index [ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com]ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/0321136500/index/clarkindex.pdf ·...

ACC (accept) frame, 77Access, 371Access control, 346, 351–53

SNIA definition, 371Access control lists (ACLs), 169, 371–72Access control mechanism, 372Access fairness, 372Access fairness window, 80Access method, 25, 372Access path, 349–50, 372Access security, 169–70ACS, 372Active, SNIA definition, 372Active-active configuration, 204, 373Active component, 373Active copper, 373Active-passive configuration, 204, 373Adapters

Ethernet, 25, 417FDDI, 424Fibre Channel, 46Gigabit Ethernet, 156host, 434hot swap, 436I /O, 443iSCSI, 186–89, 536, 541–42

device drivers, 188functional diagram, 187TOEs in, 187–88, 189

iSCSI host, 536network, 462SCSI, 490SNIA definition, 373target channel (TCA), 299troubleshooting, 213–14

Adaptive array, 373Address, 373–74Address identifier, 374Addressing, 374

in arbitrated loops, 59, 68–70block, 386cylinder-head-sector, 391, 402DNS, 270explicit, 418in fabric environments, 58–59, 89–90in Fibre Channel, 57–59implicit, 438IP, 151–52network, 25–26NL_Port, 68SCSI, 77, 49124-bit, 58

Address resolution, 374Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), 111,

152, 374Administration host, 374Administrator, 374

division of labor betweenserver/storage and traditionalnetwork, 298

Advanced encryption standard, 375Advanced Intelligent Tape, 375AES, 375Agents, 375

CIM, 236service (SAs), 164, 165user (UAs), 164, 165

Aggregated storage, 346–47Aggregation, 3, 348, 375AH, 375

Index

545

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Clark_index.qxd.ps 2/27/03 2:17 PM Page 545

AIT, 375Algorithmic mapping, 375Alias address identifier, 376Aliases, 26, 376AL_PA. See Arbitrated loop physical

address (AL_PA)AL_PS, 71–72Alternate client restore, 376Alternate path restore, 376Alternative BB_credit, 57Always on, 376American National Standards Institute

(ANSI), 376–77ANSI T10 committee, 16, 285, 314, 377,

508, 524, 530ANSI T11. 2 Methodologies for Jitter

Specification (MJS), 43ANSI T11 committee, 16, 285, 377, 508,

524, 530APIs, 377, 378

HBA (HBA API), 111–12, 322proprietary, 235standardized, 236

Appliance, 377Application I /O request, 377Application read request, 377Application response measurement, 378Applications, infrastructures and,

538–39Application specific integrated circuit

(ASIC), 127, 378, 380Application studies, 15, 257–81

campus storage networks, 272–74disaster recovery, 276–78Internet service providers, 270–72LAN-free and server-free tape backup,

261–65post-production video editing, 257–59prepress operations, 259–61remote tape vaulting, 275–76server clustering, 265–67storage consolidation, 267–69

Application write request, 378ARB(F0) primitive, 74, 80Arbitrated loop(s), 13, 25, 42, 51, 63,

65–87, 378addressing, 59, 68–70arbitration, 78–80Class 1 service in, 54

Class 2 service in, 54Class 3 service in, 54–55daisy chain configuration, 66design considerations, 82–87

bandwidth requirements, 65, 85–86

distance requirements, 86high availability requirements, 87managed or unmanaged

environments, 86–87private and public loop support,

84–85total number of loop devices per

segment, 85types of devices per loop segment,

83–84fabric-supported, 94, 102initialization, 70–76

LIPs, 71–73positional mapping, 75–76temporary loop master, 73–75triggers of, 70

loop port state machine, 77–78media access, 65, 73node loop ports (NL_Ports), 59nonbroadcast nature of, 80–82physical topology, 65–68port login (PLOGI), 76–77tenancies of, 116–17virtual, 94–95

Arbitrated loop hubs, 66–67, 118–24analyzer functionality in, 82architecture, 119–22cascaded, 67–68managed, 123–25redundant configurations, 87star topology for, 118–19unmanaged, 122–23

Arbitrated loop physical address(AL_PA), 68–70, 378

assignment of, 74–75association between SCSI addressing

and, 77fabric-assigned, 92positional mapping of, 75–76SNIA definition, 376

Arbitrating state, 77Arbitration, 379Arbitration protocol, 65

546 Index


Arbitration won state, 77ARB(x) primitive, 79, 80Archive, 379Archiving, 379Area byte, 89ARM, 379ARP. See Address Resolution Protocol

(ARP)Array, 379Array-based virtualization, 248–49Array configuration, 379ASIC technology, 127, 378, 380Association_Header, 380Asymmetric block service, 364–65Asymmetric cryptosystem, 380Asymmetric file service, 368Asymmetric virtualization (out-of-band

virtualization), 469Asynchronous I /O operation, 380Asynchronous I /O request, 380Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM),

20, 23, 380ATA/IDE protocols, 294Atomic operation, 381Attenuation, 381Audit trail, 381Authentication, 170, 352, 381Authentication header, 381–82Authorization, 352, 382Automated cartridge system, 382Automatic backup, 382Automatic failover (switchover), 382Automatic swap, 382Auto-negotiation circuitry, 44Autonomous areas, 135–36, 153Auto swap, 382Availability, 382–83

Backing store, 383Backup, 383. See also Tape backup

automatic, 382block change, 11–12cold, 395disk image, 410–11full, 430hot, 435incremental, 439

cumulative, 402differential, 408

LAN-free, 37, 447offline, 466online, 466raw partition, 481remote, 11–12security via, 201serverless, 37, 494

Backup client, 383Backup image, 383Backup manager, 383Backup policy, 383–84Backup window, 384Bandwidth

allocation of, 172–74in arbitrated loop, 65of arbitrated loops, 65, 85–86management of, 22–23for prepress operations, 259–60SNIA definition, 384for video editing, 258

Basic input/output system (BIOS), 384,386

Baud, 384Bayonet Neil Councilman (BNC), 385,

387BB_buffer, 385BB_credit, 57, 385Beginning running disparity, 385Berkeley RAID levels, 385Best effort (class of service), 385Big endian, 386Bit error rate (BER), 43, 385, 386Bit synchronization, 386Black, 386Blades, 184Blind mating, 386Block addressing, 386Block aggregation, 3Block change backup, 11–12Block layer (SNIA Shared Storage

Model), 345–47, 348–49Blocks, 3, 386

in NAS, 34striping, 4

Block storageaggregation in SAN appliance, 363–67data movement over long distances,

533–34direct-attached, 361–62

Index 547


Block storage (cont.)multi-site, 365–66storage network-attached

with metadata server (“asymmetricblock service”), 364–65

over traditional IP networks, 528Block subsystem, 3Block virtualization, 387Bluefin (Common Information Model

(CIM)), 232, 234–37BNC, 385, 387Boot/booting/bootstrapping, 387Bridge controller, 387Bridge port (B_Port), 59, 383Broadcast, 387Broadcast storms, 150Broadcast transports, 80Browser-based management, 123, 230.

See also Hypertext TransferProtocol (HTTP)

Buffer(s)/buffering, 388double, 412–13end-node, 56infinite, 439port, 176

Buffer-to-buffer credit (BB_Credit), 57,385

Buffer-to-buffer flow control, 388Build fabric link service, 101Bursty data transmission, 86Bus, 28Bypass circuit, 66, 388Bypass mode, 119–20, 213Byte, 388

CA, 388Cable plant, 388Cache, 388–89

coherency, 207controller, 400disk, 410host, 435NVRAM, 465–66write back, 523write through, 523–24

Caching, 346, 350–51Camp on, 54Campus storage network, 272–74Canister, 389

Capacity management, 269Capacity planning utilities, 233Carlson Companies, 8–12, 542Carousel, 389Carrier sense multiple access with

collision detection, 25, 389Cascading, 67–68, 389Catalog, 389–90CD lasers, 106–7Certification, 298Certification authority, 390Changed block, 390Changed block point in time copy, 390Channel, 390Character, 390–91Character cell interface, 391Check data, 391Checkpoint, 391Childs, Sheila, 320Chunk, 391Chunk size, 391CIM/WBEM, 288CIOs, 298Cipher, 392Ciphertext, 392Circuit, 392Cisco SN 5420, 191, 541Cisco SN 5428, 191CKD architecture, 392, 401Clark, Tom, 320, 527Class 1 service, 53–54, 57, 392Class 2 service, 54, 57, 392Class 3 service, 54–55, 57, 392Class 4 service, 55, 56, 392–93Class 6 service, 55–56, 393Class F protocol, 56, 59, 93Classified information, 393Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR),

