index []€¦ · 966 index use of acrylic ... api rp 5l7, 788 apparent density, 377 applicator...

965

Index 100% relative humidity testing, 733

AAbradants, 616

falling abrasive test, 616–617Abrasion resistance

abradants, 616falling abrasive test, 616–617

abrasive blast methodsair jet erosion tester and micro-abrader, 617gravel projecting machine, 618

comparison of abrasion testers, 621correlation with end-use performance, 615–616mechanism of abrasion, 616methods using rotating abrasive wheels

Taber® Abraser, 618–619Taber® grit feeder attachment, 619

methods using rotating disksSchiefer Abrasion testing machine, 618

PEI Abrasion Tester, 622–623rain or water erosion, 622relationship to other physical properties, 615

hardness, elasticity, and tensile strength, 615Sand on Wheel Tester, 623test method precision, comparison, 621tests based on linear motion, 619

oscillating sand tester, 620–621RCA abrasion wear tester, 620Taber® Large Linear Abraser, 620Taber® Linear Abraser, 620Taber® Reciprocating Abraser, 620

tests for mar abrasion resistancebalanced beam tester, 621Coin Mar Test, 622Fingernail Test, 622Multi-Finger Scratch Tester (5-Finger Scratch

Tester), 622Nanoscratching, 622Paperclip Mar Test, 622Taber® Shear/Scratch Test, 621

Abrasion scrubbing & washability tester, 735Abrasion testers

comparison of, 621Abrasive blast methods

air jet erosion tester and micro-abrader, 617gravel projecting machine, 618

Absorption, 592Accelerated mechanical exposure, 734Accelerated weathering, 715–716

accelerated weathering devicescarbon arc and xenon arc, 722–723fl uorescent UV/condensation, 723fl uorescent UV-salt fog, 723fresnel refl ector, 723–724

electromagnetic spectrum., 716elements of weathering, 716

light, 716–721

moisture, 721–722oxygen, 722temperature, 722

enclosed carbon arc, 717fl uorescent UV lamps, 718–720lamp stability, 720metal halide, 720open-fl ame carbon arc, 717–718spectra of light, 717ultrafast weathering, 724xenon arc, 718

Acceleration due to gravity (g), 378Acetone, 153Acetone cyanohydrin, 50Acetoxy cure system, 114Achromatic, 592Acid catalysts, 77Acid resistance

and acid etch resistance, 727testing paints for, 253

Acid spot test, 253Acid wash color, 177Acid-base adhesion, 603Acid-functional acrylics cross-linked with epoxy

resins, 53–54Acidity, 177Acids and anhydrides used in alkyd manufacture, 67Acrylated polyurethanes, 108Acrylate-terminated polyurethanes, 108Acrylic emulsion polymers, 49, 56

acrylic emulsion maintenance coatings, 60acrylic emulsions for architectural coatings, 56–60acrylic emulsions for industrial coatings, 61acrylic emulsions for traffi c coatings, 60–61effect of particle structure and morphology on

properties of latex fi lms, 61–64exterior coatings applications, 58–60interior coatings applications, 57–58physical chemistry of, 56as property modifi er for poly(vinyl acetate)

architectural coatings, 60versus water-based coatings, 61waterborne paints based on, 60

Acrylic hetero-polymer, 64Acrylic latexes (see Acrylic emulsion polymers; Acrylic

emulsion polymers)Acrylic modifi ed alkyd, 41Acrylic monomers, 50Acrylic polymers as coatings binders, 49–50

acrylic emulsion polymers, 56acrylic emulsion maintenance coatings, 60acrylic emulsions for architectural coatings,

56–60acrylic emulsions for industrial coatings, 61acrylic emulsions for traffi c coatings, 60–61effect of particle structure and morphology on

properties of latex fi lms, 61–64

AST-MNL17-11-0601-IND.indd 965 02/11/11 6:06 PM

MNL17-EB/Jan. 2012

Copyright © 2012 by ASTM International www.astm.org

966 INDEX

use of acrylic polymers as property modifi er for poly(vinyl acetate) architectural coatings, 60

acrylic monomers, 50acrylic solution polymers

thermoplastic resins, 51–53thermosetting acrylic resins, 53–56

methacrylates, 50–51Acrylic polymers cross-linked with amino resins, 54–55Acrylic resins (see Acrylic solution polymers)Acrylic solution polymers, 49, 53

cross-linked with aliphatic isocyanates, 56Acrylic/epoxy coatings/enamels, 54

disadvantages, 54Acrylics, 51Active-8, 40Active solvents, 156–157Acyclic dimer acid, 98Addition cure system, 114Additive mixing of lights, 553Adhesion, 601

acid-base adhesion, 603aerospace and aircraft coatings, 743–744chemical adhesion, 603combination of phenomena, 603diffusion theory, 602effects of substrates

additional chemistry, 603–604electrostatic adhesion, 603fracture theory, 601–602mechanical adhesion, 603practical adhesion, 604–605

direct tensile testing, 608–611mechanized tape test, 607–608peel adhesion testing on plastic substrates,

605–606procedural problems, 607scrape adhesion testing, 611–612tape controversy, 607tape test, 605test methods, 605

weak boundary layer theory, 602wetting-contact theory, 602work of adhesion, 601

Adsorption of gases, 400Adsorption of solutes onto pigments, 400Aerobes, 313Aerosol beam generator and detection mechanism, 402“Aerosol Coating” section, 14Aerosol coatings regulations (ARB), 14Aerospace and aircraft coatings, 739

adhesion, 743–744analytical methods for aircraft paint components, 740cleanability, 748cleaning procedure, 749corrosion inhibition, 746density, 740drying time, 742fi lm thickness, 742fi neness of grind and coarse particles, 740fl ash point, 741

Pensky–Martens, 741pot life, 741–742

setafl ash, 741tag, 741

fl exibility, 744–745fl uid resistance, 747–748hardness and mar resistance, 745–746heat resistance, 748optical properties, 742–743preparation of soil, 749preparation of the control formula cleaner, 749solid and volatile concentration/content, 740

chemical analysis, 740–741pigment concentration, 740total solids content, 740volatile concentration, 740

storage stability, 741accelerated conditions, 741long-term evaluation, 741

strippability, 748viscosity, 739

brookfi eld and stormer methods, 739–740cup methods (cup viscometers), 739

weathering and environmental exposure, 747Aesthetic properties, metallic pigments, 254Agave fi ber, 35Air atomizing spray guns, 125Air jet erosion tester and micro-abrader, 617Air toxics program, 10–11Air-jet sieve, 395Alcohols, 154–155

properties of, 155Aliphatic hydrocarbons, 149–150

properties of, 150Aliphatic isocyanates, 109Alkali and detergent resistance, 727Alkali resistance test, apparatus for, 728Alkalinity, 177–178Alkali-swellable/soluble emulsions (ASEs), 356–357Alkyd copolymers, 125Alkyd resins, 66

classifi cation, 68description of unmodifi ed, 69modifi cation of, 94properties related to oil length, 69raw materials used to manufacture, 66

Alkyd-oil house paint, 41Alkyds, 65

alkyd resin classifi cation, 68higher solids alkyd resins, 68–69history, 65manufacture, 66

fusion process, 66solvent refl ux process, 66

physical properties, 67acid value, 68color, 68density, 68drying properties, 68fl ash point, 68hydroxyl value, 68nonvolatile content, 68viscosity, 67–68

and polyesters, 65–70


INDEX 967

raw materials used to manufacture alkyd resins, 66saturated polyesters, 70silicone-modifi ed polyesters, 70

conventional types, 70higher-solids types of polyesters, 70

synthesis, processing, and manufacture, 65–66acids and anhydrides used in, 67monobasic fatty acid or triglyceride oil, 65polybasic organic acid/anhydride, 65polyhydric alcohol, 65polyhydric alcohols used in, 67vegetable oils used in, 66, 67

water-reducible alkyd resins, 69–70Alkyl phenol ethoxylate (APEO), 320Allen-Bradely sonic sifter, 395Allophanate, urethane chemistry, 104ALPHA, 139Alpine air-jet sieve, 396Alternative drier compounds, 39Alumina trihydrate, 247Alumino hydrate, 246Aluminum beverage can production in various

countries, 771Aluminum fl akes, photomicrographs of two different

types of, 274Aluminum pigments

grade classifi cation, 251–252properties, 250–251

AM monomer, 55American Architectural Manufacturers Association, 945American Association of State and Transportation

Offi cials (AASHTO), 23American Association of State Highway &

Transportation Offi cials, 945American Institute of Architects, 945American National Standards Institute, 945American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS), 32Amide, urethane chemistry, 105Amine blocking agents, 77Amino resins, 72

applications, 72–73conventional solids versus high-solids, 73environmental/toxicity, 79history, 72kinetics of methylolation reactions, 73physical properties, 76

surface tension, 76viscosity, 76

reactions of aminos in coatingscure reactions, 76–77degradation and weathering, 77–78end uses of amino resins, 78

synthesis of amino resinsanalysis/analytical methods, 74–76reactions of synthesis, 73structure/property variations, 73–74

Amino/aminoplast resins, 72Amino-based crosslinked coatings, 77Aminoethylpiperazine, 97, 99Aminos in coatings, reactions of

cure reactions, 76–77degradation and weathering, 77–78

end uses of amino resins, 78Amphoteric surfactant, 321Anaerobes, 313Analogue coating thickness gages, 522Aniline point, 158Aniline point apparatus, 158Anionic emulsions, 25Anionic surfactants, 321Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 22, 947Anti-corrosion pigments, 284Anti-corrosion protection of metal

mechanisms for, 294Anti-corrosion protection of metal, two mechanisms

for, 294Antimicrobial agents, mode of action of, 315

agents that chelate metals, 315agents that react with nucleophilic groups, 315formaldehyde-releasing agents, 315

AOCS Ca 2c-25 (Reapproved 1997), 36AOCS Cd 7-58 (reapproved 1997), 36AOCS Ce 5b-89 (reapproved 1997), 36AOCS S 2-64 (Revised 2003), 36AOCS Tc 1a-64 (Reapproved 1997), 36AOCS Td 1a-64 (Revised 2000), 36AOCS Te 2a-64 (Reapproved 1997), 36AOCS test methods for industrial oils and derivatives, 36AOCS Tg 1-64 (Reapproved 1997), 36AOCS Th 1a-64 (Revised 2005), 36AOCS Tk1a-64 (Reapproved 1997), 36AOCS Tm 1a-64 (Revised 2003), 36AOCS Tn 1a-64, 36AOCS To 1b-64 (Revised 2003), 36AOCS Tp 1a-64 (Revised 2003), 36AOCS Tt 1a-64 (Reapproved 1997), 36Apatites, 294“APHA Color,” 174API gravity, 171API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, 173API RP 5L2, 788API RP 5L7, 788Apparent density, 377Applicator frame/step gap applicator, 509Aqueous acrylic/ melamine coil coatings enamel over

aluminum and galvanized steel, properties of, 62Architectural coatings, 751

appearance properties, 760application properties

anti-sag resistance, 755application foam, 757applied hiding power, 757applied spread rate, 756–757applying uniform paint fi lms for testing, 757–759leveling, 755open time, 759rheology effects on application, 755spatter resistance, 757touch up, 759–760

architectural coating categories, 751dry fi lm performance properties, 760–764fi lm-formation prope

drying times, 753–754holdout, 754


968 INDEX

penetration, 754–755porosity, 754

fi lm-formation properties, 753properties of liquid coatings, 751

colorant compatibility, 753density, 752fi neness of dispersion, 753stability, 753viscosity, 752–753Volatile Organic Contents (VOC), 753

substrates, 751–752Aromatic hydrocarbons, 150–151

nonaromatic hydrocarbons in, 178properties of, 151

Aromatic naphthas, 151Artifi cial bitumens, 19–20Artists’ paints

fi lm propertiesadhesion, 767bleeding, 767block resistance, 768chemical resistance, 768fl exibility, 768gloss, 768lightfastness, 768–769yellowing, 769

safety and compliance, 769Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), 769

shelf stability, 765appearance, 765color change, 766consistency, 766fl occulation, 766freeze-thaw stability, 766package integrity, 766seeding, 766settling, 766spoilage/putrefaction, 766–767viscosity changes, 767

testing of artists’ paints, 765working properties, 767

ASATM E20, 403Asbeck–Van Loo method of determining CPVC, 307Asphalt, 19

ASTM standard terminology, 19specifi cations and test methods for, 23

Asphalt cutbacks, 22Asphalt emulsions, 21Association of Industrial Metallizers, Coaters and

Laminators (AIMCAL), 132Associative polymer thickening in aqueous media,

depiction of, 346Associative thickeners, 344Associative TRMS (ATRMS), 356, 361

hydrophobe modifi ed ASEs (HASE), 358–359hydrophobe modifi ed cellulosics (HMC), 359–360hydrophobe modifi ed nonionic synthetics (HMNS),

356–358relative polymer architecture, 359

ASTM F695-01(2009), 680ASTM D2137, 502ASTM D2794-93, 642

ASTM D4449, 560ASTM D5950, 141ASTM A394, 133ASTM A740, 133ASTM A896, 133ASTM A123/A123M, 133ASTM A641/A641M, 133ASTM A653/A653M, 133ASTM A854/A854M, 133ASTM B117, 295, 728, 746ASTM B200, 132ASTM B456, 132ASTM B488, 132ASTM B533, 612ASTM B545, 132ASTM B571, 612ASTM B579, 132ASTM B605, 132ASTM B633, 132ASTM B634, 132ASTM B650, 132ASTM B679, 132ASTM B700, 132ASTM B734, 132ASTM B766, 132ASTM B840, 132ASTM B841, 132ASTM B842, 132ASTM B852, 133ASTM B866, 133ASTM B867, 132ASTM B874, 132ASTM B875, 132ASTM B905, 607ASTM B537-70 (1992), 691ASTM B117-07a, 24ASTM C148, 84ASTM C217, 621ASTM C282, 84ASTM C283, 84ASTM C285, 84ASTM C346, 84ASTM C372, 82, 83ASTM C374, 84ASTM C385, 84ASTM C424, 82, 83ASTM C448, 622ASTM C536, 84ASTM C537, 84ASTM C538, 84ASTM C539, 84ASTM C554, 82, 83ASTM C556, 82, 83ASTM C584, 83ASTM C609, 83ASTM C614, 84ASTM C633, 612ASTM C650, 82, 83ASTM C675, 85ASTM C676, 85ASTM C703, 84ASTM C724, 85


INDEX 969

ASTM C735, 85ASTM C738, 82, 83ASTM C743, 84ASTM C756, 84ASTM C777, 85ASTM C813, 465ASTM C824, 85ASTM C839, 84ASTM C872, 84ASTM C895, 82, 83ASTM C927, 85ASTM C978, 85ASTM C1027, 83ASTM C1028, 83ASTM C1192, 83ASTM C1300, 82, 83ASTM C1378, 82, 83ASTM C1564, 114ASTM C808-75(2010e), 680ASTM C1028-07e1, 680ASTM Committee C21, 82ASTM Committee E12, 560ASTM D4, 788ASTM D4-86(2004), 19, 23ASTM D5, 788ASTM D16, 375, 592ASTM D36, 788ASTM D36-06, 23ASTM D41-05, 25ASTM D43-00(2006), 25ASTM D56, 141, 741ASTM D61-75(2004), 23ASTM D71, 788ASTM D71-94(2004), 23ASTM D86, 140, 164ASTM D88-07, 23ASTM D92, 141ASTM D93, 741ASTM D97, 141ASTM D130, 140, 179ASTM D153, 386, 387ASTM D154, 727, 801ASTM D156, 174, 548ASTM D185, 740ASTM D235, 179ASTM D255-70, 25ASTM D279, 768ASTM D281, 241, 300, 302ASTM D282, 596ASTM D287, 172ASTM D305, 213ASTM D312-00(2006), 23ASTM D323, 160ASTM D344, 587, 757ASTM D365, 548ASTM D387, 213ASTM D402-08, 24ASTM D412, 116, 624, 633ASTM D445, 142, 159ASTM D449-03(2008), 23ASTM D450-07, 23ASTM D465-05, 99

ASTM D466-42, 25ASTM D476, 199ASTM D494, 142ASTM D522, 634, 639, 744, 768ASTM D523, 209, 558, 561, 743ASTM D529-04, 23, 24, 25ASTM D555, 36ASTM D555-94(1999), 25ASTM D561, 213ASTM D562, 739ASTM D562-01(2005), 24ASTM D609, 732ASTM D609-00(2006), 24ASTM D610, 728ASTM D610-08, 24ASTM D611, 158ASTM D624, 116ASTM D638, 624, 633ASTM D658, 618, 621ASTM D662-93(2005), 24ASTM D706, 30ASTM D707, 30ASTM D714, 728ASTM D714-02(2009), 24ASTM D746, 145ASTM D792, 116, 383, 386ASTM D817, 30ASTM D822, 722ASTM D823, 505, 509, 511, 517, 627, 628ASTM D832, 508ASTM D847, 177ASTM D848, 177ASTM D849, 179ASTM D850, 164ASTM D869, 349, 766ASTM D870, 728, 729, 732ASTM D871, 30ASTM D882, 624, 633ASTM D883, 624ASTM D891, 142, 172ASTM D936, 176ASTM D941, 173ASTM D950, 502ASTM D968, 616, 618, 621ASTM D971, 465ASTM D1005, 505, 517, 518, 627ASTM D1006, 764ASTM D1044, 619ASTM D1045, 141ASTM D1078, 140, 164ASTM D1079-09, 23ASTM D1084, 116ASTM D1133, 157ASTM D1159, 178ASTM D1198, 74ASTM D1200, 739ASTM D1209, 139, 140, 174, 548ASTM D1210, 411, 740, 767, 801ASTM D1211, 642ASTM D1212, 514, 576, 588, 742ASTM D1212-91(2007), 24ASTM D1217, 172


970 INDEX

ASTM D1218, 141, 175ASTM D1227-95(2007), 25ASTM D1259, 68ASTM D1259-06, 99ASTM D1266, 179ASTM D1296, 141, 175ASTM D1298, 172ASTM D1308, 725, 727, 761, 768ASTM D1319, 177ASTM D1328-86, 25ASTM D1343, 30ASTM D1347, 387ASTM D1364, 142ASTM D1436, 677ASTM D1439, 387ASTM D1474, 44, 501ASTM D1475, 68, 142, 385, 739ASTM D1475-98(2008), 24ASTM D1476, 180ASTM D1492, 179ASTM D1500, 548ASTM D1505, 386ASTM D1506, 213ASTM D1509, 213ASTM D1510, 213ASTM D1511, 213ASTM D1512, 213ASTM D1513, 213ASTM D1535, 766ASTM D1540, 725ASTM D1540-82, 25ASTM D1542-60, 25ASTM D1544, 68, 548ASTM D1544-04, 99ASTM D1545, 67, 74, 159ASTM D1555, 173ASTM D1562, 30ASTM D1613, 177ASTM D1614, 177ASTM D1617, 141, 177ASTM D1619, 213ASTM D1640, 68, 528, 742ASTM D1640-03(2009), 24ASTM D1644-01(2006), 24ASTM D1647, 727ASTM D1653, 747ASTM D1654, 732ASTM D1654-08, 24ASTM D1669-07, 23ASTM D1670-04, 23ASTM D1676, 501ASTM D1686, 548ASTM D1695, 30, 351ASTM D1722, 180ASTM D1729, 551ASTM D1730, 732ASTM D1734, 508, 732ASTM D1735ASTM D1735-08, 729ASTM D1738, 587ASTM D1849, 741ASTM D1849-95(2008), 24

