index [] · blogentry class, polymorphism, 2 boolean query syntax, 385 boundary characters in...

567

INDEX

[ ] (square brackets) in regular expressions, 50

A

abstract keyword, 3abstract methods, 353access permissions, views, 223–224aCFB encryption, 504ACID, 238

atomicitynon-transactional tables, 238–239transactional tables, 239–240

consistency, 240–241durability, 247–250foreign keys, 38isolation, 242

levels, 247READ_COMMITTED, 244–245READ_UNCOMMITTED, 245–246REPEATABLE_READ, 242–244replication, 247SERIALIZABLE, 246–247

relational integrity, 35ACLs (Access Control Lists), 473–474Aksyonoff, Andrew, 369algorithms, UDFs, 277aliases, MySQL, 22ALTER ROUTINE privilege, 230alternation in regular expressions, 51AND operator (MySQL), 33anonymous functions, 78ANSII control codes, 523APC (Alternative PHP Cache), 132

confi guration, 132–133installation, 132–133serialization, 135when to use, 138

appending, memcached, 166–167application sample view, 67–69

Archive storage engine, 109–110args key, 544arguments

checking for string, 285functions, in extensions, 331–334type, checking, 274UDFs, 192

ArrayAccess interface, 77–78arrays

accessing, 347–349associative, 70, 348building, 347–349tracking unlinks, 77

associative arrays, 70, 348atomicity (ACID)

non-transactional tables, 238–239transactional tables, 239–240

auditing, 500–501authorization, memcached, 140autoconf, 292

macros, 292automation attacks, 514–515

B

b-tree indexes, 365back-references in regular expressions, 53basic authentication, 461–463Beanstalk, 442bi-directional encoding

mycrypt extension, 503–505XOR Cipher, 501–503

binary, defi nition, 327binary logging, 500

fi le analysis, 256–257replication and, 251

bindings (SOAP), 537–538bison, 308Blackhole storage engine, 108–109

563120bindex.indd 567563120bindex.indd 567 2/18/10 9:12:26 AM2/18/10 9:12:26 AM

COPYRIG

HTED M

ATERIAL

568

blocking sockets – code

blocking sockets, 346BlogEntry class, polymorphism, 2Boolean query syntax, 385boundary characters in regular expressions, 49breaking replication, 261–262breakpoints in debugging, 302–303built-in functions, 335–336built-in rewrite maps, 451bytecode caching, 132

C

CC++ and, 308UDFs, 273Zend engine, 308

C++C and, 308UDFs, 273

C-libraries, UDFs and, 272cache replication, 145caching, 180–188

bytecode, 132cache locality, 171–173cache replication, 145cache status, checking, 135–138catalogue table, 142deterministic, 144fi le system, 145introduction, 131LRU (Least Recently Used), 140memcached, 138–140

authorization, 140consistent hashing, 140replication, 140

non-deterministic, 144opcode, 132page, 145partial page, 145proactive, 145read-through, 141, 216–219session, 145state, 145strategies, 144–145user, enabling, 133write-back, 142write-through caching, 141

_call( ) magic method, 11callback functions, lambda functions, 78

Callback parameter, 81callbacks, read-through caching callback, 165calling methods, 356_callStatic( ) magic method, 11CAPTCHA (Complete Automated Public Turing test to

tell Computers and Humans Apart), 514cardinality, 550–551CAS (check and set), 174–176, 201–202case sensitivity, joins (MySQL), 26–27catalogue table, 142CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) encryption, 504CentOS, memcached installation, 145–146CFB (Cipher-Feedback Mode) encryption, 504character classes (MySQL), 60character sets, 486–487

collations, 487–488ciphers, 502C10K problem, 132class entry, 350class key, 544_CLASS_ magic constant, 8classes

CodeGen_PECL, example, 320–321command-line scripts, 521–522constants, 354defi nition, 350–351EmailValidator, 56–57FileLog, 9–10ForumTopic, 4inheritance, 350–351interfaces

implementing, 7inheritance, 7

LoggingProxy, 13–14methods, magic, 9–11MultitonExample, 12–13namespaces, 350–351Node, defi ning, 3–4Pagination, 75–76SingletonExample, 11–12variables, 3

CLI (Command Line Interface), 312command-line scripts, 517

clientsmemcached, 153PECL/memcached, 162–163

_clone( ) magic method, 11clone keyword, 12closures, 81–83code, critical section, 360


569

CodeGen_PECL – data types

CodeGen_PECL, 314classes, example, 320–321constants, defi ning, 318dependencies, 338extensions, as XML documents, 314functions, defi ning, 316–317globals, 318–319INI directives, 318–319interfaces, 321methods, defi ning, 320objects, defi ning, 319properties, defi ning, 320XML fi les, creating, 314–316

Cole, Jeremy, 483collations of character sets, 487–488colored text, 523–524column privileges, 490–491command-line scripts

classes, 521–522CLI, 517color, 523–524creating, 517–524cron jobs, 522–523input

prompting for, 520–521reading, 518–520

shebang, 518commandsCREATE USER, 496DROP USER, 497–498GRANT, 268, 497mysql_secure_installation, 494replication, 261REVOKE, 268, 497SHOW, 491–492SHOW TABLE STATUS, 92SHOW.ENGINES, 89–90

commentsfunctions, 330regular expressions, 49, 54

COMMIT command, implied, 250complex joins (MySQL), 27complex subqueries (MySQL), 47–49compressed tables, MyISAM storage engine, 96concrete decorators, 16CONDITION clause, 229–230conditional rewrite rules, 447–450

exclamation point, 448testing for patterns, 449testing to check fi le or path, 449

conditions, 229–230config.m4 fi le, 310config.w32 fi le, 310consistency (ACID), 240–241consistent hashing, 140constants, 354