151Class of service, 393Cleartext, 393Clients, 393

backup, 383management, 236

Client service request, 394Clock, reference, 42–43Clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit,

43, 390, 394Clocking functionality, 25

548 Index


Close primitive (CLS), 51, 81Clustering software, 199–200, 265–67Clusters/clustering, 341, 354–55, 394CMU NASD, 369–70Coaxial cable, 394Code balance, 394Code bit, 394Code byte, 394Code violation, 395Cold backup, 395Cold swap, 395Collision recovery, 142Comdex, 317Comma character, 395Command descriptor block (CDB),

30–31, 160Command line interface (CLI), 393, 395Comma sequence, 49Commoditization, 294–95Common data access, 199Common HBA API, 111–12Common Information Model (CIM)

(Bluefin), 15, 232, 234–37, 285,391, 395

Common Information Model ObjectModel (CIM OM), 236, 322

Common Internet File System (CIFS), 6,251, 391, 395–96

Common Management InformationProtocol (CMIP), 394, 396

Communication circuit, 396Communications security, 396Compaq Computer Corporation, 320Complex array, 396Compliance testing, 314–15Compression, 396

data, 275file, 260

Computer security, 397Computerworld, 321Concatenation, 397Concord Communications, 219Concurrency, 397Concurrent/concurrent copy, 397Concurrent operations, 397Conditioning, 397Conference Committee (SNIA), 321Confidentiality, 398Configuration, 398

Connection, 398Connection allegiance, 162Connection ID (CID), 163Connection initiator, 398Connectionless buffer, 398Connectionless frame, 398Connectionless integrity service, 399Connectionless service, 399Connection-oriented transport protocol,

154Connection recipient, 398Connectors, small form factor (SFF)

fiber-optic, 45–46, 47Console, 399Consolidation, 267–69, 399Content sharing, 356Context switching, 29–30Continuously increasing relative

offset, 399Contributing technologies, 299–300Controller(s), 400

bridge, 387domain, 412embedded, 414external storage, 419file server, 366–67intelligent, 441, 540RAID, 28, 112, 113–14, 239–40

Controller based array/controller baseddisk array, 400

Controller cache, 400Control software, 399Convergence, 154, 289–90, 293Copper media, Fibre Channel on, 44–45,

46Copper ports, 121Copyback, 400Copy on write, 400Count-key-data (CKD) architecture, 392,

401Covert channel, 401Credit, 401Credit-based flow control, 56–57Cross-talk, 121–22Cryptanalysis, 401Cryptosystem, 380, 401CSMA/CD, 401Cumulative incremental backup, 402Current fill word (CFW), 79

Index 549

Clark_index.qxd.ps 2/27/03 2:17 PM 49

Current running disparity, 402Current utilization (load), 99Customer Advisory Council (SNIA),

320–21Customer Executive Council (SNIA), 320Customer replaceable unit (CRU), 401,

402Customers, SAN, 527–28Cut-through switches, 185Cut-through switching, 88, 402Cyclic redundancy check (CRC), 52, 401,

402Cylinder, 402Cylinder-head-sector (C-H-S) addressing,

391, 402

Daemon, 403DAFS (direct access file system) Forum,

323Dark fiber, 133, 534Data access, common, 199Data availability, 403Database management systems, 343, 405Databases, host-based, 344Database server, 344–45Data blocks, striping, 112, 346, 505Data byte, 403Data character, 403Data compression, 275Data duplication, 532Data encoding

in Fibre Channel, 48–50in Gigabit Ethernet, 50, 143

Data encryption, 170, 296Data Encryption Standard (DES), 170,

403, 406, 537Data frame, 403Data generators, 217Datagram, 405Data manager, 404Data mirroring, 203, 204Data model, 404Data packets. See Frame(s) (data packets)Data paths, dual, 200Data reliability, 404Data replication, 203–5Data Replication Manager, 203Data restoration, 487, 540Data sharing, 205–7, 356

Data storage utility, 252Data stripe depth, 404Data striping, 112, 346, 404, 505Data transfer capacity, 404Data transfer-intensive application, 404Data transfer rate, 405Data vs. storage issue, 355Decoding, 405Decryption, 405Dedicated connection, 406Dedicated connection service, 406Degaussing, 406Degraded mode (reduced mode), 406,

483Delimiter, 406Denial of service (DoS), 406, 412Dense Wave Division Multiplexing

(DWDM), 132–34, 272, 534,539, 540

Departmental fabric switches, 128–29Desktop Management Interface (DMI),

406, 411Destination (DA) address, 143–44Destination identifier, 407Destination N_Port, 407Device. See Storage devicesDevice bus/device I /O bus, 407Device channel, 407Device drivers

IP over Fibre Channel, 111iSCSI, 188NIC, 151SCSI-3, 111troubleshooting, 213

Device fanout, 407Device management applications,

224–25Device Memory Export Protocol

(DMEP), 207Device status information, 228D_ID, 403Differential cable propagation delay, 32Differential incremental backup, 408Differential mirror resynchronization

(DMR), 408, 411Differential signaling, 408Differentiated Services (DiffServ), 169,

408Digest, 408

550 Index


Digital Linear Tape, 408, 411Digital signature, 409Direct-attach architecture, 348, 349Direct-attached block storage, 361–62Direct-attached storage (DAS), 3–4,

361–62Director fabric switches, 128, 129–30Directory, 409Directory agent (DA), 164, 165Directory Enabled Network (DEN), 406,

409Directory tree, 409Disaster recovery (DR), 97, 276–78,

539–41Discard policy, 409Disclosure, unauthorized, 514Disconnection, 409Discovery domains (DDs), 166–67, 195Discovery in IP SANs, 164–68

Internet Storage Name Server (iSNS),166–68

Service Locator Protocol (SLP),164–65

Disk array, 410Disk array subsystem, 410Disk block, 410Disk cache, 410Disk drives, 410

Fibre Channel, 76Disk image backup, 410–11Disk information retrieval, automated,

233Disk mirroring. See MirroringDisk scrubbing, 411Disk shadowing. See MirroringDisk striping. See Data stripingDisk subsystem, 411Disparity, 411Distance requirements for open systems

storage, 277Distance-vector protocol, 153Distributed File Access System (DAFS), 35Distributed file systems and file sharing,

205–7Distributed Management Task Force

(DMTF), 235, 285, 411, 412Document type definition (DTD), 412,

413Domain, 412

Domain byte, 89Domain controller, 412Domain Name System (DNS), 412Domain Name System (DNS) addressing,

270Domain Name System (DNS) servers, 164Domain sets, 166Double buffering, 412–13Drive letter, 413Driver, 413. See also Device drivers

I /O, 444DSA, 413Dual active components, 413Dual data paths, 200Duplicate, 413Duplication of data, 532Dynamic host control protocol (DHCP),

407, 413Dynamic mapping, 414

Education Committee (SNIA), 321EE_buffer, 414eHealth-SAN, 2198b/10b encoding, 48–50, 143, 3718b/10b running disparity, 69Electromagnetic interference (EMI),

43, 46Electronic storage element, 414Embedded controller, 414Embedded HTTP, 230Embedded-loop switch technology, 36EMC SRDF, 248Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP),

415, 416Encoding, 415Encoding algorithm, 8b/10b, 48–50, 143,

371Encryption, 415

data, 170, 296end-to-end, 415third-party devices, 537–38

End of frame (EOF) ordered set, 51, 52,69, 415, 416

End-to-end encryption, 415End-to-end flow control (EE_Credit), 57,

414, 415Enterprise management applications, 234Enterprise Network Storage Architecture

(ENSA), 296

Index 551


Enterprise Resource Management(ERM), 415, 416

Enterprise storage management, 233–34,342

Enterprise Systems Connection(ESCON), 416

Entry/exit port, 416E_Port, 59, 127, 414

iFCP and, 159standardization, 99–100stretched, 134, 159

E_Port connections (interswitch links),98

to DWDM infrastructure, 133–34to fabrics, 192troubleshooting, 214

Error correcting code (ECC), 414, 416Error recovery, Fibre Channel, 53ESRM (Enterprise Storage Resource

