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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-02719-0 — The Cambridge Guide to HomerEdited by Corinne Ondine Pache , Edited in association with Casey Dué , Susan Lupack , Robert Lamberton IndexMore Information

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Index

Achaean dialect, 71Achilles, 99–102, 161–4. See also shield of Achillesakhos for, 102as anax, 301–2compressed life of, 99–100death as destiny for, 100mēnis for, 100–2warfare and, 396–7

Acusilaus of Argos, 421adaptations, of Homeric works, 499–500Adorno, Theodor, 182The Adventures of Telemachus (Fénelon), 479–80Aeneid (Vergil), 52, 88, 206Western literary tradition influenced by, 436–8

Aeolic dialect, 3, 71, 74, 146–7Ionic dialect from, linguistic switch to, 74–6

Aeschylus, 276, 421–2Homer as literary influence on, 422

afterlife, 254–5, 289–92apotheosis in, 291in Elysian Fields, 291in Hades, 289–91

the dead in, 290–1images in, 290souls in, 290–1

relationship with gods as influence on, 291–2Agade, destruction of, 323Agamemnoneion, 337Agapius, 459Age of Bronze (Shanower), 342agriculture, 343–4slave labor and, 343–4textile production and, 344women’s role in, 344

Aithiopis, 53, 57, 119. See also Epic Cycle traditionsTrojan War in, 54

akhos (grief ), 102Akkadian region, narrative poems in, 104Alexander the Great, 426–7, 478Alexiad (Comnena), 471Alkidamas, 132Allacci, Leone, 509allegorical interpretation, 570–2during Byzantine period, 455–7, 460–1

during Renaissance Europe, 504Stoics, 571

allusion, immanence as distinct from, 166alphabet. See Greek alphabet; West Semitic

alphabetAmmonius, 113anachronism, in Homeric poetry, 37Anacreon, 195, 265Analysts school, of scholarship, 544, 586–7Anatolia, narrative poems in, 104anatopisms, 272anax (ruler), 221, 300–2Achilles as, 301–2in Iliad, 301in Odyssey, 301root origins of, 301

ancient editions, of Homer, 92–5, 112–15in ancient libraries, 92. See also Library at

Alexandria; Library at Pergamoncity editions, 112common editions, 112critical editions, 113Hawara Homer, 113individual, 112

ancient Greece, narrative forms of, 63“Ancient Near East” (ANE), 99Enmerkar traditions in, 104geographic boundaries of, 103languages and dialects within, 103narrative poems in, 103–5. See also Epic of

Gilgameshcompositional devices in, 104–5dispersion and preservation of, 104epithets in, 104scope of, 103writing materials and, 104

anger. See mēnisanimalsas offerings, 365–6as sacrifice, 365–7

Ano Englianos, 276. See also PylosAntenor, 436anticommunity, 294–5Antimachus, 112

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Antiquity, Homer in, 417–34. See alsoHellenistic Age

Aeschylus influenced by, 422Aristotle influenced by, 426Early Classical Era, 422–4educative values of, 424poets influenced by, 423sophists influenced by, 423–4

Early to Middle Archaic Era, 418–20Homēridai, 420poets influenced by, 419–20

Euripides influenced by, 422–3Herodotus influenced by, 423Late Archaic Era, 420–2loss of extant works, 421

Middle to Late Classical Era, 424–7Peripatetics during, 426–7second-generation sophists, 424–5specialized criticism during, 426–7

overview of, 417Philostratus influenced by, 433–4Plato influenced by, 425–6Prolegomena to Homer, 123, 505–6Roman Empireduring Hellenistic Age, 428–30High Roman Empire, 431–4prose influenced by, 432–3

Sophocles influenced by, 422–3Vergil influenced by, 430, 603–5

aoidoi. See singersApollo

Homeric Hymn to Apollo, 4, 43–4, 82, 153, 420–1Sanctuary of Apollo and Artemis, 241–2Troy and, 211

Apollodorus, 113, 118–19Apollonius, 51Apologos, 275apotheosis, in afterlife, 291Apotheosis of Homer, 427, 506, 513–14, 547–57Arcado-Cypriot dialect, 3, 147archaeology, 260–5, 341–2. See also artifacts

of burial practices, 309–11of Catalogue of Ships, 312–14Bronze Age dating of, 314

of hero cults, 336–8Agamemnoneion, 337burial shrines, 337

Homeric Society and, 263–5materiality and, 278New Archaeology, 341of warrior graves, 400–1

Archilochus, 46. See also MargitesArgolid site, 359Argonautica (Apollonius), 51

Aristarchus, 87, 92–4, 112–15on body, 143scholia maiora and, 156–8Wolf on, 512

Aristonicus, 113–14scholia maiora and, 156–8

Aristophanes, 92, 112, 115, 422–3aristos, 30–1. See also incipient aristocracyAristotle, 60, 573–4on Battle of Frogs and Mice, 106Homer as literary influence on, 426, 573–4on Homeric humor, 149, 151Homeric texts and, 87on Margites authorship, 171–2

Arktinos of Miletos, 56, 58art language. See Kunstspracheartifacts, 221. See also shield of Achillesboar’s tusk helmets, 222, 260, 262, 281,

305–6

male identity through, 305–6of burial practices, 262in cult practices, 240–1of Early Iron Age, 261images in, 556on Ithake, 272of Late Bronze Age, 261–2at Lefkandi, 282–3, 354–6warrior graves at, 283

Mask of Agamemnon, 381–2materiality and, 279–80Nestor’s cup, 222, 260, 361–2Schliemann on, 361–2

at Troy, 392–4from Early Bronze Age, 393from Late Bronze Age, 393

of warfare, 261in warrior graves, 261, 283weapons and armor, 260–1

artificial Kunstsprache, 79artificial language forms, 72Aslanov, Cyril, 470assemblies, 293–5. See also councilscollective deliberation in, 294–5participation in, 294political purposes of, 293public will expressed in, 293–4in Pylos, 273–4in self-governing communities, 232in Song of Release, 293in type-scenes, 214

Assurbanipal, 104athletic competition, 296–9in Funeral Games, 296–7gods as influence on, 297

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in Iliad, 296–7historical context for, 298–9

Odysseus and, 297–8in Odyssey, 297–8

historical context for, 298–9Attic-Ionic dialect, 146Atwood, Margaret, 524audiences, for speech acts, 204–5Augustine, 435authority, in Epic Cycle traditions, 59–60authorshipof Battle of Frogs and Mice, 106in Epic Cycle traditions, 59–60by Hesiod, 129of Margites, 171

Axion Esti (Elytis), 528

Baal and Anat, 104Bacchylides of Ceos, 421Bacon, Roger, 436Bagrationi, David, 468Bakker, Egbert J., 124Barberini, Francesco, 509Basil of Caeserea, 456basileus (ruler), 221, 300–2in Iliad, 301–2Indo-European origins of, 300–1in Odyssey, 301–2

Batrachomyomachia. See Battle of Frogs and MiceBatrakhomuomakhia. See Battle of Frogs and MiceBattle of Frogs and Mice (Batrakhomuomakhia)

(Homer), 84, 106–7, 490–1Aristotle on, 106authorship of, 106as epic narrative, 106–7as epic parody, 106

Bearden, Romare, 543Bechdel, Alison, 526Bellerophon myth, 65Bentley, Richard, 507Berschin, Walter, 435–6Bibliotheca (Fabricius), 508bilingualism, in Homeric epics, 75biographies, of Homer, 577–9Contest Between Homer and Hesiod, 578–9Index of Famous Authors, 578Life of Homer, 82, 84, 578–9

A Black Odyssey (Bearden), 534, 543Blegen, Carl, 258, 270, 273, 303–4, 341, 393.

See also archaeologyat Pylos, 304Wace and, 267, 303–4

Blemmydes, Nikephoros, 476Blue Anatolia movement, 487

boar’s tusk helmets, 222, 260, 262, 281, 305–6male identity through, 305–6

Boccacio, Giovanni, 441, 580–1body, in Homer, 142–3, 142–4Aristarchus on, 143

“Boeotian School,” of poetry, 317Book of Dede Korkut, 464Book of Laws (Plato), 455Book of Treasures (Severus bar Shakku), 458books of proverbs, 500–1Bouboulina, Laskarina, 479Bronze AgeCatalogue of Ships during, 314Earlymateriality during, 280–2Trojan artifacts from, 393

Lateartifacts from, 261–2household organization during, 346materiality during, 281Trojan artifacts during, 393

weapons and armor from, 403Brooke, Rupert, 519–20Browning, Robert, 444–5Bunbury, Edward, 267burial practices, 222, 262, 307–11. See also warrior

gravesarchaeology of, 309–11cremation burials, 309–10due of the dead, 307–9during Early Iron Age, 309–11funerals as part of, 309for human sacrifices, 311laments during, 308at Lefkandi, 310–11, 352–5during Mycenaean period, 309–11for royals, 309separation phase, 308transitional phase in, 308–9warrior graves and, 261, 283, 310

burial shrines, 337Burkert, Walter, 62, 105Burrow, Colin, 598al-Bustānī, Sulaymān, 482–3, 485–6Byzantine period, reception of Homer during,