ASTM D1856-09, 23ASTM D1879, 955ASTM D1894-08, 680ASTM D1925, 547ASTM D1955, 36ASTM D1968, 766ASTM D2042-09, 23ASTM D2047-99, 680ASTM D2064-91, 767ASTM D2124, 120ASTM D2134, 501ASTM D2192, 177ASTM D2196, 349, 423, 739, 767ASTM D2196-05, 99ASTM D2197, 611, 621, 745ASTM D2201, 133ASTM D2240, 116, 745ASTM D2243, 337, 741ASTM D2243-95(2008), 24ASTM D2244, 596, 743ASTM D2247, 729, 747, 785ASTM D2247-02, 24ASTM D2251, 133ASTM D2268, 176ASTM D2288, 116ASTM D2306, 176ASTM D2318-98(2008), 23ASTM D2320, 386ASTM D2320-98(2008), 23ASTM D2354, 333ASTM D2360, 178ASTM D2369, 74, 740ASTM D2369-07, 24ASTM D2370, 517, 624, 633, 642ASTM D2370-98(2002), 24ASTM D2372, 740ASTM D2394-83, 680ASTM D2414, 213ASTM D2415, 788ASTM D2415-98(2008), 23ASTM D2416-84(2004), 23ASTM D2486, 619ASTM D2486-06, 761ASTM D2521-76(2008), 23ASTM D2569-97(2002), 25ASTM D2578, 465ASTM D2614, 587ASTM D2616, 551ASTM D2621, 120ASTM D2671, 501ASTM D2697, 386, 387, 740ASTM D2698, 740ASTM D2710, 179ASTM D2714—94, 680ASTM D2745, 594ASTM D2746-07, 23ASTM D2792, 726ASTM D2794, 502, 641ASTM D2804, 176, 740ASTM D2805, 587, 588, 743ASTM D2823-05, 25ASTM D2824-06, 25


INDEX 971

ASTM D2825, 677ASTM D2832-92(2005), 24ASTM D2849, 140ASTM D2879, 140, 160ASTM D2929, 30ASTM D2935, 173ASTM D2939-03, 25ASTM D2962-97(2007), 23ASTM D2963-78, 25ASTM D2965, 381ASTM D3009, 176ASTM D3023, 725ASTM D3037, 213ASTM D3053, 213ASTM D3054, 176ASTM D3104-99(2005), 24ASTM D3105-08, 24ASTM D3108-07, 680ASTM D3132, 160ASTM D3143, 788ASTM D3170, 618ASTM D3170-03(2007), 24ASTM D3257, 176ASTM D3260, 727ASTM D3265, 213, 596ASTM D3278, 68, 141, 168, 741ASTM D3313, 213ASTM D3329, 176ASTM D3335, 740ASTM D3359, 605, 607, 743, 760, 768ASTM D3359-09, 24ASTM D3360, 397ASTM D3363, 43, 501, 745ASTM D3412, 678ASTM D3412-07, 680ASTM D3423-84(2003), 25ASTM D3424, 766ASTM D3432, 740ASTM D3447, 176ASTM D3459, 734ASTM D3461-97(2007), 23ASTM D3465, 141, 143ASTM D3493, 213ASTM D3505, 173, 385ASTM D3539, 161ASTM D3545, 176ASTM D3718, 740ASTM D3719, 337ASTM D3730, 510, 612, 766ASTM D3730-10, 752ASTM D3732, 955ASTM D3742, 176ASTM D3760, 176ASTM D3793, 337ASTM D3793-06, 755ASTM D3797, 176ASTM D3798, 176ASTM D3805-85, 25ASTM D3825, 465ASTM D3849, 213ASTM D3893, 176ASTM D3934, 170

ASTM D3941, 169ASTM D3960, 338ASTM D3960-05, 24, 101ASTM D3964, 550ASTM D4017, 740ASTM D4045, 180ASTM D4052, 142, 386ASTM D4060, 616, 618, 621, 745, 789ASTM D4061, 538ASTM D4062, 349ASTM D4065, 628ASTM D4072-98(2008), 24ASTM D4092, 624ASTM D4103-90(2009), 680ASTM D4122, 213ASTM D4138, 519ASTM D4141, 284ASTM D4141-07, 764ASTM D4144, 955ASTM D4145, 612, 640ASTM D4146, 282, 612, 641ASTM D4209, 30ASTM D4212, 739ASTM D4213, 619ASTM D4213-08, 761ASTM D4236, 766ASTM D4273, 129ASTM D4274, 68, 129ASTM D4366, 501ASTM D4367, 178ASTM D4368, 120ASTM D4400, 349, 436, 508ASTM D4402-06, 23ASTM D4414, 514, 517ASTM D4414-95, 756ASTM D4446, 731ASTM D4479-07, 25ASTM D4492, 176ASTM D4527, 213ASTM D4534, 178ASTM D4541, 609–610, 611, 781

interlaboratory data, 610ASTM D4585, 729, 733, 785ASTM D4587-05, 764ASTM D4616-95(2008), 24ASTM D4662, 129ASTM D4707, 758ASTM D4707-09, 757ASTM D4708, 506, 627, 642ASTM D4746-98(2008), 24ASTM D4752, 501, 632, 727ASTM D4773, 176ASTM D4799-08, 23ASTM D4820, 213ASTM D4821, 213ASTM D4838, 593, 767ASTM D4875, 129ASTM D4883, 387ASTM D4890, 129ASTM D4892, 387ASTM D4892-89(2009), 24ASTM D4893-94(2004), 24


972 INDEX

ASTM D4941, 766ASTM D4946, 337ASTM D4952, 179ASTM D5007, 587, 588ASTM D5010, 766ASTM D5018-89(2009), 24ASTM D5067, 766ASTM D5076-90(2006), 25ASTM D5098, 766, 767ASTM D5109, 501ASTM D5146-10, 751, 752ASTM D5150, 587, 588ASTM D5162, 283ASTM D5178, 621ASTM D5179, 608–609ASTM D5181, 766ASTM D5190, 160ASTM D5191, 160ASTM D5226, 30ASTM D5230, 213ASTM D5324-10, 752ASTM D5326, 596ASTM D5386, 174, 548ASTM D5401, 731ASTM D5402, 501ASTM D5403, 955ASTM D5420, 502ASTM D5482, 160ASTM D5531, 550ASTM D5623, 180ASTM D5682, 175ASTM D5724, 766ASTM D5725, 465ASTM D5776, 179ASTM D5816, 214ASTM D5817, 214ASTM D5895, 530ASTM D5897, 30ASTM D5917, 178ASTM D5946, 465ASTM D6037, 619ASTM D6043, 766ASTM D6045, 174, 548ASTM D6086, 214ASTM D6093, 383, 387ASTM D6132, 526ASTM D6165, 141ASTM D6166, 548ASTM D6212, 179, 180ASTM D6229, 176, 178ASTM D6279, 619, 620ASTM D6313, 179, 180ASTM D6342, 129ASTM D6379, 177ASTM D6386, 133ASTM D6428, 180ASTM D6437, 129ASTM D6441, 587ASTM D6450, 170ASTM D6531, 596ASTM D6556, 214ASTM D6602, 214

ASTM D6675, 729ASTM D6677, 612ASTM D6686-01, 762ASTM D6695-08, 764ASTM D6763-10, 752ASTM D6801, 766ASTM D6900-10, 760ASTM D6901, 766ASTM D6905, 639ASTM D6915, 214ASTM D7091, 520, 522, 742ASTM D7187, 622ASTM D7188, 766ASTM D7234, 612ASTM D7306-07, 755ASTM D7334, 465, 613ASTM D7378, 526ASTM D7490, 465ASTM D7541, 465ASTM D1 364, 180ASTM D1 544, 140ASTM D1 613, 139ASTM D1 720, 157ASTM D344-97 (2004), 757ASTM D823-95 (2007), 757, 758ASTM D869-85 (2011), 753ASTM D1006-01 (2008), 763ASTM D1210-05 (2010), 753ASTM D1308-02 (2007), 761, 763ASTM D1370-00 (2007), 23ASTM D1474-98 (2008), 24ASTM D1640-03 (2009), 754ASTM D1849-95 (2008), 753ASTM D2091-96 (2003), 767ASTM D2243-95 (2008), 753ASTM D3258-04 (2010), 754ASTM D4400-99 (2007), 755ASTM D4414-95 (2007), 756ASTM D4828-94 (2008), 762ASTM D5150-92 (2009), 757ASTM D13 5 3, 178ASTM D6583- 04 (2010), 754ASTM D3134-97 (2008)e1, 760ASTM D3450-00 (2010)e1, 762ASTM D1212 method A, 514ASTM D1212 method B, 514ASTM D7334 (WK11928), 602ASTM D92-05a, 23ASTM D234a, 309ASTM D522-93a(2008), 24ASTM D4312-95a(2005), 24ASTM D4989-90a(2008), 23ASTM D3928-00a (2010), 760ASTM D5326-94a (2009), 753ASTM D140/D140M-09, 23ASTM D4798/D4798M-09, 23ASTM D2319/D2319M-98(2008)e1, 23ASTM D5-06e1, 23ASTM D70-09e1, 23ASTM D95-05e1, 23ASTM D1187-97(2002)e1, 25ASTM D2764-99(2004)e1, 23


INDEX 973

ASTM D3320-00(2004)e1, 25ASTM D3359-09e2, 760ASTM D3468-99(2006)e1, 25ASTM D4715-98(2008)e1, 24ASTM D4866-88(2003)e1, 25ASTM dispersion gage and scraper, 409ASTM E11, 393ASTM E96, 732ASTM E161, 394ASTM E167, 561ASTM E170, 955ASTM E179, 596ASTM E201, 173ASTM E202, 176ASTM E260, 176ASTM E276, 394ASTM E284, 214, 274, 558, 596ASTM E300, 141ASTM E303-93(2008), 680ASTM E308, 174, 766ASTM E355, 176ASTM E430, 561, 563ASTM E446, 176ASTM E510, 678ASTM E595, 115ASTM E670-09, 680ASTM E707-90(1996), 680ASTM E805, 537, 596ASTM E808, 538ASTM E809, 538ASTM E810, 538ASTM E811, 538ASTM E991, 538ASTM E1100, 176ASTM E1147, 335ASTM E1164, 537, 549, 550, 596ASTM E1247, 538ASTM E1331, 537, 549, 550ASTM E1336, 549ASTM E1341, 549ASTM E1345, 537, 550, 596ASTM E1347, 537, 596, 743ASTM E1348, 537, 549, 550ASTM E1349, 537, 549, 550ASTM E1455, 549ASTM E1499, 551ASTM E1501, 538ASTM E1640, 629ASTM E1696, 538ASTM E1709, 538ASTM E1710, 538ASTM E1773, 133ASTM E1809, 538ASTM E1899, 30ASTM E2030, 539ASTM E2072, 539ASTM E2073, 539ASTM E2152, 538ASTM E2153, 538ASTM E2175, 274ASTM E2176, 538ASTM E2177, 538

ASTM E2214, 537, 550ASTM E2301, 538ASTM E2302, 538ASTM E2366, 538ASTM E2367, 538ASTM E2501, 538ASTM E2539, 277ASTM E2540, 538ASTM E2630, 538ASTM E2729, 539ASTM E108-07a, 23ASTM E96/E96M-05, 23ASTM E102/E102M-93(2009), 23ASTM F609-05, 680ASTM F692, 613ASTM F732-00(2006), 680ASTM F735, 621ASTM F923, 538ASTM F1044, 613ASTM F1147, 613ASTM F1677, 680ASTM F1677-96, 679ASTM F1679, 680ASTM F1679-00, 679ASTM F1842, 613ASTM G1, 728ASTM G6, 789ASTM G6-07, 24ASTM G10, 789ASTM G14, 641ASTM G17, 788ASTM G24, 284ASTM G40-99, 680ASTM G50–76, 691ASTM G65, 623ASTM G65-04(2010), 680ASTM G77-98, 680ASTM G85, 746ASTM G99-05(2010), 680ASTM G115, 678ASTM G115-10, 677, 680ASTM G123, 678ASTM G151, 716ASTM G152, 722ASTM G153, 722ASTM G154, 723ASTM G155, 722, 729, 747ASTM G133- 05(2010), 680ASTM G143- 03(2009), 680ASTM Gage, 411ASTM International, 945ASTM (3M-710), 607ASTM Method D446 and D2162, 444ASTM practices, preparation, specifi cations, and test

method for galvanized materials/structures/surfaces, 133ASTM specifi cation for electrode-H posited coatings of

various metals, 132ASTM Standards on Chromatography, 176ASTM standards on refl ectance and transmittance

measurements, 537ASTM Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of

Alumina, 241


974 INDEX

ASTM test standards, 249ASTM Type III polyurethane coatings, 109ASTM WK3833, 538ASTM WK19806, 538ASTMD1725, 159Atmospheric corrosion of metals, 689–690Atmospheric pollutants, 3Attapulgite clay, 362–363Attenuated total refl ection (ATR), 32Automated curve-fi tting approaches, 463Automatic mullers, 595Automatic thin-fi lm evaporometer, 163“Auxochromes,” 216AWWA C210, 788AWWA C214, 788AWWA C215, 788AWWA C217, 788Azam method, 301, 302Azo condensation yellows

structures, 228Azo-based oranges, 227–230

BB117, 298Bactericides, fungicides, and algicides, 313

analysis and neutralization of microbicides, 318factors impacting effi cacy of some common

microbicides, 318groups of microorganisms related to biocidal

effi cacy, 314methods for determination of microbicide effi cacy,

318–319microbial problems

dry-fi lm preservation, 314in-can preservation, 313–314

mode of action of microbicides, 315mode of action of some antimicrobial agents, 315

agents that chelate metals, 315agents that react with nucleophilic groups,

315formaldehyde-releasing agents, 315

regulatory issues, 319strategies for minimizing resistant strains, 315–316

Baked liquid coatings, 90Balanced beam tester, 621Balanced-beam scrape adhesion tester, 614Barium sulfate, 245, 246

coatings performance, 245physical properties, 245

Barytes (see Barium sulfate)Battelle chemical resistance cell, 727Bentonite clay

macro-structure of, 291Bentonite/montmorillonite clay—swelling, 360–361Benzene, 178Benzene content, 178Benzimidazolone based reds, 221

structure of, 221Benzimidazolone oranges, 229Benzimidazolone yellows, 226

properties of, 227Benzoguanamine-based amino resins, 78

Bessey-Lammiman method, 301Binders and pigments

pigments in HP, role of, 571Bingham pycnometer, 172Bingham-type pycnometer, 172Biocidal effi cacy

groups of microorganisms related to, 314Bismuth vanadate/molybdate yellow, 237Bisphenol A/epichlorohydrin, 53

application properties for white enamel based on acid functional acrylic resin cross-linked with, 54

Bitumen-modifi ed waterproofi ng membranes, 22Bitumens, 19 (see also Asphalt)

ASTM standard terminology, 19history and background of, 19–20

Bituminous coatingsautomotive under-body rust proofi ng, 20bitumens, history and background of, 19–20coating types, 20

coatings for paving, 22roof coatings, 20–22specialty paints and coatings, 20waterproofi ng membranes, 22

identifi cation of bituminous materials, 22tests on bituminous materials, 22–23

resin modifi ed, 25tests and specifi cations for coatings, 24

resin modifi ed bituminous coatings, 25solvent-thinned or cut-back coatings, 24

withdrawn specifi cations and test methods, 25Bituminous materials

identifi cation of, 22standard specifi cations and standard test methods

for, 23tests on, 22–23

Biuret, urethane chemistry, 105Black pigments, 204

carbon blacks (class 1), 204–214black tinted coatings, 211carbon black optical function, 204–208carbon black parameters affecting optical

function, 208–210effect of dispersion quality, 210–211measuring appearance properties of carbon black

coatings, 211–213selecting grade of carbon black for coloring, 211

carbonaceous pigments (class 2), 204bone blacks, 204mineral blacks, 204

classifi cation of, 205iron oxide blacks (class 3), 204

Bleed test, 232Blister fl uid, 649Blistered coatings, systematic chemical analysis of

osmotic blister fl uids and, 649–650determination of electrical conductivity and pH,

651–652GC/MS analysis by low temperature thermal

extraction/desorption (TE/GC/MS), 650–651GC/MS high temperature pyrolysis (PYRO/GC/MS),

651Blooming/blushing, 283


INDEX 975

Blues, pigmentsiron blue, 236ultramarine blue, 236

Bodying and fl atting agents, metallic soaps as, 38BON Maroon, structure of, 217BON Red, 217Bone blacks, 204BPA diglycidyl ether (BADGE), 91BPA epoxy resins, 87–88

idealized structure of, 88properties of, 88

Brightness, 592British Standards Institution, 589, 945Broad spectrum, 313Brominated epoxy resins, 89Bromine index, 179Brookfi eld CAP 2000 Viscometer, 443–444Brookfi eld Digital Viscometer Model KU-1, 441Brookfi eld DV Series Rheometers, 443Brookfi eld KU-1 Krebs viscometer, 348Brookfi eld synchro-lectric, 443Brookfi eld viscometers, 443–444Browns

natural iron oxides, 238synthetic brown oxides, 238

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Method, 400Brushouts, 573BS 388: Specifi cation for Aluminum Pigments, 253Bulk density, 381Bulk process, vinyl polymers for coatings, 119Buoyancy-hydrometers, 382Burgers creep experiment, 430Burgers model, 430Burgers model stress relaxation, 430Butyl alcohols, 155

CCAB 381, Flexible cloth lacquers made from, 30CAB esters, 27CaBER Rheometer (Capillary Breakup Extensional

Rheometer), 431Cadmium mercury orange, 237Cadmium orange, 237Cadmium sulfi de yellow, 237Cadmium zinc yellow, 236–237Calcium borosilicate, 247Calcium carbonate, 242, 246

coatings performance, 242–243physical properties, 242

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ), 201

Can coatings, 770can coating industry, 771can production process, 771description of can industry, 770–777three-piece can production process, 773two-piece can production process, 772

Canadian General Standards Board, (CGSB) 1-GP-71, 589

Capillary forces, 437Capillary rise method, 463Capillary viscometers, 444–445Capillary waves, 461

