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Index

Abad de Santillan, Diego 53ABC 29Accion Catolica 165, 210, 217Accion Espanola 29–30Accion Popular 107, 163, 165, 202, 210AEC 43a.e.t 29Alas, Leopoldo 144Alba, Santiago 32Albinana, Jose Marıa 29, 31, 34,

42, 163Alcala Zamora, Niceto 35Alcazar de San Juan 81Alfonso Carlos, Carlist pretender 183Almerıa, anti-clerical violence 77, 79, 81,

84, 85, 86Alvarez Bolado, Alfonso 196Alvarez Junco, Jose 10–11America, Spanish conquest 57amnesty 1977 5anarchists

anthem 35anti-clerical violence 69Barcelona 119–31FAI 53, 102, 105, 110, 118, 119–31patriotic discourse 52–3and Soviet Union 53, 65

anarcho-syndicalistssee also CNTCatalonia 61, 68–89, 96–7, 100–1,

102–3, 104political discourse 27

AndalusiaHoly Week 202rebel occupation 173violence 76–7violent tradition 71

anthems 35, 170, 174

anthropology 11–12anti-clericalism

archives 74–5Barcelona 81, 84, 88, 127–9church property 127–8and clerical dress 85, 87–8execution of Sacred Heart of Jesus

167, 172fire 77–8forms 17and gender 86–8Gijon 139–42historiography 12, 17–18, 72–5iconoclasts 80–4, 89, 128–9local variations 71Malaga 199, 202, 210mob violence 76mutilations 78and nuns 86–7, 89, 126and rumour 84scatological blasphemy 88–9sexual assaults 87–8violence 17–18, 68–89, 141, 210

Aragon 59, 72, 80, 170Aranda, Colonel 140, 143Araquistain, Luis 26archives

clerical violence 74–5Francoist control 8, 20local archives 10sound archives 11

Arriba 29arson 30, 77–8, 206Artajona 180Ascaso, Francisco 96, 98, 141Assault Guards 41, 214Asturias

1934 revolt 54, 98, 160, 208

271

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Asturias (cont.)anti-clerical violence 72, 84cradle of the Reconquest 140–1, 181rebel defeat 133republicanism 136

Avila 167Azana, Manuel 32, 34, 44, 50–2, 62–3, 66,

99, 106, 107

Baena, Antonio 211Bailen, battle of 49Baktin, Mikhail 84Bakunin, Mikhail 27, 69Banyeres 88Barcelona

anarchist colours 121anti-clerical violence 81, 84, 88, 127–9armed groups 114–15, 120Bakunin Barracks 117barricades 113–14brothels 130–1bullfighting 130capital of Catalonia 107church property 127–8cinemas 129–30civic culture 93Comite Central de Milicias Antifacistas

(CCMA) 118creative destruction 126–7cultural works 129–30district revolutionary committees

116–17, 118–19Federation of Barricades 117foreigners’ views 131–2gaols 126, 129gender politics 130–1Liceu 129mayor 63motoring 124–6music halls 130popular front line 98proletarianisation of dress 120–1revolutionary urbanism 15–16, 111–32Ritz hotel 122, 123, 132slogans 121sound archives 11street mobilisation traditions 111street names 123–4theatres 130Via Durruti 119

Via Laietana 119welfare services 122–3workplaces 121–2

Barea, Arturo 68, 81Baroja, Pio 182barricades 113–14, 117Basque Country

anti-clerical violence 71Carlist anti-separatism 59nationalism 42, 60, 64, 191–2nationalist discourse 46, 47Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV) 60–1repression 194self-government 62

Berlin 117Bilbao, fall (April 1937) 64Blanqui, Auguste 27Bloc Obrer i Camperol (BOC) 97, 98–100Bloque Nacional 31, 34Boletın de Orientacion Tradicionalista 29Bolshevism, nationalist crusade against

55–60Borkenau, Franz 127, 131Bourdieu, Pierre 116bourgeoisie 9bread riots 201Brenan, Gerald 201brothels 130–1Brothers of St John of God 72bullfighting 130, 193Burgos 166, 167, 171, 195Burke, Peter 13

