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Index
Accidents, 32-33, 69occupational, 32
Acid precipitation, 127-130Actions, suggested, 141-142Advertising of products, 117Agency coordination, 105-106Aid, see International aidAiken, A.M., 27Air pollution, 7,127-130Alternatives, 29-30, 67-68
organizational, 106-109Ambient environmental quality, 116Ambio, 127Anderson, F.R., 87Animal studies, 23, 46-47, 65-66Asbestos, 22, 29Ashby, Lord Eric, 78, 79Assumption of risk, 84Australia, 36, 78, 81
Bacastow, R.B., 131Background level, 25-26, 28Baker, R., 107-109Balanced risk, 27, 29-30Beg, M. Arshad Ali, 135Behavioural models, 50-51Benefit, degree of, 85Benefit-cost analysis, 89-90Benefit-risk, 36-40, 91Best available technology, 78-81Best practicable means, 78-81
technology, 78Bioaccumulation, see BiomagnificationBiogeochemical cycles, 55-57Biomagnification, 47, 59Biosphere, 5Blodgett, J.E., 46, 47, 75Boundaries to the risk system, 21-25Burton, I., 141Butler, a.c., 48
Cameroun, 130Canada, 26, 35,36,40, 59,60, 73, 78,99,
102,1~,127,130,14O,143Cancer principles, 77Carbon dioxide, 131Carcinogens, 23Chad, 130China, 99, 102, 111Chronic diseases, 22, 23Clean Air Act, 78Climate, 5Clinical studies, 64Coal, 35, 37,126Cohen, B.L., 40Common national problems, 141Comparative risk, 26-36Coordination between agencies, 105-106Consequences, 85Cost-benefit analysis, 89-90Craig, P.P., 58Creyke, T.C., 28Critchley, a.H., 80Criteria, 71, 72-74,120Cyclamates, 139Cyclone, 136-137
Daly, Phyllis, xviiiDaniels, R.M., 87Davis, S.M., 108DDT, 38-40, 53-54, 57-59Deforestation, 7, 28Delaney Clause, 76-77Desertification, 7, 130-131, 137Developing countries, 7, 100-101, 114-115Development, 9,11Dieldrin, 57Disasters, 5, 9Doern, G.B., 117Dose-effect relationships, 41, 61-66Dose rate, 26
153
154
Drinking water standards, 118-119Drugs, 45, 81Dust storms, 7
East Africa, 22Eckholm, E.P., 134Ecodevelopment, ll-12Ecological monitoring, 5Economic considerations, 87-89Economic development, 9Economic links, 134-141EEC (European Economic Community),
44, 116, 120Effects, 22
long term, 23significant, 73
Efficacy, 81-82Egypt, 139Ehrlich, A., 58Ehrlich, P., 58Eilati, Shalom, xviiiEldin, Gerald, 143Elevated risk, 27, 28Emergency response, 123Emerging needs, 141Emission standards, 116Energy risks, 35-36, 126, 131Enforcement, 121-123England, 69Environmental links, 125-126Environmental models, 50Environmental monitoring, see MonitoringEnvironmental quality, 116Environmental risk management, 97Environmental risks, 3
major in developing countries, 7management, 11-13priority among, 4sources, 21to ecosystems, 24to human populations, 24types of, 8-10
Epidemiological studies, 65Ethiopia, 140European Commission, 111Evans, W.J., 132Event trees, 49-50Exchange of information, 139-141Extinction
of species, 7
Falk, Richard A., 142Farmer, F.R., xviiiFenner, Frank, xviii
Fertilizers, 7Fife, P .K., 85Fimreite, N., 140Finland,81Fire, 7Fish depletion, 7, 134
effect of mercury, 60Fjeld, B., 126Flood, 7Food chain, 55, 59France, 32, 81Frank, N.L., 136Friberg, L., 41Functional structure, 106-109
Genetic effects, 45Germany, 32, 78,130,135, 136Ghana, 99Gibson, S.B., 80Global Environmental Monitoring
Systems (GEMS), 44Global hazards, 131Global models, 55Global risks, 144Gour-Tanguay, 7, 100, 114Grundlach, E.R., 133Guidelines, 117
Hallberg, R.O., 57Hare, F.K., 27, 132, 133Harm, probability of, 85Harper, F.V., 82Harrison, J.M., 27Hazard
natural, 7-8risks as, 1
Health effects, 22, 41Health surveillance, 112
public, 8Heeney, 143Hernberg, S., 22, 73Holcombe Institute, xvHoldgate, Martin W., 53, 56, 57Holdren, P., 58Hungarian Academy of Sciences, xvii,
