrolled students
– 1999-2009 overall: 2,6 % of total (ranking: 9th)
– 1999-2008 enrollment has grown 197 % to 86 students
– 2009 it dropped 25 % to 64 (3% of annual total)
• Share of wallet (mobile students in Thailand)
– Accurate calculation can not be made as Thailand-data is missing
– Indication: dropping but very good (> 95% in 2001; 27,3 % in 2008)
• Alumni
– Is the 11th most important alumni country (4 % of total)
• Partnership
– AIT has 12 active partnerships and 8 inactive (7,8 % of total)
– Active partnerships form 6,2 % of stock
• Planned AIT Center
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Country profiles and student flows
LAO
• 4 universities, 5 teacher colleagues, 83 private colleagues, in total about 90 000
students
• GER grows rapidly at a rate of 21% per year, 2008: 13,3
• Student enrolment has grown with 640% since 1999
• Social sciences, business and law and Education are the main fields of study
• Aspirations
• Selective expansion; to continue the training and upgrading of teachers by year 2020.
• To increase the share of government budget for education
• To increase the quality and consolidation of higher education
• To increase enrollment of girls and ethnic minorities in higher education
• To increase the student population ratio from 520/100,000 by year 2010 to 650/100,000 by
2015 and 840/100,000 by 2020.
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LAO PDR – Enrollment
Education21%
Humanities and arts14%
Social sciences, business and law
28%
Science2%
Engineering, manufacturing and
construction
8%
Agriculture7%
Health and welfare2%
Services3%
General programs
0%
Unspecified programs
15%
LAOSTertiary enrollment by field of study
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
30 000
35 000
40 000
45 000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Nu
mb
er
of
stu
de
nts
LAOS- enrollment by field -
Education
Humanities and arts
Social sciences, business and law
Science
Engineering, manufacturing and construction
Agriculture
Health and welfare
Services
General programs
Unspecified programs
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LAO PDR - Outbound student flows
FACT SHEET
• Total number of outbound
students: 16 795 (0,09% of
total mobility, 138th)
• ~3.000 students go
annually abroad, fluctuating
very much
• 97,2% go to top 10
countries; ~74 % to top 3
• Student mobility has grown
with 85 % since 1999
(average growth 17 %)
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LAO PDR and AIT
• Student intake
– 1999-2009 overall: 1,3 % of total (ranking: 13th)
– Continuous stream of students (delivers every year)
– Intake in 2009 was 17 (1,8% of total) ; top year 2001 had 39 (3,4%)
– Intake is regaining strength after bottom in 2007 (2007-2009: + 70%)
• Enrolled students
– 1999-2009 overall: 1,4 % of total (ranking: 13th)
– Enrollment has dropped by >60 % since top year 2001 (80 enrolled)
– 2007-2009 steady at a level of about 30 students (1,4% of total)
• Share of wallet (mobile students in Thailand)
– Accurate calculation can not be made as Thailand-data is missing
– Indication: dropping (> 64% in 2001; 10,5 % in 2008)
• Alumni
– Is the 15th most important alumni country (1,7 % of total)
• Partnership
– No partnerships
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Country profiles and student flows
MALAYSIA
• High priority for expansion higher education and improving quality
• Increase of private universtities from 100 to 690 during 1998-2003
• GER has grown 29% since 1999, now stabilized around 30
• Student enrolment has grown with 56% since 1999; annual enrolment ~750.000 (2007)
• Social sciences, business and law and Engineering are the main fields of study
• Share of students in private institutions > 24 %
• Hosts 5 international university campuses
• About 70 000 int. students (target 100 000 by 2010) vs about 700 000 domestic students
• Expansion of HE to overseas
• Aspirations
• Fundamental research will be activated by application to get grants of RM300 million in the 9th Malaysia Plan (2006–2010).
• To increase in the proportion of postgraduate students from 18% to 25% in the year 2010.
• The Malaysian nation’s Vision 2020 (Wawasan 2020) promotes a paradigm shift to an economy based on knowledge
• Target to increase GER up to 40 % by 2010
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MALAYSIA – Enrollment
Education11%
Humanities and arts10%
Social sciences, business and law
27%Science19%
Engineering, manufacturing and
construction
22%
Agriculture3%
Health and welfare6%
Services2%
General programs0% 0%
MALAYSIATertiary enrollment by field of study
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Nu
mb
er
of
stu
de
nts
MALAYSIA- enrollment by field -
Education
Humanities and arts
Social sciences, business and law
Science
Engineering, manufacturing and construction
Agriculture
Health and welfare
Services
General programs
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MALAYSIA - Outbound student flows
FACT SHEET
• Total number of outbound
students: 392 943 (2,5% of
total mobility, 11th)
• >45.000 students go
annually abroad
• 97,5% go to top 10
countries; ~83 % to top 3
• Student mobility steady
around current level
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MALAYSIA and AIT
• Student intake
– 1999-2009 overall: 0,3 % of total (ranking: 26th)
– Continuous stream of students (delivers every year)
– Stable intake, but very small (average 3; last year 2), no signs of change
• Enrolled students
– 1999-2009 overall: 0,4 % of total (ranking: 22th)
– Enrollment has dropped by 50 % since top years 2001-2002 (12 enrolled)
– 2007-2009 steady at a level of about 5 students (0,2% of total)
• Share of wallet (mobile students in Thailand)
– Accurate calculation can not be made as Thailand-data is missing
– Indication: steadily dropping (> 23,5% in 2001; 2,9 % in 2008)
• Alumni
– Is the 14th most important alumni country (1,8 % of total)
• Partnership
– 1 active agreement