Cabanellas, Miguel 161Cabra de Santo Cristo 71Cabrera, Miguel Angel 177Cacabelos 165Cadiz 166Calvo Sotelo, Jose 38, 31, 33, 34, 165, 173Carabanchel 31Carcel Orti, Vicente 72, 73Cardenas, Lazaro 95Cardozo, Harold 188Carlists

‘altar boys’ 174anthem 36, 170aplecs 36catholic rituals 174children’s magazines 182, 185competition with other rebels 163

272 Index






Cross of Burgundy 35, 165crusade narrative 171and Falange 187flags 166, 190martyr tradition 39Navarre 18, 59, 166, 173, 177–95opposition in Navarre 191–4Pamplona 161, 166, 171, 173peasants 188–9Pelayos 182political violence 27religion 182–6requete, see requeteSecond Republic rallies 28slogans 35upbringing 185–6

Carlos V 151Carnival 79–80, 84, 87, 198Carretero Novillo, Jose Marıa 29Cartagena 80cartoons 54Casanova, Julian 79Casanovas, Joan 61, 101, 103Casares, President 36Casas del Pueblo 39Castelao, Alfonso R 62Castile 18, 173Castro Albarran, Aniceto de 26, 175Castro, Americo 6Catalana, Uliga 60Catalonia

anti-clerical violence 89historical defeats 61, 64, 108May Days 1937 104, 105, 106, 118nationalism 60, 61–2, 64, 108nationalist discourse 46, 47, 50Popular Olympics 100populism 14–15, 93–6pre-civil war politics 96–100revolutionary politics 100–4self-government 62, 93–6Statute of Autonomy 31, 95use of Catalan 49

Catholic Church1933–5 governments 36acts of reparation 159, 167, 198anti-clericalism, see anti-clericalismblessings 174and Carlism 182–6Catholic syndicalists 36

corruption 84crucifixes 37, 87, 173–4crusade, see crusade narrativedoctrine of resistance to tyranny 26field masses 174Gijon 139–42historiography 72–5Holy Week, see Holy WeekInquisition 135, 142, 192lack of Spanish Reformation 5martyrdom discourse 17–18, 44National-Catholicism 55, 65Navarre 182–6, 192post-war liberalisation 7–16processions 193, 216religio-military rites 174–5and Spanish fascism 55–60and Spanish identity 5, 6Spanish rituals 79–80Virgin cult 81, 174, 205–6, 211, 213–20

CEDA 32, 34, 35, 36, 38Cenit 29censorship 30Cerro de los Angeles 80, 168, 172Cervera 88Chalmers Mitchell, Peter 204, 212Cheste 87Chicago 123El Cid 49, 66Cimadevilla 145cities

neighbourhood violence 43revolutionary urbanism in Barcelona

111–32social perspectives 15–17

Ciudad Real 70, 81civil war

defining moment 2–4‘Guerra de Liberacion Nacional’ 5, 48historiography 1, 5, 8–9, 25nationalist discourse 45–67responsibility for 9terminology 44

Claretines 74, 88cliches 24CNTsee also anarcho-syndicalistsanti-clerical violence 71Barcelona politics 114, 116, 117, 118,

119–31

Index 273






CNT (cont.)Catalan politics 97, 98, 100, 102–3, 104,

105, 110colours 121cultural revolution 136Gijon 134, 137, 138, 143, 144,

149–50October 1934 revolt 98origins 93, 94patriotic discourse 47, 52self-defence section 42terror 70

CNT 30, 152, 153cofradıas de penitencia 196, 203, 205, 211,

213, 214, 219, 220Cold War 3colours

Barcelona 121CNT red and black 121political parties 36red 170, 201

Comillas 28communication theory 23communists

Catalan politics 99, 101, 105–6communist writings in Second

Republic 26French Communist Party 99hammer and sickle 35Internacional 35national crusade against 55–60obedience rule 39patriotic discourse 47–50see separate entries for BOC, PCC, PCE,