CodeGen_PECL, defi ning, 318magic, 8–9MINIT function, 357

constraints, 35NOT NULL, 35–36UNIQUE KEY, 37UNSIGNED, 36

constructors, copy constructors, 329contexts, 343–344cookies, 471–473copy constructor, 329correlated subqueries (MySQL), 46count( ) method, 73countable interface, 73–74CREATE ROUTINE privilege, 230CREATE USER command, 496CREATE VIEW privilege, 223CREDITS fi le, 310critical section, 360cron jobs, 522–523crontab, 522CSRF attack, 511–514CSV (Comma Separated Value), 112CSV storage engine, 112CTR (Counter Mode) encryption, 504cURL, 528–529current( ) method, 72cursors, 229.cvsignore fi le, 310

D

\d shorthand character, 50Danga Interactive, 139data capture

MySQL, 61regular expressions, 53–54

data persistence, Memory storage engine, 103data sources, Sphinx, 376–379data storage, disk, 275data typesENUM, 36–37function defi nitions fi le, 312–313SET, 36–37


570

data warehousing – encryption

data warehousingInfiniDB, 124Infobright, 125views, 225

databases, user authentication, 458Day, Eric, 412db_bytes( ) function, 283, 287db_bytes_deinit( ) function, 284db_bytes_init( ) function, 284DealNews, 402debug back-trace, 544debuggers

gdb, 273attaching to running process, 301–302

Microsoft debugger, 273MySQL and, 564–565UDFs, 273

debugging, 543breakpoints, 302–303debug back-trace, 544literal values and, 304MySQL

commands, 564error log, 560–561PROCESSLIST, 562–564slow query log, 561–562

stack traces, creating, 544–545stepping through code, 302–303UDFs, 300–301

DECLARE clause, 229decorating objects, 14decorator pattern, 14–16decrementing, memcached, 168–169default users, new installation, 494defi ning, interfaces, 7delete( ) method, 168DELETE command, triggers, 235–236DELETE statement, 556–558delta indexes, 389–394dependencies, CodeGen_PECL, 338dependent queries, 45derived tables (MySQL), 46–47deriving interfaces, 7design patterns

decorator, 14–16façade, 13–14multiton, 11–13observer, 18–19

proxy, 13–14publisher/subscriber, 18–19singleton, 11–13

destructors, 5deterministic cache, 144Digest Authentication, 507digest authentication, 463–466Digg, 402_DIR_ magic constant, 9directives, rewrite rules, 444RewriteCond, 447

directoriesext, 308main, 308project directory organization, 281–283Zend, 308

disk space, InnoDB storage engine, 99–100disk storage, 275distributed indexes, 373DML statements, Blackhole storage engine, 108drivers, MySQL, 88Drizzle, 124, 126DROP USER command, 497–498dumb server, 140durability (ACID), 247–250

E

eAccelerator, 132confi guration, 133–134installation, 133–134opcode, optimizer, 134serialization, 135when to use, 138

eBay Memory storage engine, 127ECB (Electronic Code Book) encryption, 503elements, unsetting, 77EmailValidator class, 56–57encoding

bi-directionalmycrypt extension, 503–505XOR Cipher, 501–503

single-directional, 505–506encryption

aCFB, 504CBC, 504CFB, 504CTR, 504


571

ENFORCE_SAFE_MODE fl ag – foreign keys

ECB, 503mycrypt extension, 503–505nOFB, 504OFB, 504STREAM, 503

ENFORCE_SAFE_MODE fl ag, 342engines, Zend, 308ENUM data type, 36–37envelopes, SOAP requests, 532error handling, memcached, 178–179error log, debugging MySQL, 560–561errors, stack overfl ow, 544errors/warnings, 346–347

values, 346–347escaping quotes, 80events

altering, 267–268creating, 265–266cron and, 264disabling, 267–268dropping, 267–268event scheduler, enabling, 267meta data, 269–270privileges, 268re-enabling, 268

eventual consistency, 402excerpts, 395expert regular expressions, 52–54EXPERIMENTAL fi le, 310EXPLAIN statement, 547–549EXPLAIN syntax, 102expressions. See regular expressionsext directory, 308extensibility, Federated storage engine, 113extensions, 307

CodeGen_PECL, 314as XML documents, 314XML fi les, 314–316

ext_skel, 309functions in

arguments, 331–334built-in functions, 335–336comments, 330defi nitions, 329–331helper functions, 339–340returning values, 334–335standard output, 340

printing, 361source code, 308UNIX/Linux, 308

variables in, 321–329zval, 321–328

ext_skel, 309funtion defi nitions fi le, 309

F

façade design pattern, 13–14factory methods, 17Falcon storage engine

overview, 118parameters, 119tables, 119–120

Federated storage enginecharacteristics, 113–114Federated Server, 116–117fi les, 117read operations, 112standards, 113table creation, 114–115write statements, 112

feet_to_meters( ) function, 274feet_to_meters_deinit( ) function, 274feet_to_meters_init( ) function, 274fetch method, 134fetch worker (Gearman), 430–433fetchall_hash_result( ) method, 299file key, 544_FILE_ magic constant, 8fi le system caching, 145FileLog class, 9–10fi lesconfig.m4, 310config.w32, 310CREDITS, 310.cvsignore, 310EXPERIMENTAL, 310help, generating, 313LICENSE, 316

final keyword, 3Fitzpatrick, Brad, 139, 401fl ags in streams, 341–342fl ex, 308fl ow control (MySQL), 34–35, 230CASE function, 34IF( ) function, 34IFNULL( ) function, 35NULLIF( ) function, 35