xviiiHussain, S.A., 136
ICSU, xv, 143Impast assessment, 2India, 28, 99, 130, 138, 139Indicators of stress, 6Information exchange, 139-141Inhaber, H.M., 35, 36
International activities, 142International aid, 136-138International collaboration in risk
management, 125-144International Commission on Radiological
Protection, 117International Joint Commission, 130, 143International Referral System, 142International trade, 134-136International treaty, 143International Union for the Conservation
of Nature and Natural Resources(IUCN), 6
Internationally valued sites, 138-139Institutional arrangements, 98-109Institutions for risk management, 142-143Irukayama, K., 60Israel, 99Ivory Coast, 99Izmerov, N.F., 73
Jamaica, 78James, F., 82Japan, 59, 60, 81Jensen, S., 60Jernelov, A., 60Johnson, H., 7,100,114Johnson, H.A., 58Johnson, J.M., 7,100,114
Kasperson, Roger, xviiiKassas, M., 130Kates, Robert W., xvi, 10, 11Keeling, C.D., 131Kellogg, W.W., 131Kenya, 105Khosla, Dr. Ashok, xvii, xviiiKneese, Allen V., 135, 136Knowledge of risk, 86Korea, 81Kuratsune, M., 59
Labelling and advertising of products, 117Landsberg, H.H., 131Lang, Istvan, xviiLawless, E.W., 70Lawrence, P.R., 108Lead,21,22,28,42-43,57, 73,134,135-
136Legal interpretations, 86-87Legislation, 113.116Legislative considerations, 70-82Leiftinck, P., 28Liability, 84-85
155
Lin, S.c., 132Linstedt, G., 60Lofroth, G., 60, 140Long-term effects, 23Lowrance, W. W., 64, 116
McGinty, L., 69Machta, L., 132Magnitude of consequences, 85Malagassy,107Mali, 107Management ofrisks, 10-13,95-123Marine oil spills, 133Marstrand, P., 33, 34Martin, B., 5Matrix organizations, 108, 110Mehretu, Assefa, xviiiMercury, 60,137,140Minimata disease, 140Ministry of Energy, Mines and Resources
(Can.), 27Misham, E.J., 89Modelling, 18-21, 48-61Models, 15-21
behavioural,50-51environmental, 50global, 55non-quantitative, 53-55
Monitoring, 4-5, 19-21,43,44-45, 110-112Mootooka, P.S., 24,104Munn, R.E., xviii, 6, 41, 42, 44, 72, 132
National Academy of Sciences (Wash.), 37National Chief Environmental Risk
Manager, 97National policy and risk evaluations, 67-
93National problems in common, 141National risk management institutions, 142National risk profile, 96-98Natural background levels, 25-26, 28Natural disasters, 5, 9Natural hazards, 7-8Natural resources, 8Negligence, 83NEP A, 87Netherlands, 81,130New Guinea, 99, 107New products as risk, 10Newick, P., 33, 34Newman, J.L., 137Nicaragua, 140Niger, 107, 130Nigeria, 130, 140
156
Nitrogen cycle, 56Noise, 7Norway, 81Nuclear power, 35, 37, 49-50Nuisance, 83
Obligations de voisinage, 83O'Brien, R.D., 59Occupational accident rates, 32, 37Ocean~, 5OECD (Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development), 24,44,127, 128, 129, 130, 143
Oil, 7, 35,133Organizational alternatives, 106-109
matrix, 108, 110O'Riordan, Timothy, xviiiOttar, Brynjulf, 128Overgrazing, 7Ozone, 19,55,132
Pakistan, 28,107,134,135,136Pakistan Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research Laboratories,134, 135
Pandey, S., 130Pathways, 17-19Perception-behaviour model, 51-53Perception of risk 15, 20Perry, H., 131Persistent substances, 55-61Pesticides, 7, 24, 38-40, 46-47, 68, 99, 102-
104Philippines, 99, 140Phillips, M.L., 72Pittock, A.B., 19Pochin, Edward E., xviii, 31, 32Pollutants, 5
priority, 6Pollution control, 116Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 57,
59-60President's Advisory Committee, 76Priority risks, 6-8, 12Probabilistic models, 53-55Probability
of harm, 85risks as, 1
Product packaging, 117Prospective studies, 65Prossner, W.L., 83, 85Public health, 8Public policy, 67-70