POUM, PSUCComorera, Joan 103, 104Companys, Lluıs 61, 97, 101–2, 103,

106, 109Conde, Benito 141conspiracy theories 57convents 30, 81–4Cordoba 166corruption 33, 83, 84Cortes 33Coto de Minero 78Counter-Reformation 79Covadonga, battle of 54, 140, 181cross

Cross of Burgundy 35, 165Cross of St Ferdinand 195

Cross of Santiago 165symbols 33, 35

crucifixes 37, 87, 173–4crusade narrative

Cardinal Goma 163Malaga 220nationalist crusade against Bolshevism

55–60nationalist myth 3–4, 16–17, 18, 175Navarre 180–1Reconquest 5shift from 7

Cueva, Julio de la 69, 72culture

concept 12–13cultural anthropology 11–12cultural associations 144–6cultural battlegrounds 134–6Gijon 133–5popular access to 146pueblo culto 144

Davila, Fidel 166death

civil war terminology 44statistics 2–3

El Debate 29Delgado, Manuel 69democracy movements 25demonstrations, nationalists 163–5Denia 78desmemoria 9D’Olwer, Lluıs Nicolau 63, 64Doriot, Jacques 98Dostoyevsky, Fyodor 123Douglas, Mary 79Doval, Major Lisardo 160dress

priests 85, 87–8proletarianisation of dress in Barcelona

120–1red berets 191

Durkheim, Emile 69Durruti, Buenaventura 53, 96, 98, 105,

119, 141

economy, post-war 7, 19Eibar 194Elorza, Antonio 133emblems 35

274 Index






enchufısmo 33Engels, Friedrich 123Enlightenment 135, 140, 142escamots 28, 42Escorial 28Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC)

14, 15, 94–5, 96–7, 97–8, 99–100, 101Estat Catala 42Europe, post-World War I 25exile 3Extremadura 49

FAI 53, 102, 105, 110, 118, 119–31Fal Conde, Manuel Jose 43, 162Falange

‘altar boys’ 174anthem 36, 170, 174competition with other rebels 163crucifixes 173emblem 35fascism 34flag 166, 170ideology 56, 57language 45Malaga 212, 213, 214mass meetings 36meaning of revolution 33military comradeship 39and monarchists 65, 187parades 160political colour 36Primera Linea 42, 43salute 36SEU 42slogan 35violence 38violent discourse 37–8

fascistsCatholic fascism 55–60meaning 34Spanish form 56

FE 163Fentress, James 112Ferdinand VII 194festivals 141–3field masses 174fiestas 193Fifth Regiment 65First Republic 139, 140Fischer, Louis 66

FJS 28, 36flags

Carlist flags 190Nationalists 165red-and-yellow flag 18, 165red flags 201republican tricolour 162

fleur de lys 35folk-songs 189–91Foreign Legion 170, 174France

Paris Commune 115, 117, 140Revolution 143, 155, 204Spanish exiles 3Vendee 177

Franco, Franciscocontrol of archives 74–5crusade narrative 171ideology 56, 162and Navarre 188, 195New State 3, 195, 197omnipresence 3popular support 9salute 36in Seville 169

Fraser, Ronald 11FUE 43Fuengirola 77Fuenmayor 88funerals, rebels 164, 167, 172–3, 211

Galicia 46, 47, 49, 60Garcıa Lorca, Federico 141, 144, 146, 154Garcıa Oliver, Juan 52, 96, 98Garcıa Sanchiz, Federico 188Germans 54, 58Germany, 1919 crisis 116, 117Gijon

Ateneo Obrero 144–5, 146cafes 149CNT 134, 137–8, 143, 144, 149–50cultural associations 144–6cultural revolution 16, 133–55economic revolution 139entertainment committee 144festivals 141–3homage to Garcıa Lorca 146July 1936 138–9May Days 1937 143modernity 152–3

Index 275






Gijon (cont.)municipal power 151–2newspapers 138plan 148political context 136–8popular access to culture 146populism 139pueblo culto 144Reconquest iconography 140republican parties 133Reyes Magos 142secularisation 139–42street names 140–1, 142urban planning 152–4urban transformation 149–51women 146–7