Car wash simulator, 734CARB (California Air Resources Board), 338Carbazole violet, 224Carbodiimide, urethane chemistry, 105Carbon blacks (class 1), 204–214, 209–210

analysis from fi ve different processes, 206black tinted coatings, 211carbon black optical function, 204–208

mechanisms of interaction with light, 206–208nature of carbon black, 204–206

carbon black parameters affecting optical function, 208–210

channel process manufacture, 207effect of dispersion quality, 210–211

dispersion mechanisms, 211dispersion quality testing, 211

formation of, 205growth to particles and aggregates, 206measuring appearance properties of carbon black

coatings, 211–213gloss, 213jetness, 212testing, 213tinting strength, 213undertone, 212–213

nigrometer values versus particle size, 213oil furnace reactor/plant, 207optical function of, 208parameters affecting optical function, 208

carbon black optics, 208gloss, 209–210jetness, 208–209opacity, 209structure comparison, 208tinting strength, 209undertone, 209

selecting grade of carbon black for coloring, 211black coatings, 211

tinting strength range of, 209Carbon dioxide, phase diagram for, 156Carbonaceous pigments (class 2), 204

bone blacks, 204mineral blacks, 204

Carboxyl-functional acrylic resins, 54Carboxyl-modifi ed copolymers, 118Casson viscosity, 419Castor oil, 33–34Castor oil derivatives (castor waxes), 365Casual contact, particle defi nition, 190Cathodic detachment of paint coating, 295Cathodic protection of a pipeline using impressed

current, 703Cathodic protection of buried pipeline using anodes, 703Cationic emulsions, 25Cationic surfactants, 321Cellulose, 351Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), 27

viscosities in various solvents, 29Cellulose acetates, 27Cellulose esters, 27

ASTM standards used in testing, 30as fi lm formers, modifi ers, or additives, 29


976 INDEX

in radiation curing (RC) systems, 30repeating unit in, 28selector guide for graphic arts applications, 30testing of, 30–31types of, 27typical properties, 28

Cellulose esters of organic acids, 27applications for cellulose esters in coatings, 29–30cellulose esters as fi lm formers, modifi ers, or

additives, 29compliant coatings, 30factors affecting performance of cellulose esters in

coatings, 27–29testing of cellulose esters, 30–31types of cellulose esters, 27

Cementitious linings, 708Centrifugal sedimentation, 396–397

disk centrifuge, 397relationship of disk and probe of disk centrifuge

sampling, 398rotating cell holder centrifuge, 398

Centrifuge, reference cells used in, 399Ceramic coatings, 81

coating application, 85–86glass enamels, 84

testing of glass enamels, 85glazes, 81

applications for glazes, 81lead-containing glazes, 82leadless glazes, 81–82satin and matte glazes, 82testing of glazes, 82

porcelain enamels, 82cover coat enamels, 84ground coat enamels, 82testing of porcelain enamels, 84

refractory coatings, 85testing of, 85

Ceramic glazestest methods for, 83in weight percent, 82

Ceramic jet black, 240Ceramic Jet black-stronger, 240Ceramic pigments, 239, 294

ceramic pigments used in organic paints, 239–241inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 294testing of ceramic pigments, 241

Certifi ed Product Data Sheets (CPDS), 11Chain balance and Mohr Westphal balance, 383Chain-stopped alkyd, 41Chalking of paint coating, 287Channel process, 205Characterizing article size and size distribution, 389–390

considerations in sampling techniques, 391sampling techniques and equipment, 393theoretical considerations of variance in sampling,

391–393“electrical resistance zone sensing,” 390history of particle-size analysis, 390importance of particle-size analysis, 390–391particle characterization methodologies, 390particle characterization methodology, 393

adsorption of gases, 400chromatography: Angstrom particle sizing,

403–404defi nitions of particle size and shape, 408–409direct microscopic measurement using visual light

microscopes and electron microscopes, 403drawdown techniques for texture and oversize,

409–411individual particle sensing by light blocking and

electrical resistance, 401–403light attenuation and scattering techniques,

404–408particle size by sedimentation, 395–3989particle size by sieving, 393–395particle size from surface area employing both

gasses and liquids, 398–400permeation through packed powders, 401separation and collection: particle size by

Elutriation, 411–412“perfect” sample, 392role of particle -size reference test material, 412

Chemical adhesion, 603Chemical resistance

acid resistance and acid etch resistance, 727alkali and detergent resistance, 727Battelle chemical resistance cell, 727humidity exposure, 729photochemical weathering, 729

cyclic testing, 729–730salt fog test, 728solvent/fuel resistance, 726

Battelle chemical resistance cell, 726Bratt conductivity cell for chemical resistance,

726–727resistance, 727solvent rub resistance, 727

sources of stains, 726staining, 725

staining from household chemicals, 725staining in the transportation industry, 725staining resistance of furniture fi nishes, 725

staining from household chemicals, 726water and moisture resistance, 728

China Association for Standardization, 945Chloride process pigments, 192Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 155

properties of, 156Chlorinated solvents, 167Chlorofl uorocarbons (CFC), 12Cholesteric liquid crystal-optical properties, 268Chroma, 592Chromafl air®2 interference fl ake, 276Chromate conversion coatings, 707Chromate-based compounds, 284–285

inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 284–285Chromate-free conversion coatings, 707Chromatic paints, 593–594Chromaticity Diagram, 592Chromatography: Angstrom particle sizing, 403–404Chrome green, 237–238Chrome orange, 237Chrome yellow, 236


INDEX 977

Chrome-doped rutile, 240Chromium oxide green, 238“Chromogen,” 216“Chromophore,” 216Chute splitting, 393CIE (see International Commission on Illumination

(Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage, CIE))CIE76, 279CIE 45/0 bidirectional viewing, 549CIE 1976 L* ,a*, b* (CIE LAB) space, 544CIE 1976 L*,u*,v* (CIE LUV) Space, 544CIE 1931 standard colorimetric system, 592CIE 1931 x, y chromaticity diagram, 543CIE LUV Space, 544CIE standard illuminants A, relative spectral power

distributions of, 542CIE standard observers, 541–544CIE standard sources and illuminants, 541–542CIE Whiteness Index and Tint, coeffi cients for equations

for, 547CIEDE2000, 552CIELAB, 544

color difference, 551, 552Clay stabilized emulsions, 25Clay thickeners, 360Clean air act

and amendmentsEPA regulatory defi nition of VOC, 4–5metrics for defi ning “negligible photochemical

reactivity,” 5–6ozone standard, 6–7photochemical smog, 3–4VOC and ozone formation, 6VOC defi nition, 4

amendments of 1990, 9identifi cation based on VOC I emissions, 8title III—air toxics program, 10–11title I—ozone control in atmosphere, 9–10title VII—enforcement, 12title VI—stratospheric ozone protection, 12title V—state operating permit program, 11–12

and ozone standard, 7Clean Air Act of 1970, 320Cleanability

aerospace and aircraft coatings, 748Cleaning and pretreatment of substrates for coating,

465–466Cleaning procedure

aerospace and aircraft coatings, 749Clear plastic fi lm, 577CMC, 354Coal tar, 20

specifi cations and test methods for, 23–24Coalescence, 332Coalescing aids, 332, 337

AFM images of high Tg acrylic latex with coalescent levels of (A) 5 phr and (B) 10 phr, 334

chemical names and structures of, 336distribution in latex paint, 335fi lm formation, 332guidelines for incorporating coalescing aids, 336history, 332

impact of coalescing aid concentration on MFFT of typical latex, 334

impact of VOC regulations on coalescing aids, 338infl uence of coalescing aids on paint properties, 336

block resistance, 337color development, 337exterior durability, 337freeze-thaw stability, 337gloss, 337rheology, 337scrub resistance, 336–337wetting and defoaming, 337

low VOC coalescing aids, 338–339performance evaluation of coalescing aids

coalescing effi ciency, 334–335evaporation rate, 335hydrolytic stability, 335odor, 335–336water solubility, 335

physical properties and partitioning characteristics of, 336

reducing VOC through resin modifi cation, 339reformulating to reduce VOC, 338relative humidity on evaporation rate of water at

25°C, 335requirements for effective coalescing aids, 333structures and properties of common coalescing aids,

336U.S. AIM VOC regulations, 338water soluble coalescing aid in paint, 335

Coating application, 85–86certain defects and, 283

Coating characterization methods, 283–284Coating components, effect of, 662

binder, 665pigmentation, 662–664solvents, 664–665

Coating defects, 465Coating fi lms, 131Coating performance, basic properties affecting,

637–638Coating processes, rheological components of, 417Coating resins, plasticizers and their compatibility with,

144Coating surfactants, 321Coating thickness gage with hall effect probe, 523Coating types, 20

coatings for paving, 22diversity, 199roof coatings, 20–22specialty paints and coatings, 20waterproofi ng membranes, 22

Coatingsaminos reactions in

cure reactions, 76–77degradation and weathering, 77–78end uses of amino resins, 78

asphaltic or bituminous coatings, 20cellulose esters in

applications for, 29–30factors affecting performance of, 27–29

compliant, 30


978 INDEX

defects, application and, 463drier levels in, 40electrodeposition, 90–91epoxy materials used in, 88–89fi rst phenolic resin based, 93high solids, solvent borne, 90industry, prior to 1960s, 3oil furnace black color grades for, 212and overlayers for corrosion control, 692–694performance

barium sulfate, 245calcium carbonate, 242–243feldspar and nepheline syenite, 245kaolin, 243mica, 244silica, 244wollastonite, 245

performance dimensions, 199–200dispersibility, 200durability, 199gloss, 199–200undertone, 200

performance expectations of, 341phenolic resins in

coatings based on phenolic resins, 93coatings based on polymer alloys with phenolic

resins, 93–94polyamide resins reaction in, 100–101polymeric fi lms available for, 131specifi c applications, product designs, 200tests and specifi cations, 24tests and specifi cations for, 24

resin modifi ed bituminous coatings, 25solvent-thinned or cut-back coatings, 24

waterborne, 91–92Coatings and Composites Coordinated Rule (CCCR), 9Coatings failures, analysis of, 830–832

coating system, 832Cobalt blue, 240Cobalt chromite blue, 240Cobalt phosphate violet, 240Cobalt-zinc blue, 240Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 14Coeffi cient of friction, 679Cohesive energy density for aromatic hydrocarbons, 478Coin mar Test, 622Cold crack resistance tests, 642–643Cole method for CPVC, 307Color and light, 535–555Color by diffraction, 262Color collections, 546Color constancy and metamerism, 540–541Color difference evaluation for color control, 551

color tolerance, 553color-difference calculations, 551–553

Color matching, 555instrumental and computer-aided color matching, 555visual color matching, 555

Color measurement,changes in structure spectrum compared to changes in, 566–567

Color metrics, 279–280Color mixing

additive mixing of lights, 553pigment mixing, 554subtractive mixing in transparent fi lms, 553

Color order systems, 544color collections, 546DIN system, 545–546Munsell system, 544–545NCS, 546OSA-UCS system, 546single-number color scales, 546whiteness and tint indices, 546yellow indices, 546

Color Pigments Manufacturers Association (CPMA), 215Color space

arrangement of hue, lightness, and chroma axes in usual cylindrical representation of, 540

arrangement of lightness, redness-greenness, and yellowness- blueness axes in the usual opponent-color representation of, 540

Color tolerance, 553Color-difference calculations, 551–553Colored inorganic pigments, 235Colored lights, additive mixing of, 554Colored pigments

inorganicblues, 236browns, 238classifi cation of pigments by color, 234greens, 237–238oranges, 237reds, 234–235violets, 235–236yellows, 236–237

organic, 215benzimidazolone based reds, 221blues, 223–224classifi cation of pigments by chemistry, 216disazo condensation reds, 221–223high perfomance reds, 219–220international nomenclature—colour index (C. I.)

system, 215–216oranges, 227–230perylene reds, 220–221reds, 216–219testing of pigments for use in coatings, 230–233yellows, 224–227

pigments in HP, role of, 572–573Colorimetry and CIE system, 541

CIE standard observers, 541–544CIE standard sources and illuminants, 541–542uniform color spaces, 544

Color-matching booths, 536Color-matching functions of the CIE 1931 standard

observer, 542Colour Index International, 592Commercial “conventional organic” thickeners for

waterborne coatings, 352Commercial instruments, 550–551Comparison of different extender pigments

comparative performance in coatings, 248–249physical properties, 247–248

Compatibility, 145


INDEX 979

Compliant coatings, 30Cone and quartering, 393Conical Mandrel bend tester, 639Conical Mandrel tester, 785Conical Mandrel tests, 639Considerations in sampling techniques, 391Constant Depth Gage, 411Contact angle goniometer, 462Contact angle measurements, 460–463Contamination of water-based paints and coatings,

problems, 314Continuous fl ow method, 400Continuously Closed-Cup Flash Point, 170Contrast design and visual sensitivity, 573Controlled condensation apparatus, 734Controlled condensation testing, 733–734“Controlled-stress” rheometer, 425Conventional (non-associative) polymer thickening in

aqueous media, 354Conventional solids and high-solids amino resins

analysis/analytical methods, 74combining ratios, 75free formaldehyde, 75–76size exclusion, high-performance liquid chroma-

tography, and mass spectrometry, 75solids content, 74solvent tolerance, 74–75viscosity measurement, 74

structure/property variations, 73–74Conventional thickeners, 344Conventional TRMS (CTRMs), 350–351

alkali-swellable/soluble emulsions (ASEs), 356–357cellulosic polysaccharide thickeners, 351–354fermentation biopolymer polysaccharide, 355galactomannan polysaccharide thickeners, 354

Conversion coatings, 706chromate conversion coatings, 707chromate-free conversion coatings, 707phosphate conversion coatings, 706–707

Copolymeric glycols, 109Copolymerization of ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate,

and methacrylic acid, 57Copper phthalocyanine, 223, 224Copper phthalocyanine blue, 223–224Copper phthalocyanine green, 230Corrosion

aggressivity/corrosiveness, 283defi nition, 697forms of, 700, 702

depiction of, 702Corrosion cell, 699Corrosion cell/galvanic cell, 283Corrosion failures in protective paint coatings, 284Corrosion in aqueous solutions, 687–689Corrosion inhibiting mechanism of acrylate-epoxy-silane

superprimer, 292Corrosion inhibition, aerospace and aircraft coatings,

746Corrosion of thin metal fi lms and microstructures,

690–692Corrosion products, 283Cottonseed oil, 34

Coulter principle, 403Cover coat enamels, 84“Cracked” asphalts, 20

specifi cations and test methods for, 23–24Cracking, 204Cracking (of coating), 283CRC handbook of solubility parameters and other

cohesive parameters, 160Crevice corrosion, 703Critical micelle concentration (CMC), 324, 346, 455Critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC), 300,

388, 391calculated from oil absorption data, useful equations

based upon, 305–307calculation of, 305cole method for, 307determining

Asbeck–Van Loo method of determining CPVC, 307

cole method for CPVC, 307Pierce-Holsworth method for CPVC, 308–309

“Crossover” rheological behavior, 435Cryptometers, asessment of, 575Crystalline dicyandiamide (Dicy), 389Crystalline silica, 244Cupping tests, 640Cure, 497

concept of, 497–498cure measurement, 500–501

hardness, 501–502impedance measurements, 502–503solvent rubs, 501

curing mechanismsemulsions and latexes, 498lacquers, 498oxidative crosslinking, 498reactive crosslinking, 498–500

Curing agents, 89–90Curtain coating, 464Cycle testing, 734Cycloaliphatic epoxides, 130–131

and their physical properties, 130Cycloaliphatic phenol, 130Cycloalkanes, cohesive energy density for cycloalkanes,

478Cyclohexane

properties of, 151Cylindrical mandrel bend tester, 639Cylindrical Mandrel bend tests, 639–640

DD16, 298D34, 248, 298D49, 298D50, 298D81, 298D95, 253D153, 248D185, 248, 253D235, 253D267, 253D281, 248


980 INDEX

D480, 253, 298D520, 253D521, 253D523, 274D602, 248D603, 248D604, 248D605, 248D607, 248D610, 298D660, 298D661, 298D662, 298D714, 298D715, 248D716, 248D717, 248D718, 248D719, 248D772, 298D822, 298D870, 298D913, 298D962, 253D964, 298D1014, 298D1199, 248D1208, 248D1210, 248D1301, 298D1366, 248D1483, 248D1535, 274D1641, 298D1648, 298D1654, 298D1729, 269, 274D1735, 298D1844, 298D2092, 298D2200, 298D2247, 298D2448, 248D2486, 298D2803, 298D3003, 298D3258, 298D3260, 298D3276, 298D3322, 298D3359, 298D3360, 248D3619, 248D3623, 298D3723, 298D3843, 298D3891, 298D4017, 253D4086, 269D4139, 248D4141, 298D4146, 298

D4213, 298D4214, 298D4228, 298D4288, 248, 298D4302, 767D4417, 298D4487, 248, 298D4541, 298D4585, 298D4587, 298D4752, 298D4797, 298D4828, 298D4938, 298D4939, 298D5043, 298D5178, 298D5324-10, 751D5380, 248D5381, 248D5497, 269D5894, 298D6280, 298D6442, 298D6577, 298D6695, 298D7087, 298D4946-89 (2008)e1, 767De-adhesion of organic coatings, 694Defi nitions of particle size and shape, 408–409Defoamers, 329Deformation pressure, 329Deformation (strain), 416Degradation test, metallic pigments, 253Degree of substitution (DS), 27Density, 171, 376–377

aerospace and aircraft coatings, 740apparent, 171diagram for mixing known and unknown density

materials, 385Density and specifi c gravity, 375

defi nitions related to density and specifi c gravity, 381

density—static and dynamic mathematical models, 375

dynamic model, 376–377static model, 375–376

fundamental concepts, 377problems with volume measurements, 377

liquidsdensities of liquids—methods of determination,

382–383displacement—fl uid external media, 383displacement-known volume devices-fl uid internal

media, 383–386liquids and solids, further discussion of, 380measure of quality, 375measurement system units, conversions, density, and

relative density, 381–382paint volume solids, 387

analytical determination of paint volume solids, 387


INDEX 981

critical pigment volumes, 388theoretical calculations of paint volume solids, 387

regulatory concerns, 375solids

apparent density, 387densities of solids—methods of determination,

386direct volume measurement by pycnometer,

386displacement of liquids, 386displacement—gases, 386–387sonic frequency shifts, 387

solids, liquids, and gases, 379solids, liquids, and gases as concrete materials,

380–381weight and mass, 377–379

Density End Point method, 301Density gradient column systems, 386Density—static and dynamic mathematical models, 375

dynamic model, 376–377static model, 375–376

Depiction of cavitation, 705Destructively distilled wood turpentine, 152Detroit Colour Council (DCC) J1545 Committee, 279Dial micrometer, 518Dial type coating thickness gage, 518Dianisidine orange, 227Diarylide yellows, 226Diarylide yellows, major

properties of, 226structures of, 226

Diatomaceous silica, 244, 246Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, 336Diethylenetriamine, 97, 99Diffi cult-to-reduce transition metal oxides, 296Diffraction, 261, 266Diffraction of laser light, 405Diffractive phenomenon with Spectrafl air™ pigment

technology, 266Diffusion theory, 602Diffusion-limited evaporation, 163Digital coating thickness gages, 522Digital density meter, 173“Diketopyrrolopyrrole” based pigments including

oranges and reds, 222Dilatancy, 418Diluent ratio, 158Diluents, 157Dilution limit, 158–159DIN 6175-2, 276DIN 53162, HP of Air Drying Nonchromatic Paints, 590DIN 53164, Relative Scattering Power of White (TiO

