independent learning ! the challenge of managing the time away from classes, particularly for...
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Independent Learning !
• The challenge of managing the time away from classes, particularly for research
• The first stage could be to work out how much time you have for independent work
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How much time ?
… for:
• Study
• Sleep
• Socialising
• Work (paid)
• Eating
• Travel
• Relaxing
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Use of Students’ Time(Payne & Whittaker 2000)
12% 4%
6%
9%
9%27%
33%
Work
Eating
Travel
Relaxing
Socialising
Study
Sleep
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You are not a time lord !
There are 168 hours in any week.
So how many hours should be spent on study and course work ?
27% = 45 hours – according to Payne and Whittaker’s (2000) study.
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How Much Time Is Enough for Independent Learning ?
One survey suggested that 2 extra hours
for every hour spent in scheduled lectures
per week was necessary to achieve the
best results (University of York 2002).
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So, how much time should you be spending with your studies?
• Each single module = 100 hours worth of work (lectures, assessment, tutorials, reading, group working, etc.)
• Semester = 6 modules = 600 hours• Semester = 12 weeks = 50 hours a week
This is about 30% of your time
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How Much Time Is Enough for Independent Learning ?
Weekly study time on six modules = 50 hours
Less class time = 15 hours
Independent learning = 35 hours
This roughly corresponds to the 2:1 ration suggested by (Univ. of York 2002).
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Task Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
3. Weekly Task Scheduler (downloaded from Microsoft Office OnLine)
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1. Prioritisation WorksheetPRIORITY
Important
Pending
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aims
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2. Task Timelines (fee software can be downloaded from the internet)
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Weekly & Daily Schedule
• Importance of allocating available time to priority & important tasks …
• … need for a weekly schedule or overview of study tasks
• Importance of having clear and realistic study targets for each day
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Looks straightforward …
… so what’s the problem ?
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Time Management Issues for Students
Three Big Time Management Issues for
Students
PERFECTIONISM
Trying to get things perfect: causes tasks to
stack up
PROCRASTINATION
Putting off starting until the last minute
POOR PLANNING:
Problems with planning ahead & balancing tasks
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80% of the outputs come from
20% of the inputs
Pareto’s Law – 80/20 Rule
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Procrastination
• A study by O’Brien (2002) suggested that over a third of students feel that procrastination is a problem for them.
• Burka and Yuen (1983), suggested that procrastination often emerges as a means of distancing oneself from stressful activities, and that the most difficult tasks are often put to one side mentally until the last possible minute.
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Steele (2007)
Procrastination – the thief of time
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Procrastination – ‘the thief of time’
Procrastination factors related to academic study:
Aversion to the task
In proportion to the importance of the task to overall success and failure on a course. Where this is not vital, incentives and rewards are weak.
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Procrastination – so what can you do about it ?
Aversion to the task- Develop motivation• Find a personal engagement with subject …• … how can I use this idea ?• … what’s significant in this for me ?• Why have I found this difficult in the past ? …• … how is this different now ?• If I had to explain this to others simply, how would
I best summarise it for them ?
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Procrastination – ‘the thief of time’
Depression or mood-related
“Just not in the mood now, but will be later …”- OK, even healthy, in moderation, providing it’s
not a regular response, concealing other negative life factors …
- … recurrent difficulties require significant self-awareness and resourcefulness, or external support.
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Procrastination – ‘the thief of time’
Time planning issues
- Difficult to gauge time needed for academic tasks- Can underestimate and defer tasks- Second language issues can compound this
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Procrastination – so what can you do about it ?
Time management issues:
- Allow more time for assignments …
- … draft, leave, edit, redraft
- Simple, realistic, daily goal-setting
- Link short-term priorities to long-term goals
- Lower your expectations ?
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Procrastination – ‘the thief of time’
Impulsiveness and distractions
- Occupied with desires of the moment- Immediate gratification- Stronger the attraction, greater the distraction
Blatt and Quinn (1967)
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Procrastination – so what can you do about it ?
Impulsiveness / distractions
- Long term vision
- ‘Unpleasant’ tasks first
- Short tasks / short term rewards
- Involve others in pay-offs
- Mix active / passive work e.g. reading
- Study groups • sharing research• teaching learning
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Reasons for distraction
• Other students around you are doing or saying things that appear to be more interesting
• You are struggling to make sense of a subject you find either difficult or irrelevant
• You feel the subject is presented (in text books or lectures) in an uninteresting way
• You are not sure what is expected of you• You do not like to be still or seated for too long• You are not making notes as you read
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Just say No!
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Tips for avoiding distraction
• Start with the unpleasant tasks first.
• Set yourself a time limit for reading.
• Use active reading techniques.
• Relate the subject to your real world.
• Dismiss most texts that you find hard to follow..
• Find somewhere quiet to study – free of
distractions, unless actively seeking group-work.
• Keep your working area clear of clutter.
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Procrastination references
Much of this material has been adapted from
Effective Learning Service Booklets –
Bradford University School of Management
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… plus some other referencesBurka, J. B. and L.M. Yuen (1983). Procrastination: Why You Do It and What to Do About It. Reading (USA), Massachussetts: Addison-Wesley.Lindley, D. (2006) Managing Household Paper Flow. From Online Organising.Com. Available at http://www.onlineorganizing.com/NewslettersArticle.asp?newsletter=go&article=489 [Accessed 12 Oct. 2006].Mahalaski, P.A. (1992). Essay writing: do study manuals give relevant relevant advice? Higher Education, 24: 113-32.Norton, L.S. (1990). Essay writing: what really counts? Higher Education, 20: 411-42.O'Brien, W.K. (2002). Applying the transtheoretical model to academic procrastination. Dissertation Abstracts International. Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 62(11-B): 5359.Payne, E. and L. Whittaker (2000). Developing Essential Study Skills. Harlow: Prentice Hall.University of York (Counselling Service) (2002). Time Management. York: as author.