Gil Robles, Jose Marıa 28, 35, 38, 162, 171Gilmore, David 88Gimenez Caballero, Ernesto 57Girard, Rene 72Girona 49Gironella, Jose Marıa 194Goded, General Manuel 31, 162Goicoechea, Antonio 162Golden Age 57Goma, Cardinal Isidro 56, 87, 163, 180,

187, 198Gonzalez Mallada, Avelino 134Goya, Francisco de 49Goytisolo, Juan 193Gracia y Justicia 29Gramsci, Antonio 135, 221Great Depression 25Guadalajara 54Guadix 85Guell, Count 124

hammer and sickle 33, 35Hapsburg Empire 58Hernandez, Jesus 48Hernandez, Martın 159, 160Historia, antropologıa y fuente oral 11Historia Social 11historiography

1909 insurrections 12anti-clericalism 12, 17–18, 72–5Arab invasion 54, 117civil war 1, 3, 5, 25clerical historiography 72–5Holy Week 196

labour history 9–10left-wing history 20local history 10, 12Napoleonic War 48, 49, 50, 52–3, 56, 57,

66, 109, 143nationalist history 3, 5oral history 11, 74post-1975 8–12post-war discourse 7–8Reconquista 5, 55, 57, 140, 180–1resistance myths 47–9, 51, 53, 57school history 5‘second rupture’ 10–11, 20social class 8–9social history 8–9women’s history 11

Hitler, Adolf 109Holy Week

and collective identity 202–7historiography 196images 81Malaga 16, 197–222Nationalist demonstrations 164rituals 79–80

Huelva province 79Huercal de Almerıa 77, 79

Ibarruri, Dolores 192, 194Ibiza 100iconoclasts 80–4, 89, 128–9identity

16th-century melting pot 6Carlist model in Navarre 178–91Catholic-Nationalist orthodoxy 5, 6competing ideologies 14, 31–2and Holy Week 202–7local identity 199–200political discourse in civil war 66–7post-1975 historiography 11and stereotypes 45

Ilundaın, Cardinal 169images

anti-clericalism 82Carlism 190iconoclasts 80–4, 89, 128–9nationalists 108Navarre 183political discourse 24Reconquest iconography 140

industrial revolution 6

276 Index






Informaciones 29Inquisition 135, 142, 192Instituto Libre de Ensenanza 135insults 33, 34–5intellectual history 6Internacional 35International Brigades 57Iribarren, Jose Marıa 165, 170Isabella, Queen, the Catholic 57Iscar, Miguel 171Italians 54, 58Izal, Antonio 187Izal, Jaime 190Izquierda Republicana 50–2

Jaen 74James, St 181, 211JAP 28, 29, 32, 35, 36, 39, 42Jesuits 36, 43JONS 32, 36jotas 170Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de 140, 141,

142–3, 154Julia, Santos 5, 33July 1936 coup 72, 170Junquera 76, 80, 88

Koestler, Arthur 177, 192, 193Kostkas 43Kropotkin, Peter 69, 123

La Coruna 173, 174La Salle brothers 77, 84, 86labour history 9–10Lamamie de Clairac, Jose Maria 162, 173Lamothe Castaneda, Marıa 210Lamothe, Soledad 210Landrove, Federico 32language

insults 33, 34–5nationalist discourse 45–67parliamentary vocabulary 33political discourse 23regional languages 59–60, 194Second Republic terminology 26, 31–5slogans 35, 36violence 44

Largo Caballero, Francisco 27, 35, 38, 53,99, 106, 107

Larregla, Joaquın 180

Larios family 203, 206Lasterra, Saturnino 180latifundio 9, 71Legionarios de Espana 163Lenin 26, 35Leon 167Lerroux, Alejandro 14, 93Levante 70Leviatan 29Lincoln, Bruce 85Loach, Ken 68locality

local and national history 2local history 10, 12local memory 4, 199–200variations of anti-clerical violence 71