2) Pigments, 590

DIN 55923: Pigments; Aluminum Pigments and Alumi-num Pigment Pastes for Paints; Technical Delivery Specifi cation, 253

DIN system, 545–546Dinitroaniline orange, 227Dip coating, 463–464, 512Dipentene, 152Dipping, 85, 115Dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether, 336

Direct microscopic measurement using visual light microscopes and electron microscopes, 403

Direct tensile testing, 608–611Directionality, gloss and, 559Disazo condensation reds, 221–223

structure of, 221Disk centrifuge, 397Dispersing agents, 327–328Dispersion

gage, typical pattern produced by, 410“residual grit” aspect of, 197rheology, 432–434with water followed by chain extension with diamine,

107Dispersion solubility parameter

calculation of, 476–479energy of vaporization for straight chain

hydro carbons, 477“Dispersions” and “suspensions,” 432Displacement-submersion—specifi c gravity balances,

382Distillation fl ask, position of thermometer in, 165Distinctness of image (DOI), 78

gloss and, 558–559measurement of, 563

Diutan gum, 355DMA instruments cited, 2002–2006, 628DOI measurement, instrument for, 565Double decomposition process, metallic soaps, 38Drawdown bars, 508–510Drawdown bars for fi lm casting, 508Drawdown techniques for texture and oversize, 409–411Dried polymeric coatings, 145Drier acids, 39Drier metals, 39Driers

alternate drier compounds, 40commercial drier types, 40commercial feeder driers, 40drier acids, 39drier levels in coatings, 40drier metals, 39function of, 38–39and metallic soaps, 38metallic soaps as bodying and fl atting agents, 38miscellaneous driers, 39–40recommendations, percent metal based on vehicle

nonvaluable, 41specifi cations for liquid paint drier, 44standard drying conditions, 41testing of drying effi ciency, 40–44testing of liquid paint driers, 44theory of oxidative drying and function of, 38–39

Dri-RX, 40Dry argon, 115Dry cell battery, 699Dry coatings on substrates, 507–508Dry fi lm printing, 125Dry fi lm thickness (destructive methods), 517

gardner carboloy drill thickness gage, 518gardner gage stand, 518gardner micro-depth gage, 518–519


982 INDEX

gardner needle thickness gage, 518micrometers and dial gages, 517–518microscope for fi lm thickness, 519–520

Dry fi lm thickness (nondestructive methods), 520electronic coating thickness gages, 521–523permanent magnet thickness gages, 520–521

Dry powder cast-iron enameling, 86Dry-fi lm preservation, 314

microbicides used for, 317Dry-Hard-Time, 41Drying effi ciency, testing of, 40–44Drying oils, 32–36

AOCS test methods for industrial oils and derivatives, 36

fatty acids in, 33by iodine value, classifi cation of, 33physical characteristics of, 35solidifi cation or polymerization of, 36unsaturated fatty acids found in, 34

weight percentage of, residues in, 34urethane modifi ed, 105

Drying time, 528aerospace and aircraft coatings, 742mechanical devices, 530–531preparations of specimens, 528test methods, 528–530

Drymax, 40Dry-powder pulse jet disperser, 402Dry-Through-Time, 41Dry-To-Recoat, 41Dry-To-Touch-Time, 41Du Nouy Ring, 459–460Dual microprocessor electromagnetic coating thickness

gage, 523Dullness measurement, instrument for, 565Durability, 197Durability and stress development, 669–670Dust-Free-Time, 40Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)

determination of cross-link density, 630–632instruments and methods used for DMA, 628–629interpretation of plots, 629–630plots for clearcoat prepared from ACR and etherifi ed

MF resin, 6329Dynamic mechanical and tensile properties, 624

determination of tensile propertiesdescription of SSA, 633interpretation of stress-strain curves, 633–634relationship to other mechanical properties,

634–635DMA

determination of cross-link density, 630–632instruments and methods used for DMA,

628–629interpretation of plots, 629–630

dynamic properties, defi nitions of, 624–626preparation of free fi lm samples, 627–628relationship to other mechanical properties, 632tensile properties, defi nitions of, 626–627tensile versus shear tests, 624

Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analyzer (DMTA), 638Dynamic properties of liquid surfaces, 457–458

Dynamic surface tension (DST), 457methods, 460

“Dynamic uniaxial extensional viscosity” (DUEV), 344

EE70, 248E284, 269E308, 274E805, 269E1164, 274E1610, 269E1808, 269E2175, 269E2194, 269, 276E2539, 269Eddy current probes, 522EDTA titration, metal analysis by, 44Effect pigments, 256

color contribution from each layer of optical stack, 261by CVD, 265dependence of interference color on oxide layer

thickness, 260development of new substrates, 263–265developments in manufacturing, 265–266dielectric substrate pigments principle of color fl op, 261diffraction, 261–263, 266–267effect of increasing refractive index on light, 258functionality, 268–269history, 256–257incident white light and resulting spectral distribution

from diffraction grating, 262infl uence on substrate/surface smoothness on

refl ectivity, 258intensity distribution from Fabry-Pérot fi lter with

different refl ectivities, 260interaction of light rays with various phase lengths,

259phase relationship between interfering light rays, 258phase shift of γ/2 of sine wave, 259refl ectivity and thin fi lm interference, 257–261refractive index for materials used in, 258technologies, graphic illustration of various, 270testing, 269thin fi lm interference pigment fl ake cross section, 261unsupported (non-substrate) effect materials, 267–268by VVD, 265

Effects of aging and weathering, 642–643Effi cacy, 313Effl ux devices (orifi ce fl ow), 440Effl ux rheometers, 442Eilers, dispersion relative viscosity data of, 433Elastic liquids (viscoelasticity), 426Elastomeric silicone coatings, 113Electrical coatings, 116“Electrical resistance zone sensing,” 390Electrical resistivity/conductivity, metallic pigments, 254Electrically driven drawdown device, 510Electrochemical corrosion, 698–700Electrode-H posited coatings of various metals, ASTM

specifi cation for, 132Electrodeposition coatings, 90–91Electroless plating, 132


INDEX 983

Electromagnetic induction probes, 522Electromagnetic spectrum showing relatively small

portion that visible spectrum occupies, 536Electromotive force series, 701Electron beam systems, 951Electron fl ow, chemical concept of, 700Electron micrograph of synthetic opal, 262Electronic coating thickness gages, 521–523Electroplating, 708–709Electrostatic adhesion, 603Electrostatic spray, 464, 959Eleostearic, 34Elongational fl ow, rheology and viscosity, 343–344Emulsifi ers, 326–327Emulsion coatings, 25Emulsion polymerization, 119Emulsions and latexes, 498Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), 403Environmentally friendly paints and

pigments- inhibitors, 295–296EPA (see U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA))EPA regulatory defi nition of VOC, 4–5Epoxides, 499Epoxy coatings, 90Epoxy Ester, 41Epoxy phenol novolacs, 88Epoxy powder coatings, 90Epoxy resins, 87

based on bisphenol A (BPA) (see BPA epoxy resins)and phenolic resin, reaction, 95polyamide resin reaction with, 100

Epoxy resins in coatings, 87BPA epoxy resins, 87–88curing agents, 89–90electrodeposition coatings, 90–91epoxy coatings, 90epoxy materials used in coatings, 88–89high solids, solvent borne coatings, 90waterborne coatings, 91–92

Epoxy-based cathodic electrodeposition (CED), 91Epoxy/polyamide coatings, 97, 100Equilibrium Flash Point, 168Equipment for fi lm preparation

dip coating, 512drawdown bars, 508–510spin coating, 512spray outs, 511–512Wire-Wound Rods, 510–511

Equivalent circle, 409Equivalent Spherical Diameter (E.S.D.), 409ERL-4221, 130Erosion-corrosion, 704–705Ester-alcohols, 336Esters, 141, 153

properties of, 154purity of, 177

EterminationEthyl acrylate, copolymerization of, 57Ethyl alcohol, 155Ethylene glycol mono 2-ethylhexyl ether, 336Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, 336Ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), 351, 353

Ethymethylhydroxyethy cellulose (EMHEC), 353Evaporation rates of typical solvents, 163Exposure testing, 232Extender pigments, 242

alumina trihydrate, 247ASTM standards for, 248barium sulfate, 245


calcium borosilicate, 247calcium carbonate, 242


comparison of differentcomparative properties, 247physical properties, 246

comparison of different extender pigmentscomparative performance in coatings,

248–249physical properties, 247–248

feldspar and nepheline syenite, 245coatings performance, 245properties, 245

kaolincoatings performance, 243physical properties, 243

mica, 244coatings performance, 244physical properties, 244

pertinent ASTM test standards, 249pigments in HP, role of, 572silica, 244


sodium aluminosilicates, 245–247wollastonite, 244–245

coatings performance, 245properties, 245

Extenders, 201Extensional rheology, 431

extensional viscosity in coatings processes, 431extensional viscosity measurement, 431

Extensional viscosity, 431in coatings processes, 431measurement, 431

Extractive metallurgy in reverse, 697–698Eye

color constancy and metamerism, 540–541perception, 539spectral curves showing relative sensitivities of three

types of cones in, 539variables of perceived color, 539–540the visual system, 539

FF1428, 298Fabry–Pérot OVPs, 267Facultative anaerobes, 313Falling abrasive test, 616–617Falling ball viscometer, 442Falling curtain, 461Falling meniscus method, 461


984 INDEX

Falling Needle Viscometer® data, 444Falling sand abraser, 617Falling-needle viscometer, 444Fastness, 232Fastness tests, 232Federal Environmental Laws Administered by U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, 4Federal Specifi cation: TT-P-320D Pigment, Aluminum

Powder and Paste for Pain, 253Federal test method for dry opacity, 576Federal Test Method Standard 141C, Method 4061.2:

Drying Time, 529Federal Test Method Standard (FTMS) 141 method

3022.1, 741Federal Test Method Std. 141, 589“Feeder” driers, 39Feldspar and nepheline syenite, 245


Feldspars, 245, 246Fell Equation, use of, 576Felvation, 411Feret’s diameter, 408Fermentation biopolymer polysaccharide, 355Filiform corrosion, 283Film casting, drawdown bars for, 508Film casting techniques

dry coatings on substrates, 507–508free fi lms, 505–507wet fi lms for testing, 508

Film formation, 333minimum fi lm forming temperature apparatus, 334rheology and, 434

Film formers, modifi ers, or additives, cellulose esters as, 29

Film porosity index, calculation of, 305–306Film preparation for coating tests, 505

equipment for fi lm preparationdip coating, 512drawdown bars, 508–510spin coating, 512spray outs, 511–512Wire-Wound Rods, 510–511

fi lm casting techniquesdry coatings on substrates, 507–508free fi lms, 505–507wet fi lms for testing, 508

test requirements of fi lms, 505tips on practice of art, 512

Film thicknessaerospace and aircraft coatings, 742hiding power, 570of material to be tested, recommended, 529

Film thickness, measurement of, 514data management, 525–526dry fi lm thickness (destructive methods), 517

gardner carboloy drill thickness gage, 518gardner gage stand, 518gardner micro-depth gage, 518–519gardner needle thickness gage, 518micrometers and dial gages, 517–518microscope for fi lm thickness, 519–520

dry fi lm thickness (nondestructive methods), 520electronic coating thickness gages, 521–523permanent magnet thickness gages, 520–521

effects of surface fi nish, curvature, and substrate composition, 523

curvature, 524–525substrate composition, 525substrate thickness, 525surface fi nish, 523–524

statistics in fi lm thickness measurement, 525uncured powder coating thickness to predict fi nal fi lm

thickness, 526using ultrasonics, 526wet fi lm thickness, 514

inmont wet fi lm gage (wet fi lm wheel), 514needle micrometer, 517notch gage (wet fi lm comb), 515–517Pfund wet fi lm gage, 514–515

X-ray fl uorescence (XRF), 526–527principle of XRF measurement, 527

Finding regulatory informationEPA sources, 14–15

Fineness of grind and coarse particlesaerospace and aircraft coatings, 740

Fineness -of-dispersion gages, 410–411Fingernail Test, 622Fish oil, 35Flake guide, 277–278Flake-containing paint fi lm, 273Flame spray coatings, 85, 86Flash point, 141, 166, 741

Pensky–Martens, 741pot life, 741–742setafl ash, 741tag, 741

Flatting agents and bodying, metallic soaps as, 38Flevation, 410Flexibility, 744–745Flexibility and toughness

basic properties affecting coating performance, 637–638

interpretation, 637measurements

cold crack resistance tests, 642–643conical Mandrel tests, 639cupping tests, 640cylindrical Mandrel bend tests, 639–640effects of aging and weathering, 642–643forming tests, 641impact resistance tests, 641–642Mandrel Bend Tests, 638–639T-bend tests, 640testing of free fi lms, 642

techniques for measuring basic viscoelastic propertiesDynamic Mechanical Thermal Analyzer (DMTA),

638humidity, 638strain rate, 638temperature, 638Tensile Testing, 638Thermal Mechanical Analyzer (TMA), 638

Flexible packaging, 125


INDEX 985

Fllm casting knife—Micrometers adjust blade clearance, 509

Flocculative mechanisms, thickening mechanisms, 345–346

depletion fl occulation, 346Fluid density, 445Fluid resistance, aerospace and aircraft coatings,

747–748Fluorescence, 538–539Fluorescent illuminants, 541Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption (FIA), 177Fluorescent sources, 535–536Fluorocarbon surfactants, 322“Foam killers,” 329Foams, 328Ford bath immersion test, 732Ford cup viscosity data, 441Formal HP methods, 587–590Formaldehyde, 72, 75, 79Forming tests, 641Fracture theory, 601–602Free binder, calculation of, 307Free fi lm samples, preparation of, 627–628Free fi lms, 505–507Free formaldehyde, 75–76French Standards Association (AFNOR), 589–590Friction and slip resistance, 673

concepts of friction, 673–677determination of the coeffi cient of friction (COF),

678–679friction for various coatings, coeffi cients of, 678kinetic friction, coeffi cients of, 677lubricants, 681–682sensor materials, 680–681sliding friction, ranges of coeffi cient, 677slipperiness, 677–678static friction, coeffi cient of, 675, 676tribolelectric series for number of widely used

polymers, 678Friction force, 679Fumed silica (pyrogenic silica), 363Furnace process blacks, 206Fusion process, metallic soaps, 38

GG85, 298G90, 298G113, 298Galvanic corrosion, 702

cathodic protection by sacrifi cial anode, 702galvanic series in seawater fl owing at 13 FTPS, 701galvanized steel cross-section, photomicrograph of,

708impressed current cathodic protection, 702–703

Gardner carboloy drill thickness gage, 518Gardner contrast HP board, 573Gardner gage stand, 518Gardner micro-depth gage, 518–519Gardner needle thickness gage, 518Gardner–Coleman method, 302

Gardner-Coleman test, 302Gardner-Holdt bubble tubes, 442

Gas chromatographic (GC) techniques, 140Gas evolution test for metallic coatings, 254Gas state

particles of matter in solid state, 379Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), 175Gassing test, metallic pigments, 254Gellan gum, 355German Standards Institute (DIN), 590Glass and porcelain enamels, 708Glass enamels, 84

test methods for, 85testing of, 85

Glass panels, 578Glaze 2 is sanitary-ware glaze, 81Glazes, 81

applications for glazes, 81lead-containing glazes, 82leadless glazes, 81–82satin and matte glazes, 82testing of glazes, 82

Gloss, 336, 558appearance changes with structure size, 561aspects of gloss and their defi nition, 558

directionality, 559distinctness-of-image, 558–559haze, 558sheen, 558specular gloss, 558waviness, 559

block diagram depicting relationships of various appearance characteristics, 559

carbon blacks (class 1), 209–210coalescing aids, 337coatings, performance dimensions, 199–200contrast sensitivity of our eyes is highest, 562DOI measurement, instrument for, 565dullness measurement, instrument for, 565instrumental measurement techniques

changes in structure spectrum compared to changes in color measurement, 566–567

goniophotometry, 561measurement of distinctness-of-image, 563measurement of refl ection haze, 561measurement of waviness (orange peel),

563–566specular gloss measurement, 560–561

Landolt Rings, 561modern miniature glossmeter, 563observer focuses on image of refl ected object, 559observer focuses on the illuminated surface of object,

559original surface with high amount of long-, shortand

microstructures, 565positions of source and receptor for three geometries,

563refl ected light fl ux distribution from semigloss surface,

560schematic diagram of gloss meter, 562specular gloss is dependent on refractive index, 560structure spectrum helps to understand appearance of

surface fi nishes, 565structure spectrum with reduced short waves, 566


986 INDEX

structure spectrums of original surface and fi rst improvement step, 566

surface appearance is dominated by short waves after longer waves were reduced, 566

very brilliant surface with a low amount of short waves makes long waves very apparent, 567

visual gloss evaluation, 559–560development of documentary standard, 560use of landolt rings to visually analyze distinctness

of image, 560visual evaluation of orange peel, 560

Glycol ethers, 153properties of, 154

Glycol ethers., 336Glycoluril resins, 78GM 9504P, 729Gold bronze

properties, 251Gold bronze pigments, 251Gold bronze pigments

grade classifi cation, 252Gonioapparent colors, 273–274

chroma shifts observed in strong interference colors, 277

color angle, 277color difference for specimens containing interference

pigments with refl ective inner layer, 279summary of ANOVA results, 278

color difference measurement for quality control of colors containing interference fl ake, 278–279

color metrics, 279–280conventions for designating measurement geometry, 274diagram of aspecular angles, 274far-aspecular angle, 275measurement of, 272measurement of colors containing interference fl akes,

276–278measurement of metallic color and color difference,

274–276mid-aspecular angle, 275near-aspecular angle, 275side-tone scattering of light, 275standardization of, 280

Gonioappearance, 272, 537Goniochromatism, 274Goniophotometer, 564Goniophotometry, 561Goniospectrophotometer, 272, 276, 549Gooden-Smith apparatus for surface area, 401Gooden-Smith method, 401GOST5494: Aluminum Pigments, 253Granular pigments and their relation to surface

properties, 392Graphite, 288

inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 288Gravel projecting machine, 618Gravimetric adsorption apparatus, 400Gravimetric method, 400Gravity sedimentation, 396–397

hydrometer method, 396radioactivity method, 397

Green pigments

chrome green, 237–238chromium oxide green, 238hydrated chromium oxide green, 238properties of miscellaneous commercial, 232

Ground coat enamels, 82Guar gum (GG), 354Gum turpentine/gum spirits, 152

HHagen-Poiseuille equation, 444Hall effect probes, 522Hallet Hidimeter, 575Hallet hidimeter, 575Hand sieving, 394Handbook on PVC Formulating, 141Hand-held magnetic pull-off gages, 521Hansa Yellow G, Pigment Yellow 1, C. I. Number 11680,