foreign keys, 37–40


572

ForumTopic class – GearmanClient object

ForumTopic class, 4polymorphism, 2

fstat( ) function, 275FULLTEXT indexes, 365

Boolean mode, 367–368creating, 366issues, 368–369Natural Language mode, 367searches, 366

modifi er values, 366function defi nitions fi leext_skel, 309using, 312–313

function key, 544_Function_ magic constant, 9functions

anonymous functions, 78closures, 81–83CodeGen_PECL, defi ning, 316–317creating dynamically, 79db_bytes( ), 283, 287db_bytes_deinit( ), 284db_bytes_init( ), 284extensions

arguments, 331–334built-in functions, 335–336comments, 330defi nitions, 329–331helper functions, 339–340returning values, 334–335

feet_to_meters( ), 274feet_to_meters_deinit( ), 274feet_to_meters_init( ), 274fstat( ), 275hashing functions, 506helper functions, 339–340init( ), 285lambda functions, 65, 78lambda-style, 78–81lstat( ), 290MATCH( ), 366memcached, 191–192MINIT, 350, 357PHP API functions, consuming, 336–338php_printf, 340, 361serialize( ), 9setToCache( ), 184sprintf( ), 290standard output, 340stat( ), 275

stored, 226stream functions, 341–343thread-safe, 273user defi ned (See UDFs (user defi ned functions))zend_parase_parameters, 334

G

gcc, 308gdb debugger, 273

running process, attaching to, 301–302GDB (GNU Debugger), 564Gearman, 142, 144

DealNews, 402Digg, 402eventual consistency, 402Gearman MySQL UDFs, 407–409

gman_do( ), 408gman_servers_set( ), 407–408gman_sum( ), 408–409

gearmandinstallation, 404running, 406–407

installationGearman MySQL UDFs, 405–406gearmand, 404job server, 404PECL/Gearman, 404–405

job server, running, 406–407language independence, 412Livejournal and, 401, 402map/reduce operations, 403Narada and, 412overview, 402–404PHP and, 409–412SixApart, 402workers

fetch, 430–433index, 434–435insert, 429–430running, 440search, 433–434

Xing.com, 402Yahoo!, 402

Gearman MySQL UDFs, 272gman_do( ), 408gman_servers_set( ), 407–408gman_sum( ), 408–409installation, 405–406

GearmanClient object, 410


573

GearmanWorker object – InnoDB storage engine

GearmanWorker object, 410_get( ) magic method, 10get method, 134get_class( ) method, 6getDelayedByKey( ) method, 173–174get_fields( ) method, 299getFromCache( ) method, 183getMulti( ) method, 169–170getServers( ) method, 178globals, 357

accessing, 359CodeGen_PECL, defi ning, 318–319critical section, 360defi ning, 358–359thread safety, 359–361True Global Resources, 360

gman_do( ) UDF, 408gman_servers_set( ) UDF, 407–408gman_sum( ) UDF, 408–409GNU General Public License, 133GPL (General Public License), 316GRANT command, 268, 497GROUP BY (MySQL), 30–31GUID (Globally Unique Identifi er), 363

H

Hadoop, 442HANDLER clause, 229–230handlers, 229–230hash tables

accessing, 348, 349looping through, 349modifying, 349

hashing, 505–506hashing functions, 506HashTable data type, 348HAVING clause (MySQL), 32help fi les, generating, 313helper functions, 339–340host permissions, 499HTTP-based user authentication, 460

basic, 460, 461–463digest, 460, 463–466

human readability, 222

I

IGNORE_PATH fl ag, 341IGNORE_URL fl ag, 342

implementation, interfaces, 7implied COMMIT, 250incrementing, memcached, 168–169index workers (Gearman), 434–435indexes

common mistakes, 552–554identifying, 549–550optimizing, 552types, 551

indexingattributes, 376b-tree indexes, 365columns, 376delta indexes, 389–394distributed indexes, 373fi elds, 376FULLTEXT indexes, 365

Boolean mode, 367–368creating, 366issues, 368–369Natural Language mode, 367

inherited, Sphinx, 381merging indexes, 394–395searches, 365–366Sphinx, 372–373

Narada, 416–417TokuDB, 124–125

InfiniDB, 124Infobright, 125INFORMATION_SCHEMA. See I_SINFORMATION_SCHEMA schema, 289–292inheritance, 350–351

classes inheriting interfaces, 7inherited indexes, 381INI directives, 357

CodeGen_PECL, defi ning, 318–319defi ning, 358–359

init( ) function, 285initialization, lazy initialization, 12inner joins (MySQL), 21–23ON, 22syntax, 22–23USING, 22

InnoDB storage engine, 97–98disk space, 99–100MyISAM comparison, 99–102parameters, 98primary key order, 100SQL optimization, 102–103tables, 98–99


574

INSERT command – joins

INSERT command, triggers, 233–234INSERT statement, 558

triggers, 233insert worker (Gearman), 429–430INSERT...ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE statement,

558–560installation

APC, 132–133eAccelerator, 133–134Gearman, 404–407libmemcached, 155memcached

CentOS, 145–146OpenSolaris, 147from source, 147–148testing, 151–152Ubuntu, 146–147