Management), 416Ethernet, 1, 19, 21–23, 141–49. See also

Gigabit Ethernetaccess method in, 25broadcast storms, 150as broadcast transport, 80collision recovery mechanism, 142cut-through switching, 88evolution of, 293–94fabrics management over, 128Fast, 1, 21frame format, 143–44IP protocol over, 144iSCSI storage development and, 299SNIA definition, 417transmission rates, 21–22virtual LANs in, 147–48

Ethernet adapter, 25, 417European Broadcast Union (EBU), 414,

417Event logs, 123–24Exchange, 52–53, 417Exchange_Identifier (X_ID), 417, 524Exchange status block, 418Exclusive connection, 418Exit port, 418Expansion card/module, 418Expansion module, 418Expansion ports. See E_PortExpansion slot, 418

Explicit addressing, 418Export (verb), 418Extended copy (third-party copy), 83,

194, 202, 203, 264, 510, 511Extended link services, 76, 77EXtensible Markup Language (XML),

236, 419, 524Extent, 419External storage controller, 419External volume serial number (EVSN),

417, 419Eye, 419Eye diagram, 43–44, 419Eye opening, 420

Fabric login (FLOGI), 76, 91–92, 126,420, 429

compliance to, 315Fabric loop ports (FL_Port), 59, 429

access fairness in, 79arbitrated loop devices via, 94

Fabric Name, 420Fabric/node loop port (F/NL_Port), 59Fabrics, 13, 42, 63, 88–102, 420

addressing, 58–59, 89–90ASIC-based, 127cascading, 127distributed, 159E_Port connectivity to, 192extended, 97–102

E_Port standardization, 99–100principal switch selection, 100–102

identifier, 74iFCP gateway to, 157loops and, 94, 102management, 128mesh topology, 90–91performance issues, 127per-port cost, 91private and public loop support, 84,

94–96reconvergence issues, 101–2Simple Name Server (SNS), 91, 92–93,

100State Change Notification (SCN), 91,

93–94switching hubs and, 125troubleshooting, 214–15zoning, 96–97, 100

552 Index


Fabric Shortest Path First (FSPF), 27, 98,99–100, 154

Fabric stability timeout value(F_S_TOV), 101

Fabric switches, 88–89, 126–30departmental, 128–29director, 128, 129–30performance over distance, 133

Failback (switch-back), 420, 506Failover (switch-over), 421, 506

automatic, 382for clustered servers, 199, 200transparent, 512

Failure tolerance, 421Fair access, 79–80Fanout, 421Fast Ethernet, 1, 21Fast mirror resynchronization (FMR),

421, 430Fast SCSI, 421Fault tolerance, 422FC-0 layer, 42, 422FC-1 layer, 42, 422FC-2 layer, 41, 42, 78, 422FC-3 layer, 41, 42, 422FC-4 layer, 41, 42, 77, 422FC-AL-2, 75FCIA, 315, 317, 324FCIP, 134–35, 156, 272–73, 285

data replication and, 205FC-PH, 422FDDI adapter, 424Federal Information Processing Standard

(FIPS), 424, 429Federated Management Architecture

Specification, 424Fermilab, 207Fiber, multimode and single-mode, 45Fiber Channel Protocol for SCSI-3, 77Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI),

423, 424Fibre, 424Fibre Alliance, 314Fibre Channel, 1, 13, 25, 37, 41–139,

285, 424–25access method in, 25address space assumptions, 42analyzers, 81–82arbitrated-loop disk drives, 36

arbitrated-loop hubs, 66–67, 118–24architecture, 119–22cascaded, 67–68managed, 123–25redundant configurations, 87star topology for, 118–19unmanaged, 122–23

architecture, 63autonomous regions, 135–36bit error rate, 43campus SANs based on, 272–73compliance testing, 315convergence issue and, 289data encryption, 296discovery process, 164disk drives, 76, 85distances supported, 272error recovery, 53extension products, 132–36, 273

dense wave division multiplexing(DWDM), 132–34

Fibre Channel WAN bridging,135–36

IP tunneling (Fibre Channel over IP(FCIP)), 134–35, 156, 205,272–73, 285

fabric switches, 88–89, 126–30departmental, 128–29director, 128, 129–30performance over distance, 133

host bus adapters, 85, 108–12infrastructure using, 37internals, 41–62

classes of service, 53–56data encoding, 48–50flow control, 56–57framing protocol, 51–53layers, 41–42name and addressing conventions,

57–591Gbps and 2Gbps transport, 42–44ordered sets, 50–51physical layer options, 44–48

IP over, 111JBODs, 115–18jitter, 43–44long distance data storage and, 534management information bases

(MIBs), 228, 232

Index 553


Fibre Channel (cont.)management protocol, 226multicast service, 55–56network assumptions, 42packet recovery in, 26port standards, 127product interoperability, 105RAID, 112–15routing in, 27SAN topologies. See Arbitrated

loop(s); Fabrics; Point-to-pointtopology

security weakness of, 169standards, 286, 303switching hubs, 124–26switch routing protocols, 285technical and marketing resources, 30410Gbps, 299transceivers, 46–47, 106–8transport topologies, 42unique identifiers in, 26upper-layer protocol in, 27vendors, 308–9virtual circuits, 55

Fibre Channel analyzers, 215–17Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL),

423, 425Fibre Channel Association (FCA), 423,

425Fibre Channel Audio Video (FC-AV),

423, 425Fibre Channel Avionics Environment

(FC-AE), 422, 425Fibre Channel Generic Services

(FC-GS2), 423, 426Fibre Channel Industry Association

(FCIA), 105, 286, 317, 324, 426Fibre Channel Loop Community, 425Fibre Channel Management Integration

MIB, 530Fibre Channel Name, 426Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP), 27, 205,

423, 426bus/target/LUN mapping in, 28information units (IUs), 31

Fibre Channel server, 76–77Fibre Channel Service Protocol (FSP),

426, 430

Fibre Channel Single Byte (FC-SB), 423,426

Fibre Channel Switched (FC-SW), 423,426

Fibre Channel switchesOEM microcode in, 111standards, 530troubleshooting, 214

Fibre Channel Switch Fabric (FC-SW),89

Fibre Channel Systems Initiative (FCSI),423, 427

Fibre Channel-to-SCSI bridges, 131–32Fibre Channel Virtual Interface (FC-VI),

423, 427Fibre Channel WAN bridging, 135–36Fibre Connect (FICON), 427Field replaceable unit (FRU), 129, 427,

430File, 427File-based data, 1File compression, 260Filer, 428File/record layer (SNIA Shared Storage

Model), 343–45, 348–49File/record subsystem, 2File server, 344–45, 428File server controllers, 366–67File service, asymmetric, 368File systems, 343, 344, 428

distributed, 205–7host-based, 344network, 344–45

File systems virtualization, 250–51, 428File virtualization, 428Fill byte/word, 428–29Fill word, 429Finance Committee (SNIA), 321Firmware, 428Fixed block architecture (FBA), 422, 429Flash ROMs, 110–11FLOGI. See Fabric login (FLOGI)Flow control, 25, 146–47

buffer-to-buffer, 388credit-based, 56–57end-to-end (EE_Credit), 57, 414, 415Fibre Channel, 56–57TCP, 155

554 Index


Formatting, 429F_Port, 59, 127, 420

connection to DWDM infrastructure,133–34

local, 450F_Port name, 420Frame activity, capturing for diagnosis,

215–16Frame check sequence (FCS), 144Frame content, 430Frame(s) (data packets), 26, 51–52,

429–30, 469corruption of, 26Ethernet format, 143–44jumbo, 275out-of-order delivery of, 90, 91queuing of, 89routing of, 26–27

Frame error, 172Frame header, 52Frame parsing (frame cracking), 191Frame prioritization, 149Frame Relay, 20, 23Frame routing, 24-bit port addressing, 58Framing, variable-length, 52Framing format, Gigabit Ethernet,

143–44Framing protocol, 51–53Frozen image method (FIM), 424, 430,

431Full backup, 430Full duplex, 25, 430Full volume transfer rate (spiral data

transfer rate), 430, 500Future of SAN, 15–16, 293–301

contributing technologies, 299–300human factors, 298–99integration into mainstream

networking, 293–95ubiquity of shared storage, 296–97virtualization, 297

GBE. See Gigabit EthernetGBIC. See Gigabit interface converters

(GBICs)GByte (GB), 431, 432Generic port (G-Port), 59Geometry, 431–32

Gigabaud link module (GLM), 46, 432Gigabit Ethernet, 1, 21–22, 25, 142–49,

163, 285, 431access method in, 25adapter cards, 156for campus storage networks, 272–74data encoding in, 50, 143flow control, 146–47frame prioritization, 149framing format, 143–44GBIC support of, 108iFCP protocol and, 158physical and data-link layers, 143quality of service mechanisms, 168–69SAN infrastructure using, 37SNIA definition, 432standards, 303–4traffic prioritization, 168transport, 142–49vendors, 311VLAN tagging, 147–48