444–72

allegorical interpretive approach to, 455–7, 460–1Arabic translations of, 454–5, 457–64as part of educational curriculum, 462–3

Armenian translations of, 466–7Christianity as influence on, 445–6as divination tool, 451–2

classical Islam and, 457–64in doxographical literature, 454

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Byzantine period, reception of Homer during(cont.)

as educational tool, 446Arabic translations of, 462–3for divination purposes, 451–2social class as factor in, 451

Georgian translations of, 466–7Gregory of Nazianus and, 446, 454, 467–8, 470Homeromanteion, 453–4Late, 446–7for magical purposes, 452manuscript tradition, 449–50preservation patterns of, 450–1

Middle, 446–7modern scholarship on, 456Platonic critique of, 455reception of Homeric Hymns, 449–50during Renaissance, 448–9romanticism as influence on, 449Sanskrit epics influenced by, 472scholia recentiora, 445scholia vetera, 445through Slavic translations, 465–6Syrial translation of, 457–8as theologian, 454in visual arts, 448

Calder, William, III, 381Callimachus, 171Callistratus, 112Calvert, Frank, 382Camus, Albert, 606Catalogue of Ships, in Iliad, 9, 108, 244

Achaian leaders in, 269archaeological perspective of, 312–14Bronze Age dating of, 314

historicity of, 259–60, 316Homeric geography and, 223, 268–70, 277as cognitive map, 269

literary aspects of, 315–17in “Boeotian School” of poetry, 317double images, 317origin as separate composition, 316–17type-scenes, 315

poetic form of, 269–70toponyms of, 313–14

Catalogue of Women, 33, 45–6, 59–60catalogues. See also Catalogue of Ships

in Homeric poetry, 108–9in oral theory, 108–9as structuring principle, in epic Greek

traditions, 52type-scenes and, 108–9of women, 109

Caxton, William, 442, 598celestial phenomena, personification of, 369–70Certamen, 52, 132Césaire, Aimé, 533Chaeris, 113Chagall, Marc, 527Chalcocondyles, Demetrios, 444, 448–9, 491–4Chapman, George, 598Chaucer, Geoffrey, 441Homer and, 580–1

Choniates, Niketes, 447–8, 476choral songs, 41–2Chrestomathia (Proclus), 118Christianity, reception of Homer influenced by,

445–6

as divination tool, 451–2Christopoulos, Athanasios, 478–9Chronicle (Fredegar), 436Chthonian offerings, 368Cicero, 571clan. See genosclass relations, 318–21within communities, 318with free laborers, 318–19during mobilization for war, 320with personal servants, 319with slaves, 318violent conflict and, 320

classical Islam, reception of Homer and, 457–64Classical Period, Homeric poetry and, 36Clement of Alexandria, 58closed syllables. See short syllablescoins, images on, 550collective deliberation, in assemblies and

councils, 294–5Colonne, Guido delle, 442combat myths, 67–8in Cyclopeia, 68in Mnesterophonia, 68

comic books. See new mediacommunities. See also anticommunityclass relations within, 318cult practices in, 239artifacts in, 240–1

Cyclopes, 228–9dēmos, 231–8Eretria, 239–41Sanctuary of Apollo and Artemis in, 241–2

feasting in, 237–8free citizens in, 235Herodotus on, 230in Iliad, 228–31imagining of, 228–31incipient aristocracy in, 232–4

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economic advantages of, 233–4as governing elite, 235

Ithaka, 229–30, 232in Odyssey, 228–31oikos in, 133, 228, 231

dependency relationships with, 234–5women in, 237–8

Oropos, 242–4excavation sites at, 242–3

Phaiakians, 228–9as self-governing, 232–3

through assemblies, 232through councils, 232

on shield of Achilles, 238Skheria, 232slaves in, 236

as servants, 236in specific time periods, 238–44in Troy, 228, 231–2warfare by, 239weddings in, 238in Works and Days, 234

Comnena, Anna, 471Companion to Homer (Wace and Stubbings), 267,

341

comparative literature, conceptual developmentof, 412

complex systems, learning ofdefinition of, 22enjambment in, 28expressiveness through, 34–5hierarchy of elements in, 23–4historical development of, 21–2in Homeric poetry, 22–9

epithets in, 25–6hexameter composition in, 26–8Kunstsprache in, 23as language-generating, 23vocabulary and syntax in, 23

lengthening law in, 25Lord on, 22–9

songs as, 24themes, 24

metrical licenses in, 25narrative forms in, 31–2Parry, M., on, 22–9

songs as, 24on theme, 29–33

poetics inof interaction, 34of single songs, 33–5of theme, 29–33of whole songs, 33–5

similes in, 32–3

themes inLord on, 24mēnis, 33–4Parry, M., on, 29–33poetics of, 29–33

compositionof epic performance, 14–16formula level in, 15multiformity in, 15type-scene level in, 15

in Hesiodic poetry, 38hexameterdactylic, 3, 5didactic, 38in Hesiodic poetry, 38in Homeric poetry, 26–8

of performance, 15of poetics, 89

conflict, in Iliad, 161Contest Between Homer and Hesiod, 578–9councils, 293–5. See also assembliescollective deliberation in, 294–5participation in, 294in self-governing communities, 232in type-scenes, 214

Crates of Mallus, 92, 429Cratinus, 422–3cremation burials, 309–10Crespin, Jean, 600Creuzer, G. F., 506, 514Crusius, Martin, 456–7cult practices, 239artifacts in, 240–1

Cuper, Ghisbert, 513–14Curse of Agade, 323Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin, 323Cyclopeia (Odyssey), 68, 186Cyclopes, 228–9Cynaethus, 193–5

Dabydeen, David, 533–4dactylic hexameter, 3, 5d’Ansse de Villoison, Jean Baptiste Gaspard, 586Dante, Alighieri, 582–3Dares the Phrygian, 439–41Davis, Dick, 463De excidio Troiae historia (Dares the Phrygian),

439–41

death as destiny, for Achilles, 100declension of formulas, in Homeric epics, 72–3Demetrius Ixion, 113Democritus, 100Demodokos, 212dēmos, 231–8

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destruction of cities, as literary tradition, 322–4Agade, 323during Early Iron Age, 324Fall of Troy, 322–4in Mesopotamia, 322–3during Old Babylonian period, 322–3

“Destruction of Ilium.” See Iliou Persisdiachronic perspective

on Homer, 83–7definition of, 83evolutionary compared to, 83historical compared to, 83models in, 83multitextuality in, 91

on Homēridai, 197–8on Iliad, 5–6on Odyssey, 5–6on rhapsodes, 197–8

dialects, mixtures of, 71Aeolic, 3, 71, 74, 146–7Ionic dialect from, linguistic switch to, 74–6

Arcado-Cypriot, 3, 147Attic-Ionic, 146chronological features of, 147–8combination of forms, 147–8digamma, 147

in Homeric Hymns, 152Ionic, 71, 74Aeolic dialect to, linguistic switch from,74–6

Ionic-Attic, 146literary, 145–6Mycenaean, 71phonetic differences in, 145of Pindar, 145

Dickie, Matthew, 268diction

language and, in Homeric epics, 75in song traditions, 45

Dictys the Cretan, 439–41didactic hexameter, 38Didymus, 112–15

scholia maiora and, 156–8diffusion, textualization and, 89digamma, 507

as dialect feature, 147meter and, 174

Dionysius Sidonius, 113Dionysius Thrax, 113Dionysus of Halicarnassus, 56, 430direct speech, 203–4direct speech, in song traditions, 45distancing techniques, in hero songs, 43–4distantiation, 38, 40–1, 43

distinctive epithets, 121Divine Comedy (Dante), 582–3divine epiphany, 325–8during crises, 327–8forms of, 326–7identification of, 325–6metamorphosis of, 326–7polymorphism of, 326–7through sacrifice, 328

Doolittle, Hilda, 524Dörpfeld, Wilhelm, 258, 270, 303Dourou, Kalliope, 476doxographical literature, 454dreams, 246–7, 110–11in Iliad, 110–11in narrative forms, 110in Odyssey, 110–11

drinking. See feasting and drinkingdue of the dead, 307–9

Early Bronze Agemateriality during, 280–2Trojan artifacts from, 393

Early Classical Era, Homer and, 422–4educative values of, 424images of, 552poets influenced by, 423sophists influenced by, 423–4

Early Iron Ageartifacts of, 261burial practices during, 309–11destruction of cities during, 324

early modern Europe, reception of Homer in,505–16

by ancient audiences, 507–12digamma, 507in history of language, 508in Prolegomena to Homer, 123, 505–6, 510–11rhapsodes, 511–12

through images, 512–16Apotheosis of Homer, 513–14

Early to Middle Archaic Era, Homer and,418–20

Homēridai, 420poets influenced by, 419–20

Easton, Donald, 381economic issues, in Homeric epics, 343–5agriculture, 343–4slave labor and, 343–4textile production and, 344women’s role in, 344

trade, 344–5with Italian merchants, 345with Phoenician merchants, 344–5

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ecphrasis. See ekphrasisEdmunds, Lowell, 62ekphrasis/ekphrases, 116–17definition of, 116in Iliad, 164in literary theory, 116materiality and, 279–80in oral poetry, 116shield of Achilles, 223

