INDEXSr. No. Title Author Subject Page No.

1 The Balanced Scorecard: As A Performance Measurement System

Dr. Vinod K. Ramani Accountancy 1-2

2 Corporate Mergers and Acquisitions: Legal, Accounting and Strategic Issues

Mira J. Bhanderi Accountancy 3-4

3 Morphometric analysis of the Sisi river basin, North-East India and some geo-environmental implications

Dr. Uttam Goswami Applied Geology

5-6

4 Careful Evaluation of CARE’s Performance Dr. Bheemanagouda Commerce 7-8

5 Advertisements on Passenger Cars - An Innovative Idea for Outdoor Advertising

Dr. Sangapa Rampure Commerce 9-10

6 Knowledge Management And Knowledge Process Outsourcing

Dr.Santos Singh Bais Commerce 11-13

7 A Study on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Using Sms Marketing as a Tool

Dr.S P. Mathiraj, Mr Anil B. Malali

Commerce 14-16

8 Economic Value Added Dr. Kishor V. Bhesaniya Commerce 17-20

9 CHALLENGES IN COMMERCE DUE TO GLOBALIZATION

Mr. T. Kalimuthu, Dr. R. Ganapathi

Commerce 21-23

10 Estimating Reliability of Component Based Software Using Artificial Neural Network

Mr. Harish Rathod , Mr. Mahesh Parmar, Miss. Rekha Teraiya

Computer Science

24-26

11 Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi), Special Economic Zones (Sezs) And Economic Developments In India: An Empirical Study

M. Marimuthu Economics 27-29

12 Environmental Impact On Agriculture: WTO And Indian Economic Reforms

Dr.Shivasharanappa Dhaba

Economics 30-31

13 Study of regional rural water supply scheme-Kutch Niketa Patel Economics 32-34

14 An Overview of Indian economy of Unemployment in Depression

Dr. Dilip Arjune, Dr. Pawar Ashok S.

Economics 35-37

15 Kendriya Aarthsankalp 2011-12 and 2012-13 ke Tulnatmak Adhayan

Dr. Pawar Ashok S., Dr. Sunita J. Rathod, Shri. Budhwant R.G.

Economics 38-42

16 ADEPTS: Innovative Self-Evaluation Technique for Teachers

Dr. Pawar Ashok S., Dr. Vishal Tayade,Dr. Sunita Rathod

Economics 43-44

17 Bharatiya thet parikiy gunvantkiye dhoran Dr. Pawar Ashok S. Economics 45-48

18 European Euro Sankat and Vyaparchakrache Jagtik Parinam

Dr. Pawar Ashok S., Dr. Sunita J. Rathod, Umare Vilas Devchand

Economics 49-52

19 Higher Education in India: An Appraisal Dr. Sukhwinder Singh jolly

Education 53-56

20 An Investigation on test Anxiety In L2 Learners S. Gandhimathi , Dr. R. Ganesan

Education 57-58

21 Organizational Commitment and Self esteem of Faculty Members of Secondary Level Teacher Training Programme in Mysore

Mr. Moslem Cherabin, Dr. Praveena K. B.

Education 59-61

22 Comparative Analysis on Various Coded Cooperaative Networks

Pallavi Ingle Electronics and Communication

62-64

23 Effect of Plasma Arc Cutting Speed-voltage On the Unevenness of Hardox-400 Material

A. A. Darji, S. P. Patel, J.V.Desai

Engineering 65-67

24 Design and Simulation of High Speed,Low power Preamplifier Based CMOS Comparator

Gireeja Amin Engineering 68-70

25 Analysis of box culvert considering soil structure interaction

M.G. Kalyanshetti,S.V. Malkhare

Engineering 71-74

26 Soil erosion & Advance Techniques of Soil Conservation Manish Gujarati,Prof. H. M. Gandhi

Engineering 75-77

27 Cotton Crop Performance and Economics under Drip Irrigation at Various Water Application Levels

Jignesh. A. Shah Engineering 78-80

28 Cotton Crop Response to Thermal Regimes under Surface Irrigation at Stress Free Water Application Level

Jignesh A.Shah Engineering 81-82

29 Simulation of Line and Phase Voltages of Inverter Using Switching Function Concept

Prachi M. Palpankar, A.Y.Fadnis

Engineering 83-85

30 Microgrid : A Planning Based on Renewable Sources In Amravati District

Shweta. L. Tiwari, Dr.R.M. Moharil

Engineering 86-89

31 “Phenomenological Modeling of Four Stroke Compression Ignition Engine Processes”