Gigabit Ethernet switches, 142, 183–86,299

architecture, 184–85capabilities, 183–84link aggregation, 144–4510Gbps interswitch link modules, 185

Gigabit (Gb, Gbit), 431, 432Gigabit interface converters (GBICs),

46–47, 106–8, 121–22, 431, 432

Gigabit media-independent interface(GMII), 142

Gigabit serial transport. See FibreChannel

Gigabit transport, 3Gigabyte System Network, 432, 433GL_Port, 59G_Port, 127, 431Graphical images, 259Graphical user interface, 433Group, 433

Hacker, 433Handshake, OFC, 47–48Hard zone, 433HBA. See Host bus adapters (HBAs)HDS TrueCopy, 248

Index 555


Headers, 26Fibre Channel, 52

Heartbeat protocol, 200, 247Heartbeat status, 266–67Hierarchical storage management

(HSM), 433, 436High availability, 433–34Highground Systems, 532High Performance Parallel Interface

(HiPPI), 41, 434High-speed serial direct connect

(HSSDC), 47, 434, 436Hop, 21Hop count limitations, 127, 130Hop count method of IP routing, 153Host, 434

access control in, 352Host adapter, 434Host based disk array, 434Host-based file systems and databases,

344Host-based storage virtualization,

245–46Host based virtualization, 434Host Bus Adapter API (HBA API), 322

Common, 111–12Host bus adapters (HBAs), 28, 85,

108–12, 435CIM agent support, 236device drivers, 111dual-provisioning, 87FC layers in, 109–10Flash ROMs, 110–11functional diagram, 109loop initialization, 71–72multiported, 10964-bit PCI, 110

Host cache, 435Host computer, 341, 435Host environment, 435Host I /O bus, 434, 435Hot backup, 435Hot file, 436Hot spare (disk), 435, 436Hot standby (component, controller),

436Hot swap, 436Hot swap adapter, 436HP DRM, 248

Hub cascading, 67–68Hub port, 59, 437Hubs, 437

arbitrated loop. See Arbitrated loophubs

switching, 124–26Human factors, 298–99Hunt group, 437HyperText Markup Language (HTML),

436, 437Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP),

227, 229–30, 231, 436, 437

IBM 200i TotalStorage array, 189, 541Idempotency, 437–38IDE protocol, 294IDLE primitive, 51, 69, 79Idle word, 438IEEE, 285IEEE 802.1p/Q frame prioritization, 149IEEE 802.1Q VLAN tagging, 147–48IEEE 802.3ad link aggregation, 144–45IEEE 802.3 committee, 530IEEE 802.3x flow control, 146–47IEEE 802.3z standard, 142IETF, 16, 285, 303, 313, 314, 438, 442,

529, 530iFCP, 272–73, 285

data replication and, 205for Fibre Channel-to-Fibre Channel

extension, 192–93iFCP gateways, 273iFCP protocol, 134Ignored (field), 438Images, graphical, 259Implicit addressing, 438In-band storage network management,

225–27In-band storage virtualization, 243–45In-band transmission, 438Incremental backup, 439

cumulative, 402differential, 408

Incremental mirror resynchronization(IMR), 438, 439

Independent access array, 439Industry associations, 317. See also

SNIAIndustry forums, SNIA, 323–24

556 Index


InfiniBand, 285, 299, 324standards, 304

InfiniBand Trade Association (IBTA),285, 314, 324

Infinite buffer, 439Information category, 439Information model, 439Information system, 440Information technology (IT), 440, 445Information units (IUs), 31, 440Infrastructure, 5–6

applications and, 538–39using Fibre Channel, 37

Infrastructure-based virtualization, 440Inherent cost, 440Initialization, 440

of arbitrated loop, 70–76LIPs, 71–73positional mapping, 75–76temporary loop master, 73–75triggers of, 70

Initial relative offset, 440Initiators, 19, 25, 63, 65, 70, 75, 441

in iSCSI environment, 163multiple, 83–84performance and, 85SCSI, 28, 29–30target discovery, 76, 92transaction launching, 83

Inode, 441Instantiation, 441Intelligence, network, 160Intelligent controllers, 441, 540Intelligent device, 441Intelligent Peripheral Interface (IPI), 441,

445Intercabinet, 441Interconnect, 441Interconnect-based storage virtualization,

246–48, 249Interconnection network, 340–41Interface connector, 441Interfaces to modular systems, 358–59Interference, electromagnetic (EMI), 43, 46Intermix, 55, 442International Standards Organization

(ISO), 442, 445International Telecommunications Union

(ITU) X.509 standard, 170

Internet, 150, 293Internet Control Message Protocol

(ICMP), 437, 442Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF),

16, 285, 303, 313, 314, 438, 442,529, 530

Internet Fibre Channel Protocol (iFCP),27, 156, 157–60, 534

Internet Key Exchange (IKE), 438, 442Internet Protocol. See IPInternet SCSI. See iSCSIInternet service providers (ISPs), 270–72Internet Storage Name Server (iSNS),

166–68Interoperability, 15, 105, 286–88, 539.

See also Standardizationstandards compliance vs., 530–31zone merging and, 128

Interoperability Committee (SNIA),321–22

Interoperability Compliance TestProgram (ICTP), 315

Interrupt, 442Interrupt switch, 443Interswitch links (ISLs), 98

to DWDM infrastructure, 133–34to fabrics, 192troubleshooting, 214

Intracabinet, 443Intracabinet copper, 45Inventory information, 107I /O, 443

multi-path, 460I /O adapter, 443I /O bottleneck, 443I /O bus, 443I /O driver, 444I /O intensity, 444I /O load, 444I /O load balancing, 444I /O load optimization, 444I /O operation, 444I /O request, 444I /O subsystem, 444IP, 25, 442

addressing, 151–52over Ethernet, 144Fibre Channel over, 111, 134–35voice over, 293

Index 557


IP Authentication Header, 170IP network analyzers, 217–18IP networks, standards organizations

governing, 530IP routers, 186IP routing, 27, 152–54, 278IP SAN, 141–81, 183–98, 536, 539

discovery in, 164–68Internet Storage Name Server

(iSNS), 166–68Service Locator Protocol (SLP),

164–65Ethernet, 141–49

collision recovery mechanism, 142Gigabit Ethernet transport,

142–49Gigabit Ethernet switches, 183–86

architecture, 184–85capabilities, 183–8410Gbps interswitch link modules,

185IP routers, 186IP storage gateways, 191–93iSCSI adapter cards, 186–89

device drivers, 188functional diagram, 187TOEs in, 187–88, 189

iSCSI storage devices, 189–90iSCSI-to-SCSI bridges, 193–94iSNS servers, 195management issues and, 288management protocol, 226native IP storage protocols, 156–63

Internet Fibre Channel Protocol(iFCP), 156, 157–60

Internet SCSI (iSCSI), 156, 160–63quality of service for, 168–69security issues, 169–71, 537–38

access, 169–70authentication, 170data encryption, 170

TCP/IP, 141, 149–56address resolution protocol (ARP),

152IP addressing, 151–52IP routing, 152–54TCP session control, 154–56

vendors, 309–10

wide area storage networking, 171–76bandwidth allocation, 172–74data throughput, 174–75latency issues, 172, 175–76

IP Security (IPSec), 170, 186, 445IP storage, 232, 304, 322, 323IP storage gateways, 191–93IP storage protocols, 156–63

native, 156–63Internet Fibre Channel Protocol

(iFCP), 27, 156, 157–60, 534Internet SCSI (iSCSI), 156, 160–63

IP storage switches, 192–93, 536IP tunneling (Fibre Channel over IP

(FCIP)), 111, 134–35IP tunneling gateways, 534iSCSI, 27, 28, 134, 285, 289

campus SANs based on, 273–74discovery in, 164–65enabling migration to, 541–42for Fibre Channel-to-Fibre Channel

extension, 192–93hardware, 188–89identity assignment, 161–62IP-based features, 163in IP SANs, 156, 160–63ISP configuration using, 272logout command, 163network intelligence issue and, 160protocol data unit (PDU), 31protocol proposal, 286protocol stack, 161security issues, 163