Memcached Functions for MySQL, 193–196Sphinx, 370–371UDFs, 294–295

checking, 289–292instanceof keyword, 6instances, memcached, 160instantiation, 2–6

interfaces, 7integer values, incrementing/decrementing, 204–206integration points for triggers, 232interface keyword, 7interfaces, 7–8ArrayAccess, 77–78CodeGen_PECL, 321countable, 73–74creating, 354–355defi ning, 7deriving, 7implementing, 7inheritance, 7instantiation, 7Iterator interface, 69–73methods, 70ReadableNode, 7SeekableIterator, 75–76testing variables against, 7

internal maps, 451_invoke( ) magic method, 11I_S

character sets, 486–487collations, 487–488

column privileges, 490–491

extensions, 491metadata, 486MySQL

status variables, 484–485system variables, 485–486

privilege tables, 488profi ling table columns, 483–484schema privileges, 489SHOW command, 478SHOW_PROCESSLIST, 482status tables, 482table objects, 479, 481–482table privileges, 489–490tables, 478, 479–480user privileges, 488

isolation (ACID), 242levels, 247READ_COMMITTED, 244–245READ_UNCOMMITTED, 245–246REPEATABLE_READ, 242–244replication, 247SERIALIZABLE, 246–247

_isset( ) magic method, 10isValidCipher( ) method, 519Iterator interface, 69–73IteratorIterator, 75iterators, 67

actions, 70IteratorIterator, 75methods, 71rewinding, 71

J

job servers, Gearman, 142joins (MySQL), 19–21

aliases, 22case sensitivity, 26–27complex, 27inner joins, 21–23

ON, 22syntax, 22–23USING, 22

left joins, 25multiple tables, 20outer joins, 23–24right joins, 24–25syntax, 25–27


575

Kasindorf – maps

K

Kasindorf, Alan, 140key( ) method, 72, 77keywordsabstract, 3clone, 12final, 3instanceof, 6interface, 7parent, 2private, 3protected, 3public, 3WITH ROLLUP, 31–32static, 3, 12

Kickfi re storage engine, 128

L

lambda functions, 65, 78lambda-style functions, 78–81lazy initialization, 12lazy processing, 143left joins (MySQL), 25libgearman, UDFs, 272libmemcached, 153–154

features, 154installation, 155Memcached Functions for MySQL, 193UDFs, 272utility programs, 154

memcat, 155–156memcp, 156memerror, 158memfl ush, 156memrm, 157memslap, 157–158memstat, 157

libmysql, 88LIB_MYSQLUDF_PREG library, 61libraries

interfacing PHP with MySQL, 88LIB_MYSQLUDF_PREG, 61MySQL Stored Routines Library, 231

library dependencies, modules, compiling, 311LICENSE fi le, 316line key, 544_LINE_ magic constant, 8

literal values, 304Livejournal, 402

Gearman and, 401load( ) method, 182loggin, rewrite rules, 450LoggingProxy class, 13–14logic operators (MySQL), 33–34logos, 362–363lookaheads, 52–53lookbehinds, 52–53lookups

random, 451–452text, 451–452

loops, 65–67hash tables, 349iterators, 67

LRU (Least Recently Used) cache, 140lstat( ) function, 290

M

Maesaka, Turo, 140magic constants, 8–9_CLASS_, 8_DIR_, 9_FILE_, 8_Function_, 9_LINE_, 8_METHOD_, 9_NAMESPACE_, 9

magic methods, 8_call( ), 11_callStatic( ), 11classes, 9–11_clone( ), 11_get( ), 10_invoke( ), 11_isset( ), 10_set( ), 10_set_state( ), 11_sleep( ), 9_unset( ), 10_wakeup( ), 9

main directory, 308map/reduce operations, 403maps

internal, 451rewrite maps, 450–455

built-in, 451


576

Maria storage engine – Memcached Functions for MySQL

Maria storage engine, 120–121MariaDB, 126MATCH( ) function, 366materialized view, 225mcrypt extension, 503–505mcrypt library, white space, 505md5 hash, decrypting, 459member variables

private, serialization, 10visibilities, 3

memcached, 138–140. See also PECL/memcachedadd method, 163appending, 166–167authorization, 140cache locality, 171–173CAS (check and swap), 174–176class methods, 163–166clients, 153consistent hashing, 140decrementing, 168–169delete( ) method, 168dumb server, 140error handling, 178–179functions, 191–192get method, 164–165getDelayedByKey( ) method, 173–174getMulti( ) method, 169–170getServers( ) method, 178-h switch, 148incrementing, 168–169installation

CentOS, 145–146OpenSolaris, 147from source, 147–148testing, 151–152Ubuntu, 146–147

instances, 140, 160mailing list, 140memcapable key-value stores, 186moxi proxy, 185–186multi-get, 169–170multi-set, 170–171Narada and, 412prepending, 166–167read-through caching, 141replace method, 164replication, 140

serversconnecting to, 197–198connection, 160–161

set method, 164starting, 148–149startup scripts, 149

Debian-based, 150OpenSolaris, 151Redhat-based, 150–151

statistics, 176–178Tokyo Tyrant, 187–188user contract, 140using, 141–144values, storing, 198–199write-back caching, 142write-through caching, 141

Memcached Functions for MySQL, 191–192behavioral functions

memc_behavior_get, 207memc_behavior_set, 207–208memc_list_behaviors, 206–207memc_list_distribution_types, 209memc_list_hash_types, 209

data fetching functions, 204data setting functions

memc_add, 200memc_append, 202–203memc_cas, 201memc_delete, 203memc_prepend, 202memc_replace, 200–201memc_set, 198–199memc_set_by_key, 199–200

incrementing/decrementingmemc_decrement, 205–206memc_increment, 204–205

installationbuilding source, 194confi guring source, 194func table, 196installing UDF, 195

libmemcached, 196–197Perl install utility, 195source distribution directory, 212–214statistical functions, 209–210