Electra (Euripides), 386Ellison, Ralph, 182Elysian Fields, 291Elytis, Odysseas, 528embedded allusions, in Homeric poetry, 44embodied persons, 284–5emotions, personification of, 370Empedocles, 172enjambment, in complex systems, 28Enmerkar traditions, in ANE, 104epenthesis, 175Ephemeris belli Troiani (Dictys the Cretan),

439–41

Epic Cycle traditions, 53–5Aithiopis, 53, 57

Trojan War in, 54authority in, 59–60authorship in, 59–60Homeric epics compared to, 55–6

in biographical traditions, 56dating of, 56

in Homeric poetry, 5–6Iliad and, 5–6Ilias Parva, 53, 55–8

Trojan War in, 54Iliou Persis, 54–9kuklos poetry, 118Kypria, 53

under Monro’s law, 56–7Trojan War in, 53–4

master narrative in, 60–1Nostoi, 55, 58–9Odysseus in, 179in Odyssey, 5–6Panathenaia festival and, 188Pisistratus and, 193Proclus and, 118–19relationships among cyclic epics,

56–9

Telegony, 45, 55, 59–60Theban War in, 53, 60Theogony, 60–1Trojan War in, 53–6, 60, 118–19

in Aithiopis, 54, 119in Ilias Parva, 54

in Iliou Persis, 119in Kypria, 53–4, 119in Little Iliad, 119in Nostoi, 119

Epic of Gilgamesh, 64–5, 104epic performance. See also Iliad; Odysseycomposition of, 14–16formula level in, 15multiformity in, 15type-scene level in, 15

at religious festivals, 13. See also Panathenaiafestival

Panionia festival, 13epic poetry. See also Homeric poetryHesiodic poetry, 13in poetic contests, 13

Epic Singers and Oral Tradition (Lord),565, 568–9

epic songs, 10–12. See also Iliad; Odysseyemotional reactions to, 12by professional singers, 10–11repertoire of, 11–12rhapsodes, 13Trojan War as subject of, 12, 18–19vocabulary and syntax of, 11–12, 19whole, 33–5

epic traditions, Greek. See also languagein catalogues, as structuring principle,

52

in Hesiodic poetry, 50, 52authority of, 52referentiality to Homeric poetry, 52Theogony, 50–2Works and Days, 50–2

in Homeric Hymns, 152in Homeric poetry, 52authority of, 52referentiality to Hesiodic poetry, 52

Monro’s Law and, 50–1myth in, 63Odysseus in, 179oral performances of, 51at Panathenaia festival, 188Pisistratus and, 193Trojan War in, 49–50

epiphany, 325–8divine, 325–8during crises, 327–8forms of, 326–7identification of, 325–6metamorphosis of, 326–7polymorphism of, 326–7through sacrifice, 328

in Homeric religion, 325

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epithets, 120–2definition of, 120distinctive, 121generic, 121in Homeric Hymns, 152in Homeric poetry, 25–6in Iliad, 121immanence of, 122Lord on, 120–1in Margites, 171Nagy on, 121–2in narrative poems, 104in noun-epithet formula, 71–2in Odyssey, 121ornamental, 120–1Parry, M., on, 99, 120–1particularized, 120–1for singers, 122

Eratosthenes, 274–5Eretria, 239–41

Sanctuary of Apollo and Artemis in, 241–2Erni, Hans, 527eukhomai (to pray), 372–3. See also prayersEuripides, 182, 206, 386, 422

Homer as influence on, 422–3Eustathios of Thessaloniki, 447, 455–6Evans, Arthur, 304Evans, John, 382exegetical scholia maiora, 156–7expressive language, in speech acts, 203–4

Fabricius, J. A., 508Fall of Troy, 322–4fame. See kleosfamily, 329–31. See also home

in Iliad, 329–30for Odysseus, 182in Odyssey, 330–1treatment of household slaves, 331

patriarchal structure of, 329in Theogony, 329violent conflicts within, 329

Fanon, Frantz, 532Farr, David, 533Fauriel, Claude, 482feasting and drinking, 332–5. See also heroic feasts

in communities, 237–8in Iliad, 334–5symposium principles, 335

Fénelon, 479–80Ferreri, Luigi, 505, 507Filelfo, Francesco, 478films, Homer in, 536–40Filostrato (Boccacio), 441

Finley, Moses, 263Fitzgerald, Robert, 527Foley, John Miles, 9, 122, 124on immanence, 165

force, Weil on, 607formal laments, 170formula, 123–5contemporary approaches to, 124definition of, 123Homeric question and, 123Lord on, 123–4Parry, M., on, 123–4repetition as part of, 123for ring composition, 199for speech acts, 203–4type-scenes and, 213

Frame, Douglas, 13, 84Fredegar, 436Fry, Christopher, 520Funeral Games, 296–7funerals, 46–7in burial practices, 309

Galen, 114Garašanin, Ilya, 474Gazes, Theodore, 478Gemistos-Plethon, Georgios, 468gendered reception of Homer,

523–5

generic epithets, 121genos (kinship group), 196–7geography, Homeric, 223, 267–8anatopisms, 272of Apologos, 275Catalogue of Ships and, 223, 268–70, 277as cognitive map, 269

of Ithake, 271–4cave artifacts, 272identification of landmarks, 271–2

for Lefkandi, 352for Odysseus adventures, 274–5of Pylos, 271–4identification of landmarks, 272–3places of assembly in, 273–4

scholarship on, decline of, 268space and, 268, 275toponyms and, 276of Troy, 270–1

Georgiadis-Lefkias, Anastasios, 481Gesner, Conrad, 493Giraudoux, Jean, 520, 526–7Gladwell, Malcolm, 21Glück, Louise, 182, 524gods and goddesses, 126–8

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afterlife influenced by relationships with, 291–2athletic competition influenced by, 297heroes as, 251in Homeric Hymns, 126, 152immortality of, 249–50Indo-European myth and, 137–8man’s relationship with, 127

in mortal narratives, 128motivations and passions of, 250Odysseus and, 180offerings as dedication to, 367–8partisanship of, 250–1religion and, 127religious festivals and, 378role in human fate, 127–8on shield of Achilles, 249–50as status conscious, 250–1in Theogony, 126theomachos, 251Troy and, 210–11Zeus, 251–3

góos, 169. See also lamentsGrafton, Anthony, 505, 510Graham, Jorie, 524–5Grave Circle A, at Mycenae, 358–9Grave Circle B, at Mycenae, 359graves. See warrior gravesGreat Panathenaia. See Panathenaia festivalGreek alphabet, 140–1historicity of, 257introduction of, 257Kunstsprache, 141preservation of, 140–1scriptio continua, 141West Semitic alphabet and, 140

Greek Dark Age, 278Greek Dioskouroi, 136–7Greek Enlightenment, 473–5Greek epic tradition. See epic traditionsGreek Iron Agemateriality during, 280–2objects during, 284

Gregory of Nazianus, 446, 454, 467–8, 470Grenfell, Julian, 520grief. See akhosGrosseteste, Robert, 436Grote, George, 258

Hades, 289–91the dead in, 290–1images in, 290souls in, 290–1

Hainsworth, J. B., 124Hall, Arthur, 598

Hall, Edith, 517Haslam, M., 451Hawara Homer, 113Heaney, Seamus, 520Heinsius, Daniel, 507Helen in Egypt (Doolittle), 524Helen of Troy, 405–7. See also womenHeliodorus, 433Hellenistic Age, Homer and, 427–30in Athens, 428–30in Pergamon, 428–30in Ptolemaic Alexandria, 427–8in Rome, 428–30Stoic influences, 429temple dedications to, 427

Helms, Mary, 284Heraclitus, 157–8, 420hero cults, 221, 254archaeology of, 336–8Agamemnoneion, 337burial shrines, 337

conceptualization of, 336–7during Iron Age, 337

hero songs, 37–9audience for, 38choral elements of, 41–2distancing techniques in, 43–4distantiation in, 38Linos-song, 42–3at Panathenaia festival, 38rhapsodes and, 38–9singers ofconscious stylization by, 40localized nature of, 38–9performance of, 37–8relationship with king, 39

Herodia, 156–8Herodotus, 42, 52, 126on communities, 230on historical record of Trojan War, 258Homer as influence on, 423

heroes, as gods, 251heroic feasts, 332–3entertainment as part of, 333mythoi as part of, 334recurring features of, 333religious ceremonies at, 333women at, 333

heroismof Achilles, 99–102of Odysseus, 181poetics blended with, 184–5

Herren, Michael, 436Hesiod, 38, 50, 59–60, 234. See also Theogony

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Hesiod (cont.)Homer and, 129–32authorship questions, 129in Certamen, 132Panhellenism and, 130–1persona for, 131rhapsodes and, 129–30

Homeric Hymns and, 152on Panhellenism, 191as rhapsode, 197–8on slavery, 387–9

Hesiodic poetry, 13didactic hexameter composition in, 38in Greek epic tradition, 50, 52authority of, 52referentiality to Homeric poetry, 52Theogony, 50–2Works and Days, 50–2

Panhellenism in, 191–2Theban War in, 50Theogony, 33, 43in Epic Cycle tradition, 50, 55