IPSec and, 170–71standard, 296

software, 188unique identifiers in, 26write operation, 162

iSCSI adapters, 186–89, 536, 541–42device drivers, 188functional diagram, 187TOEs in, 187–88, 189

iSCSI network analyzers, 217–18iSCSI standards initiative, 531iSCSI storage devices, 189–90, 299, 542iSCSI-to-Fibre Channel storage switch,

191–92iSCSI-to-SCSI bridges, 193–94, 536

558 Index


iSNS protocol, 296iSNS servers, 195Issues, 283–91

convergence, 289–90interoperability, 286–88management, 288–89standardization, 283–86storage network, 231–32

ITA, 324

Java, 445JBODs (just a bunch of disks), 65, 67,

85, 102, 115–18, 233, 445enclosures, 117iSCSI, 190software RAID with, 116–17

Jini, 445Jiro, 445–46Jitter, 43–44, 446Jitter budget, 43Jones, Arnold, 319

K28.5 command character, 49–50, 446Key, 446

encryption, 170Key exchange, 446Keying material, 447Key management, 446Key pair, 447Kilobyte (KB; KByte), 446, 447

Label, 447LAN-free backup, 37, 447Large I /O request (large read request;

large write request), 447–48Laser(s)

CD, 106–7long wavelength (LWL), 451, 452non-OFC, 464troubleshooting, 212–13vertical cavity surface emitting

(VCSELs), 107, 516, 517Latency, 448

link, 172speed-of-light, 172, 175, 277, 534video editing and, 259wide area storage networking and,

172, 175–76

Latent fault, 448Layer 2 networks, 149–50Legacy devices, 131–32

SCSI disk arrays, 193Library, 448Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 120–21,

448Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

(LDAP), 448, 449Link, 449Link aggregation (trunking), 144–45Link control frame, 449Link latency, 172Link layer LANs, 534Link-state protocol, 99, 153Lit fiber, 133Load balancing, 449Load (current utilization), 99Load optimization, 449Load sharing, 199, 450Load sharing trunking, 127Local area network emulation (LANE),

447, 450Local area networks (LANs), 6, 21, 447,

450link layer, 534management information base (MIB)

for, 228protocol analyzers, 217

Local F_Port, 450Logical block, 450Logical block address (LBA), 448, 450Logical disk, 451Logical Disk Manager (LDM), 448, 451Logical sharing, 356Logical storage resource, 342Logical Unit Numbers (LUNs), 28,

205–6, 346, 451, 452troubleshooting, 214–15

Logical units (LUs), 345, 356, 451Logical volume, 451Logical volume management (LVM), 4,

245Login

fabric (FLOGI), 76, 91–92, 126, 420,429

compliance to, 315iSCSI, 161–62

Index 559


Login (cont.)N_Port (PLOGI), 63, 76–77, 92–93,

473, 475Login server, 451Long Wavelength Laser (LWL), 451, 452Loopback, 452Loop identifier, 68, 95Loop initialization, 452

in switching hubs, 125Loop initialization fabric address (LIFA),

74Loop initialization hard address (LIHA),

75Loop initialization loop position (LILP),

75–76Loop initialization previous address

(LIPA), 74Loop initialization primitives (LIPs), 51,

71–73, 449, 452Loop initialization report position

(LIRP), 75Loop initialization select master (LISM),

74, 449, 452Loop initialization soft address (LISA),

75Loop master, 73–74Loop port state machine (LPSM) circuit,

77–78, 110, 452Loops

redundant, 122virtual, 125

L_Port, 447LUN masking, 214, 269LUNs. See Logical Unit Numbers (LUNs)

MAC addresses, link aggregation and,145

Magnetic remanance, 453Maintenance of gigabaud link module

(GLMs), 46Managed Object Format (MOF), 453,

458Management, 223–38, 342

Common Information Model (CIM)(Bluefin), 15, 232, 234–37, 285,395

of distributed file systems, 206–7of fabrics, 128hierarchy of, 224

integration of storage, systems, andenterprise management, 234

issues in, 288–89of SANs, 15standardization of, 288–89of storage, 233–34of storage network, 123, 223–32

HTTP, 227, 229–30, 231in-band, 225–27issues in, 231–32out-of-band, 225, 227SNMP, 35, 224, 227, 228–29, 313,

314Telnet, 227, 230–31

of storage resources, 232–33, 532–33vendors, 310–11

Management Information Bases (MIBs),228, 232, 313, 453, 457

Management services, 3Management workstations, 225, 226–27Mandatory (provision), 453Mapping, 453Mapping boundary, 453Marketing, undue influence on systems

engineering, 98–99Marketing Committee (SNIA), 322Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU), 453,

459MD5, 454Meaningful (control field), 455Mean time between failures (MTBF), 87,

454, 458Mean Time to Data Loss (MTDL), 454,

458Mean time to (loss of) data availability,

454Mean Time to Repair (MTTR), 454–55,

458Mean Time Until (Loss of) Data

Availability (MTDA), 458Media, 455Media Access Control (MAC), 25, 452,

455Media defect, 455Media ID, 455, 482Media interface adapters (MIAs), 47,

121Media manager, 455Media stacker, 456

560 Index


Megabaud, 456Megabit (Mb; Mbit), 454, 456Megabits per second (Mbps), 454Megabyte (MB; MByte), 454, 456Megabytes per second (MBps), 454Megatransfer, 456Member disk, 456Member (member disk), 456Membership Committee (SNIA), 322Meshed network, 27Mesh topology, 90–91Message-digest algorithm, 456Metadata, 34, 243–45, 265, 456–57Metadata server, 364–65Metropolitan area network (MAN), 141,

453, 457Mirrored array, 458Mirrored disks (mirrors), 457Mirroring, 112–13, 203, 277, 457, 508,

540data, 203, 204long distance, 540–41to virtual storage, 247

Mirror resynchronization (resilvering),457, 487

Modeling language, 458Mode of fiber-optic cabling, 45Modular systems, 357–59Monitoring state, 77Monitor (program), 458Mount, 458Multicast, 459Multicast group, 459Multicast service, 55–56Multi-level disk array, 459Multilevel security (MLS), 458, 459Multimode fiber, 45, 459Multi-path I /O, 460Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS),

169Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

(MIME), 457, 460Multiservice ports, 192, 193Multi-site block storage, 365–66Multi-threaded, 459

Name_Identifier, 460Name server, 92, 460Namespace, 461

Naming, 460–61NAS appliances, 194NAS devices, 6–7NAS/file server metadata manager

(“asymmetric file service”), 368

NAS head, 345, 349, 366–67NAS (Network Attached Storage), 1,

6–7, 289, 359–60, 368, 461ISP using, 270–71Shared Storage Model mapped to, 6–7,

359–60, 368NAS server, 349NAS virtualization, 250–51National Committee Information

Technology Standards (NCITS),461

National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST), 461, 463

Native IP protocol, 156–63Internet Fibre Channel Protocol

(iFCP), 27, 156, 157–60, 534Internet SCSI (iSCSI), 156, 160–63

“Native” storage devices, 345–46NCITS/ANSI FC-GS-2 standard, 100NCITS/ANSI FC-SW-2 standard,

99, 100NCITS/ANSI T10 committee, 16, 285,

314, 377, 508, 524, 530NCITS/ANSI T11 committee, 16, 285,

317, 377, 508, 524, 530NCITS/ANSI T11X3 committee, 41Negative disparity, 48NeoScale, 169NetApp filers, 320Network(s). See also Storage network

bandwidth management in, 26–27campus storage, 272–74interconnection, 340–41meshed, 27peer-to-peer, 1, 202routers, 23SNIA definition, 461–62wide area (WANs), 23, 520, 521

Network adapter, 462Network Address Authority (NAA), 460,

462Network Appliance, 36, 320Network Associates, 81

Index 561


Network-attached storage, 34–36, 462architecture, 34file transport, 34–35separation of storage from processor

or head, 35–36Network Attached Storage. See NAS

(Network Attached Storage)Network Data Management Protocol

(NDMP), 461, 462Network File System (NFS), 6, 251,

344–45, 463Networking, 19

bandwidth management, 22–23behind the server, 36–38Ethernet. See Ethernetin front of the server, 19–27

access method, 25addressing, 25–26packetizing of data, 26routing of packets, 26–27serial transport, 24–25upper-layer protocol support, 27