memc_stat_get_keys, 211memc_stat_get_value, 211memc_stats, 210–211


577

memc_add function – MyISAM storage engine

triggers, 212execution, 214–216

values, 272version functions, 211

memc_libmemcached_version, 212memc_udf_version, 212

memc_add function, 200memc_append function, 202–203memcat, 155–156memc_behavior_get function, 207memc_behavior_set function, 207–208memc_cas function, 201memc_decrement function, 205–206memc_delete function, 203memc_get function, 204memc_increment function, 204–205memc_libmemcached_version function, 212memc_list_behaviors function, 206–207memc_list_distribution_types function, 209memc_list_hash_types function, 209memcp, 156memc_prepend function, 202memc_replace function, 200–201memc_server_count, 198memc_servers_set, 197–198memc_set function, 198–199memc_set_by_key function, 199–200memc_stat_get_keys function, 211memc_stat_get_value function, 211memc_stats function, 210–211memc_udf_version function, 212memerror, 158memfl ush, 156memory management, 328–329Memory storage engine

data persistence, 103parameters, 103table-level locking, 104table size maximum, 104table usage, 103–107

memrm, 157memslap, 157–158memstat, 157Merge storage engine, 110–111merging indexes, 394–395metadata, 477

events, 269–270I_S, 486stored routines, 230–231

_METHOD_ magic constant, 9methods, 351–353

abstract, defi ning, 353calling, 356CodeGen_PECL, defi ning, 320count( ), 73current( ), 72factory methods, 17fetch, 134fetchall_hash_result( ), 299get, 134get_class( ), 6get_fields( ), 299getFromCache( ), 183interface, 70isValidCipher( ), 519iterator methods, 71key( ), 72, 77load( ), 182magic, 8

classes, 9–11next( ), 73print_r( ), 543rewind( ), 71, 76save( ), 182seek( ), 75–76set, 134setMulti( ), 170–171touchPage( ), 77type hinting, 6unlink( ), 78unset( ), 78valid( ), 72var_dump( ), 543visibilities, 3

Microsoft debugger, 273MINIT function, 350, 357moxi (memcached proxy), 185–186MTA (Mail Transfer Agent), 55multiton design patterns, 11–13MultitonExample class, 12–13MVCC (multiversion concurrency control), 242MX (Mail Exchange), 55MyISAM storage engine, 90–91, 93–94

compressed tables, 96high read environment, 97high write environment, 97InnoDB comparison, 99–102Merge storage engine and, 110–111


578

MySQL – MySQL

MySQL instance crashes, 97parameters, 94row formats, 94–95version, 96when to use, 97

MySQLbinaries, custom, 89character classes, 60character sets, 486–487

collations, 487–488connecting/disconnecting, 296–297constraints, 35debuggers, 564–565debugging

commands, 564error log, 560–561PROCESSLIST, 562–564slow query log, 561–562

drivers, 88fl ow control, 32, 34–35

CASE function, 34IF( ) function, 34IFNULL( ) function, 35NULLIF( ) function, 35

FULLTEXT indexes, 365HAVING clause, 32joins, 19–21

aliases, 22case sensitivity, 26–27complex, 27inner joins, 21–23left joins, 25multiple tables, 20outer joins, 23–24right joins, 24–25syntax, 25–27

libraries, interfacing with PHP, 88logic operators, 33–34logical operations, 32logical operators

AND, 33NOT, 33OR, 33XOR, 33

Memcached Functions for MySQL (See Memcached Functions for MySQL)

privilege tables, 488

queriesdependent queries, 45GROUP BY, 30–31subqueries, 45–46

regular expressions, 59–62data capture, 61query fi lters, 62replacing strings, 62

relational integrity, 35replication

benefi ts, 264binary log fi le analysis, 256–257breaking, 261–262commands, 261confi guration options, 260issues with, 263–264master analysis, 255–256selective, 262–263slave analysis, 257–258testing, 254–255, 259

security model, 496–497SELECT statements, 28–29server, hardening, 493–501silent column changes, 45status tables, I_S, 482status variables, 484–485storage engines, 87, 89

Archive, 109–110available engines, 89–90Blackhole, 108–109CSV, 112default, 93defi ning, 90–91Falcon, 118–120features, 89Federated, 112–118information, 89–92InnoDB, 97–103Maria, 120–121Memory, 103–107Merge, 110–111MyISAM, 93–97non-transactional, 89–90table, confi rming, 91–92transactional, 89–90

system variables, 485–486tables, derived tables, 46–47


579

MySQL Native Driver – parameters

unauthenticated users, 494UNION, 28–29user privileges, 488

MySQL Native Driver (for PHP), 88MySQL Stored Routines Library, 231MySQLi Result objects, 307mysqlnd, 88

as native PHP extension, 88mysql_secure_installation command, 494

N

names, views, 225_NAMESPACE_ magic constant, 9namespaces, 350–351Narada

components, 413–415confi guration fi le, 420–422database tables, 415–416downloading, 413fl ow chart depiction, 439Gearman and, 412

workers, running, 440index page, 435–438memcached and, 412Narada class, 422–429

get( ) method, 425getContent( ) method, 426NaradaWorkerCallback( ) method, 428runWorker( ) method, 428searchIndex( ) method, 427storeContent( ) method, 425verify( ) method, 428

NaradaIndexTimer.php, 438–439open source, 441–442overview, 412running, 439–441Sphinx and, 412

setup, 416–429Sun and, 412

Natural Language mode, 367NDB storage engine, 127networking

clients, building, 344–345servers, building, 345–346

next( ) method, 73NitroEDB storage engine, 127

Node classdefi ning, 3–4polymorphism, 2

nOFB encryption, 504non-blocking sockets, 346non-deterministic cache, 144non-transactional tables, 238–239Norbye, Trond, 140NOT NULL constraint, 35–36NOT operator (MySQL), 33