Trojan War in, 50Works and Days, 50

hexameter compositiondactylic, 3, 5didactic, 38in Hesiodic poetry, 38in Homeric poetry, 26–8

Hill, Bert Hodge, 303Hipparchus, 188–9, 194–5Hipponax, 46, 171Hisarlik, as Trojan War site, 392–4historical perspective

diachronic compared to, 83multitextuality in, 91

historicity, of Homer, 266. See also the pastfor Catalogue of Ships, 259–60Greek alphabet and, as proof of, 257of Homeric Society, 263–5of Mycenae, 258–9of narratives, 258–60the past and, 265–6of Siege Rhyton, 259of Trojan Horse, 258

History of the Armenians (Khorenats’i), 466–7History of the Art of Antiquity (Winckelmann),

515–16

Hittites, literary evidence of, 339–40Indictment of Madduwatta, 339–40during Late Bronze Age, 340Milawata Letter, 340myths influenced by, 66Tawagalawa Letter, 340

The Hobbit (Tolkien), 263Hoja, Nasreddin, 411home, as concept, 133–4. See also homesin Iliad, 134as multilayered concept, 133in Odyssey, as central theme, 134oikos and, 133as political metaphor, 133

homecoming, as hero’s goal, 183–4Homer. See also Antiquity; specific topicsapotheosis of, 427Aristotle influenced by, 426, 573–4in Athens, 575–6body in, 142–3, 142–4Aristarchus on, 143

Chaucer and, 580–1critical reception of, 81–3external evidence of, 82internal evidence of, 82in oral traditions, 81–3

Dante and, 582–3diachronic perspective on, 83–7definition of, 83evolutionary compared to, 83historical compared to, 83models in, 83multitextuality in, 91

in films, 536–40gendered reception of, 523–5Hesiod and, 129–32authorship by, 129, 131in Certamen, 132Panhellenism and, 130–1persona for, 131rhapsodes and, 129–30

historical context of, 81historical perspectivediachronic compared to, 83multitextuality in, 91

mind in, 143–4, 142–4mental processes as monologues, 143–4psychē, 144scope of phenomenon, 143

in modern Greece, 528–31in new media, 541–3in oral traditionsin critical reception of, 81–3recomposition-in-performance, 81–2transmission of, 82

Panathenaia festival and, 85, 89on Panhellenism, 191Panionic, 84–5, 89Peisistratos and, 86–8personhood in, 263–5

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Plato influenced by, 425–6, 455, 593–5Platonic critique of, 455as rhapsode, 197–8on slavery, 387–9synchronic perspective on, 83

multitextuality in, 91textualization of, 88–9. See also Homeric texts

diffusion and, 89as metaphor, 88parameters of, 88

transcripts, 85–7Vergil influenced by, 430, 603–5war and, since 1900, 519–22

American responses to, 521contemporary responses to, 521–2military veterans and, 522poetry influenced by, 520

Homer, works of. See also Iliad; Odysseyancient editions of, 92–5, 112–15

in ancient libraries, 92city editions, 112common editions, 112critical editions, 113Hawara Homer, 113individual, 112

Battle of Frogs and Mice, 84Cyclopeia, 68Homeric Hymn to Apollo, 4, 43–4, 82Life of Homer, 82, 84Mnesterophonia, 68oral traditions in

in critical reception of, 81–3recomposition-in-performance, 81–2transmission of, 82

post-colonial receptions of, 532–5A Homer Commentary in Progress, 94Homer Multitext project, 91scholia maiora and, 158

Homeric Hymnsduring Byzantine period, reception of, 449–50dialects in, 152epic traditions in, 152epithets in, 152etiology in, 153etymology in, 153formula for, 152gods and goddesses in, 126, 152Hesiod and, 152humor in, 153Hymn to Aphrodite, 153Hymn to Apollo, 4, 43–4, 82, 153, 420–1Hymn to Demeter, 63, 153Hymn to Hermes, 153Hymn to Pan, 153

length of, 152–3Panhellenism in, 152type-scene in, 152

Homeric poetry. See also specific worksin Aeolic dialect, 3anachronism in, 37in Arcado-Cypriot dialect, 3Catalogue of Ships as, 269–70catalogues in, 108–9Classical Period and, 36complex systems in, 22–9epithets in, 25–6hexameter composition in, 26–8Kunstsprache in, 23as language-generating, 23vocabulary and syntax in, 23

dactylic hexameter, 3, 5dating of, 36definition of, 3distantiation in, 40–1, 43embedded allusions in, 44in Epic Cycle traditions, 5–6in Greek epic tradition, 52authority of, 52referentiality to Hesiodic poetry, 52

Hesiodic poetry compared to, 13, 52hybridization in, 37imagination in, 40–1Indo-European myth as influence on,

136

intertextuality in, 47kleos in, 167–8as subgenre in, 167–8

laments in, 46–7material culture in, 278micropoetics, 37multiformity of, 89–90, 94–5narrative forms in, 177Panhellenism in, 191–2paraliterary genres of speaking, 37, 46muthos (story), 46

Pisistratus and, 194–5praise in, 40Sanskrit poetry as influence on, 5song traditions in, 47–8teleological approach to, 36–7type-scenes in, 213uniformity in, 89–90

Homeric Problems (Heraclitus), 157Homeric question, 72, 123, 585–9Homeric Questions (Porphyry), 157–8Homeric religionconceptualization of, 245epiphany in, 325

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Homeric scholarship. See also Lord,Albert; Nagy, Gregory; Parry,Milman

Analysts approach to, 544, 586–7in Byzantine period, 456on geography, decline of, 268in oral tradition, 545–6origins of, 544–5in twenty-first century, 544–6Unitarian approach to, 544, 588

Homeric Society, 263–5Homeric texts, 87–9

Aristotle and, 87as artifact of writing, 88crystallization of, 88Homer Multitext project, 91scholia maiora and, 158

khariesterai, 92–4Koine and, 92–3making of poetry in, 87multitextuality in, 90–1combination of perspectiveson, 91

Urtext compared to, 91Peisistratos and, 87–8Plato and, 87scripts and, 87scripture and, 87similes in, 202transcripts and, 87weapons and armor in, 404

Homēridai, 13, 196–8diachronic perspective on, 197–8during Early to Middle Archaic

Era, 420as genos, 196–7legitimacy of, 196–7Panhellenism and, 198performance practices of, 197–8rhapsodes and, 197–8Hesiod as, 197–8Homer as, 197–8

Homeromanteion, 453–4homes

functions of, 348–50on Lefkandi, 347size of, 346–50structure of, 349–50types of, 348

Horkheimer, Max, 182hospitality (xenia), 159–60

as heroic value, 159in Iliad, 159in Odyssey, 159–60

household organization, 346–51. See also oikoshomesfunctions of, 348–50on Lefkandi, 347size of, 346–50structure of, 349–50types of, 348

during Late Bronze Age, 346women’s role in, 350

human sacrifices, 311humorAristotle on, 149, 151in Homeric Hymns, 153in Iliad, 149–50in Odyssey, 150–1parody and, Battle of Frogs and Mice, 106Pseudo-Longinus on, 151

hybridization, in Homeric poetry, 37Hymn to Demeter, 63hymns. See Homeric Hymnshymns of praise, 247

identitythrough boar’s tusk helmets, 305–6for Odysseus, 180in Odyssey, 180suppression of, 183

Iliad (Homer). See also Achilles; Catalogue ofShips; complex systems; language; myth;Odysseus; Troy; specific topics

anax in, 301athletic competition in, 296–7historical context for, 298–9

basileus in, 301–2communities in, 228–31conflict in, 161cultural influence of, 411–13diachronic perspective on, 5–6diachronic skewing in, 40dreams in, 110–11ekphrasis in, 164Epic Cycle traditions in, 5–6Epic of Gilgamesh and, 64epic performance in, 10–20academic assessment of, 14composition of, 14–16dialects in, 20reception of, 16–19in religious festivals, 13. See also Panathenaia

festivaltransmission of, 19–20

epic songs in, 10–12emotional reactions to, 12by professional singers, 10–11

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repertoire of, 11–12rhapsodes, 13Trojan War as subject of, 12, 18–19vocabulary and syntax of, 11–12, 19

epic tradition in, 49. See also epic traditionsepithets in, 121family in, 329–30feasting and drinking in, 334–5formulaic language in, 4funerals in, 46–7home in, 134hospitality in, 159humor in, 149–50laments in, 46–7literary influence of, 411–13

in comparative literature, 412marriage in, 329–30mēnis theme in, 33–4monologues in, as mental processes, 143–4under Monro’s Law, 50–1passage of time in, 162–3performance traditions in, 3, 5Pisistratus’ preservation of, 193poetic rivalry with Odyssey, 67poetics of interaction in, with Odyssey, 34as poetry of the past, 265–6professional rhpasodes, 6ring composition in, 199–200

by book, 199–200Sanskrit influences on, 5scholia maiora in, 157–8similes in, 164, 201single songs in, 33–5song traditions in, 3Weil and, 606–8whole songs in, 33–5women in, 109, 406–7

Ilias Latina, 438–40Ilias Parva, 53, 55–8Trojan War in, 54

Iliou Persis (“Destruction of Ilium”), 54–9, 119Illuyankas, 67images. See also post-classical European artin artifacts, 556on coins, 550in Early Classical Era, 552in Hades, 290in portraits, 549–51, 553reception of Homer through, in early modern