224Hansa Yellow 10G, Pigment Yellow 3, C. I. Number

11710, 224Hansen solubility parameters, 471–472

correlate both solubility and solubility plus environmental stress cracking, 492

and environmental stress cracking (ESC), 491–493Hansen solubility parameters for selected liquids,

481–485Hanstock method, 576Hard-drying time apparatus, 530Hardness

hardness test comparisons, 502impact resistance, 502Knoop and Pfund hardness, 501and mar resistance, aerospace and aircraft coatings,

745–746pencil hardness, 501Sward hardness, 501thermal analysis, 502

Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), 3Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP), EPA’s Clean Air Act list

of, 10Haze, gloss, 558Haze-and-gloss-measuring instrument, photograph of,

564“Hazen Color,” 174Heat resistance, aerospace and aircraft coatings, 748Heat-reactive/“resole” resins, 93Hectorite clay, 362Hegman Gage, 411Heidolph “RE AX 2,” 507Helicone liquid crystal production process, 267Heptane miscibility test, 180Herschel-Bulkley equation, 420Heterocyclic yellows, 226

properties, 229structures, 228

Heteropolymer “acron, half moon,” 63Heteropolymer “core shell,” 63Heteropolymer “internal domains,” 63Heteropolymer “surface domains,” 63Hexa(methoxymethyl)melamine, 75Hiding power, 569

bending of a light ray by refraction, 571


INDEX 987

CR, 569–570early photometric HP methods, 575

federal test method for dry opacity, 576Fell Equation, use of, 576Hanstock method, 576New York Paint Club (NYPC) method, 576Pfund precision cryptometer, 575–576Van Eyken–Anderson method, 576

early visual HP methodsbrushouts, 573contrast design and visual sensitivity, 573hallet hidimeter, 575Pfund cryptometers, 574–575relative dry HP—Krebs Method, 574

factors affecting white HP, 586crystal and particle size, 586fi lm porosity, 587pigment concentration, 586–587pigment dispersion, 586

fi lm thickness, 570formal HP methods, 587–590HP methodology

fi lm application, 576–577photometric measurements, 577SR (or fi lm thickness) determination, 577

incomplete hiding, 569K-M two-constant theory, 578–579

calculation of HP from tinting data, 584–585determination of relative HP of untinted white

paints from tinting data, 585Judd Graph (information included for historical

purposes), 580–581K-M HP method, 579–580K-M HP results, 583–584Mitton graph and table, 581–583scattering coeffi cient and scattering power, 579theoretical problems and practical considerations,

584light absorption, 569light scattering, 569light-scattering behavior of pigmented fi lm, 572microvoids for white HP, 587opacity, 569photometric HP end-point, 571refractive index and relative HP

of some extender pigments, 572of some white hiding pigments, 572

role of pigments in HPbinders and pigments, 571colored pigments, 572–573extender pigments, 572refractive index, 571–572white hiding pigments, 572white pigments, 571

of some colored pigments measured with Pfund cryptometer, 574

SR, 570test substrates, 569test substrates, currently used, 577

clear plastic fi lm, 577glass panels, 578painted metal panels, 578

paperboard charts, 577visual HP end-point, 571visual observations of contrast, 570

High solids, solvent borne coatings, 90High solids alkyd, 41Higher solids alkyd resins, 68–69

types and end uses, 70High-shear capillary rheometry, 445High-solids coating resins, 72Hildebrand parameters, 471HLB ranges and surfactant applications, 324Homolytic fragmentation type photoinitiators, examples,

952Homopolymer, 63Homopolymerization of phenolic resole resins, 96Hot dip galvanizing, 132Hot-dip galvanizing, 708HP methodology

fi lm application, 576–577photometric measurements, 577SR (or fi lm thickness) determination, 577

Hues, 592Humidity, 638Humidity cabinet, 733Humidity exposure, 729Hutto-Davis method, 401Hydrated chromium oxide green, 238Hydrocarbon solvents, 149–152Hydrocarbons, processes that produce, 3–4Hydrogen abstraction type photoinitiators, examples,

952Hydrogen bonding solubility parameter, calculation of,

480Hydrogen damage, 706Hydrometer and meniscus detail, 172Hydrometer methods, 172Hydrometers, 382Hydrometer–Sugar with Brix scale and enclosed ther-

mometer, 382Hydrophobe modifi ed ASEs (HASE), 358–359

HEEASE (subclass of HASE), 358HEURASE (subclass of HASE), 359

Hydrophobe modifi ed cellulosics (HMC), 359–360Hydrophobe modifi ed nonionic synthetics (HMNS),

356–358HEAT (subclass of HMNS), 358HEET (subclass of HMNS), 358HEUR (subclass of HMNS), 356–357HEUUR (subclass of HMNS), 358

Hydrophobic silica, 364Hydrophobic silicas, 362Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), 351, 353Hydroxyl functionality, 55Hydroxyl-functional acrylics, 55, 56Hydroxypropyl guar (HPG), 354Hysteresis, 446Hysteresis effects, 457

IICI cone and plate viscometer, 444ICI cone/plate high shear viscometer for determination

of HSV, 350


988 INDEX

ICI rotothinner, 441Illuminant metamerism, 540Illuminating and sensing geometry, example of, 274Illuminator, 548Imidazoline structure, 100Immersion testing, 732Impact resistance tests, 641–642In-can preservation, 313–314

microbicides used for, 316Incandescent sources, 535Incomplete hiding, 569Indanthrone blue, 224Individual particle sensing by light blocking and

electrical resistance, 401–403Industrial color measurement

commercial instruments, 550–551instruments using eye as detector, 547–548selection and calibration of instruments, 550spectrocolorimeters, 549spectrophotometers, 548–549spectroradiometers, 549tristimulus (fi lter) colorimeters, 549–550

Industrial maintenance coatings, testing of, 778infrared spectra of an epoxy (top) and vinyl latex, 780multinotch applicator used to evaluate sag resistance,

780portable adhesion tester, 781stormer viscometer used to obtain viscosity of

coatings, 779testing of applied coatings, 781–786testing of liquid coatings, 778

Infi nite-shear viscosity, 419Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 142Ink, pigments for, 200Inks and overprint coatings, 125Inmont gage (Interchemical) wet fi lm, 515Inmont wet fi lm gage (wet fi lm wheel), 514Inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 284

ceramic pigments, 294chromate-based compounds, 284–285graphite, 288inorganic oxoanionic inhibitors, 289ion-exchange pigments, 289–290iron oxides, 287–288magnesium-rich primer, 287metal fl ake pigments, 293–294needle-shaped anti-corrosion pigments, 292pigments for “smart” anti-corrosion coatings, 291–292protective coatings and, 282–283silicate-based pigments with non-isometric particles,

288spinel-type pigments, 293super primers, 290–291titanates, 288–289titanium dioxide (TiO

2), 288zinc ferrites, 287zinc oxide-containing systems, 285–286zinc phosphate, 286–287zinc-rich paints, 285

Inorganic based thickeners and rheology modifi ers for WB and SB coatings, 364

Inorganic colored pigments

blues, 236browns, 238classifi cation of pigments by color, 234greens, 237–238oranges, 237reds, 234–235violets, 235–236yellows, 236–237

Inorganic for waterborne and solventborne coating, 362Inorganic oxoanionic inhibitors, 289

inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 289Inorganic thickeners for aqueous and solvent-borne

coatings, 360clay thickners, 360–363synthetic silicas, 363–364thicker blends, 365

Instrument for refl ection haze measurement, 564Instrumental and computer-aided color matching, 555Instruments using eye as detector, 547–548Intergranular corrosion, 704“Interim Guidance on Control of Volatile Organic

Compounds in Ozone State Implementation Plans,” 6Interior of gravelometer, 618International Commission on Illumination (Commission

Internationale de l’Éclairage, CIE), 279, 541, 592Intrinsic viscosity, 432Ion-exchange pigments

inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 289–290Ion-exchange pigments (IEPs), 289–290Iron blue, 236Iron oxide blacks (class 3), 204Iron oxide reds, 234Iron oxide yellows, 237Iron oxides, 287–288

inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 287–288ISCC-NBS System, 545ISO 1247: Aluminum Pigments, 253ISO 2814, 589ISO 4624, 610ISO 6504-1, 589ISO 6504-3, 589ISO 1522 Paints and Varnishes—Pendulum Damping

Test, 44ISO 4624 test assemblies, 611ISO Standard 9117, Paints and Varnishes, 529Isobutylene, 51Isocyanate-reactive acrylics, 55–56Isocyanates, 108–109

blocked, 109Isocyanurate or isocyanate trimer, urethane chemistry,

105

JJASO M610, 729

KKaolin, 243, 246


Karl Fischer reagent method, 180Kauri-butanol value, 157Kelvin-Voigt creep experiment, 429


INDEX 989

Kelvin-Voigt model, 429Ketimine, 90Ketones, 89, 153

properties of, 153purity of, 177

Kinetic coeffi cient of friction, 679K-M two-constant theory, 578–579

calculation of HP from tinting data, 584–585determination of relative HP of untinted white paints

from tinting data, 585Judd Graph (information included for historical pur-

poses), 580–581K-M HP method, 579–580K-M HP results, 583–584Mitton graph and table, 581–583scattering coeffi cient and scattering power, 579theoretical problems and practical considerations,

584Knoop and Pfund hardness, 501Krafft Temperature, 326Krebs diamond-stripe HP chart, 573Krebs type viscometer, digital, 348“Krebs units” (KU), 441Krieger–Dougherty model, 433

LLab roller mill, 506Lab spin coating device, 512Laboratory miniature media mills, 595Laboratory roller mill, 595Lacquers, 498“Lake,” 215Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium (LADCO), 12Lampblack process, 205Landolt Rings, 561Large body center, vast distance to, 378Large-particle system, layout for, 406Latent solvents, 157Latex binding power index, calculation of, 306–307Latex paints, 332Lead chromates pigments, 235Lead-containing glazes, 82Leadless glazes, 81–82Leafi ng grades aluminum pigments, 251Leveling, 437Licanic, 34Light, color and, 535

color difference evaluation for color control, 551color tolerance, 553color-difference calculations, 551–553

color matching, 555instrumental and computer-aided color matching,

555visual color matching, 555

color mixingadditive mixing of lights, 553pigment mixing, 554subtractive mixing in transparent fi lms, 553

color order systems, 544color collections, 546DIN system, 545–546Munsell system, 544–545

NCS, 546OSA-UCS system, 546single-number color scales, 546whiteness and tint indices, 546yellow indices, 546

colorimetry and CIE system, 541CIE standard observers, 541–544CIE standard sources and illuminants, 541–542uniform color spaces, 544

eyecolor constancy and metamerism, 540–541perception, 539variables of perceived color, 539–540the visual system, 539

industrial color measurementcommercial instruments, 550–551instruments using eye as detector, 547–548selection and calibration of instruments, 550spectrocolorimeters, 549spectrophotometers, 548–549spectroradiometers, 549tristimulus (fi lter) colorimeters, 549–550

light sources, 535–536color-matching booths, 536fl uorescent sources, 535–536incandescent sources, 535natural and artifi cial daylight, 535other sources, 536

refl ection and transmissionfl uorescence, 538–539gonioappearance, 537opaque, transparent, and translucent fi lms, 536phosphorescence, 539retrorefl ection, 536

Light absorption, 207, 569Light attenuation and scattering techniques, 404–408“Light fastness,” 217Light scattering, 186, 207, 569Light sources, 535–536

color-matching booths, 536fl uorescent sources, 535–536incandescent sources, 535natural and artifi cial daylight, 535other sources, 536

Lightness, 592 d-Limonene, 152Linear motion, tests based on, 619

oscillating sand tester, 620–621RCA abrasion wear tester, 620Taber® Large Linear Abraser, 620Taber® Linear Abraser, 620Taber® Reciprocating Abraser, 620

Linear viscoelastic regime (LVER), 447Linoleic, 34Linolenic, 34Linseed oil, 34, 41, 301

properties of, 309Lipkin bicapillary pycnometer, 173Lipkin-type pycnometer, 173Liquid crystal polymeric effect pigments (LCPs), 267Liquid paint driers

specifi cations for, 44


990 INDEX

testing of, 44typical requirements of, 42–43

Liquid pycnometers, 383Liquids

defi ning equation for, 454densities of liquids—methods of determination,

382–383displacement—fl uid external media, 383displacement-known volume devices-fl uid internal

media, 383–386with entrapped air, 385particles of matter in solid state, 379

Lithol reds, 217Lithol rubine red, 217Locust bean gum (LBG), 354Long oil alkyd-air dry, 41“Lower fl ammable limit”/“lower explosive limit” (LEL), 166Lubricants, examples of, 682Luminance, 592Lydersen group constrants, 478

MMachine sieving, 394–395Macrodispersion, 211Macrofoams, 328MACT Hammer, 11Magne-gage, 520Magnesium-rich primer, 287

inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 287Magnetic coating pull-off thickness gage, 521Magnetic recording media, 125–126Magnetic reluctance coating thickness gage, 521Magnetic reluctance gage, 521Maintenance and marine fi nishes, 125Mandrel Bend Tests, 638–639Manganese violet, 236Manganese-doped rutile, 240Manganophosphate violet, 240Manual Krebs type viscometer Sag bars, 348Manual Pensky-Martens closed-cup fl ash point tester,

169Manual small-scale (Setafl ash) fl ash point tester, 170Manual tag closed-cup fl ash point tester, 168Mar abrasion resistance, tests for

balanced beam tester, 621Coin Mar Test, 622Fingernail Test, 622Multi-Finger Scratch Tester (5-Finger Scratch

Tester), 622Nanoscratching, 622Paperclip Mar Test, 622Taber® Shear/Scratch Test, 621

Mark-Houwink equation, 52Martin’s diameter, 408Mass color and tinting strength of pigments, 591

laboratory miniature media mills, 595laboratory roller mill, 595mixing time of liquid colors, 595–596pall glass mill, 595pigment concentration, 595pigment dispersion, 594pigment dispersion techniques, 595

automatic mullers, 595spatula and hand mullers, 595

tinting strength, 593chromatic paints, 593–594white paints, 594

Material, 377Material safety data sheet (MSDS), 3, 101Materials and coatings, miscellaneous, 128–134Matte glazes, 82Maximum achievable control technology (MACT)

standards, 9Maximum bubble pressure methods, 461

modifi ed static surface tension measurements, 461Maxwell model for viscoelastic liquid behavior, 428McArdle-Robertson evaporation index, 164Measurement of fi lm thickness, 514Measurement of waviness (orange peel), 563–566Mechanical adhesion, 603Mechanized tape test, 607–608Medium oil alkyd-air dry, 41Medium oil alkyd-bake, 41Melamine, 499Melamine resins, 73, 78Mercury cadmium red, 235Metal analysis by EDTA titration, 44Metal corrosion, types of, 697

advantages and limitations of principal coating resins, 710–712

advantages and limitations of zinc-rich coatings, 712cathodic protection of a pipeline using impressed

current, 703cathodic protection of buried pipeline using anodes,

703cementitious linings, 708chemical concept of electron fl ow, 700conversion coatings, 706

chromate conversion coatings, 707chromate-free conversion coatings, 707phosphate conversion coatings, 706–707

corrosion, defi nition, 697corrosion cell, 699crevice corrosion, 703depiction of cavitation, 705dry cell battery, 699electrochemical corrosion, 698–700electromotive force series, 701electroplating, 708–709erosion-corrosion, 704–705extractive metallurgy in reverse, 697–698forms of corrosion, 700, 702

depiction of, 702galvanic corrosion, 702

cathodic protection by sacrifi cial anode, 702impressed current cathodic protection, 702–703

galvanic series in seawater fl owing at 13 FTPS, 701glass and porcelain enamels, 708hot-dip galvanizing, 708hydrogen damage, 706intergranular corrosion, 704metallurgy in reverse, 698metals in order of energy required for conversion from

their ores, 698


INDEX 991

paints, coatings, and linings, 712–713photomicrograph of galvanized steel cross-section, 708pitting corrosion, 703–704

microbiologically infl uenced corrosion, 704rubber linings, 709selective leaching, 704stress corrosion, 705–706thermal spray coatings, 709uniform corrosion, 701use of protective overlays to prevent corrosion

corrosion prevention with protective overlayers, 706Metal fl ake pigments, 293–294

inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 293–294Metal oxides pigments, 235Metallic coatings, 131–133Metallic color measurement, E2194 angles for, 276Metallic pigments, 250

formulation and application guidelines, 252economics of use, 253market applications, 252–253

grade classifi cationaluminum pigments, 251–252gold bronze pigments, 252nickel powder and fl ake, 252zinc pigment, 252

history and manufacturing methods, 250properties, 250

aluminum, 250–251gold bronze, 251nickel, 251stainless steel fl ake, 251zinc pigment, 251

testingASTM test methods, 253test methods and specifi cations, 253–255

Metallic soaps, 38as bodying and fl atting agents, 38coatings applications of, 39

Metallized azo reds, 216–217structure of, 216

Metallized azo yellows, 226Metallurgy in reverse, 698Metals in order of energy required for conversion from

their ores, 698Methacrylamide sulfate, 50Methacrylates, 50Methacrylic acid, 51Methacrylic acid, copolymerization of, 57Methanol, 155Method 14.1, Visual Hiding at a Specifi ed SR, 589Method 14.2, SR Determined at Full Visual Hiding

(for Quick-Drying Coatings), 589Method 14.7, CR on Black and White Glass Panels at a

Given SR or Dry Film Thickness, 589Method 4121, CR at a Specifi ed SR, 589Methyhydroxypropyl cellulose (HPMC), 351Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), 153Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), 153Methyl methacrylate, copolymerization of, 57Methyl methacrylate (MMA), 50, 51Methylated melamine resin, size exclusion chromato-

gram of typical high-solids, 75

Methylolated phenols, 95Metrics for defi ning “negligible photochemical

reactivity,” 5–6Mica, 244, 246


Mica versus synthetic fl ake, 265Micro-abrader, 617Microbicide effi cacy

decrease, 318methods for determination of, 318–319positively infl uence, 318

Microbicides, 313analysis and neutralization of, 318factors impacting effi cacy of some common, 318mode of action of, 315used for dry-fi lm preservation, 317used for in-can preservation, 316used in paint and coating industry, 318

Microbiostat, 313Microcrystaline cellulose (MCC), 354Microdispersion, 211Microfoams, 328Micrometers and dial gages, 517–518Microprocessor electromagnetic thickness gages, 522–523Microscope for fi lm thickness, 519–520

brightwell method, 519classical method, 519stopped method, 519

Microvoids for white HP, 587MIL-I-46058C, 115Milled aluminum pigments, 251Mineral blacks, 204Mineral spirits, 150Mini weight per gallon cups, 384Minimal fi lm formation temperature (MFFT), 59, 63,

329, 333Miscellaneous driers, 39–40Mixed mineral thixotropes (MMT), 363Mixed solvents, 72Mixed xylenes, 151Mixing time of liquid colors, 595–596Modifi ed polyurea, 365–367Modulus, 417–418Molybdate orange, 234Monk cup, 383–384Monoarylide yellows, 224–226Monocyclic dimer acid, 98Monofunctional epoxies, 89Multi-Finger Scratch Tester (5-Finger Scratch