Lopez Heredia, Carmen 210Lorca 80lottery 130Low, Mary 131Luca de Tena, Juan Ignacio 163Luises 49Lussu, Emilio 35

Macia, Francesc 28, 31, 94–5, 96–7, 106Madrid

anti-clerical violence 81, 84attack on monarchist centre 30iconography 51Napoleonic War 49, 109

Malagaanti-clericalism 77, 199, 202barrios 204–5bread riots 201cofradıas de penitencia 203, 205, 213, 214,

219, 220Holy Week 16, 197–222Larios family 203, 206Nationalist period 211–22Nationalist violence 212Nationalist war wounded 199–200penitential processions 216Perchel 205–6, 211, 215–17, 220plan 201radicalism 203–5revolutionary period 207–11revolutionary violence 209–11social battleground 200strikes 201, 205women 205–6, 207–9

Index 277






Malaparte, Curzio 26Mallada, Avelino 140, 142, 143, 151, 152Mallorca 100MAOC 36, 37, 42maps and plans

Gijon 148Malaga 201political divisions xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xxvi

Marbella Column 211Martınez, Jose Marıa 154martyrdom

anti-clerical violence 17–18, 68–89canonisations 68, 73Carlists 39, 185clerical historiography 44, 72–5martyrdom of things 69rebel narrative 173revolutionary martyrs 123

Marx, Karl 25, 26masonic triangle 35mass funerals 164, 167, 172–3, 211mass graves 4Maurras, Charles 26Mauthausen 3May Days 1937 104, 105, 106, 118, 143memory

denial of republican experience 6desmemoria 9liberalisation of official memory 20and local identity 199–200pact of oblivion 5, 9, 11, 45recovery 4–5social memory 112suspension 4

mendigoxales 42Menendez Pelayo, Marcelino 6mentalites 13Mestalla 28Mexico 70, 95Mijas 76militias

Barcelona 114–15Malaga 207rebels 163–5Second Republic 40–3

Millan Astray, General Jose 169, 200mobilisation networks 38–44, 111,

161–5mobs 76, 112, 117modernisation theories 25

modernity 1, 152–3Mola, General Emilio 161, 165, 166,

173, 175monarchists

anthem 36Carlists, see Carlistsemblems 35, 37political colours 36publications 29–30violence 26

Montizon 80Montjuıc 28, 115, 123Montseny, Frederica 52, 130Moors 54, 58Morata, Javier 29Morocco 47, 54, 58motoring 124–6Mundo Obero 29, 30Murcia 70, 78music 189–91

Napoleonic War 48, 49, 50, 52–3, 56, 57,66, 109, 143

National Action (Accion Nacional) 31National Front (Frente Nacional) 34nationalism

Basques 191–2, 194Catalonia 108civil war discourse 45–67Francoist anti-separatism 58–60National-Catholicism 55, 65nationalist discourse by government side

55, 109nationalist discourse by rebel side 55–60regional nationalisms 60–4

Nationalistsanthems 170crusade narrative 55–60, 175flags 165leaders 162militias 163–5mobilisation methods 161–5parades 163–5parties 162

nationality concept 5Navarre

Carlism 18, 59, 166, 173, 177–95film 195geography 177model for Spain 178–91

278 Index






music 189–91opposition to Carlists 191–4peasants 188–9, 193Reconquest discourse 180–1religion 182–6, 192requete 43, 180–1, 181–2

Navarro, Enrique 211Negrın, Juan 15, 53–4, 63, 106–7,

107–9, 110Nin, Andreu 26Numancia 49, 57nuns 86–7, 89, 126

October 1934 revolution 27, 98oral history 11, 74Oriamendi, battle of 189Ortega Munoz, Benito 202Ortega y Gasset, Jose 33, 188Orwell, George 131, 132, 137, 152Other 45, 205Oviedo 133

Palencia 167Pamplona

Carlists 161, 165, 171, 173celebretation of St James’s day 181, 182processions 174rebel dead 186repression of Basque nationalists 194Sanfermın fiesta 193

parades 160, 163–5Paris Commune 115, 117, 140Parliament (Cortes), terminology 33Partido Galeguista (PG) 60Partido Nacionalista Espanol (PNE) 29,