Rabinovitch, Jorge, xviiiRadiation, 23, 26-27
Reasonableness, 71,82-83Regulation, 121-123Research, 110
and monitoring, 110-112Research Institute for Biology (Hungary),
xviiResources, 8
management, 107-108Response, emergency, 123Retrospective studies, 65ReVelle, c., 60ReVelle, P., 60Risk
as hazard, 1as probability, 1assumption of, 84balanced, 27, 29-30comparative context, 26-36comparisons, 20-36, 71definitions of, 1-3elevated, 28knowledge of, 86of alternatives, 25priorities, 4, 12sources, 21to ecosystems, 24
Risk-benefit, 27, 36,70-71,91Risk estimation, 10,41-66Risk evaluation, 11
and national policy, 67-93Risk identification, 10,41-66Risk management, 10-13,97
international collaboration in, 125-144tasks, 109-123
Risk management institutions, national,142
Risk system, boundaries of, 21-25Rjazanov, V.A., 73Ross, Charles R., 143Roy, B.B., 130
Saccharin, 40Sadove, A.R., 28Sanderson, H.P., 72Saudi Arabia, 140Scientific criteria, 72-74Scientific knowledge, 139-141SCOPE, xv, xvi, xvii, 10,48,56,57, 134,
135, 141Scotland, 59Screening, 43, 45-48, 112Sella, F., 5Sinclair, G., 33, 34Sites, of unique value, 138-139
Skorfuing, S., 60Slovic, 91Socio-economic links, 134-141Soderlung, R., 56Soil degradation, 7Somers, E., xviiiSources of risk, 21South Africa, 36, 99Sri Vatsa, Laxmipurom P., 139Standards, 116
emission, 116for drinking water, 118-119salting, 116
Stannard, F.B., 31Starr, c., 37, 91Stress, gradients, 20
indicators of, 6Substitutes, see AlternativesSulphur cycle, 57Sulphur dioxide, 128-129Super-agencies, 105Surgeon General's Advisory Committee
on Smoking and Health (USA), 73Surveillance, 43-45, 112Svensson, B.H., 56Sweden, 60, 70,81,95,139,140Switzerland, 81,130
Taiwan, 81, 99, 102Taj Mahal, risk assessment for, 138-139Tchad Basic Commission, 130Techniques, selection of, 41Technological models, 50Technology, best available, 78-81Testing and screening, 43, 45-48, 112Thailand, 99, 105Threshold levels, 62-63Tomatis, L., 59TOSCA, 83, 86, 92,140Toxic waste disposal, 7Train, Russell, xviiiTrans-border problems, 127Transportation risks, 33-34Trade, international, 134-136Treshow, M., 59Tropical cyclone, 136-137
Uganda, 107UK Department of the Environment, 105UK Health and Safety Commission, 35,
36,69UK Nuclear Installations Inspectorate, 80UN Disaster Relief Office, 142Uncertainty, 19-20UNESCO, 137, 139
157
Unique sites, 138-139United Kingdom, 33, 34, 35,45, 69, 70,
72, 73, 75, 78, 79, 80, 84, 98, 106,111,116,120,122,134,135
United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP), xv, xvii, xviii, 6, 44, 133,141, 142
United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR),73
Urgency, 68US AEC (Atomic Energy Commission),
50,52US Department of Agriculture, 75US Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), 29, 38, 39, 40, 46, 60, 64, 65,68,76,77,105, 123, 140
US Food and Drug Administration, 46,76,77,81
US National Academy of Sciences(USNAS), 131, 132, 133
US National Commission on ProductSafety, 82
USA, xv, 24, 29, 36,40,44, 46,47, 60, 69,70,72,73,75-80,83-87,99,106,117,123, 125, 127, 130, 132, 133, 136,139, 140, 143
USA Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration, 80
Value oflife, 33Valued sites, 138-139Variability, 19Voluntary risks, 4
Warning systems, 9, 44Warren, D.V., 34Wasserman, Dora, 59Wasserman, M., 59Waste disposal, 7Water pollution, 7Water supply, 7, 44,141
quality, 74, 118-119, 141Weinberg, A., 23White, G.F., 53, 56, 57WHO (World Health Organization), 41,
42,45,73,74,91,117,118,141,142Whyte, A.V.T., 51, 54Wollan, M.J., 84Wood's Hole Oceanographic Institute,
xvi
Woodwell, G.M;., 58, 131
Yusho disease (Japan), 59
Zero exposure, 74-77Zero risk, 74-77