Tester), 622Multiple clearance applicator—Eight fi lm thickness, 509Multiple gap drawdown bar, 509Multiple layer, 465Munsell Book of Color, 545Munsell Color System, 593Munsell system, 544–545

NNACE RP0394, 789NACE RP T-10D, 788Nanoscratching, 622


992 INDEX

Naphthenate, 40Naphthenic hydrocarbons, 151Naphthol reds, 218

generic structure and key to, 219Narrow spectrum, 313National ambient air quality standards (NAAQS), 6National Bureau of Standards (NBS), 389National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air

Pollutants (NESHAP), 9, 10, 11National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 389National Lead Company method, 301National Rules for Consumer Products, 9Natural and artifi cial daylight, 535NCS, 546Needle micrometer, 517Needle-shaped anti-corrosion pigments, 292

inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 292Negligible photochemical reactivity, 5–6Neodecanoate, 40Nepheline syenite, 245, 246Neutralization with triethylamine (TEA), 107New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), 7“New Source Review” (NSR), 11New York Paint Club (NYPC)

leveling test blade, 510method, HP, 576

Newtonian fl uids, 418NF-T30-075, SR at a CR (CR) of 0.98, 590NF-T30-076, SR at Complete Visual Hiding, 590Nickel

properties, 251Nickel powder and fl ake

grade classifi cation, 252Nickel-doped rutile, 240Nitrated hydrocarbons, 155–156Nitrogen, oxides of (NOX), 6Nonaromatic hydrocarbons in aromatics, 178Noncontact ultrasonic coating thickness gage for

uncured powder coatings, 526Non-ionic emulsions, 25Nonionic surfactant, 321–322Nonleafi ng grades aluminum pigments, 251Non-metallized azo reds, 217–219Non-newtonian behavior, types of, 418

fl ow curve seen for unstable (fl occulating) dispersions, 421

shear-dependent viscosity, 418–421shear-thinning fl uids, 421superimposed on equilibrium fl ow curve, 421

Non-Newtonian fl uids, 418Nonreactive emulsions, 61Nonvolatile residue, 178Notch Gage for uncured powder thickness

measurement, 526Notch gage (wet fi lm comb), 515–517NPIRI Grindometer, 411Nutra ADR 10 %, 40Nutra LTD 18 %, 40

OObject, 377Obstructed-fl ow devices, 442

Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories, 3

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 79

Octoate, 40Odor, 175Oil absorption, 231–232

calculation, 302values, 302

Oil absorption of pigments, 300critical pigment volume, 303–305

useful equations based upon CPVC calculated from oil absorption data, 305–307

determining CPVCAsbeck–Van Loo method of determining CPVC,

307cole method for CPVC, 307Pierce-Holsworth method for CPVC, 308–309

mechanism, 300methods for determining oil absorption, 300

characterization of dispersions at oil absorption point, 302–303

Gardner–Coleman method, 302plasticizer absorption by pigments, 303Rowland-Stieg simplifi cation of ASTM D281,

302spatula rub-out method, 300–302

Oil absorption studies, characteristics of pastes from, 303Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, 21Oil-modifi ed polyesters (see Alkyds)Oil-modifi ed urethane, 41Oil/petroleum asphalts, 19–20

specifi cations and test methods for, 23–24Oiticica oil, 34Olefi ns, 178Olefi ns content, 178–179Oleic, 34Oleoresinous varnish, 41Opacity, 569Opaque, transparent, and translucent fi lms, 536Operating permit program, 11Optical properties, aerospace and aircraft coatings,

742–743Optically variable pigments (OVPs), 264Optimal scattering performance, 190Oranges

cadmium mercury orange, 237cadmium orange, 237chrome orange, 237colored pigments, 227–230

orange pigments of signifi cance in coatings industry, 229

properties of, 231structures of, 231

Orchard equation, 438Organic coating, applications of surface energetics to

coating defects, 465coatings application and defects, 463curtain coating, 464dip coating, 463–464electrostatic spray, 464powder coating, 464–465


INDEX 993

Organic coating system, protection against corrosion, 283

Organic coatings, stress phenomena indurability and stress development, 669–670effect of coating components, 662


interdependence of stresses, 657–658origins of stress in organic coatings, 655

fi lm formation, 655–656variation of relative humidity, 657variation of temperature, 656–657

stress and physical aging, 661–662stress measurement, 658

mono-layer systems, 659–660stress versus adhesion and cohesion, 666–669

Organic coatings on plastics, pull strength for, 610Organic (colored) pigments, 215

benzimidazolone based reds, 221blues, 223–224classifi cation of pigments by chemistry, 216disazo condensation reds, 221–223high perfomance reds, 219–220international nomenclature—colour index (C. I.)

system, 215–216oranges, 227–230perylene reds, 220–221reds, 216–219testing of pigments for use in coatings, 230–233yellows, 224–227

Organic paint, components of, 282Organic polyelectrolyte dispersants, 328Organic TRMs

for solvent borne coatings, 365castor oil derivatives (castor waxes), 365modifi ed polyurea, 365–367overbased calcium sulfonate, 365polyamides, 365thickeners for “solventborne” coatings, 366

for waterborne coatings with conventional and associative analogs and their acronyms, 357

Organoclays, 362, 363Organosol, 124

primers, 124Orthonitroaniline orange, 227OSA-UCS system, 546Oscillating jet, 461Oscillating sand tester, 620–621Oscillatory shear, 447–448Osmotic activity in paint fi lms, 644–645

case histories of osmotic activity paint failures, 652–654

chemistry of osmotic process, 646–647conductivity meter requiring only one drop of blister

fl uid, 651factors causing variation in osmotic activity in paint

fi lm, 647–649fragment pattern collected by mass spectrometer, 653GC/MS response from thermal extraction of blister

fl uid collected from bottom of barge, 653

ideal analytical instrument confi guration for identifying source of, 650

osmosis in paint fi lms, 646oven of gas chromatograph housing quartz capillary

column, 650pH indicating paper strip is used to determine pH of

blister solution, 651systematic chemical analysis of osmotic blister fl uids

and blistered coatings, 649–650determination of electrical conductivity and pH,

651–652GC/MS analysis by low temperature thermal

extraction/desorption (TE/GC/MS), 650–651GC/MS high temperature pyrolysis (PYRO/GC/

MS), 651Osmotic blisters, 645

in ballast tank, 645large, 648in potable water tank, 645

OTC (Ozone Transport Commission), 338Overbased calcium sulfonate, 365OVP manufacturing process, 266Oxidative crosslinking, 498Oxidative drying and function of driers, theory of,

38–39Oxime cure system, 114Oxygenated solvents, 149Oxygenated solvents, 152–155, 155Ozone formation, controlling

alternative concept, 13reactivity concept, historical perspective, 13

in atmosphere, 9–10Ozone formation, VOC and, 6Ozone standard, 6–7

EPA’s “concentration based” form, 6nitrogen dioxide, 7

Ozone Transport Commission (OTC), 12

PPack cementation, 132Paint, analysis of

characterization and chemical analysis, 817–826forensic paint analysis, 827–828general testing, 814–815sampling, 813–814separation of solids and volatile content, 815–817trace analysis, 826–827

Paint and coating fi lm preservation, problems, 314Paint and coating industry

microbicides used in, 318Paint application, shear forces of, 190Paint binders and polymers, list of suppliers and trade-

marks for, 488Paint coating, blistering of, 283Paint fi lms

spectrophotometric curves of two highly metameric, 541

stress-strain curves of some, 391Paint Inspection Gage, 519Paint monitoring, 294–295

concept of, 294–295Paint volume solids, 387


994 INDEX

analytical determination of paint volume solids, 387critical pigment volumes, 388theoretical calculations of paint volume solids, 387

Painted metal panels, 578Painting or brush coating, 115Paints, coatings, and linings, 712–713Paliocrom®, 265Pall glass mill, 595Paper, pigments for, 200Paperboard charts, 577Paperclip Mar Test, 622Para reds, 218

structure of, 218Partial solubility parameters

group contributions to, 475methods and problems in determination of,

472–474Particle

defi nitions, 191term “casual contact” in, 190

system measuring both large and small, 407Particle characterization methodologies, 390, 393

adsorption of gases, 400chromatography: Angstrom particle sizing, 403–404defi nitions of particle size and shape, 408–409direct microscopic measurement using visual light

microscopes and electron microscopes, 403drawdown techniques for texture and oversize,

409–411individual particle sensing by light blocking and

electrical resistance, 401–403light attenuation and scattering techniques,

404–408particle size by sedimentation, 395–3989particle size by sieving, 393–395particle size from surface area employing both gasses

and liquids, 398–400permeation through packed powders, 401separation and collection: particle size by Elutriation,

411–412Particle size

analysis, 191control, 191defi nitions of, 408determination of sugar-sand mixture as function of

sampling techniques, 393distributions

of commercial TiO2 pigments, 191of pigment grades, 190

instrument for determining particle size in real time, 399

scattering of radiation in near infrared region of spectrum, 405

Particle-size analysishistory of, 390importance of, 390–391metallic pigments, 253

Particle-size reference test material, role of, 412Particle-sizing methods, comparison of, 409Parylene, 134Parylene coatings, 134Pavement marking materials, 799

fi eld evaluation of marking materials, 804–805material testing, 800–804types of pavement marking materials, 799–800

Paving sealers, 25Payne permeability cup, 732Pearlescent, 273Peel adhesion testing on plastic substrates, 605–606Peeling, 285PEI Abrasion Tester, 622–623Pencil hardness, 501Penetration into powder, rate of, 463Pensky-Martens fl ash point test cup and cover

assembly, 170Pensky-Martens—ASTM D93, 168Perceived color, variables of, 539–540Perfect white, 543Permanent magnet thickness gages, 520–521Permeability cups, 732, 786Permeation, 381Permeation through packed powders, 401Perovskite structure, 288Perovskite structure ABO3, 289Peroxide-cured silicones, 114Pertinent ASTM test standards, 249Perylene reds, 220–221

structure of, 221Pfund black-and-white cryptometer, 575Pfund cryptometers, 574–575

diagram of early model of, 573Pfund crytometer, 510Pfund fi lm gage, 516Pfund Hardness Number (PFN), 501Pfund precision cryptometer, 575–576Pfund wet fi lm gage, 514–515

Pfund gage schematic, 515PH measurement, metallic pigments, 254Phase shift, 427Phenolic novolak structure, 95Phenolic resin

and epoxy resin, reaction, 95products, testing of, 96

Phenolic resole resinshomopolymerization of, 96

Phenolic resole structure, 96Phenolic starting materials, 95Phenolics, 93, 500

fi rst phenolic resin based coatings, 93phenolic resin chemistry, 94–95

acid catalysis, 95base catalysis, 95–96raw materials, 95

phenolic resins as photo-imagable coating, 94phenolic resins in coatings

coatings based on phenolic resins, 93coatings based on polymer alloys with phenolic

resins, 93–94testing of phenolic resin products, 96

Phenoxy, 133–134, 134Phosphate conversion coatings, 706–707Phospho-molybdate pigments, 289Phosphorescence, 539Photochemical smog, 3–4


INDEX 995

Photochemical weathering, 729cyclic testing, 729–730

Photo-imagable coating, phenolic resins as, 94Photoinitiator, 951Photometric HP end-point, 571Photometric HP methods, 575Phthalocyanine greens, proposed structures for, 232Pierce-Holsworth method

for CPVC, 308pigment volume concentration calculated by, 308

Pierce-Holsworth method for CPVC, 308–309Pigment Blue 27, 235Pigment Blue 27, C. I. Number 77510, 236Pigment Blue 28, 235Pigment Blue 29, 235Pigment Blue 29, C. I. Number 77007, 236Pigment Brown 6, 235Pigment Brown 6, C. I. Number 77491, 77492, 77499, 238Pigment Brown 7, 235Pigment Brown 11, 238Pigment concentration, 595Pigment dispersing parameters and specifi c conditions

obtained for maximum tinting strength, 594Pigment dispersion, 594Pigment dispersion process, 328Pigment dispersion techniques, 595

automatic mullers, 595spatula and hand mullers, 595

Pigment Green 15, C. I. Number 77520, 77601, 77603, 237Pigment Green 17, 235Pigment Green 17, C. I. Number 77288, 238Pigment Green 18, 235Pigment Green 18, C. I. Number 77289, 238Pigment mixing, 554Pigment Orange 20, 235Pigment Orange 20, C. I. Number 77202, 237Pigment Orange 21, 235Pigment Orange 21, C. I. Number 77601, 237Pigment Orange 23, C. I. Number 77201, 237Pigment Orange 46, C. I. Number 15602, 227Pigment Orange 60 , C. I. Number 11782, 229Pigment Orange 62 , C. I. Number 11775, 229Pigment packing factors, 307

comparision, 308and oil absorption test, 308

Pigment Red 101, 235Pigment Red 101, C. I. Number 77491, 234Pigment Red 102, 235Pigment Red 104, 235Pigment Red 104, C. I. Number 77605, 234Pigment Red 108, 235Pigment Red 108, C. I. Number 77202 and 77196, 235Pigment Red 113, C. I. Number 77201, 235Pigment red 214, structure of, 222Pigment red 224, structure of, 221Pigment red 242, structure of, 222Pigment red 257, structure of, 223Pigment Violet 15, C. I. Number 77007, 235Pigment Violet 16, 235Pigment volume concentration (PVC), 303Pigment volume relationships, 368Pigment Yellow 32, C. I. Number 77839, 236

Pigment Yellow 34, 235Pigment Yellow 34, C. I. Number 77600 and 77603, 236Pigment Yellow 35, 235Pigment Yellow 35, C. I. Number 77205, 236–237Pigment Yellow 36, C. I. Number 77955, 236Pigment Yellow 37, 235Pigment Yellow 37, C. I. Number 77199, 237Pigment Yellow 42, 235Pigment Yellow 42, C. I. Number 77492, 237Pigment Yellow 43, 235Pigment Yellow 65, C. I. Number 11740, 225Pigment Yellow 73, 225Pigment Yellow 73, C. I. Number 11738, 225Pigment Yellow 74, C. I. Number 11741, 225Pigment Yellow 75, C. I. Number 11770, 225Pigment Yellow 97, C. I. Number 11767, 225Pigment Yellow 98, C. I. Number 11727, 225Pigment Yellow 116, C. I. Number 11790, 225Pigment Yellow 184, 235Pigment Yellow 184, C. I. Number 771740, 237Pigmentation, Vinyl copolymer coatings, 123Pigments, 187, 215

black (see Black pigments)ceramic (see Ceramic pigments)characteristics, 189

commodity composition, 191–193elemental analysis, 193packing measures, 194and performance, 188–189phase analysis, 190pigment packing, 193–194pigment particle size, 190–191pigment surface, 193surface analyses, 193

classifi cation complications, requirements, 200color measurement, 194–195colored (see Colored pigments)colored inorganic, 235compatibility, 199contaminants, 194cost of hiding, 187dispersing, 196–197durability control, 197durability testing, 198effect (see Effect pigments)effects on gloss, 198–199

gloss measurement, 199effects on paint fi lm durability, 197extender (see Extender pigments)hazards, 195hiding power of paint fi lms, 196high density as disadvantage, 187high refractive index, 187inorganic anti-corrosion (see Inorganic anti-corrosion

pigments)inorganic colored (see Inorganic colored pigments)metal fl ake, 293–294metallic (see Metallic pigments)needle-shaped anti-corrosion (see Needle-shaped

anti-corrosion pigments)oil absorption of, 300performance, 195


996 INDEX

dispersibility, 196–197hiding and opacity, 195measurement of dispersibility, 197measurements of light scattering, 195–196

products for industries other than coatings, 200protective coatings and inorganic anti-corrosion,

282–283refl ectance of white, gray, and black paints, 195scattering by spheres of rutile in polymer, 187silica shells from encapsulated, 198for “smart” anti-corrosion coatings, 291–292spinel-type, 293trace analyses, 194white (see White pigments)

Pigments in HP, role ofbinders and pigments, 571colored pigments, 572–573extender pigments, 572refractive index, 571–572white hiding pigments, 572white pigments, 571

Pigments-inhibitors, environmentally friendly paints and, 295–296

Pine oil, 152Ping-pong balls coated with solid and metallic color

paints, 273Pipeline coatings, 787

external coatings for repair and rehabilitation, 788–789

factory or plant applied products, 789–791internal pipe coatings, 788market, 787product development, comparative testing, and quality

control, 787Pitting corrosion, 703–704

microbiologically infl uenced corrosion, 704Plastic (yield) behavior, 424Plasticizer absorption by pigments, 303Plasticizer absorption for some typical pigments, 304Plasticizers, 122–123, 139

compatible with solution vinyl chloridebased copolymers, 123

extenders, 139family/performance grid, 140methods of identifi cation, 142

chlorine, 143gas chromatography, 143infrared spectrophotometry, 142instrumental methods, 142isolation of plasticizers, 142liquid chromatography, 143nitrogen, 143phosphorous, 143phthalates, 143–145qualitative methods, 143sulfur, 143

performance propertiescompatibility, 145low-temperature properties, 145permanence, 145

physical and chemical propertiesacidity, 139

color, 139–140copper corrosion, 140density and specifi c gravity, 142distillation range, 140–141ester value, 141fl ash point, 141pour point, 141refractive index, 141residual odor, 141sampling, 141typical properties, 142viscosity, 142water, 142

prepared with and 2-ethylhexyl (2-EH)/i-nonyl (iso-N) alcohols, physical properties of, 143

and their compatibility with coating resins, 144Plastics, pigments for, 200Plastisol, 124

primers, 124Platinum-cobalt color, 174

versus Saybolt color, 174Polar solubility parameter, calculation of, 479–480Polyamide resins, 97, 98

in coatings, reaction of, 100reaction with epoxy resin, 100

Polyamide structure, 100Polyamides, 89, 97, 365

acids, 97amines, 97chemical properties, 98–99early history, 97environmental/toxicity considerations, 101physical properties, 99–100reaction of polyamide resins in coatings, 100–101synthesis of polyamides, 98

Polyaniline (PANI) layer, 288, 292Poly(1,4-butanediol adipate) polyester polyol, 128Polycarbodiimide, urethane chemistry, 105Polycyclic dimer acid, 99Poly-ε-caprolactone polyols (PCP), 128Polyfunctional amines, 109Poly(glycol adipates)(PEA), 128Polyhydric alcohols used in alkyd manufacture, 67Polyhydroxyethers, 133–134Polymer melt and solution rheology, 432Polymer morphologies, cross sectional representations

of, 63Polymerization, 118–119Polymermelts, viscosity of, 432Poly-(n-alkyl methacrylates), specifi c volume-

temperature relations for, 51Polyols, 128–130Poly-(propylene oxide) polyols (PPO), 128Polysulfi de coatings, 133Polysulfi des, 133Poly(tetramethylene oxide) polyols, 129Polyurethane coatings, 102–104