36, 42Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV) 60–1Partido Popular 107Partit Comunista de Catalunya (PCC) 99Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya

(PSUC) 99–100, 103, 106, 110,115, 131

patriotism, see nationalismPCE 8, 38, 47–50, 136, 146, 147,

149, 163Pearse, Stansbury 127peasants, Navarre 188–9, 193Peiro, Joan 116Pelayo, King 54, 140Pelayos 182

Peman, Jose Marıa 57, 58Pemartın, Jose 56, 197, 204people, terminology 33–4Peret, Benjamin 131Perez de Olaguer, Antonio 180Perez Ledesma, Manuel 10–11Perez Madrigal, Joaquın 29, 58Petrograd 117Pi i Sunyer, Carles 63plans, see maps and planspoison rumours 30, 84political discourse

confrontation images 24–5dissemination in Second Republic 27–31doctrinal writings 26–7nationalist discourse 45–67polarisation 23–6, 37–8regional nationalisms 60–4rumour 30, 84Second Republic violence 23–44solidarity 64–5violence of civil war 44vocabulary of violence 31–8

political meetings, Second Republic 28political parties

anthems 35colours 36communication methods 27emblems 35leaders 34–5mass rituals 36–7slogans 35, 36vocabulary 34–5

Popular Action 31Popular Army, salute 37Popular Front (Frente Popular) 31, 34populism

Catalonia 93–6Gijon 139meaning 95–6, 107Spanish imitation of Catalan populism

104–10post-war changes 7–8POUM 98, 99, 103–4, 105–6, 130Pradera, Victor 56prejudice 24press

censorship 30doctrinal periodicals 29left-wing press 30

Index 279






press (cont.)mainstream newspapers 29political newspapers 27, 28, 29publishers 29satirical press 29violent discourse of Second Republic 27,

28–30Prieto, Indalecio 109, 182Primo de Rivera, Jose Antonio 32, 36, 42,

43, 56Primo de Rivera, Miguel 31, 33, 38, 94prisoners, statistics 3processions 174, 193, 216; see also Holy

WeekPSOE 38, 107, 136PSUC 15, 50, 61Puerta del Sol 70

Queipo de Llano, General Gonzalo 161,169, 173, 200

Quiroga, Casares 33

Radical Democrats 93Radical Party 14radio 29Ramon y Cajal, Santiago 141rape 86–7Reconquista 5, 55, 57, 140, 180–1Redondo, Onesimo 164, 167, 173Reformation 5, 17regionalism

and Catholic Church 56Francoist anti-separatism 58–60languages 59–60, 194regional nationalisms 60–4

Renovacion 29Renovacion Espanola 163, 165, 170repression, scale 3republic, meaning 31–2republicanssee also First Republic, Second Republicanthem 107chants 35masonic triangle 35and modernity 1nationalist discourse 53–5, 109

requete 42, 163Italian training 42Malaga 214Navarre 43, 180–1, 181–2

political colour 36red berets 191religion 184–91

Restoration monarchy 12Revista de Estudios Hispanicos 29revolution

Catalan politics 100–4competing meanings 32–3revolutionary parties 111

rituals 28, 36–7, 79–80, 174Rotfront 37Ruiz Albeniz, Vıctor 180rumour 14, 30, 84

Saenz de Tejada, Carlos 81, 82, 189, 190Sagrario 199Salamanca 163, 166, 167, 169, 171Saliquet, Major General Andres 159, 162Salter, Cedric 131salutes 36–7, 219–20San Esteban, Marques de 141San Pedro, Rodrıguez 141San Pedron Alcantara 77Sanjurjo, General Jose 162, 165, 173Santos y Olivera, Balbino, bishop of

Malaga 198, 203, 213, 219–20scatology 88–9Schmitt, Carl 25schools

history 5rebel territory 173–4Second Republic violence 43

Second Republicdissemination of political discourse

26–31militias 40–3mobilisation networks 38–44polarisation 23–6, 37–8, 71political crises 31political writings 26–7shock groups 39–43symbolism of violence 23–44women 205youth movements 38–9, 43