V. M. Makwana Engineering 90-94

32 Designing Aspects of Cryogenic Attachment For Uv/Visible Spectrophotomer

Yagnesh B. Chauhan, Hardik B. Patel, J.M.Patel, Dr. U.S.Joshi

Engineering 95-98

33 Comparison Of Conventional 60/70 grade of Bitumen with CRMB60 for Roads

Zala Kartik S., Mandowara Nirajkumar P., Prof. C.B.Mishra, Dr. F.S.Umrigar

Engineering 99-100

34 Modelling And Analysis of Faults In Wind Based Doubly-Fed Induction Generator

K. Keerthi Deepika,A. Srinivasa Rao

Engineering 101-104

35 Multipoint Hand Gesture Recognition Using Robotic Arm Control

Nishant Madhukar Labhane, Prashant Harsh, Meghan Kulkarni

Engineering 105-107

36 Assessment of Sediment Distribution Hiral Shah, N. N. Borad, R. K. Jain

Engineering 108-111

37 Review and Analysis of Drought Monitoring and Management

Patel Jaydeepkumar J., Prof. G.V.Dihora

Engineering 112-114

38 Flow Forecasting of Tapi River At Mandvi Station By ANN Gajjar Kamleshkumar Hasmukhbhai,Prof. H.M.Gandhi

Engineering 115-118

39 Implementation of Digital Watermarking by Combined Transform Domain Algorithm for Copyright Authentication using Matlab

Raval Keta J., Mrs. Sameena Zafar

Engineering 119-121

40 Use of Rubber Dam In Tapi River Front Development At Surat City

Sagar D Patel, Kiran R.Shah, PROF.R.B.Khasiya

Engineering 122-124

41 Mahatma Gandhi's Ultimate to the Globalization Dr. Ashok Shankarrao Pawar

Engineering 125-129

42 Determination of Reservoir Operating Rules for A Single Reservoir - A case study (March 2012)

J.C.Solanki,B. K.P.Sthar, C. Prof.A.T.Motiai

Engineering 130-132

43 Flow Equation For Elliptical Weir Jigar H. Gamit Engineering 133-135

44 Reducing the Effect of Flood through River Training Work on Shedhi River at Khumarvada Village of Kheda District, Gujarat

Suthar Kandarp kumar P. , Solanki Jitendrasinh C.

Engineering 136-138

45 Case Studies in Community Initiated Rainwater Harvesting Dr Mahalaxmi Krishnan Environment 139-140

46 Impact of Human Activities on Mangroves Ecosystem Arvind A. Dhond Environment 141-143

47 Equator Principles an Innovative Tool for Environmental and Social Sustainability

Ashok R. Bantwa Finance 144-146

48 Investor Activism – The Icahn Effect Ch. Chaitanya Finance 147-149

49 Dividend policy – A fundamental signal Krunal K Bhuva, Dr. Vijay Vyas

Finance 150-151

50 Infrastructure Creation And Utilisation In Railways Mrs. K. Revathi,Dr. R. Ganapathi

General Management

152-154

51 Impact of Environmental Parameters on the Worker’s Work Capacity Involved in Organized Poultry Farm

Tulika Srivastava,Dr. Aditi Vats

Home Science 155-156

52 Impact of Electronic Communication Media on Consumers Sandhya Rani,Dr. Chhaya Shukla

Home Science 157-159

53 A Study On Employee’s Performance Appraisal With Reference To Mitsubishi Heavy Industry Tools Limited.

S.Ragothaman, D.Yuvaraj, S.Sridhar

Human Resource Management

160-162

54 Roles of the Expatriate Kapil Dev Upadhyay, Dr. (Prof.) Vijay Kumar Soni

Human Resource Management

163-164

55 English in Multicultural Society of Asia Bhaveshkumar Rana Literature 165-167

56 Need to Reform General English Syllabus at UG Level in the Affiliate Colleges of the University of Jammu: An Experimental Study

Dr. Wajahat Hussain Literature 168-169

57 A Study On Employee Retention for Sustaining the Talented Employees in Health Care Industry in a Private Multi-Speciality Organization

Dr C Swarnalatha,TS Prasanna

Management 170-172

58 Present Status Of Women Self Hep Groups In Tamilnadu M.Gurusamy, P.Uma Maheswari, C.Sangeetha

Management 173-175

59 Volatility In Indian Stock Markets Mr. Santanu Kumar Das

Management 176-180

60 Women Entrepreneurs: Role, Development and Contribution in Indian Economy

Siddharth Raval, Yupal Shukla

Management 181-182

61 Talent Management: A Bird Eye View Kalaspathi Vishwakarma

Management 183-184

62 Efficient Positioning For Sustained Leadership Ms.Asha Anotny , Ms.S.Anbu Selvi

Management 185-188

63 “An Imperical Study on Women’s Approach Towards Equity Market”

Ritesh Hasmukhlal Amarsela

Management 189-193

64 A Study on the Role of Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Towards Insider Trading Practices in Indian Capital Market