Europe, 512–16Apotheosis of Homer, 513–14

in statuary, 550–2, 554–6imagination, in Homeric poetry, 40–1immanence, 165–6

allusion as distinct from, 166of epithets, 122Foley on, 165Lord on, 165through prosodic repetition, 166traditional referentiality and, 165

immortality, of gods, 249–50incipient aristocracyeconomic advantages of, 233–4as governing elite, 235in communities, 232–4

Index of Famous Authors, 578Indictment of Madduwatta, 339–40Indo-European mythgods and goddesses, 137–8Greek Dioskouroi, 136–7Homeric poetry influenced by, 136kleos and, 168legal ideas in, 138Mahabharata, 66–7, 136, 138on myth, 66–7, 135–8PIE, 67–8, 135Ramayana, 66–7, 136reconstruction of, 135–6Rig Veda, 137ritual structures in, 138Ruler’s Truth and, 138sacral kingship in, 138

intermusicality, 18intertextuality, in Homeric poetry, 47Ion (Plato), 13, 197Ionic dialect, 71, 74Aeolic dialect to, linguistic switch from, 74–6Attic-Ionic, 146Ionic-Attic, 146

Ionic-Attic dialect, 146Iphigenia at Aulis (Euripides), 182IrelandRuler’s Truth and, 138sean-nós singing tradition in, 17

Irish song traditions, 17Iron AgeEarlyartifacts of, 261burial practices during, 309–11destruction of cities during, 324

Greekmateriality during, 280–2objects during, 284

hero cults during, 337weapons and armor from, 403

Is_hāq, H unayn b., 459

Islam. See classical IslamIsocrates, 14

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Italos, John, 455Ithaka (community), 229–30, 232Ithake (island), 271–4

cave artifacts, 272identification of landmarks, 271–2

Ivan Alexander (Tsar), 466

Jakobson, Roman, 23Janko, Richard, 545Joyce, James, 182, 526–7judgmental language, in speech acts, 203–4

Kalila wa-Dimna, 460Karavelov, Lyuben, 474Karolidis, Pavlos, 486Kepler, Johannes, 456–7khariesterai (more refined manuscripts), 92–4al-Kha

_tīb, Abū Abdallah, 461–2, 477

Khorenats’i, Moses, 466–7Kingsley, Patrick, 533kinship group. See genosKircher, Athanasius, 513–14kleos (fame and reputation), 167–8

in Homeric poetry, 167–8as subgenre in, 167–8

in Indo-European languages, 168modification of, 168specificity of, 167

Klytemnestra, 407. See also womenKoine (base text), 92–3Kolokotronis, Theodore, 479Komnena, Anna, 476Komnenos, Manuel, 471Konchalovsky, Andrei, 526Korais, Adamantios, 477–8Korfmann, Manfred, 259, 393Kostić, Laza, 485kuklos poetry, 118. See also Epic Cycle traditionsKunstsprache (art language), 23

Greek alphabet and, 141in Homeric epics, 70–3, 79archaic features, coexistence of, 71–2artificial, 79artificial language forms, 72dialect mixture, 71meter and, influence of, 72–3

Küster, Ludolf, 509–10de Kuyper, Eric, 526Kypria, 53, 119. See also Epic Cycle traditions

under Monro’s law, 56–7Trojan War in, 53–4

laments, 46–7, 169–70antiphonal component of, 169–70

during burial practices, 308definition of, 169formal, 170góos, 169in mourning, 169–70similes in, 202speech acts and, 204structural qualities of, 170thrēnos, 169

language, in Homeric epicsAchaean dialect, 71Aeolic dialect, 71, 74Ionic dialect from, linguistic switch to, 74–6

bilingualism and, 75classical Greek syntax, 79declension of formulas, 72–3diction and, 75Homeric question in, 72Ionic dialect, 71, 74Aeolic dialect to, linguistic switch from,

74–6

Kuntsprache in, 70–3, 79archaic features, coexistence of, 71–2artificial, 79artificial language forms, 72dialect mixture, 71meter, influence of, 72–3

in Margites, 172Mycenaean dialect, 71in narrative poems, 70noun-epithet formula, 71–2in oral traditions, 73–4ordinary, 74–6Parry, M., on, 73–4poetic, 70, 74–6semantic archaism and, 76–8demonstrative pronouns, 76–7Indo-European influences, 77–8pronunciation and, 76verb morphology, 77

in speech acts, 203–4stylization of speech, 78–9

Laskaratos, Andreas, 482Late Antiquity. See Byzantine periodLate Archaic Era, Homer and, 420–2loss of extant works, 421

Late Bronze Ageartifacts from, 261–2Hittites during, literary evidence of, 340household organization during, 346materiality during, 281Trojan artifacts during, 393

Late Byzantine period, reception of Homerduring, 446–7

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Latin West, Homer as literary influence in. Seealso Middle Ages; specific authors

Dares the Phrygian and, 439–41Dictys the Cretan and, 439–41Ilias Latina, 438–40in libraries, 441–3through literary translations, 442–3textual auctoritas, 437–8

Lazenby, John, 268Leaf, Walter, 267–8Lefkandi, 282–3, 352–6artifacts at, 354–6burial practices at, 310–11, 352–5geographic location of, 352homes on, 347structures at, 353–4warrior graves at, 283, 400

Leitch, Donovan, 21lengthening law, in complex systems, 25Leo the Mathematician, 459–61Lesches of Mytilene, 58Lessing, G. E., 506Letters of the Brethren Purity, 460libraries, ancient, Homer as literary influence in,

441–3

Library at Alexandria, 92Library at Pergamon, 92licenses. See metrical licensesLife of Homer (Vitae), 82, 84, 578–9during Renaissance Europe, 493–4

life-force. See psychēLinos-song, 42–3literary dialects, 145–6literary theory, ekphrasis in, 116Little Iliad, 119. See also Epic Cycle traditionsLog-Book (Seferis), 530Long, A. A., 143long syllables, 173, 175Lord, Albert, 4, 6, 80–1, 565–9. See also epic

performanceon complex systems, 22–9

songs as, 24themes, 24

on composition of performance, 14–16formula level in, 15multiformity in, 15type-scene level in, 15

Epic Singers and Oral Tradition, 565, 568–9on epithets, 120–1on formula, 123–4on immanence, 165on performance traditions, 9–10

academic assessment of, 14The Singer of Tales, 14, 80–1, 121, 565–9

The Singers Resumes the Tale, 565on type-scenes, 213

The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), 263Loukanes, Nikolaos, 476–7Lugones, Leopoldo, 519Lütfullah, Ahmet, 477Lycurgus, 14, 187Lydgate, John, 598

Maestlin, Michael, 456–7Mahabharata, 66–7, 136, 138Malouf, David, 517–18, 534–5Manasses, Constantine, 466, 471manuscriptsduring Byzantine period, 449–50preservation patterns of, 450–1

khariesterai, 92–4scholia in, 155–8. See also Homer Multitext

project; scholia maioradefinition of, 155mythographical questions in, 155–6scholia minora, 155–6

Margites, 171–2Aristotle on, 171–2disputed authorship of, 171epithets in, 171in evolution of poetry, 172extant fragments of, 172language and sex in, 172meter in, 171

marriage, 329–31in Iliad, 329–30in Odyssey, 330–1patriarchal structure of, 329

Marsuppini, Carolus Aretinus, 490–1Martelaos, Antonios, 479Martin, Richard, 62, 202Mask of Agamemnon, 381–2material culture, 260–5. See also artifactsdating of Homeric works through,

262–3

distributed cognition and, 279in Homeric poems, 278materiality as distinct from, 278–9

materiality, 223, 278–85as archaeological concept, 278artifacts and, 279–80during Early Bronze Age, 280–2ekphrases and, 279–80in Greek Dark Age, 278during Greek Iron Age, 280–2during Late Bronze Age, 281material culture as distinct from, 278–9sensoriality and, 280

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Međedović, Avdo, 568Meillet, Antoine, 22, 544–5Meliteniotes, Theodore, 456Memorial: An Excavation of the Iliad

(Oswald), 518mēnis (anger) theme

for Achilles, 100–2in Iliad, 33–4

Mesopotamiadestruction of cities in, 322–3narrative poems in, 104

metaphorhome as, for politics, 133text as, 80–1

metapoetic effects, 62meter, 173–5

digamma and, 174epenthesis and, 175in Homeric epics, 72–3in Margites, 171syllabic structure of, 173long syllables, 173, 175short syllables, 173, 175

metrical licenses, 25Metrodorus of Lampsacus, 570Meun, Jean de, 436micropoetics, 37Middle Ages, Homer and, 435–43

Augustine, 435Greek literacy during, 435–6Western literary tradition and, 436. See also

specific authorsAeneid as literary influence, 436–8

Middle Byzantine period, reception of Homerduring, 446–7

Middle to Late Classical Era, Homer and, 424–7Peripatetics during, 426–7second-generation sophists, 424–5specialized criticism during, 426–7