O

object-oriented PHP, 2–19interfaces, 7–8magic constants, 8–9

objectsCodeGen_PECL, defi ning, 319decorating, 14identifying, 355–356methods, 351–353permissions, 496properties, 353–354table objects, creating, 223–224

observer pattern, 18–19OFB (Output-Feedback Mode) encryption, 504opcode caching, 132open source projects

creating, 281–283Narada, 441–442subdirectories, 282top-level directories, 282–283

open source UDFs, 272OpenSolaris, memcached installation, 147operating system, security, 495optimization, SQL, InnoDB storage engine and,

102–103OR operator (MySQL), 33Our Delta patches, 126outer joins (MySQL), 23–24

P

page caching, 145Pagination class, 75–76parametersCallback, 81


580

parent keyword – quote syntax in regular expressions

Memory storage engine, 103MyISAM storage engine, 94stored functions, 226–227stored procedures, 226–227

parent keyword, 2parsing, quoted strings, 80partial page caching, 145passwords

salts, 460SHA-1 hash, 459

PBXT (Primebase Transaction) storage engine, 122–123PEAR packages, 314PECL extensions, 132PECL/Gearman, installation, 404–405PECL/memcached, 158–159

client behavior, 162–163operations, 159–160putting and retrieving data, 163–166

PECL (PHP Extension Community Library), 309Percona builds for storage engine patches, 125Perl, install utility, 195permissions, 495–497

host permissions, 499objects, 496restarting, 498triggers, 237valid, 496views, 223–224

PHPGearman and, 409–412libraries, interfacing with MySQL, 88pure authentication, 466–473

cookies, 471–473sessions, user authentication and, 467–471Sphinx and, 395–399

PHP API functions, consuming, 336–338PHP license, 316PHP_FE, 351phpize program, 312PHP_ME, 351PHP_METHOD, 351php_network.h, 344–345php_printf function, 340, 361php_socket_t, 345php_stream, 341polymorphism, 2–6BlogEntry class, 2ForumTopic class, 2Node class, 2

ports, 537prepending, memcached, 166–167primary keys, InnoDB storage engine, 100printing, extensions, 361print_r( ) method, 543private keyword, 3private member variables, serialization, 10privilege tables (I_S), 488privileges

appropriate use, 499column privileges, 490–491event privileges, 268removing, 497schema privileges, 489stored routines, 230–231table privileges, 489–490user privileges, 488

proactive caching, 145PROCESSLIST, 562–564project directory organization, 281–283properties, 353–354

CodeGen_PECL, defi ning, 320protected keyword, 3protocol wrappers, 522

disabled, 529prototyping, query builder and, 83–85Proven Scaling, 483proxy design pattern, 13–14PSEA (pluggable storage engine architecture), 89InnoDB Plugin, 121–122PBXT, 122–123XtraDB, 123

public keyword, 3publisher/subscriber pattern, 18–19

Q

QEP (Query Execution Plan), 102quantifi ers in regular expressions, 50queries (MySQL)

dependent queries, 45derived tables, 46–47fi ltering, 62GROUP BY, 30–31subqueries

complex, 47–49correlated subqueries, 46

query builder, prototyping, 83–85quote syntax in regular expressions, 51


581

quoted strings – rewrite rules

quoted strings, parsing, 80quotes, escaping, 80

R

rainbow tables, 459random lookups, 451–452read operations, Federated storage engine, 112read-through caching, 141, 216–219read-through caching callback, 165ReadableNode interface, 7READ_COMMITTED, 244–245READ_UNCOMMITTED, 245–246records

returning, 72–73seeking specifi c, 75–76validating, 72–73

regular expressions[ ] (square brackets), 50alternation, 51back-references, 53boundary character, 49comments, 49, 54data capture, 53–54exclamation point, 448expert, 52–54general patterns, 49–51MySQL, 59–62Perl-style, 54POSIX-style, 54quantifi ers, 50quote syntax, 51replacing strings, 58–59

relational integrity (MySQL), 35REPEATABLE_READ, 242–244REPLACE command, triggers, 232, 236–237REPLACE statement, 558replacing strings


replay attacks, 507–509replication

benefi ts, 264binary log fi le analysis, 256–257binary logging, 251Blackhole storage engine, 108breaking, 261–262commands, 261confi guration, options, 260

isolation (ACID), 247issues with, 263–264master analysis, 255–256memcached, 140purposes, 250–251selective, 262–263setup

master confi guration, 251–252slave confi guration, 252slave operation, 253

slave analysis, 257–258testing, 254–255, 259

REPORT_ERRORS fl ag, 342REST (Representational State Transfer), 524–531

controller, 525–526cURL, 528–529error codes, 533requests, 529–531resources, 525status codes, 527–528verbs, 524

result set array, returning, 297–300returning records, 72–73REVOKE command, 268, 497rewind( ) method, 71, 76rewinding an iterator, 71rewrite maps, 450–455

built-in, 451rewrite rules

conditional, 447–450exclamation point, 448testing for patterns, 449testing to check fi le or path, 449

directives, 444RewriteCond, 447

fl agschain, 446env, 447forbidden, 445gone, 446last, 446multiple, 447next, 446nocase, 446noescape, 446nosubreq, 446passthrough, 446proxy, 446qsappend, 446


582

RewriteCond directive – SOAP

redirect, 445skip, 446type, 446

fl ow, 445–447logging, 450optimization, 450purposes, 443, 444–445random lookups, 451–452structure, 444–445

RewriteCond directive, 447right joins (MySQL), 24–25root user, 494

changing, 498–499routines, 226RPCs (Remote Procedure Calls), 532

S

\s shorthand character, 50Sallings, Dustin, 140save( ) method, 182scaling out, 138schema privileges, 489search engines, Narada, 412–442search worker (Gearman), 433–434searchd (Sphinx), 374–376searchesFULLTEXT indexes, 366indexes, 365–366modifi er values, 366Sphinx, 369, 383