OSI model, 20segmentation of, 24

Networking technology, 333Network intelligence, 160Network interface card (NIC), 463

device drivers, 151Network management. See ManagementNetwork operating center (NOC), 227Network protocols, 21Networld+Interop, 317Neutral disparity, 48Nishan Systems, 176, 192NL_Port, 59, 127, 463

addressing, 68arbitration, 78–79fabric login services for, 91–92fabric-supported, 102identifier, 74loop initialization and, 73

Node, 57, 464Node name, 57–58, 464Node port. See N_PortsNonbroad-cast transport, 81–82Non-linear mapping, 464Non-OFC laser, 464Non-OFC transceivers, 48Non-repeating ordered set, 464

Nonrepudiation, 464–65Non-transparent failover, 465Non-Uniform Memory Architecture

(NUMA), 465Non-volatile random access memory

(NVRAM), 465Non-volatility, 465Normal mode (normal operation), 464Not operational (receiver or transmitter),

465N_Port login (PLOGI), 63, 76–77,

92–93, 473, 475N_Port Name, 460N_Ports, 57, 127, 460

destination, 407fabric-attached, 89fabric login services for, 91–92fabric-supported, 102iFCP and, 159source, 499State Change Notification (SCN) and,

93–94NT servers, 71NVRAM cache, 465–66NVRAM card, 466

Object, 466Object-based Storage Devices (OSD),

369–70Object oriented (OO) methodology, 466OC-n, 466Offline backup, 466Online backup, 466Online transaction processing (OLTP),

53Open, 467Open fiber control (OFC), 47–48, 466,

467Open Group, the, 467Open-Init state, 73Open interconnect (standard

interconnect), 467Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), 27, 99,

153Open state, 78Open System Inter-connection (OSI)

Reference Model, 20Open systems, 231, 283–84, 313, 529

storage virtualization and, 249

562 Index


OpenView, 229Operating environment, 467Operating system environments,

heterogeneous, 269Operation, 467Operational (state), 467–68Operation_Associator, 467Optical fall time, 468Optional (characteristic), 468Ordered sets, 50–51, 468

capturing for diagnosis, 215–16non-repeating, 464

Original equipment manufacturer(OEM), 105

Originator, 468Originator Exchange_Identifier (OX_ID),

468, 469Out-of-band storage network

management, 225, 227Out-of-band storage virtualization,

243–45, 469Out-of-band transmission, 469Overwrite procedure, 468

Packet loss recovery, 154, 156Packet over SONET (POS), 23Packet recovery, 26Packets. See Frame(s) (data packets)Panic, 469Parallel access array, 469Parallel topologies, 42–43Parallel transport, 24, 469Parity data, 112Parity disk, 469Parity RAID, 470Partition, 470Partitioning, 470Passive copper, 470Passphrase, 470Password protection, 230, 471Path, 471Path length, 471Path name, 471PAUSE frame, 146–47Payload, 471pcnfsd, 472PDUs, 217Peer-to-peer network, 1, 202Penetration, 472

Performance statistics, 217, 218–19Peripheral Component Interconnect

(PCI), 471, 472Peripheral component interface (PCI) bus

interfaces, 109Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC), 472,

478Persistence, 472Petabyte (PB; PByte), 471Phantom mode, 94Phillips, Gary, 320Physical block, 472Physical block address, 472Physical configuration, 472Physical disk, 473Physical extent, 473Physical extent block number, 473Physical-layer problems, diagnosis of,

212Physical storage resource, 342Plaintext, 473Pointer copy, 474Pointer remapping, 474Point in time copy, 473–74Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), 23Point-to-point topology, 42, 63–65

link utilization in, 63–64Policy processor, 474Port, 474

multiservice, 192, 193types of, 121

Port address (N_Port ID), 58Port buffering, 176Port Bypass Circuit (PBC), 119–20, 471,

474–75Port byte, 89Port density, 121Port_ID, 474Port login (PLOGI), 63, 76–77, 92–93,

473, 475Port name, 58, 475Port numbers, 155Port utilization data, 217, 219Port zoning, 97Positional map, 75–76Positive disparity, 48Post-production video editing, 252–53,

257–59Power conditioning, 475

Index 563


Power On Self Test (POST), 475Preamble delimiter, 143Prepress operations, 259–61Present (verb), 475Primary Domain Controller (PDC), 472,

475Primitive sequences, 51, 475

loop initialization (LIPs), 51, 71–73,449, 452

Primitive signals, 51, 475Principal switch selection, 100–102Printer sharing, 294–95Privacy, 352Private key, 476Private key cryptography, 476Private Loop Direct Attach (PLDA), 473,

476Private loops, 68, 74, 84–85, 476

fabric-supported, 94–96, 127Problem isolation, 211–21

Fibre Channel analyzers, 215–17iSCSI network analyzers, 217–18performance tools, 218–19simple techniques, 212–15

Process_Associator, 476Process policy, 476Profile, 476Promontory Project, 176, 277Propagation delay, 86Proprietary I /O bus (proprietary

interconnect), 477Protected space, 477Protocol(s), 477

network, 21Protocol capture, 215–16, 217Protocol data unit (PDU), 31Public key, 477Public key cryptography, 477Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), 170,

473, 477Public loops, 68, 74, 84–85, 477, 478

fabric support for, 94–96Pull technology, 478Push technology, 478

Quality of service (QoS), 478for Gigabit Ethernet, 168–69for IP SANs, 168–69

Queued requests in Fibre Channel, 54

Queuing of frames, 89Quiescent state, 478Quiesce (verb), 478Qwest, 176, 541

RAID Advisory Board, 480RAID controllers, 28, 112, 113–14,

239–40RAIDs, 4, 15, 233, 289, 295, 479, 484

Fibre Channel, 112–15controller, 112, 113–14data integrity issues, 112–13software RAID, 113, 116–17

Levels, 479–80parity, 470

RAMdisk, 480Random I /O, 480–81Random relative offset, 481Rank, 481Raw partition, 481Raw partition backup, 481Read/write head, 481–82Read/write time, 259–60Real time copy. See MirroringRebuilding, 482Received close state, 78Receive lead, 25Receiver, 482Receiver-ready (R_RDY) ordered set, 57Receptacle, 482Reconfigure fabric link service, 101Reconstruction (rebuilding), 482Recorded volume serial number (RVSN),

489Recovery, 482–83Red, 483Red/black concept, 483REDI-SANlinks, 204Reduced mode (degraded mode), 406,

483Reduction, 483Redundancy, 265, 341, 483

through block aggregation, 346Redundancy group, 483–84Redundancy group stripe, 484Redundancy group stripe depth, 484Redundant Array of Independent Disks.

See RAIDsRedundant components, 484

564 Index


Redundant configuration/system, 87, 484Redundant loops, 122Redundant Web servers, 270Reference clock, 42–43Regeneration, 485Registered State Change Notification

(RSCN), 93–94, 485, 489Rekeying, 485Relative offset, 485Relative offset space, 485Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability

(RAS), 481Reliability, data, 404Remote Access Server (RAS), 481Remote backup, 11–12Remote direct memory access (RDMA),

35Remote storage access, 10–11Remote tape vaulting, 275–76Removable media, 485Removable media storage device, 485Repeater, 485Repeating ordered set, 486Replacement disk, 486Replacement unit (RU), 486, 489Replay attack, 486Replica, 486Replicate, 486Replication, data, 203–5Request for Comment (RFC), 487, 488Request for Quotation (RFQ), 284Request intensive application, 487Requests for Proposals (RFPs), 539Reserved (field), 487Resilvering (mirror resynchronization),

457, 487Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP),

169Resources, 303–5

Fibre Channel technical andmarketing, 304

IP storage technical and marketing,304

sharing, 356standards and proposals, 303–4on the Web, 305

Responder, 487Responder Exchange Identifier, 487Restoration, 487, 540

Retention period, 488Retimer, 488Return loss, 488Robotic media handler (media robot),

455, 488ROMs, flash, 110–11Rotational latency, 488Routers, 23, 26

IP, 186Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 99,

152–53, 154Row, 488–89R_RDY primitive, 81RS-232, 25RSA, 489Run length, 489Running disparity, 49–50, 489

SAN attached storage (SAS), 490SAN bridges, 295SAN extensions vendors, 310SANmark Conformance Documents

(SCDS), 105SANmark framework, 105SANmark program, 315, 317, 324Saturated disk, 490Scale (verb), 490Schema, 235–36, 490Scope entry, 165Script, 490SCSI, 1, 285, 490, 496. See also iSCSI

architecture, 27–32command descriptor block (CDB),

30–31, 160high-availability configurations, 87initiators, 28, 29–30parallel SCSI bus, 32–34retries and timeouts, 30

fast, 421Fibre Channel interface, 41Fibre Channel-to-SCSI bridges, 131–32serial, 494Serial Attached (SAS), 34standards, 303write operation, 31write request handling in, 27–28