Milawata Letter, 340mimesis, 595mind, in Homer, 143–4, 142–4

mental processes as monologues, 143–4psychē, 144scope of phenomenon, 143

Mnesterophonia (Homer), 68monologues, mental processes as, 143–4Monro, D. B., 50–1Monro’s Law

Greek epic tradition and, 50–1Kypria under, 56–7

Monson, Ingrid, 18Montgomery, James, 464–5Moralia (Plutarch), 596

more refined manuscripts. See khariesteraiMorhof, Daniel, 508Morris, Ian, 264Morris, Sarah P., 324Moschos, Demetrios, 481Most, Glenn, 505mourning, laments as part of, 169–70Mouseion (Alkidamas), 132Muellner, Leonard, 124multiformity, in oral traditionsin composition of performance, 15of Homeric poetry, 89–90, 94–5Lord on, 90multitextuality and, 90–1

multitextualityin Homeric texts, 90–1combination of perspectives on, 91Urtext compared to, 91

in synchronic perspective, 91Mūsā Tārsūsī, Abū Tāher Mo

_hammad b. Hasan

b. ʿAlī b., 464muthos (story), 46Mycenae, 357–60Argolid site, 359Grave Circle A, 358–9Grave Circle B, 359history of, 258–9palaces, 300, 304, 357–8as excavation site, 5. See also Pylos

religious festivals at, 379warrior graves at, 399

Mycenae (Schliemann), 382Mycenaean dialect, 71Mycenaean period, 268, 300–2. See also anax;

basileusburial practices during, 309–11spearheads from, 402weapons and armor from, 402

myth, in Homeric epics. See also Indo-Europeanmyth

of Bellerophon, 65Burkert on, 62combat, 67–8in Cyclopeia, 68in Mnesterophonia, 68

definition of, 62Edmunds on, 62in Epic of Gilgamesh, 64–5in Greek epic traditions, 63historical sources, 63–4Hittite influences, 66through internal characters, 63metapoetic effects, 62Nagy on, 62

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Near Eastern influences on, 64–6, 68–9in Odyssey, 67–8

in Cyclopeia, 68in Mnesterophonia, 68

PIE formula, 67–8Sanskrit influences, 66

mythoi (verbal performances), 334mythological narratives, 86

Nagler, Michael, 124Nagy, Gregory, 31, 545on diachronic skewing, in Iliad, 40on epithets, 121–2myth on, 62on poetics of interaction, 34

narrative forms, 176–8of ancient Greece, 63in Battle of Frogs and Mice, 106–7in complex systems, 31–2contrafactual statements, 177in dreams, 110in Epic Cycle traditions, 60–1gods and goddesses in, 128in Homeric poetry, 177under Monro’s Law, 50–1mythological, 86parallelism, 177ring composition and, 177similes as component of, 202speech acts in, 203–4speeches, 177–8teichoskopia, 317type-scene and, 177

narrative poems, 70in Akkadian region, 104Anat, 104in Anatolia, 104in ANE, 103–5. See also Epic of Gilgamesh

compositional devices in, 104–5dispersion and preservation of, 104epithets in, 104scope of, 103writing materials and, 104

Baal, 104epithets in, 104in Mesopotamia, 104

natural world elements, personification of,369–70

Navarre, Jean de, 600Near Eastern influences, on myth, 64–6, 68–9Nemean 2 (Pindar), 197Nestor’s cup, 222, 260, 361–2Schliemann on, 361–2

New Archaeology, 341

New Companion to Homer, 341new media. See also filmsHomer in, 541–3

Nicanor, 156–8Nonnus, 70nostoi (homecomings), 55, 58–9, 119, 363–4nostos (homecoming), 183–4as subgenre in Homeric poetry, 167–8

noun-epithet formula, 71–2

oaths, as offerings, 368objects. See also artifactsdislocation in space and time, 282–3during Greek Iron Age, 284lineage of, 283–4prestige of, 283–4

O’Brien, Tim, 396Odysseus, 179–82adaptability of, 180athletic competition and, 297–8charisma of, 181in Epic Cycle tradition, 179family of, 182goddesses and, 180in Greek epic tradition, 179heroic nature of, 181identity of, 180literary reputation, 179supplication by, 391in Telegony, 181

Odyssey (Homer). See also complex systems;myth; specific topics

anax in, 301athletic competition in, 297–9basileus in, 301–2communities in, 228–31cultural influence of, 411–13Cyclopeia in, 68, 186diachronic perspective on, 5–6dreams in, 110–11Epic Cycle traditions in, 5–6Epic of Gilgamesh and, 64epic performance in, 10–20academic assessment of, 14composition of, 14–16dialects in, 20reception of, 16–19in religious festivals, 13transmission of, 19–20

epic songs in, 10–12emotional reactions to, 12by professional singers, 10–11repertoire of, 11–12rhapsodes, 13

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Odyssey (Homer). (cont.)Trojan War as subject of, 12, 18–19vocabulary and syntax of, 11–12, 19

in epic tradition, 49. See also epic traditionsepithets in, 121external audiences for, 4family in, 330–1treatment of household slaves, 331

formulaic language in, 4funerals in, 46–7geography of, 274–5heroism blended with poetics in,

184–5

home as central theme in, 134homecoming as goal in, 183–4hospitality in, 159–60humor in, 150–1identity in, 180suppression of, 183

laments in, 46–7literary influence of, 411–13in comparative literature, 412

marriage in, 330–1Mnesterophonia, 68monologues in, as mental processes,

143–4

under Monro’s Law, 50–1myth in, 67–8overview of, 183–6performance traditions in, 3, 5Pisistratus’ preservation of, 193poetic rivalry with Iliad, 67poetics of interaction in, with

Iliad, 34as poetry of the past, 265–6repetition of motifs in, 185ring composition in, 200Sanskrit influences on, 5scholia maiora in, 158similes in, 201single songs in, 33–5song traditions in, 3whole songs in, 33–5women in, 109, 405–7

offerings, 365–8. See also sacrificeanimals as, 365–6Chthonian, 368conceptualization of, 368dedication to gods, 367–8oaths as, 368Olympian, 368in prayers, 373sacrifice as distinct from, 365

O’Hare, Denis, 9

oikos (household)in communities, 133, 228, 231women in, 237–8

dependency relationships with, 234–5Old Babylonian period, 322–3Olympian offerings, 368O’Meally, Robert, 534omens, 246–7Onomacritus, 193–5open syllables. See long syllablesoral performancescatalogues and, 108–9of Greek epic tradition, 51

oral poetry, 80ekphrasis in, 116reception of, 80–1transmission of, 80–1

oral traditionsin Homer worksin critical reception of, 81–3recomposition-in-performance, 81–2transmission of, 82

Homeric scholarship in, 545–6language in Homeric epics, 73–4multiformity inin composition of performance, 15in Homeric poetry, 89–90Lord on, 90

poetics of, 6Orbeliani, Sulkhan-Saba, 468ordinary language, in Homeric epics, 74–6ornamental epithets, 120–1Oropos (community), 242–4excavation sites at, 242–3

Oswald, Alice, 518Ottoman period, reception of Homer during,

473–89. See also specific authorsduring Blue Anatolia movement, 487as educational tool, 477–8, 480Greek Enlightenment, 473–5for nation building, 487poets influenced by, 481–2translations of works, 478–9, 482–9into Arabic, 485–6into Armenian, 486–7into Balkan languages, 483–5into modern Greek, 487–9

Owen, Wilfred, 520

Palace of Nestor, 258–9, 375, 377palaces. See MycenaePalatec’i, Gēorg dpir, 476Palatine Anthology, 469Panathenaia festival, 13, 187–9

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Epic Cycle traditions and, 188epic traditions and, 188hero songs at, 38Hipparchus and, 188–9Homer and, 85, 89Lycurgus and, 187Pericles and, 189Pisistratus and, 187, 193–4

re-organisation of, 195Plutarch and, 189rhapsodic performances at, 187–9

Panhellenic poets, 191Panhellenism, 84–5, 130–1, 190–2Hesiod on, 191in Hesiodic poetry, 191–2historical development of, 190as historical process, 190–1

ancient use of, 190–1Homer on, 191in Homeric Hymns, 152in Homeric poetry, 191–2Homēridai and, 198as interpretive concept, 190rhapsodes and, 198

Panionia festival, 13Panionic Homer, 84–5, 89paraliterary genres of speaking, 37, 46muthos (story), 46

parallelism, 177Parlichev, Grigor, 484Parmenides, 172Parmeniscus, 113parody, Battle of Frogs and Mice, 106Parry, Adam, 73Parry, Milman, 4, 544–5, 590–2. See also epic

performanceon complex systems, 22–9

songs as, 24on theme, 29–33

on composition of performance, 14–16formula level in, 15multiformity in, 15type-scene level in, 15

on epithets, 99, 120–1on formula, 123–4on Homeric epithets, 99on language, in Homeric epics, 73–4on performance traditions, 9–10

academic assessment of, 14particularized epithets, 120–1partisanship, of gods, 250–1passage of time. See timethe pastfor Hesiod, 265

history for Homer, 265–6Iliad and, 265–6Odyssey and, 265–6for Thucydides, 265

Patousas, Ioannes, 475Patroclus. See Funeral GamesPausanius, 207Peace (Aristophanes), 422–3Peisistratos/Peisistratus. See PisistratusPenelope, 405–7. See also womenperformance theory, 16for poetics, 89

performance traditionsacquisition of, 9–10comparative fieldwork on, 9in Iliad, 3, 5Catalogue of Ships, 9