ASTM classifi cationtype I, one-package prereacted, 102type I polyurethanes, 105type II, one-package moisture cured, 102–103type II polyurethanes, 105


INDEX 997

type III, one-package heat cured, 103type III polyurethanes, 106type IV, two-package catalyst, 103type IV polyurethanes, 106type V, two-package polyol, 103type V polyurethanes, 106type VI, one-package, nonreactive lacquer, 103type VI polyurethanes, 106waterborne polyurethane coatings, 103

chemistry and reactionsbasic urethane chemistry, 104–105powder coatings, 108radiation-curable coatings, 108waterborne polyurethane coatings, 106–107

interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) coatings, 104

markets, 110polyurethane powder coatings, 104raw materials

additives, 109–110catalysts, 109isocyanates, 108–109

six ASTM conventional type, 105–106six ASTM conventional type polyurethane coatings,

105–106two-package polyurea and poly ( urethane-urea )

coatings, 103Polyurethane end uses, examples of, 109Polyurethane powder coatings, 104Polyurethanes, 102Poly(vinyl chloride) latex, 126Porcelain enamels, 82

cover coat enamels, 84ground coat enamels, 82test methods for, 84testing of porcelain enamels, 84in weight percent, 83

Portable adhesion tester, 610Portable adhesion tester, 781Post-polymerization process, vinyl polymers for coatings, 119Powder coating, 464–465, 957Powder coatings, 108, 126

HP and scattering coeffi cient values, 583Power law fl uid, gravity drainage of, 436Practical adhesion, 604–605

direct tensile testing, 608–611mechanized tape test, 607–608peel adhesion testing on plastic substrates,

605–606procedural problems, 607scrape adhesion testing, 611–612tape controversy, 607tape test, 605test methods, 605

Practical aspects of yield behavior, 426Precipitated coatings, 296Precipitated silica, 363Prevention of metal corrosion with protective

overlayers, 687atmospheric corrosion of metals, 689–690coatings and overlayers for corrosion control, 692–694corrosion in aqueous solutions, 687–689

corrosion of thin metal fi lms and microstructures, 690–692

multilayer “sandwich” arrays, 692simulations of galvanic interactions in multilayer

arrays, 692thin fi lm materials for magnetic, optical, metal

conductor lines and microelectronic contacts, 691Print-Free-Time, 41Procedural problems, 607Programmable lab spray applicator, 511Propylene glycol monophenyl ether, 336Protective coatings and inorganic anti-corrosion pig-

ments, 282–283certain defects and coating application, 283coating characterization methods, 283–284concept of paint monitoring, 294–295environmentally friendly paints and pigments-

inhibitors, 295–296inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 284

ceramic pigments, 294chromate-based compounds, 284–285graphite, 288inorganic oxoanionic inhibitors, 289ion-exchange pigments, 289–290iron oxides, 287–288magnesium-rich primer, 287metal fl ake pigments, 293–294needle-shaped anti-corrosion pigments, 292pigments for “smart” anti-corrosion coatings,

291–292silicate-based pigments with non-isometric

particles, 288spinel-type pigments, 293super primers, 290–291titanates, 288–289titanium dioxide (TiO

2), 288zinc ferrites, 287zinc oxide-containing systems, 285–286zinc phosphate, 286–287zinc-rich paints, 285

mechanisms for anti-corrosion protection of metal, 294

smart coatings, 295surface preparation, 283

Protective overlays to prevent corrosion, use ofcorrosion prevention with protective overlayers,

706Pseudoplastic, 421Pseudoplastic behavior, 418PVD generated fl akes aluminum pigments, 251Pycnometer, 172Pycnometer methods, 172–173Pyrazolone orange, 227Pyrazoloquinazolone, generic structure of, 223Pyrrolo-pyrrole, generic structure of, 223

QQ/C instruments, 440

effl ux devices (orifi ce fl ow), 440obstructed-fl ow devices, 442rising-bubble viscometers, 442rotational devices, 441


998 INDEX

Quinacridone reds, 219–220classifi cations of, 220translinear quinacridone showing proposed hydrogen

bonding mechanism, 219

RRadiation curing of coatings, 951Radiation-curable coatings, 108Radiation-cured polyurethanes, 108Radiation-cured powder coatings, 960Rain or water erosion, 622Raleigh scattering effect, 263Ransburg megohms, 175Rayleigh theory of light, 263RCA abrasion wear tester, 620Reactive crosslinking, 498–500“Reactive” plasticizers, 145Reactivity concept, 13Reactivity policy, shaping future, 14Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT), 7“Recovery” process, 267Reds, pigments

cadmium red, 235iron oxide reds, 234mercury cadmium red, 235molybdate orange, 234

Reducible hypervalent transition metals, 296Refl ectance and transmittance measurements, ASTM

standards on, 537Refl ection and transmission

fl uorescence, 538–539gonioappearance, 537opaque, transparent, and translucent fi lms, 536phosphorescence, 539retrorefl ection, 536

Refl ection haze, measurement of, 561Refractive index, 175

pigments in HP, role of, 571–572Refractive index for materials used in effect materials,

258Refractory coatings, 85

testing of, 85Relationship to other physical properties, 615Relative density, 376Relative dry HP—Krebs Method, 574Relative viscosity, 432Relaxation time and retardation time, 627Research rheometers /viscometers, 442

brookfi eld viscometers, 443–444rotational instruments, 442–443

Residual odor, 175Resin based coatings

fi rst phenolic, 93Resin modifi ed bituminous coatings, 25Resins, advantages and limitations of principal coating,

710–712Resoles, 95–96

with allyl chloride, modifi cation of, 94Resorcinol diglycidyl ether, 89Retrorefl ection, 536Rhamsan gum, 355Rheology, 416

and fi lm formation, 434–435instrumentation, 440

Rheology and viscometry, 415–416capillary viscometers, 444–445deformation (strain), 416dispersion rheology, 432–434extensional rheology, 431

extensional viscosity in coatings processes, 431extensional viscosity measurement, 431

falling-needle viscometer, 444general classifi cation of fl uid behavior

Newtonian fl uids, 418non-Newtonian fl uids, 418

high -shear capillary rheometry, 445ICI cone and plate viscometer, 444leveling, 437–439

measures of, 439–440polymer melt and solution rheology, 432Q/C instruments, 440

effl ux devices (orifi ce fl ow), 440obstructed-fl ow devices, 442rising-bubble viscometers, 442rotational devices, 441

research rheometers /viscometers, 442brookfi eld viscometers, 443–444rotational instruments, 442–443

rheology, 416rheology and fi lm formation, 434–435rheology instrumentation, 440rheometry, 445–446

nonequilibrium fl ow curve, 446–447oscillatory shear, 447–448rotational rheometry, 446steady simple shear (equilibrium fl ow), 446

sagging, 435–436measures of, 436–437

shear-thickening fl uids, 422elastic liquids (viscoelasticity), 426mechanism of thixotropy, 423–424plastic (yield) behavior, 424practical aspects of yield behavior, 426static versus dynamic yield, 425“thixotropic index” test, 423thixotropy test methods, 424time-dependent fl uids, 422–423viscoelastic models, 428–430viscoelastic parameters and their measurement,

426–428viscoelasticity and industrial processes, 430–431yield stress test methods, 425–426

strain rate, 416modulus, 417–418stress, 416–417units, 418viscosity, 417

types of non-newtonian behavior, 418shear-dependent viscosity, 418–421shear-thinning fl uids, 421

Rheology and viscosity, 343elongational fl ow, 343–344shear fl ow, 343

Rheology modifi er, 342


INDEX 999

defi ned, 343different coating rheology in architectural paints, 347highshear viscosity (HSV), 342types of fl ow in coatings rheology, 344

Rheometry, 445–446high-shear capillary, 445nonequilibrium fl ow curve, 446–447oscillatory shear, 447–448rotational rheometry, 446steady simple shear (equilibrium fl ow), 446

Rhopaque®, 202Ricinoleic, 34Rigid packaging, 124–125Rising-bubble viscometers, 442Road oils (see Asphalt cutbacks)Roller particle-size analyzer, 410, 411Roof coatings, 20–22, 25

asphalt, 21Asphalt emulsions, 21bitumens, 20–21

Roofi ng emulsions, 21Ro-tap sieve shaker, 394Ro-tap testing sieve shaker, 395Rotary cryptometer, 575Rotating abrasive wheels, methods using

Taber® Abraser, 618–619Taber® grit feeder attachment, 619

Rotating cell holder centrifuge, 398Rotating disks, methods using

Schiefer Abrasion testing machine, 618Rotational devices, 441Rotational instruments, 442–443Rotational rheometers, 446Rotational rheometry, 446Rotothinner®, 348Rowland-Stieg simplifi cation of ASTM D281, 302Rubber linings, 709Rule 66-limits of solvent categories in approved

mixtures, 4Rutile pigments, 192

SSäberg Drill, 519–520Saffl ower oil, 34Sagging, 435–436

measures of, 436–437Salt fog resistance, 728Salt fog test, 728Salt-spray (fog) cabinet, diagram of, 729Sampling, theoretical considerations of variance

in, 391–393Sampling techniques and equipment, 393Sand on Wheel Tester, 623Satin glazes, 82Saturated polyesters, 70Saturation, 593Saybolt color, 174

versus platinum-cobalt scales, 174SCAQMD (South Coast Air Quality Management

District), 338Scattering, 593Scattering tinting strength, 593

Schiefer Abrasion testing machine, 618Schiefer abrasion testing machine, 618Scoop sampling, 393Scrape adhesion testing, 611–612Scrub Abrasion Tester, 619Sealants, 792

federal specifi cations, 794polymers used in sealants, 792–793test procedures, 793–794

Sedimentation, particle size by, 395–3989Sedimentation (Stoke’s) E.S.D., 409Selective leaching, 704Semiautomatic small-scale (Setafl ash) fl ash point tester,

170Separation and collection: particle size by Elutriation,

411–412Sepiolite clay, 363Sessile drop

dimensions, measurement of, 462–463direct measurement of contact angle by, 462

Sessile or pendant drop shape methods, 461Set-To-Touch-Time, 40Shear fl ow, rheology and viscosity, 343Shear thickening, 418Shear thinning, 418, 421Shear-thickening fl uids, 422

dilatant behavior, 422elastic liquids (viscoelasticity), 426mechanism of thixotropy, 423–424plastic (yield) behavior, 424practical aspects of yield behavior, 426shear rate or shear stress ramp experiment, 423static versus dynamic yield, 425“thixotropic index” test, 423thixotropy test methods, 424time-dependent fl uids, 422–423viscoelastic models, 428–430viscoelastic parameters and their measurement,

426–428viscoelasticity and industrial processes, 430–431yield stress test methods, 425–426

Shear-thinning index, 423Sheen, 558Short oil alkyd air-dry, 41Sienna:, 284Sieving, particle size by, 393–395Silica, 244, 246


Silicate-based pigments with non-isometric particles, 288

inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 288Silicone coatings, 113

forms of silicone coatings, 113–115methods of application, 115new requirements for silicone coatings, 116–117specifi c applications for silicone coatings, 116testing conditions, 115–116

Silicone elastomeric coating, 114Silicone elastomeric coatings, 114Silicone-containing surfactants, 322Silicone-modifi ed polyesters, 70


1000 INDEX

conventional types, 70higher-solids types of polyesters, 70

Single setting lab spray applicator, 511Single-number color scales, 546SiO2 fl akes, manufacturing process of, 265Six ASTM conventional type polyurethane coatings,

105–106Skeletal density, 381Slip, 85–86Slip resistance, 679–680Slipperiness, 677–678Slumping (plug fl ow), 435“Smart” anti-corrosion coatings, pigments, 291–292Smart coatings, 295Smectite clays, 362Smith-Stead method, 301SNAP (Signifi cant New Alternatives Policy), 12Soap titration of emulsion particles, 400Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC), 507Society of Automotive Engineers standard J1545, 276Sodium aluminosilicates, 245–247Solids

apparent density, 387densities of solids—methods of determination, 386direct volume measurement by pycnometer, 386displacement of liquids, 386displacement—gases, 386–387particles of matter in solid state, 379sonic frequency shifts, 387

Solids, liquids, and gases, 379as concrete materials, 380–381

Solubility, 121–122Solubility parameter

examples of use of, 489miscibility of polymers, 490relations for optimum pigment dispersion stability,

490solubility relations for polymer mixtures, 490surface energy/contact angle characterizations, 491

Solubility parameter concept, 52Solubility parameters, 470Solubility parameters, 159–160, 470–471

applications, 488–491calculation of dispersion solubility parameter, 476–479calculation of hydrogen bonding solubility parameter,

480calculation of polar solubility parameter, 479–480Hansen solubility parameters, 471–472Hansen solubility parameters and environmental

stress cracking (ESC), 491–493Hildebrand parameters, 471methods and problems in determination of partial

solubility parameters, 472–474solubility parameters for polymers, 480supplementary calculations and procedures, 480

Solubility parameters for polymers, 480, 486–487Solubilization, 325–326Solution coatings, formulation of, 121Solution process, vinyl polymers for coatings, 119Solvency, 145Solvent balance, 157Solvent borne coatings, high solids, 90

Solvent/fuel resistance, 726Battelle chemical resistance cell, 726Bratt conductivity cell for chemical resistance,

726–727resistance, 727solvent rub resistance, 727

SolventsASTM distillation test methods for, 164ASTM distillations, 165ASTM gas chromatography methods for analyzing

purity and composition of, 176classifi cation by chemical type, 149

chlorinated hydrocarbons, 155hydrocarbon solvents, 149–152nitrated hydrocarbons, 155–156oxygenated solvents, 152–155

classifi cation by function, 156active solvents, 156–157diluents, 157latent solvents, 157solvent balance, 157

classifi ed according to function, 149electrical resistance of typical commercial, 175impurities

acid wash color, 177acidity, 177alkalinity, 177–178benzene content, 178nonaromatic hydrocarbons in aromatics, 178nonvolatile residue, 178olefi ns content, 178–179sulfur content, 179–180water solubility, 180

manual apparatus assembly for distillation test, 165performance requirements

solvency, 157–160volatility, 160–170

physical propertiesdensity and specifi c gravity, 171–175electrical resistivity, 175odor, 175refractive index, 175

purity and compositiongas chromatography, 175–176liquid chromatography, 176–177purity of esters, 177purity of ketones, 177

vapor concentration versus temperature, 166Sonic Sifter, 394Sources of stains, 726South Coast Air Quality Management District

(SCQAMD), 12Soybean oil, 34Spark protection welding blankets, 114Spatula and hand mullers, 595Spatula rub-out method, 300–302Specialty coatings, 25Specialty organic coatings

parylene coatings, 134phenoxy, 133–134polysulfi des, 133

Specifi c gravity, 171, 233 (see also Relative density)


INDEX 1001

Specifi c gravity, apparent, 171Specimen preparation, 732Spectrocolorimeters, 549Spectrophotometers, 548–549Spectrophotometric curves measured on paint fi lms, 537Spectrophotometric techniques, 404Spectroradiometers, 549Spectrum, 313Specular gloss, 558Specular gloss measurement, 560–561Spin coating, 512Spindle viscometers, digital, 394Spinel brown, 240Spinel pigments, 293Spinel-type pigments

inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 293Spin-Line Rheometer (SLR), 431Spinning riffl ers, 393, 394Spiral wire drawdown applicator, 511Spray applied coatings, solvent mixtures for, 122Spray outs, 511–512Spraying, 85Spreading rate (SR), 570

and fi lm thickness relationships, 570SSPC-PS Guide 8.00, 298St. Louis Gage, 411Staining, 725

staining from household chemicals, 725staining in the transportation industry, 725staining resistance of furniture fi nishes, 725

Staining from household chemicals, 726Stainless steel fl ake

properties, 251Stains, sources of, 726“Standard Observer,” 279Standard surface phenomena testing methods, 466State Implementation Plans (SIP), 7

California Air Resource Board’s (CARB) for ozone control, 14

State operating permit program, 11–12Static coeffi cient of friction, 679Static surface tension measurements, 459–460Static versus dynamic yield, 425Statistics in fi lm thickness measurement, 525Steady simple shear (equilibrium fl ow), 446Steam-distilled wood turpentine, 152Steric stabilization, 433Stick-slip, 679Stokes’ law, 395Stokes–Smoluchowski–Einstein theory, 420Stormer viscometer, 348Stormer® Viscometer, 441Straight line recorder., 530Strain rate, 638Stress, 416–417

corrosion, 705–706and physical aging, 661–662

Stress in organic coatings, origins of, 655fi lm formation, 655–656variation of relative humidity, 657variation of temperature, 656–657

Stress measurement, 658

mono-layer systems, 659–660Stress phenomena in organic coatings

coeffi cients of friction for various coatings used in electronics industry and elsewhere, 678

durability and stress development, 669–670effect of coating components, 662


interdependence of stresses, 657–658origins of stress in organic coatings, 655

fi lm formation, 655–656variation of relative humidity, 657variation of temperature, 656–657

schematic description of stress (S) dependence on time, 656

stress and physical aging, 661–662stress dependence on time for latex coatings, 656stress measurement, 658

mono-layer systems, 659–660stress versus adhesion and cohesion, 666–669tribolelectric series for number of widely used

polymers, 678Stress relaxation, 428Stress versus adhesion and cohesion, 666–669Stresses, interdependence of, 657–658Stress-strain curve for ductile fi lm, hypothetical, 627Stress-strain curves for various types of coatings, 633Stress-strain test, 626Strippability, 748Strontium yellow, 236Styrene or vinyl toluene, 53Substrates, effects of

additional chemistry, 603–604Subtractive mixing in transparent fi lms, 553Sulfate wood turpentine, 152Sulfi des and Sulfoselenides pigments, 235Sulfur by lamp method, 179Sulfur content, solvents, 179

copper strip corrosion, 179doctor test, 179sulfur by lamp method, 179trace sulfur by gas chromatography and sulfur specifi c

detection, 180trace sulfur by hydrogenolysis and colorimetric

detection, 179trace sulfur by oxidative combustion and

electrochemical detection, 180Super primers, 290–291

inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 290–291Supercritical carbon dioxide, 156Supercritical fl uids, 156Superprimer coating system, 291Supplementary calculations and procedures, 480Surface area employing both gasses and liquids, particle

size from, 398–400Surface chemistry, 210Surface Coatings Processes, 10Surface energetics, 453–454

applications of surface energetics to organic coatingcoating defects, 465coatings application and defects, 463


1002 INDEX

curtain coating, 464dip coating, 463–464electrostatic spray, 464powder coating, 464–465

capillary rise method of measuring surface tension, 459

cleaning and pretreatment of substrates for coating, 465–466

contact angle in G/L/S system, 456contact angle measurements, 460–463drop weight method of measuring surface

tension, 459Du Nouy ring method of measuring surface tension,

459dynamic properties of liquid surfaces, 457–458local pressure changes at surface giving surface

tension, 454maximum bubble pressure method of measuring

surface tension, 460measurement of surface tension of liquids, 458–459

dynamic surface tension methods, 460static surface tension measurements, 459–460

physical property changes in surfactant solution at critical micelle concentration (CMC), 455

possible scenarios for wetting, 456standard surface phenomena testing methods, 466surface excess concentration as calculated as differ-

ence for bulk concentration, 454surface thermodynamics

liquid surfaces, 454–455liquid/solid interfaces, wetting and contact angles,

455–457surfactant fl ux and surface excess concentration with

regard to liquid surface area, 458Wilhelmy plate method of measuring surface tension,