SCSI-3, 27–28, 41, 257SCSI-3 device driver, 111SCSI adapter, 490

Index 565


SCSI address, 491SCSI addressing, 77SCSI architectural model (SAM-2),

28–29SCSI block access, 289SCSI bus, 491SCSI disk arrays, 193SCSI Enclosure Services (SES), 111, 224,

491, 495SCSI Industry Association (SIA), 495SCSI Parallel Interface (SPI), 491, 500SCSI targets, operating system

identification of, 28SCSI Trade Association (STA), 491, 501Sector, 491Secure hash, 492Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 492, 505Security, 536–38

access control, 346, 351–53, 371via backup, 201computer, 397of HTTP, 230for IP SANs, 169–71, 537–38

access, 169–70authentication, 170data encryption, 170

IPSec, 170, 186, 445iSCSI protocol and, 163, 170–71, 296iSNS, 166ubiquity of shared storage and, 296by zoning, 537

“Security Architecture for the InternetProtocol,” 170

Security Identifier (SID), 492, 495Segmentation, 94

by IP routers, 150network, 24

Selective reset LIP, 73Semiconductor Industries Association

(SIA), 495Sequence, 52–53, 492Sequence Identifier (SEQ_ID), 492Sequence initiative, 492Sequence Initiator, 493Sequence Recipient (SR), 493, 500Sequence Status Block, 493Sequential I /O, 493Serial adapter, 493

Serial ATA (Advanced TechnologyAttachment), 194

Serial attached SCSI (SAS), 34Serial console, 493Serial ID, 107Serializer Deserializer (SERDES), 493,

494Serial links, 25Serial SCSI, 494Serial transport, 24–25, 493Server(s), 494

database, 344–45DNS, 164Fibre Channel, 76–77file, 344–45, 428iSNS, 195login, 451metadata, 364–65multicast, 56NAS, 349

Server based virtualization, 494Server clustering, 37, 199–200, 265–67Serverless backup, 37, 494Server Message Block (SMB), 494, 497Server/storage administrators, division of

labor between traditional networkadministrators and, 298

Service agents (SAs), 164, 165Service Incident Standard (SIS), 494, 496,

499Service Level Agreements (SLAs), 219,

495, 496Service Locator Protocol (SLP), 164–65Services subsystem, 2, 3, 353–54Service URLs, 164–65Session control protocol, 144Share, 495Shared nothing environment, 205Shared Storage Model. See SNIA Shared

Storage Model (SSM)Shielded enclosure, 495Simple Name Server (SNS), 59, 91,

92–93, 100, 164, 495, 498troubleshooting, 214–15

Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP), 167, 224, 227, 228–29,496, 497

IETF standard for, 313

566 Index


requirements definition for, 35, 314SAN management via, 123, 124

Single (component) configuration, 496Single ended (signaling), 496Single-mode fiber, 45, 496Single Point of Failure (SPOF), 496, 500Sistina Global File System (GFS), 207Skew, 32Sliding window, 155Slow start algorithm, 155–56Small Computer System Interface. See

SCSISmall form factor, 108Small form factor pluggable (SFP), 108Small form factor (SFF) fiber-optic

connectors, 45–46, 47Small I /O request, 497SNA, 19Snapshot, 497SNIA, 105, 111, 235, 236, 249, 285,

286, 317–25, 497, 503Board of Directors, 318–19committees, 321–22

Interoperability Committee, 265,286, 315, 324, 531

Technical Center Committee, 324customer councils, 320–21, 528executive director and staff, 319–20industry forums, 323–24other industry associations and, 324SNIA Technology Center, 320technical work groups, 322

“SNIA Dictionary of Storage NetworkingTerminology,” 371–525

SNIA FC SAN certification program, 298

SNIA Shared Storage Model (SSM),1–12, 319, 327–70

access control, 351–53access paths, 349–50benefits of, 337caching, 350–51in Carlson Companies, 8–12clustering, 354–55common storage architectures mapped

to, 361–70block storage aggregation in SAN

appliance, 363–64

direct-attached block storage, 3–4,361–62

file server controllers, 366–67multi-site block storage, 365–66NAS, 6–7, 359–60, 368NAS/file server metadata manager

(“asymmetric file service”), 368Object-based Storage Devices

(OSD), CMU NASD, 369–70SAN, 359–60, 362–64storage network-attached block

storage with metadata server(“asymmetric block service”),364–65

data sharing, 356data vs. storage issue, 355executive summary, 331graphical conventions used in, 338–39layering scheme, 342–44

block layer, 345–47, 348–49file/record layer, 343–45, 348–49

modular systems, 357–59overview of, 2potential of, 335–36rationale for, 334–35resource sharing, 356revision history, 328sample architectures, 347–48services subsystem, 2, 3, 353–54standardization challenge, 360–61status of, 370storage domain, 2–3storage networks, 359storage system components, 340–42usage terms, 328–30vision of, 332–33

SNIA Technical Council, 285SNIA technical workgroups, 314SNIA Technology Center and Storage

Networking World conferences,286

Sniffer, 81, 497SNIFFER iSCSI protocol trace, 218SNW Interoperability Lab, 322Society of Motion Picture and

Television Engineers (SMPTE),497, 498

Sockets, 155

Index 567


Software, 199–209clustering, 199–200, 265–67control, 399data replication, 203–5distributed file systems and file sharing,

205–7iSCSI, 188server clustering, 199–200tape backup, 201–3

Software RAID, 113, 116–17Soft zone, 498Solicited control, 498Solicited data, 498Solid state disk, 498–99Solution Exchange Standard (SES), 495,

499Source Identifier (S_ID), 489, 499Source N_Port, 499Source (SA) address, 144Space management, 346Spanning tree, 91, 144–45Spare (disk, extent), 499Special character, 499Special code, 499Speed-of-light latency, 172, 175, 277, 534Spiral data transfer rate (full volume

transfer), 430, 500Split I /O request, 500Split mirror point in time copy, 500Spoofing, 500S_Port, 489Stability, 539Stacked connect, 54Stand alone drive, 501Standard interconnect (open

interconnect), 467, 501Standardization, 15, 16, 283–86,

360–61, 529–30, 539of management, 288–89process of, 313–16

compliance testing, 314–15participants in, 314proposal or standards discussion,

314vendors and, 529–30

Standard (SC) fiber-optic connectors,45–46

Standards compliance, interoperabilityvs., 530–31

Standards organizations, 529Star, 501Start-of-frame (SFD) delimiter, 143–44Start of frame (SOF), 51, 52, 498, 501Star topology, 118–19State Change Notification (SCN), 91,

93–94iSNS-issued, 167

Status information, 107Stealth mode, 94Stever, Dona, 320Storage, 19. See also Storage devices

IP, 232, 304, 322, 323network-attached, 34–36, 462

architecture, 34file transport, 34–35separation of storage from processor

or head, 35–36parallel SCSI and, 33–34

Storage area networks (SANs), 1,489–90, 501–2

designing, 1infrastructure, 5–6NAS vs., 34server-storage target relationship and,

4–5Storage array, 502. See also RAIDsStorage-based virtualization, 248–49Storage consolidation, 267–69Storage controller, 502Storage devices, 342, 345, 502

access control in, 353intelligent, 441iSCSI, 189–90native, 345–46

Storage device virtualization, 502Storage domain, 2–3, 502Storage element, 502Storage extent, 502Storage management (enterprise

storage management),233–34, 342

Storage Management Initiative (SMI)Steering Committee, 321

Storage networkaccess control in, 352–53block storage aggregation in

(“SAN appliance”), 363–67

568 Index


management of, 223–32HTTP, 227, 229–30, 231in-band, 225–27issues in, 231–32out-of-band, 225, 227SNMP, 35, 224, 227, 228–29, 313,

314Telnet, 227, 230–31

Storage-network aggregation, 348Storage-network attach architecture, 348,

349Storage network-attached block storage

(SAN), 362–67Storage network-attached block storage

with metadata server(“asymmetric block service”),364–65

Storage networking, 502Storage Networking Industry

Association. See SNIAStorage Networking World (SNW), 319,

321Storage network management, 223–32

HTTP, 227, 229–30, 231, 436, 437in-band, 225–27issues in, 231–32out-of-band, 225, 227SNMP, 167, 224, 227, 228–29, 496,