Lord on, 9–10in Odyssey, 3, 5Parry, M., on, 9–10during Period 3, 85

Pergamene School, 195Pergamon, 428–30Pericles, 189Period 1, for Homer, 83–4Period 2, for Homer, 84–5Panhellenic influences on, 84–5Panionic Homer and, 84–5rhapsodes during, 85sub-periods, 84–5

Period 3, for Homer, 86Epic Cycle traditions during, 86mythological narratives during, 86performance traditions during, 85rhapsodes during, 85transcripts during, 85

Period 4, for Homer, 86–7Period 5, for Homer, 87Peripatetics, 426–7Perpinian, Nikolaos, 481–2persona, 131personification, 369–71of celestial phenomena, 369–70definition of, 369of emotions, 370of literary technique, 371of natural world elements, 369–70of physiological states, 370on shield of Achilles, 370of social values, 370

Petersen, Wolfgang, 342, 539–40Phaiakians, 228–9Pherecydes of Athens, 421Philemon, 112

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Philip, Marlene Nourbese, 532–3Philoktetes (Sophocles), 182philos, 30–1Philostratus, 433–4Phoenician Women (Euripides), 422Photios, 53–5physiological states, personification of, 370PIE. See Proto-Indo-EuropeanPierce, Elizabeth, 303Pigres of Halicarnassus, 106Pilatus, Leontius, 442, 581Pindar, 39–40, 99, 197, 420–1

dialect for, 145Ilias Latina and, 438–9

Pisistratus, 86–8, 265, 193–5Epic Cycle traditions and, 193Greek epic traditions and, 193Hipparchus and, 194–5Homeric poetry assembled by, 194–5Panathenaia festival and, 187, 193–4re-organisation of, 195

preservation of Iliad, 193preservation of Odyssey, 193Recension of, 194–5, 193–5rhapsodic recitals and, 193–4

Plato, 13–14, 52, 197, 593Homer as literary influence on, 425–6, 455,

593–5

Platonic critique of, 455Homeric texts and, 87on mimesis, 595on slavery, 387–8

Platonists, 502–3Pliny, 207Plutarch, 189, 596–7Poem of Erra, 104–5poetic language. See also narrative poems

in Homeric epics, 70, 74–6poetics. See also Homeric poetry; meter

in complex systemsof interaction, 34of single songs, 33–5of theme, 29–33of whole songs, 33–5

composition factors of, 89in contests, 13heroism and, 184–5micropoetics, 37of oral tradition, 6performance factors for, 89of text-based cultures, 6

Poetics (Aristotle), 573–4poetry. See also Homeric poetry; meter; narrative

poems

“Boeotian School,” 317evolution of, 172oral, 80ekphrasis in, 116reception of, 80–1transmission of, 80–1

Pogány, Willy, 527Polycrates, 265Polyhistor (Morhof ), 508Polylas, Iakovos, 487–8Pontani, Filippomaria, 158Porphyrogennitus, Isaac, 471Porphyry, 157–8portraits, of Homer, 549–51, 553post-classical European art, 557–61. See also

Apotheosis of HomerHomer with other poets, 557

post-colonial receptions, of Homeric epic, 532–5Powell, Barry, 545praise, in Homeric poetry, 40prayers, 247, 372–4eukhomai, 372–3offerings as part of, 373private piety, 374public sacrifices and, 374

praying. See eukhomaiPritchett, W. Kendrick, 267–8private piety, 374Proclus, 5, 118–19Prodromos, Theodore, 475Proklos of Lycia, 53–6Prolegomena to Homer (Wolf ), 123, 505–6, 510–11prosodic repetition, 166Protestantism, 502Proto-Indo-European (PIE), 67–8, 135Pseudo-Longinus, 151Pseudo-Nonnos, 467–8psychē (life-force), 144Psychountakis, George, 488Ptolemaic Alexandria, 427–8Ptolemy III, 114public sacrifice, 374public will, through assemblies and councils,

293–4

Pylos, 271–4, 375–7Blegen at, 304cultural practices at, 376excavation sites at, 375–6identification of landmarks, 272–3Palace of Nestor, 258–9, 375, 377places of assembly in, 273–4

Qemali, Ismail, 474questions. See Homeric question

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Rabel, Robert, 117Rakovski, Georgi Sava, 474Ramayana, 66–7, 136Ransom (Malouf ), 517–18Rawson, Marion, 304reciprocity, in ritual acts, 247Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye (Caxton), 442,

598

RegistrumMultorum Auctorum (von Trimberg), 439religion, 246. See also Homeric religion; theologygods and goddesses and, 127

religious festivals, 378–80. See also Panathenaiafestival

epic performance at, 13Panionia festival, 13gods’ role in, 378at Mycenae, 379sacrifices at, 378–80

Renaissance Europe, reception of Homer in,448–9, 490–504

books of proverbs influenced by, 500–1early text editions, 490–1Gesner and, 493Greek language versions, 492–3interpretive approaches to, 503–4

allegorical, 504intellectual movements as influence on,503–4

Platonists and, 502–3printing of texts, increases in, 495in Protestant theological framework, 502rhetorical range of, 501scholia, 491–2sententiae influenced by, 500–1Stoics and, 502–3translations of, 495–9

accuracy of, 498–9adaptations compared to, 499–500English, 495–8German, 497Italian, 496–7Spanish, 496

Vitae of Homer, 493–4as work of statecraft, 501

repetitionin formula, 123in Odyssey, of motifs, 185prosodic, 166

Republic (Plato), 593reputation. See kleosThe Return of Ulysses (Hall, E.), 517“Returns.” See nostoiThe Returns (Stesichorus of Himera), 419. See

also Epic Cycle traditions

rhapsodes, 196–8ancient audiences responses to, 511–12diachronic perspective on, 197–8as genos, 196–7Hesiod and, 129–30Homēridai and, 197–8Hesiod, 197–8Homer, 197–8

legitimacy of, 196–7at Panathenaia festival, 187–9Panhellenism and, 198performance practices of, 197–8during Period 2, 85during Period 3, 85Pisistratus and, 193–4professionalin epic performances, 13in epic songs, 13hero songs and, 38–9in Iliad, 6

Rhianus of Crete, 112Rig Veda, 137ring composition, 177, 199–200formula for, 199as framing device, 199in Iliad, 199–200by book, 199–200

in Odyssey, 200ritual acts, 246–8dreams and, 246–7hymns of praise in, 247in Indo-European myth, 138omens and, 246–7prayer in, 247reciprocity as part of, 247sacrifice as part of, 247–8vows in, 247

ritual songs, 44–5Roman de Troie (Sainte-Maure), 441, 471–2Roman Empire, Homer andduring Hellenistic Age, 428–30High Roman Empire, 431–4prose influenced by, 432–3

romanticism, reception of Homer during, 449Rosenberg, Isaac, 520Rousiadis, Georgios, 478–9rulers. See anax; basileusRuler’s Truth, 138Rutherford, Ian, 191

sacral kingship, 138sacrificeanimal, 365–7divine epiphany through, 328

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sacrifice (cont.)human, 311offerings as distinct from, 365prayers and, 374public, 374at religious festivals, 378–80in ritual acts, 247–8

Sainte-Maure, Benoît de, 441, 471–2Sanctuary of Apollo and Artemis, 241–2Sanskrit tradition

during Byzantine period, 472myth influenced by, 66poetry inHomeric poetry influenced by, 5Iliad influenced by, 5Odyssey influenced by, 5

Sargon the Great, 323Sarpedon, 254–5Sasson, Jack, 103Sassoon, Robert, 520Scaliger, Joseph, 507Scaliger, Jules-César, 600Schliemann, Heinrich, 258–9, 270, 303, 341, 382,

381–3. See also archaeologyacademic reevaluation of, 381–2excavations of, 392on Nestor’s cup, 361–2

scholia, 491–2, 155–8. See also scholia maioradefinition of, 155mythographical questions in, 155–6

scholia maiora, 156–8Aristarchus and, 156–8Aristonicus and, 156–8Didymus and, 156–8exegetical, 156–7Herodia and, 156–8Homer Multitext and, 158in Iliad, 157–8Nicanor and, 156–8in Odyssey, 158Viermännerkommentar (VMK), 156–7

scholia minora, 156–8scholia recentiora, 445scholia vetera, 445Schulze, J. H., 507scriptio continua, 141scripts. See also manuscripts

Homeric texts and, 87scripture, Homeric texts and, 87sean-nós singing, in Ireland, 17Seferis, George, 530–1sensoriality, materiality and, 280sententiae, 500–1separation phase, during burial practices, 308

servantsclass relations with, 319slaves as, 236

Seven Against Thebes (Aeschylus),276, 422

Severus bar Shakku, 458Shakespeare, William, 598–9Shanower, Eric, 342Shaw-Stewart, Patrick, 520Sherratt, E. S., 5shield of Achilles, 222–3, 260, 281, 384–6communities on, 238gods and goddesses on, 249–50imitations of, 386limitlessness of, 386literary references to, 386personification on, 370

shield of Herakles, 386short syllables, 173, 175Siege Rhyton, 259similes, 201–2in complex systems, 32–3content and purpose of, 201in Homeric texts, 202in Iliad, 164, 201in laments, 202as narrative form component, 202in Odyssey, 201