460Surface fi nish, curvature, and substrate composition,

effects of, 523curvature, 524–525substrate composition, 525substrate thickness, 525surface fi nish, 523–524

Surface interactions, 381Surface preparation, 283Surface profi le gages, 524Surface tension

drop weight method of measuring, 459Surface tension of liquids, measurement of, 458–459

dynamic surface tension methods, 460static surface tension measurements, 459–460

Surface tension-driven leveling, 437Surface thermodynamics

liquid surfaces, 454–455liquid/solid interfaces, wetting and contact angles,

455–457Surfactant aggregates, 324Surfactants, 320

amphoteric and zwitterionic, 321anionic, 321applications

coalescent agents, 329coating defects, 329–330

dispersing agents, 327–328emulsifi ers, 326–327foaming and antifoaming agents, 328–329wetting agents, 327

cationic, 321chemical structure, 320–321Davies’ HLB group numbers, 323hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, classifi cation,

321hydrophilic and lipophilic moieties of surfactant

molecules, 323hydrophobic groups, 322Krafft temperature T

k is point at which surfactant solubility equals CMC, 326

nonionic, 321–322polymerizable surfactants, 322properties of

cloud point, 326hydrophile-lipophile balance, 322–323Krafft temperature, 326micellization, 324–325surface adsorption, 323–324

solubility in water and its HLB value, 323surface active molecules with hydrophilic and

hydrophobic, 321Suspension polymerization, 119Suspension polymerization, vinyl polymers for coatings,

119Sward hardness, 501Synthetic acid, 40Synthetic mica manufacturing process and metal oxide

coated mica deposition process, 264Synthetic resins, 25Synthetic silicas, 244, 362Synthetic versus mica substrates

cross section of, 263System measuring both large and small particles, 407

TTaber® Abraser, 618–619Taber® grit feeder attachment, 619Taber® Large Linear Abraser, 620Taber® Linear Abraser, 620Taber Multi-Finger Scratch Tester, 622Taber Oscillating Sand Tester, 621Taber® Reciprocating Abraser, 620Taber® Shear/Scratch Test, 621, 622Table sampling, 393Tack-Free-Times, 40Tag Closed Cup—ASTM D56, 167Tag Open Cup—ASTM D1310, 167Tag open-cup fl ash point tester, 167Talc, 243, 246, 288


Tall oil, 34Tallates, 40Tape controversy, 607Tape test, 605Tar, ASTM D1079, 20T-bend tests, 640Temperature, 638


INDEX 1003

Tensile properties, 634defi nitions of, 626–627determination of

description of SSA, 633interpretation of stress-strain curves, 633–634relationship to other mechanical properties,

634–635Tensile Testing, 638Tensile versus shear tests, 624Terpenes, 151–152

properties of, 152Test requirements of fi lms, 505Test substrates, HP, 569

currently used, 577clear plastic fi lm, 577glass panels, 578painted metal panels, 578paperboard charts, 577

Testing of free fi lms, 642Testing of phenolic resin products, 96Tetra functional, fully methylated methylol glycolurils,

78Thermal fatigue, 748Thermal Mechanical Analyzer (TMA), 638Thermal spray coatings, 709Thermoformable coating, 116Thermoplastic acrylic resins, 51Thermoplastic acrylic solution polymers, 52Thermoplastic resins, 51Thermosetting acrylic resins, 53

acid-functional acrylics cross-linked with epoxy resins, 53–54

acrylic polymers cross-linked with amino resins, 54–55alternate approach to, 55isocyanate-reactive acrylics, 55–56

Thermosetting emulsions, 61Thickeners, 341–342

defi ned, 343medium shear viscosity (MSV), 341photomicrographs of various dispersed, 365

Thickeners and rheology modifi ers (TRMs)application properties (HSV), 350associative mechanisms, 346–347associative TRMS (ATRMS), 356

hydrophobe modifi ed ASEs (HASE), 358–359hydrophobe modifi ed cellulosics (HMC), 359–360hydrophobe modifi ed nonionic synthetics

(HMNS), 356–358classifi cation, 344–345coating properties controlled, affected, or infl uenced

by, 342conventional TRMS (CTRMs), 350–351

alkali-swellable/soluble emulsions (ASEs), 356–357

cellulosic polysaccharide thickeners, 351–354fermentation biopolymer polysaccharide, 355galactomannan polysaccharide thickeners, 354

functions, 347coating consistency MSV, 347–348leveling, sag, syneresis, settling (LSV), 348–350

incorporation of TRMs, 342–343inorganic thickeners for aqueous and solvent-borne

coatings, 360clay thickners, 360–363synthetic silicas, 363–364thicker blends, 365

organic TRMs for solvent borne coatings, 365castor oil derivatives (castor waxes), 365modifi ed polyurea, 365–367overbased calcium sulfonate, 365polyamides, 365

other TRM test methods, 350performance expectations of coatings, 341rheology and viscosity, 343

elongational fl ow, 343–344shear fl ow, 343

rheology modifi ers, 342terminology convention, 342thickeners, 341–342thickening mechanisms, 345

fl occulative mechanisms, 345–346hydrodynamic mechanism, 345

Thickening mechanisms, 345for conventional and associative trms in aqueous

media, 345fl occulative mechanisms, 345–346hydrodynamic mechanism, 345

Thin-fi lm drawdown for oversize particles, 410Thin-fi lm evaporometer, 163Thioindigold reds, 222

structure and key, 222“Thixotropic index” test, 423Thixotropy, 423

mechanism of, 421, 423–424recovery parameter, 424step-shear method for thixotropic recovery, 424test data comparison, gel coat, 424test methods, 424, 439

Thomas Stormer® Rotational Shear Viscometer348

Thomas-Stormer® Visc ometer Model ET S-1000, 441Three-dimensional diffraction grating

as in opals, diffraction in, 262theory of, 262

Through-dry tester, 530Time-dependent fl uids, 422–423Tint, 593Tinting strength, 592, 593

chromatic paints, 593–594white paints, 594

TiO2-mica, synthesis of reduced, 257Tips on practice of art, 512Titanate greens and bluegreens, 240Titanates, 288

inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 288–289Titanium dioxide (TiO2), 288

aggregate size distribution, 192color, 194commercial pigment grades, 201crystallites, 189–190and durability of paint fi lms, 197inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 288 (see also

Pigments)manufacture of pigments


1004 INDEX

sulfate processes, 185waste disposal, 185

pigments, 185 (see also White pigments)commodity composition, 191–193encapsulated, 198particle size distribution of, 191

scattering coeffi cient of, 196Tolerance charts, 553

color-tolerance charts, 553Toluene, 151Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI), 11Toluene dilution ratio, 158Toluidine red, 218

structure of, 218“Toner,” 215Tooke inspection gage (paint inspection gage), 519Torsion pendulum, 502Total light scattering, 406Toughness, fl exibility and

basic properties affecting coating performance, 637–638

interpretation, 637measurements

cold crack resistance tests, 642–643conical Mandrel tests, 639cupping tests, 640cylindrical Mandrel bend tests, 639–640effects of aging and weathering, 642–643forming tests, 641impact resistance tests, 641–642Mandrel Bend Tests, 638–639T-bend tests, 640testing of free fi lms, 642

techniques for measuring basic viscoelastic propertiesDynamic Mechanical Thermal Analyzer (DMTA),

638humidity, 638strain rate, 638temperature, 638Tensile Testing, 638Thermal Mechanical Analyzer (TMA), 638

Traditional test methods, 732Traffi c paint roller, pick time roller, 531Translinear quinacridone, hydrogen bonding

mechanism, 219Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 403Transparent colorants, subtractive color mixing of, 555Triboelement, 677Tribosystem, 677Trifl uoropropylmethyl polysiloxanes, 1132,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate, 336Tris-(alkoxycarbonylamino) triazine (TACT), 78Tristimulus colorimetry, 174–175Tristimulus (fi lter) colorimeters, 549–550Tristimulus values, 593Tristimulus values, calculation of, 542Tung oil, 35Turpentine, 152Tuscan red, 284Typical automatic distillation apparatus, 165Typical automatic Pensky-Martens closed-cup fl ash point

tester, 170

Typical automatic tag closed-up fl ash point tester, 168Typical salt-spray cabinet, 733

UU. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 3

EPA Federal Reference Method 24, 8Federal Environmental Laws Administered by, 4photochemical reactivity policy, 14promulgating MACT standards, 10

U. S. food and drug administration (FDA) regulations, 121

Ultramarine blue, 236Ultramarine violet, 236Umber, 284Unbalanced magnetron sputtering (UBM), 131Uncoated pigments, 191Uncured powder coating thickness to predict fi nal fi lm

thickness, 526UNICARB™3 process, 156Uniform color spaces, 544Uniform corrosion, 701United States production of beverage cans, 771United States production of food cans for human and

pet consumption, 773Universal color language, 545“Upper fl ammable limit”/ “upper explosive limit” (UEL),

166Urea, urethane chemistry, 104Urea compounds, 499Urea resins, 72, 73Uretdione/isocyanate dimer, urethane chemistry, 105Urethane, urethane chemistry, 104Urethane coatings, 102Urethane modifi ed drying oils, 105Urethanes, 500Uretone-imime, urethane chemistry, 105U.S. Department of Labor

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 166

U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), 166regulations, 141

U.S. regulatory activities, 12

VVacuum, 377Vacuum plate pulling a vacuum through side nozzle, 506Vacuum vapor deposition (VVD), 266, 376Van Eyken–Anderson method, 576Variable impact tester, 784Variacrom®, 265Vat reds, 220

structure of, 220Vegetable oils used in alkyd manufacture, 67Velocity of fl uid, vectorial representation of, 404Venetian-blind effect, 273, 276Vernonia oil, 35Vesiculated beads, 202Vinyl chloride copolymers, 120–121

analysis, 120–121properties of, 120solutions, 122

Vinyl chloride monomer, 118


INDEX 1005

Vinyl chloride-based copolymerscoatings, applications for, 119–120plasticizers compatible with solution, 123

Vinyl coatings, 125trends in, 126–127

Vinyl copolymers, 121memory effect in, 123to various substrates, adhesion of, 121vinyl solution-polymerized copolymers, 121

Vinyl inks, 125Vinyl lacquer and vinyl thermoset coatings, 125Vinyl organosols, 124Vinyl polymers for coatings, 118

applications for vinyl chloride-based copolymer coatings, 119–120

bulk process, 119emulsion polymerization, 119food and drug administration considerations, 120formulation of solution coatings, 121guidelines for viscosity stable solutions, 123major market areas for vinyl copolymer coatings

dry fi lm printing, 125fl exible packaging, 125inks and overprint coatings, 125magnetic recording media, 125–126maintenance and marine fi nishes, 125poly(vinyl chloride) latex, 126powder coatings, 126rigid packaging, 124–125trends in vinyl coatings, 126–127waterborne vinyl dispersions, 126wood fi nishes, 125

manufacture, 119organosols and plastisols, 124

primers for, 124pigmentation, 123–124plasticizers, 122–123polymerization, 118–119solubility, 121–122solution characteristics, 122solution process, 119suspension polymerization, 119vinyl chloride copolymers, 120–121

Vinyltoluene alkyd, 41Violets, pigments, 235–236Viscoelastic models, 428–430Viscoelastic parameters and their measurement,

426–428Viscoelastic properties, techniques for measuring basic

Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analyzer (DMTA), 638humidity, 638strain rate, 638temperature, 638Tensile Testing, 638Thermal Mechanical Analyzer (TMA), 638

Viscoelasticity and industrial processes, 430–431Viscometer, 445Viscometric fl ow, 446Viscosities, solvents

effect of solvent type on solution viscosity, 159reduction, 159of typical commercial solvent, 159

Viscosity, 417, 739brookfi eld and stormer methods, 739–740cup methods (cup viscometers), 739

Viscosity reduction, 159Viscosity versus shear rate, 434Viscosity-shear rate curves for simple fl ow models, 419Visible spectrum, electromagnetic spectrum showing

relatively small portion occupied by, 536Visual color matching, 555Visual gloss evaluation, 559–560

development of documentary standard, 560use of landolt rings to visually analyze distinctness of

image, 560visual evaluation of orange peel, 560

Visual HP end-point, 571Visual observations of contrast, 570Visual system, 539Vitreous coatings, 81Vitreous (glassy) ceramic coatings, 81VM&P naphthas, 150VOC content, determination of

EPA federal reference method 24, 8other VOC-related methods and studies, 8–9

VOC emissions from coatings, control of, 7control technique guidelines, 7new source performance standards, 7

VOC emissions from paints and coatings, regulation ofaerosol coatings regulations (ARB), 14clean air act amendments of 1990, 9

title III—air toxics program, 10–11title I—ozone control in atmosphere, 9–10title VII—enforcement, 12title VI—stratospheric ozone protection, 12title V—state operating permit program, 11–12

Clean Air Act and amendmentsEPA regulatory defi nition of VOC, 4–5metrics for defi ning “negligible photochemical

reactivity,” 5–6ozone standard, 6–7photochemical smog, 3–4VOC and ozone formation, 6VOC defi nition, 4

control of VOC emissions from coatings, 7control technique guidelines, 7new source performance standards, 7

controlling ozone formation, alternative concept, 13reactivity concept, historical perspective, 13

determination of VOC contentEPA federal reference method 24, 8other VOC-related methods and studies, 8–9

fi nding regulatory informationEPA sources, 14–15

prior to 1960s, coatings industry, 3scenario for next decade, 14shaping future reactivity policy, 14U.S. regulatory activities, 12

Void pigments, 185Void pigments, 202Volatile organic compounds (VOC), 4

defi nition, 4, 6EPA regulatory defi nition of, 4–5epoxy coating technologies, reducing, 87


1006 INDEX

nitrogen, oxides of (NOX), 6and ozone formation, 6

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 333Volatile organic contents (VOCs), 320Volatility, solvents, 160

boiling point/distillation range, 163–166evaporation rate, 160–163evaporation rates, solvents, 163

evaporation rate of xylene Neat, 163relative solvent evaporation rates, 162solvent vapor pressure versus temperature, 164vapor pressure, 160

of commercial solvents, 161Volume, 377Volume E.S.D., 409

WWashability testing, 734–735Water and moisture resistance, 728Water and water vapor, effects on coatings of

exposure to, 731Water content, solvents, 180

heptane miscibility test, 180Karl Fischer reagent method, 180

Water coverage, metallic pigments, 253Water dispersible, 40Water fog testing, 733Water repellency, 731Water resistance, 731Water solubility, 180Water soluble coalescing aid in paint, 335Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), 747Water-based alkyds, 41Waterborne alkyd resin types and end uses, 70Waterborne alkyds, 70Waterborne coatings, 91–92Waterborne polyurethane coatings, 103, 106–107Waterborne polyurethane dispersions (WPUDs),

103–104cationic, 104

Waterborne vinyl dispersions, 126Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, 21Waterproofi ng membranes, 22Waterproofi ng membranes, 25Water-reducible alkyd resins, 69–70Water-reducible/water dispersed polyesters, 70Water-repellent coatings, 807–810Water-resistance testing of coatings, 731

100% relative humidity testing, 733abrasion scrubbing & washability tester, 735accelerated mechanical exposure, 734car wash simulator, 734controlled condensation apparatus, 734controlled condensation testing, 733–734cycle testing, 734effects on coatings of exposure to water and water

vapor, 731evaluation, 732ford bath immersion test, 732humidity cabinet, 733immersion testing, 732payne permeability cup, 732

permeability cups, 732specimen preparation, 732traditional test methods, 732typical salt-spray cabinet, 733washability testing, 734–735water fog testing, 733

Waviness, gloss, 559Weak boundary layer theory, 602Weathering, accelerated, 715–716

accelerated weathering devicescarbon arc and xenon arc, 722–723fl uorescent UV/condensation, 723fl uorescent UV-salt fog, 723fresnel refl ector, 723–724

elements of weathering, 716light, 716–721moisture, 721–722oxygen, 722temperature, 722

ultrafast weathering, 724Weathering and environmental exposure, 747Weight, 378Welan gum, 355Wells -Brookfi eld cone and plate viscometer, 443Wet fi lm comb schematic, 516Wet fi lm thickness, 514

inmont wet fi lm gage (wet fi lm wheel), 514needle micrometer, 517notch gage (wet fi lm comb), 515–517Pfund wet fi lm gage, 514–515

Wet fi lms for testing, 508Wetting agents, 327Wetting-contact theory, 602Wet-treated pigments, 192White hiding pigments

pigments in HP, role of, 572White HP, factors affecting, 586

crystal and particle size, 586fi lm porosity, 587pigment concentration, 586–587pigment dispersion, 586

White paints, 594White pigments

HP and scattering coeffi cient values, 584White pigments, 185

commerce, 185function of pigments, 186–187high refractive index, 187manufacture, 185optics and appearance, 186pigment characteristics, 189–195pigment performance, 195–199pigments in HP, role of, 571product types, 199–201research and development, 186scattering by spheres of rutile in polymer, 187substance of, 187–188TIO

2 pigments, 188–189void pigments, 202

Whiteness and tint indices, 546Wilhelmy plate, 462, 463Wire-Wound Rods, 510–511


INDEX 1007

coating thickness obtained from various wire-wound rods, 510

Wollastonite, 288Wollastonite, 244–245, 246


Wood fi nishes, 125

XXanthan gum, 355X-ray analysis, 920X-ray fl uorescence, thickness ranges for some common

coating materials using, 527X-ray fl uorescence (XRF), 526–527

principle of XRF measurement, 527X-ray microradiography technique, 411X-ray scattering, 407–408XRD peaks of common pigments and extenders for

paint, strongest, 927Xylene, 151

YYellow indices, 546

coeffi cients of equation for, 547Yellows, pigments

bismuth vanadate/molybdate yellow, 237

cadmium sulfi de yellow, 237cadmium zinc yellow, 236–237chrome yellow, 236iron oxide yellows, 237strontium yellow, 236zinc chromate, 236

Yield stress test methods, 425–426Young–Laplace equation, 458

XZapon Tack Tester, 529Zinc chromate, 236Zinc ferrites, 287

inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 287Zinc oxide-containing systems, 285–286

inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 285–286Zinc phosphate, 286–287

inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 286–287Zinc pigment, 251Zinc tripolyphosphonate (ZTPP), 287Zinc-rich coatings, advantages and limitations of, 712Zinc-rich paint (ZRP), corrosion in steel protected by,

286Zinc-rich paints, 285

inorganic anti-corrosion pigments, 285


index []€¦ · 966 index use of acrylic ... api rp 5l7, 788 apparent density, 377 applicator...

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