497IETF standard for, 313requirements definition for, 35, 314SAN management via, 123, 124

Telnet, 227, 230–31Storage network (SN), 333, 336, 359,

360Storage pool, 206, 240, 241, 242,

355–56Storage resource management (SRM),

232–33, 501, 503, 532–33Storage subsystem, 503Storage subsystem virtualization, 503Storage systems, 335–36Storage virtualization, 15, 239–56, 269,

297, 331, 503, 519, 528array-based, 248–49block, 387data storage utility and, 252–53defined, 239–43extension of, 242–43

file system and NAS virtualization,250–51

host-based, 245–46, 434in-band and out-of-band, 243–45multivendor, 249–50open systems approach to, 249out-of-band, 469proprietary nature of, 249–50RAID controllers, 239–40SAN interconnect-based, 246–48,

249server based, 494storage-based, 248–49storage device, 502storage resource management and,

532–33symmetric, 507tape library, 509tape virtualization, 251–52vendors, 310–11

Storage volume, 503Storage vs. data issue, 355Store-and-forward algorithm, 88Store-and-forward switch, 185, 504Streamed sequence, 504Stretched E_Port, 134, 159Strip, 504Stripe, 504Striped array (stripeset), 505Striped disk array, 505Stripe depth (strip size), 504Stripe element (strip), 504Stripe size, 505Striping, 112, 346, 404, 505Strobe line, 42–43Structure of Management

Information (SMI), 228, 229, 497, 505

Subdirectory, 505Subject, 506Subnet mask, 151Substitution, 506Sun Microsystems, 64Sun Solaris servers, 71Swap/swapping, 506Switch(es), 26, 506

cut-through, 185director, 128fabric. See Fabric switches

Index 569


Switch(es) (cont.)Fibre Channel

OEM microcode in, 111standards, 530troubleshooting, 214

Gigabit Ethernet, 142, 183–86, 299architecture, 184–85capabilities, 183–84link aggregation, 144–4510Gbps interswitch link modules,

185interrupt, 443IP storage, 192–93, 536multiprotocol, 289multivendor interoperability, 98principal, 100–102store-and-forward, 185

Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC), 506Switching

context, 29–30cut-through, 88, 402embedded-loop, 36selective, 96store-and-forward, 88

Switching hubs, 124–26Switchover. See Failover (switch-over)Switch-to-switch protocol, 98Symmetric cryptosystem, 507Symmetric virtualization, 507Symmetrix Remote Data Facility (SRDF),

192–93, 203, 204Synchronization, 507Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH),

491, 507Synchronous operations, 507Synchronous Optical Network (SONET),

499, 507System board, 507System disk, 508Systems management applications, 234Systems Network Architecture (SNA),

142System under test, 508

T1 links, 175T3 links, 174–75Table space, 343–44Tabular mapping, 508Tachyon chip set, 75, 76

Tape array, 509Tape backup, 37, 201–3

behind Fibre Channel-to-SCSI bridge,131–32

data streaming for, 53with direct-attached storage, 262high-performance, 265LAN-based, 201, 202LAN-free, 261–65legacy subsystems, 131multi-initiator loops and, 83remote vaulting, 275–76SAN-attached, 201–2server-free, 202, 261–65zoning for, 96

Tape library virtualization, 509Tape transport (drive), 508Tape virtualization, 251–52Target, 28, 509Target channel adapter (TCA), 299Target ID, 509Targets, 19TCP/IP, 41, 509

in IP SANs, 141, 149–56address resolution protocol (ARP),

152IP addressing, 151–52IP routing, 152–54TCP session control, 154–56

packet recovery in, 26TCP off-load engines (TOEs), 156, 163,

187–88, 189Telnet, 227, 230–31Temporary loop master, 73–75Tenancies of arbitrated loops, 116–17Tenancy, 50910Gbps Ethernet links, 2210Gbps Fibre Channel, 299Terabyte (TByte), 509–10Test equipment and verification labs,

312Test system, 510Third party copy (extended copy), 83,

194, 202, 203, 264, 510, 511Throughput, 510Throughput-intensive (application), 510Time server, 510TNC, 510Token, 25

570 Index


Token Ring, 19, 66, 142, 510–11access method in, 25broadcast storms, 150as broadcast transports, 80–81

Topology, 511Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), 509,

511Trace field headers, 216Traffic management, 168–69Training certification, 298Transceivers, 511

Fibre Channel, 46–47, 106–8GBICs, 106–8non-OFC, 48small form factor, 108

Translational strategy, 95–96Transmission character, 511Transmission code, 511Transmission Control Protocol (TCP),

172, 509, 511Transmission word, 512Transmit lead, 25Transmitted close state, 78Transmitter, 512Transparent failover, 512Trap (unsolicited status information),

228–29, 512Triaxial cable, 512Triple DES, 170, 538Trojan horse, 512Troubleshooting. See Problem isolationTrue Copy, 203Trunking (link aggregation), 144–45Tunneling, 512–13

Ultra2 SCSI, 513Ultra3 SCSI, 513Ultra SCSI, 513Unauthorized disclosure, 514Unclassified information, 514Unicast, 514Unicode, 514Unified Modeling Language (UML), 513,

514Uninterruptible power source (UPS), 514,

515University of New Hampshire (UNH),

286, 314, 324iSCSI Consortium, 324

Unsolicited control, 514Unsolicited data, 515Upper Layer Protocol (ULP), 513, 515Usable capacity, 515User agents (UAs), 164, 165User data, 515User data extent, 515User data extent stripe depth, 515User Datagram Protocol/ Internet

Protocol (UDP/IP), 54User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 513, 516User identification number (UID), 516User priority bits, 149

Valid data byte, 516Valid frame, 516Validity control bit, 516Value-added reseller (VAR), 105Vendor affinity groups (alliances), 287,

288Vendor monopolies, 283Vendors, 307–12, 527–28

Fibre Channel products, 308–9Gigabit Ethernet, 311interoperability issues and, 287IP SAN products, 309–10SAN extensions, 310SAN management and virtualization,

310–11SAN storage and tape, 307–8SAN systems, 307standardization and, 283–85, 529–30test equipment and verification labs,

312Vendor unique, 517Verification, 517Verification labs, 312Versioning, 517Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser

(VCSEL), 107, 516, 517Video editing, post-production, 252–53,

257–59Virtual arbitrated loop, 94–95Virtual block, 517Virtual Block Address (VBA), 516, 517Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI), 516,

518Virtual circuit, 55, 518Virtual device, 518

Index 571


Virtual disk (volume set), 518, 520Virtual Interface Architecture (VIA), 517,

518Virtual Interface (VI), 35, 111, 517Virtualization, storage. See Storage

virtualizationVirtual LAN (VLAN), 37, 147–48Virtual loops, 125Virtual Path Identifier (VPI), 518, 520Virtual tape, 519Virus, 519Vixel Corporation, 36VLAN tagging, 144, 147–48Voice over IP, 293Volatility, 519Volume, 519Volume administration tools, 116Volume group, 519Volume manager, 519Volume pool, 520Vulnerability, 520

WAN bridging, 135–36WAN protocol analyzers, 217Warm spare (disk), 520Warm swap, 520Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM),

520, 521Web Based Enterprise Management

(WBEM), 230, 235, 521Web browser, 230Web Committee (SNIA), 322Web resources, 305Well-known address, 521Wide area networks (WANs), 23, 520,

521management information base (MIB)

for, 228Wide area services, data replication in,

205

Wide area storage networking, 171–76

bandwidth allocation, 172–74data throughput, 174–75IP routers for, 186latency issues, 172, 175–76

Wide SCSI, 521Windows Driver Model (WDM), 521Windows Hardware

Engineering Conference(WinHEC), 533

Windows Internet Naming Service(WINS), 522

Windows Management Instrumentation(WMI), 522

Windows NT, 84, 96–97Word, 522Workgroup, 522World-Wide Name (WWN), 26, 58,

522–23, 524priority value of, 74zoning on, 97, 128

Worm, 523Write back cache, 523Write hole, 523Write penalty, 523Write through cache, 523–24

XF0, 80XF7 character, 71, 72XF8 character, 72XIOtech REDI-SANlinks, 248

Zero filling, 524Zeroization, 524Zone merging, 97, 128Zones, 352–53, 524–25Zoning, 96–97, 100, 525, 537

fabric switch support of, 127–28troubleshooting, 214

572 Index