Simonides of Ceos, 195, 420Simpson, Richard Hope, 268The Singer of Tales (Lord), 14, 80–1, 121,

565–9

singers (aoidoi)epithets for, 122of hero songsconscious stylization by, 40localized nature of, 38–9performance of, 37–8relationship with king, 39

The Singers Resumes the Tale (Lord),565

single songs, poetics ofin Iliad, 33–5in Odyssey, 33–5

Skarveli, Angeliki, 475Skheria (community), 232Slatkin, Laura, 99slavery, 387–9Plato on, 387–8

slaves, 387–9in agricultural economics, 343–4class relations with, 318in communities, 236as servants, 236

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contempt for, 388–9family treatment of, in Odyssey, 331Solon on, 389

Slavic song traditions, 17Snell, Bruno, 143social media. See new mediasocial thought, 526–7social values, personification of, 370Solon, 389Song of Release, 293song traditions. See also epic songs; hero songs;

oral poetrydiction in, 45direct speech in, 45in Homeric poetry, 47–8in Iliad, 3intermusicality in, 18Irish, 17in Odyssey, 3for rituals, 44–5sean-nós singing, 17single, poetics of

in Iliad, 33–5in Odyssey, 33–5

Slavic, 17wedding, 41for work, 44–5

sophists, 423–4second-generation, 424–5

Sophocles, 182, 324Homer as influence in, 422–3

Sosigenes, 112souls, in Hades, 290–1space, Homeric, geography and, 268, 275speech acts, 62, 373, 203–5audience for, 204–5direct, 203–4expressive language in, 203–4formula for, 203–4judgmental language in, 203–4laments and, 204in narrative forms, 203–4stylized details of, 204

speeches, 177–8Spitzer, Leo, 116Sponde, Jean de, 600–2Stanford, W. B., 530statuary, 550–2, 554–6Stavrides, Constantine, 486Stavrides, Gregorios, 484Stesichorus of Himera, 419Stoics, 429, 502–3, 571Streets, J. W., 520Stubbings, Frank, 267, 341

Sumerian King List (Chronicle of the SingleMonarchy), 322

supplication, 390–1characteristics of, 390–1by Odysseus, 391unpredictability of, 391

Sutton, Dana, 450Svoboda, Stephen J., 526syllabic structure, in poetic meter, 173long syllables, 173, 175short syllables, 173

Symposion (Xenophon), 197synchronic perspective, 83multitextuality in, 91

Synkellos, George, 467syntax and vocabularyof epic songs, 11–12, 19in Homeric poetry, 23

TableTalk (Plutarch), 596Tawagalawa Letter, 340al-Taw

_hīdī, Abū H ayyān, 461–2

teichoskopia (narrative technique), 317Telegony, 45, 55, 59–60. See also Epic Cycle

traditionsOdysseus in, 181

teleological approach, to Homeric poetry, 36–7television. See new mediaTempest, Kate, 182text-based cultures, poetics of, 6texts. See also Homeric textsas artifact, 80–1as metaphor, 80–1

textual auctoritas, 437–8textualization, 88–9. See also Homeric textsdiffusion and, 89as metaphor, 88parameters of, 88

Thallon, Ida, 303Theagenes of Rhegium, 420Theban Warin Epic Cycle traditions, 53, 60in Hesiodic poetry, 50

themes, in complex systemsLord on, 24mēnis, 33–4Parry, M., on, 29–33poetics of, 29–33

Theogony (Hesiod), 33, 43, 60–1, 131in Epic Cycle tradition, 50family in, 329gods and goddesses in, 126

theology, 248–55. See also gods and goddessesPanhellenism and, 249

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theomachos (one who battles a god), 251Theophilos of Edessa, 457Theseus, Nikolaos, 478thrēnos, 169. See also lamentsThucydides, 258, 387–8

the past for, 265on warfare, 396

time, passage of, in Iliad, 162–3Tolkien, J. R. R., 263toponyms, 276

of Catalogue of Ships, 313–14trade, 344–5

with Italian merchants, 345with Phoenician merchants, 344–5

traditional referentiality, 165. See also immanenceTraill, David, 381transcripts, 86–7

Homeric texts and, 87during Period 3, 85

transitional phase, during burial practices, 308–9Triklinios, Demetrios, 448–9Troades (Euripides), 182Troilus and Criseyde (Chaucer), 441Troilus and Criseyde Filostrato (Boccacio), 441Trojan Horse, 206–7

historicity of, 258literary references to, 206

Trojan War, 4Aithiopis in, 54in Epic Cycle traditions, 53–6, 60, 118–19in Aithiopis, 54, 119in Ilias Parva, 54in Iliou Persis, 119in Kypria, 53–4, 119in Little Iliad, 119in Nostoi, 119

in epic songs, 12, 18–19in Greek epic tradition, 49–50Herodotus on, 258in Hesiodic poetry, 50Hisarlik as site of, 392–4historical record of, 258–60in Iliad, 12, 18–19in Ilias Parva, 54in Kypria, 53–4in Odyssey, 12, 18–19

Trojan Women (Euripides), 206Troy (city), 208–12

Apollo and, 211artifacts at, 392–4from Early Bronze Age, 393from Late Bronze Age, 393

communities in, 228, 231–2Demodokos and, 212

destruction of, 322–4geography of, 270–1gods and goddesses and, 210–11in modern films, 342Trojan Horse, 206–7literary references to, 206

women in, 405–6Troy (film), 539–40Troy: Excavations Conducted by the University

of Cincinatti 1932-1938 (Blegen),303

Truschke, Audrey, 472Tsamados, Dimitrios, 479Turnèbe, Adrien, 600Twombly, Cy, 527type-scenes, 213–15assemblies in, 214in Catalogue of Ships, 315catalogues and, 108–9in composition of performance, 15councils in, 214definition of, 213–14formula and, 213in Homeric Hymns, 152in Homeric poetry, 213Lord on, 213narrative forms and, 177

Tzetzes, John, 447–8, 450, 456, 471

Ulysses (Joyce), 526–7uniformity, in Homeric poetry, 89–90Unitarian school, of scholarship, 544, 588Unpublished Ancient Monuments (Winckelmann),

515

Urtext, 91

verbal performances. See mythoiVergil, 52, 88, 206, 436–8Homer as influence on, 430, 603–5

Vico, Giambattista, 506, 586videogames. See new mediaViermännerkommentar (VMK),

156–7

violent conflictclass relations and, 320within families, 329

Virgil. See VergilVitae. See Life of HomerVitalis, Orderic, 436Vladimirescu, Tudor, 474VMK. See Viermännerkommentarvocabulary. See syntax and vocabularyvon Hendy, Andrew, 62von Trimberg, Hugo, 439

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vows, 372–4in ritual acts, 247

Wace, Alan, 267, 303–4, 341Walsh, Enda, 527warfare, 395–8Achilles and, 396–7artifacts, 261by communities, 239Homer and, since 1900, 519–22

American responses to, 521contemporary responses to, 521–2military veterans and, 522war poetry influenced by, 520

mobilization for, class relations during, 320oral folk songs about, 395–6suffering as result of, 398Thucydides on, 396in Western literary references, 397

warrior graves, 261, 283, 310, 399–401of archaeology, 400–1dating of, 399–400definition of, 399at Lefkandi, 400at Mycenae, 399pattern of, 400

Watkins, Calvert, 65weapons and armor, 402–4as artifacts, 260–1from Bronze Age, 403in Homeric texts, 404from Iron Age, 403from Mycenaean period, 402

wedding songs, 41weddings, in communities, 238Weil, Simone, 395, 397, 518, 520–1on force, 607Iliad and, 606–8

Weiss, Michael, 21Wellek, René, 412West, M. L., 64, 545West, Stephanie, 545West Semitic alphabet, 140

Western literary tradition, Homeric influenceson, 436

Aeneid as literary influence, 436–8Wetstein, J. R., 509, 512Whitman, Walt, 182whole songs, poetics of, 33–5William of Moerbeke, 436Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 506, 515–16Wolf, F. A., 123, 505–6, 509–11, 586on Aristarchus, 512on Homer’s ancient audiences, 507–12

women, 405–7. See also gendered reception ofHomer

in agricultural economy, 344at heroic feasts, 333in Homeric catalogues, 109household organization by, 350in Iliad, 109, 406–7in Odyssey, 109, 405–7in oikos, 237–8in Troy, 405–6

Women of Trachis (Sophocles), 324Wood, Robert, 508, 511work songs, 44–5Works and Days (Hesiod), 38, 50, 59–60community in, 234

World of Odysseus (Finley), 263Wyeth, N. C., 527

Xanthopoulos, Nikephoros Kallistos,470

xenia. See hospitalityXenophanes of Colophon, 52, 126, 171,

419–20

Xenophon, 197

Zellman-Rohrer, Michael, 453Zeno, 171Zenodotus of Ephesus, 92, 112–15Zenos, Demetrios, 477Zetzel, James, 505Zeus, 251–3Zwinger, Théodore, 600

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