Boolean query syntax, 385extended query syntax, 385–386search modes, 384search utility, 386–388sort modes, 384

securityadditional, 500auditing, 500–501automation attacks, 514–515backdoor, 498bypassing, 498CSRF, 511–514ideal, 499–500introduction, 493operating system, 495permissions, 495–497replay attacks, protecting against, 507–509

SQL injection, protecting against, 506–507XSS (cross-site scripting) attacks, 509–511

seek( ) method, 75–76SeekableIterator interface, 75–76seeking specifi c records, 75–76SELECT statement, 217, 546–555SELECT statements (MySQL), 28–29selective replication, 262–263SERIALIZABLE, 246–247serialization, 9

APC, 135eAccelerator, 135private member variables, 10

serialize( ) function, 9Server SQL, modes, 40–44servers, memcached, connecting to, 197–198session caching, 145_set( ) magic method, 10SET data type, 36–37set method, 134setMulti( ) method, 170–171_set_state( ) magic method, 11setToCache( ) function, 184SHA-1 hash, 459shebang, 518shortened URL applications, 452–455shorthand characters, 50SHOW command, 478, 491–492SHOW MASTER STATUS command, 256SHOW TABLE STATUS command, 92SHOW.ENGINES command, 89–90SHOW_PROCESSLIST, 482shutdown, restricting, 498silent column changes in MySQL, 45single-directional encoding, 505–506singleton design patterns, 11–13SingletonExample class, 11–12SixApart, 402skeleton code

compiling, 309–312creating, 309–312

--skip-grants option, 498_sleep( ) magic method, 9slow query log, 561–562SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)

bindings, 537–538client, setup, 540–541library, WSDL, 533–534


583

socket pointers – storage engine

requests, envelopes, 532server, setup, 538–540web services, 532–533

socket pointers, valid, 55–56sockets, blocking, 346source distribution directory (Memcached Functions for

MySql), 212–214Sphinx (SQL Phrase Index)

Aksyonoff, Andrew, 369applications using, 395–399data sources, 372, 376–379delta indexes, 391–394distributed indexes, 373indexer, 374indexer options, 382indexes, 372–373

attributes, 376columns, 376defi ning, 379–381fi elds, 376inherited, 381

installation, 370–371Narada and, 412, 416–417PHP and, 395–399programs, 369–370sakila_main data source, 379searchd, 374–376searchd options, 382searches, 383

Boolean query syntax, 385extended query syntax, 385–386modes, 384search utility, 386–388sort modes, 384

Sphinx.conf, 371–382SphinxQL, 388–389starting

running indexer, 382–383searchd, 383

utilities, 369–370sphinx_counter, 390sprintf( ) function, 290SQL injection, protecting against, 506–507sql-mode-traditional-mylsam-sql, 42–43sql-mode-traditional.sql, 42SQL (Structured Query Language)DELETE statement, 556–558EXPLAIN statement, 547–549

indexescommon mistakes, 552–554identifying, 549–550optimizing, 552types, 551

INSERT statement, 558INSERT...ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE statement,

558–560optimization, InnoDB storage engine and, 102–103queries, optimizing, 545–558REPLACE statement, 558SELECT statement, 546–555statements

identifying, 545–546reducing, 545UDFs, 300

UPDATE statement, 556sql_mode=NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION, 43–44sql_mode=TRADITIONAL, 43square brackets ([ ]) in regular expressions, 50stack overfl ow errors, 544stack traces

creating, 544–545keys, 544

standalone storage engines, 124–125standard output from functions, 340stat( ) function, 275state caching, 145statement blocks, 228statementsDELETE, 556–558EXPLAIN, 547–549INSERT, 558INSERT...ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE, 558–560REPLACE, 558SELECT, 546–555UPDATE, 556

static keyword, 3, 12statistics, memcached, 176–178stepping through code, 302–303storage engineeBay Memory, 127integrity, 44–45Kickfi re, 128MySQL, 87, 89

Archive, 109–110available engines, 89–90Blackhole, 108–109


584

stored functions – STREAM_USE_URL fl ag

CSV, 112default, 93defi ning, 90–91Falcon, 118–120features, 89Federated, 112–118information, 89–92InnoDB, 97–103Maria, 120–121Memory, 103–107Merge, 110–111MyISAM, 93–97non-transactional, 89–90table, confi rming, 91–92transactional, 89–90

NDB, 127NitroEDB, 127patch products

Our Delta, 126Percona builds, 125

PSEAInnoDB Plugin, 121–122PBXT, 122–123XtraDB, 123

standalone products, 124Virident, 128

stored functions, 226characteristics, 228parameters, 226–227

stored procedures, 226characteristics, 228parameters, 226–227

stored routinesconditions, 229–230disadvantages, 231extending, 231fl ow control, 230handlers, 229–230logic

cursors, 229variables, 228–229

meta data, 230–231MySQL Stored Routines Library, 231privileges, 230–231

STREAM encryption, 503stream functions, 341–343php_register_url_stream_wrapper, 343php_register_url_stream_wrapper_

volatile, 343php_stream_close, 343

php_stream_context_alloc, 343php_stream_context_del_link, 343php_stream_context_free, 343php_stream_context_get_link, 343php_stream_context_get_option, 343php_stream_context_set, 343php_stream_context_set_link, 343php_stream_context_set_option, 343php_stream_copy_to_mem, 343php_stream_copy_to_stream, 343php_stream_copy_tostream_ex, 343php_stream_eof, 343php_stream_flush, 343php_stream_free, 343php_stream_from_persistent_id, 343php_stream_getc, 343php_stream_get_line, 343php_stream_get_record, 343php_stream_locate_url_wrapper, 343php_stream_mkdir, 343php_stream_opendir, 343php_stream_open_wrapper, 343php_stream_open_wrapper_ex, 343php_stream_putc, 343php_stream_puts, 343php_stream_read, 343php_stream_readdir, 343php_stream_rewind, 343php_stream_rmdir, 343php_stream_scandir, 343php_stream_seek, 343php_stream_set_options, 343php_stream_stat, 343php_stream_tell, 343php_stream_wrapper_log_error, 343php_stream_write, 343php_unregister_url_stream_wrapper, 343php_unregister_url_stream_wrapper_