Selznick, Philip 38SEU 42Seville 165, 166, 169, 174, 200Seville, duke of 211, 212shock groups 39–43siesta 130

280 Index






Sindicato Libre 42slogans 35, 36, 121social class, historiography 8–9social history, post-1975 8–9, 10–12El Socialista 30socialists

1982 government 11Casas del Pueblo 39emblem 35nationalist discourse 53–5political ambiguity 32political colour 36PSOE 38, 107, 136PSUC 15, 50, 61

Solidaridad Obrera 102, 113solidarity discourse 64–5Sorel, Georges 26, 76Soviet Union

1917 revolution 69, 116, 208and anarchists 53, 65and Catalonia 99cultural model 135nationalist enemy 57, 58Petrograd 208republican ally 55

Spaniards’ Charter 4Spanish history

historiography, see historiographyintellectual history 6lack of industrial revolution 6lack of religious Reformation 5

Spartacus 123Stabilisation Plan 7Stalin, Joseph 110state of war, declarations 161stereotypes 24, 25, 45Stolz, Ramon 186Stork, F. G. 193street names 123–4, 140–1, 142strikes 30, 201, 205symbols

anthems 35, 170, 174colours 36, 121, 170, 201competition of nationalist symbols 18crucifixes 37, 87, 173–4crystallisation 24dissemination 27–31emblems 35flags, see flagsimages, see images

nature 24polarisation of politics 23–6, 37–8political violence of Second Republic

23–44public reaction to 37–8rituals 28, 36–7, 79–80, 174salutes 36–7slogans 35, 36, 121street names 123–4, 140–1terminology, see language

Tapia, Luis de 29Tarradellas, Josep 102, 104El Tebib Arrumi, 180Tenerife, bishop of 56Third International 47Thompson, E. P. 10–11La Tierra 30, 102Togliatti, Palmiro 193Toledo 70, 80, 81, 84, 87, 167Tolosa 174, 181Tomas, Belarmino 143Torquemada 192Totalan 71La Traca 29trade unions

centres 39, 122Gijon 143, 149–50shift of power to 16, 133, 134

Trotsky, Leon 26Turin 117Turner, Victor 220–1

UGT 47, 122UJCE 28Unio Socialista de Catalunya (USC) 97, 99Uterga 187

Valencia 52, 77, 78, 81, 85, 107, 135Valente, Jose Marıa 171Valladolid 32, 159–61, 164, 166, 167, 171Varela, General Jose Enrique 162Vatican Council 7Velez Rubio 86Vendee 177violence

anti-clerical violence 17–18, 68–89,141, 210

Barcelona 81, 84, 88, 117, 127–9city neighbourhoods 43

Index 281






violence (cont.)civil war language 44communication theory 23dissemination of violent projects in

Second Republic 26–31fire 30, 77–8, 206generalised violence 194Malaga 77, 209–11, 212militias 40–3mob violence 76, 112, 117mobilisation networks 38–44mutilations 78purpose of terror 70rites of violence 78–80role of symbolism 23–6schools 43Second Republic 13–14, 23–44shock groups 39–43vocabulary 26, 31–8workplaces 43–4

Virgin cult 81, 174, 205–6, 211,213–20

Viriato 49, 53, 65Vitoria 166

war wounded 199–200

Wickham, Chris 112Williams, Raymond 13women

Barcelona gaol 126, 129Barcelona politics 130–1Catalonia 95Gijon 146–7history 11Malaga 205–6, 207–9

Workers’ Alliance (Alianza Obrera) 27, 34,35, 98

workplaces, violence 43–4World War I 69

youth movements, Second Republic38–9, 43

ZaragozaCarlists in 166Nationalist demonstrations 164–5newspapers 171, 173, 175siege 49Virgin of the Pillar 18, 159, 164,

167, 172Zemon Davis, Natalie 78Zeus 29

282 Index






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