volatile, 343STREAM_ASSUME_REALPATH fl ag, 342STREAM_DISABLE_OPEN_BASEDIR fl ag, 342STREAM_DISABLE_URL_PROTECTION fl ag, 342STREAM_MUST_SEEK fl ag, 342STREAM_ONLY_GET_HEADERS fl ag, 342STREAM_OPEN_FOR_INCLUDE fl ag, 342STREAM_OPEN_PERSISTENT fl ag, 342streams

fl ags, 341–342validation, 341

STREAM_USE_URL fl ag, 342


585

STREAM_WILL_CAST fl ag – UDFs

STREAM_WILL_CAST fl ag, 342strings

converting to, 327–328quoted, parsing, 80replacing


as zvals, 326–328subqueries (MySQL), 45–46

complex, 47–49correlated subqueries, 46derived tables, 46–47

Sun, Narada and, 412syntax

joins, 25–27triggers, 233

T

table-level locking, 104table objects, creating, 223–224table privileges, 489–490table storage engines (MySQL), confi rming, 91–92tables

building, 362non-transactional, 238–239transactional, 239–240

tables InnoDB storage engine, 98–99tables (MySQL)

aliases, 22derived tables, 46–47

terminal types, 6testing

memcached installation, 151–152replication, 254–255, 259unit testing, factory methods, 17variables against interfaces, 7zval, 323–324

tests fi le, 310text lookups, 451–452thread-safe functions, 273thread safety, globals, 359–361TokuDB, 124–125Tokyo Tyrant, 187–188touchPage( ) method, 77tracking, unlinks, 77transactional tables, 239–240

transactions, 237–238isolation level, 242

transparency, Federated storage engine, 113triggers

defi ning, 232DELETE command, 235–236INSERT command, 233–234integration points, 232Memcached Functions for MySQL, 212

execution, 214–216permissions, 237REPLACE command, 236–237syntax, 233UPDATE statement, 234–235

True Global Resources, 360TSRM (Thread Safe Resource Management), 359tsrm_mutex, 360Turck MMCache, 133Turing Test, automation attacks, 514type hinting, 6type key, 544

U

Ubuntu, memcached installation, 146–147UDFs (user defi ned functions), 191, 231, 271

algorithms, 277arguments, 192building, 292–294C-libraries, 272coding, 281debuggers, 273debugging, 300–301

breakpoints, 302–303gdb, 301–302literal values and, 304stepping through code, 302–303

design, high-level, 275–277developing, requirements, 273–274example, 274–275installation, 294–295

checking, 289–292open source, 272

project creation, 281–283overview, 272–273PHP and, 296–300required functions, 274


586

unauthenticated users – WSDL

result set array, returning, 297–300running, 295–296source code implementation, 283–289SQL statements, 300thread-safe functions, 273

unauthenticated users, 494UNION (MySQL), 28–29UNIQUE KEY constraint, 37unit testing, factory methods, 17unlink( ) method, 78unlinks, tracking, 77_unset( ) magic method, 10unset( ) method, 78unsetting elements, 77UNSIGNED constraint, 36UPDATE statement, 219–220, 556

triggers, 234–235updating, views, 225URLs

rewrite rules, 444shortened, applications, 452–455

USE_PATH fl ag, 342user authentication

database, 458HTTP-based, 460

basic, 460, 461–463digest, 460, 463–466

need for, 457password, as salted md5 hash, 459pure PHP authentication, 466–473

cookies, 471–473sessions, 467–471

unauthenticated users, 494username, 458–459

user cachingenabling, 133storage, 134

user privileges (I_S), 488users

default, new installation, 494root, 494

changing, 498–499utilities, libmemcached, 154

memcat, 155–156memcp, 156memerror, 158memfl ush, 156memrm, 157

memslap, 157–158memstat, 157

V

valid( ) method, 72valid permissions, 496validation

records, 72–73streams, 341

values, returning, 334–335var_dump( ) method, 543variables, 228–229

classes, 3confi guration, default values, 266extensions, 321–329

zval, 321–328member, serialization, 10testing against interfaces, 7

views, 221–222access permissions, 223–224data warehousing, 225materialized, 225names, 225updating, 225

Virident storage engine, 128visibilities, 3

W

\w shorthand character, 50Waffl egrid, 129_wakeup( ) magic method, 9warnings, 346–347web services, 517

REST (Representational State Transfer), 524–531SOAP, 532–533

WITH ROLLUP keyword, 31–32write-back caching, 142write statements, Federated storage engine, 112write-through caching, 141WSDL (Web Service Descriptor Language), 533–534

defi ning service, 538messages, defi ning, 536ports, 537types, 535–536

complex, 535


587

Xing.com – zvals

X

Xing.com, 402XML documents

creating, 314–316extensions as, 314

XOR Cipher, 501–503XOR operator (MySQL), 33XSS (cross-site scripting) attacks, 509–511XtraDB storage engine, 123

Y

Yahoo!, 402

Z

Zend directory, 308Zend engine, 308

memory management, 328–329zend_parase_parameters function, 334ZTS (Zend Thread Safety), 359zval, 321–322

comparing, 324–326reading, 324–326setting, 323–324testing, 323–324

zvals, strings as, 326–328


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