V. Arockia Jerold Management 194-197

65 Profitability Of Commercial Banks With Special Reference To Indian Overseas Bank

Ms. R. Gokilavani,Dr. R. Ganapathi

Management 198-200

66 Brand Preference For Mineral Water With Reference To Pollachi

Dr. R. Ganapathi,G. Murali Manokari

Management 201-205

67 “ISO 9000 - Impact of Quality Systems on Business Performance”

Manisha Paliwal Management 206-207

68 Perceived Satisfaction of Mobile Prepaid Users and demographic factors

Dr. J. M. Badiyani Management 208-209

69 STUDY ON NPAs IN SBI WITH REFERENCE TO COIMBATORE

Ms. R. Gokilavani,Dr. R. Ganapathi

Management 210-213

70 Consumer Protection – Issues and Impediments In Rural Areas

Mrs. K. Revathi,Dr. R. Ganapathi

Management 214-216

71 Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in Telecommunication Companies

Mr. Akshay Arora,Ms. Sujitha R

Management 217-219

72 To Study The Organizational Stress It’s Causes, Effects And Remedies of Private Banks At Bhavnagar Region

Mr. Vimal P. Jagad,Mr Mukesh .C Ajmera

Management 220-222

73 Case Study on Utilisation of ATM - With Reference To Erode Town

R. Gokilavani,Dr. R. Ganapathi

Management 223-226

74 Case Study Method – An Ideal Tool of Learning Mr. T. Kalimuthu,Dr. R. Ganapathi

Management 227-229

75 Ethics & Marketing: A Deep Connection Ashish Nathwani Marketing 230-232

76 The Emerging Role of HR in India Axaybharti N Goswami Marketing 233-234

77 Marketing Of Diamond Jewellery In Coimbatore – An Opinion Survey

Dr. R. Ganapathi, G. Murali Manokari

Marketing 235-237

78 A Study On Customer Satisfaction Towards Cable TV Services With Special Reference To Thirumangalam, Madurai District

K. Navarathinam,S. Anbu selvi

Marketing 238-240

79 Changing Consumer Behavior towards IPL Nirav R. Vyas,Dr. Vijay Vyas

Marketing 241-242

80 Q-Level Subnearring Of Q-Intuitionistic L-Fuzzy Subnearrings

M.M.Shanmugapriya, K.Arjunan

Mathematics 243-246

81 Effect of Selected Yogic, Aerobic Exercises and Combined Yogic and Aerobic Practices on Resting Pulse Rate

Dr. Shivarama Reddy. M , Dr. Manjappa. P

Physical Education

247-250

82 Analysis of Long Jump Performance T.Christopher Nallarasu Dr.V.Mahadevan

Physical Education

251-252

83 Panchayats and Women Self Help Groups: (A Study With Special Reference to Gulbarga District of Karnataka)

Dr. Pralhad Chengte Political Science

253-254

84 The Frustration among T.B.Patients-A Psychological study Dr.Kishor N. Mehta Psychology 255-256

85 Voice Activation Detection Algorithm for Estimating the Noise From Human Speech Signal

Kanu Patel,Sameena Zafar

Science 257-269

86 An Analysis of Changing Socio-Cultural Practices Among The Lambadas Of Andhra Pradesh

Dr. M. Sreedevi Xavier Sociology 260-262

87 Sociology of Art: A Theoretical Exploration Dr. Poonam Gandhi-Moirangthem

Sociology 263-265

88 Dalit Nari : Sthan, Paristithi avam Samsya Dr. H.L. Chavda Sociology 266-269

89 Ansuchit jatiyan me lagan sansthan bhal achal - jilla ahmedabad gujarat rajya ke vanshis sandarbhme

Dr. H.L. Chavda Sociology 270-272

90 Techniques of Steganography and Steganalysis Bhavsar Jaimin H, Imran Khan

Technology 273-276

91 Contributions of Tourism – An Analysis Dr. Bheemanagouda Tourism 277-278

Volume : 1 | Issue : 4 | April 2012 ISSN - 2250-1991

PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH X 253

Research Paper

* Asst. Professor & HOD, Dept. of Political Science, Government First Grade College, CHINCHOLI

Keywords : Women, Development, Institution, Selp, Help, Groups

Political Science

Panchayats and Women Self Help Groups:(A Study With Special Reference to Gulbarga District of

Karnataka)

* Dr. Pralhad Chengte

Empowerment is the most frequently used term in development dialogue today. It is also the most nebulous and widely interpreted of concepts. Advocates of micro finance claim the very process of forming self-help groups is empowering and a critical mass is formed which can be harnessed to pull households out of poverty traps. The corresponding side of the debate around this issue is that, the same critical mass can be usurped by larger political and economic interests to promote their own mandates, by which women become instruments and are further disempowered. Further, empowerment cannot be achieved through the handling of just money since credit by itself does not bond women together enough to unleash a process of empowerment. Other social and development concerns are required to cement groups so that they can metamorphose into vehicles of empowerment. Similarly, advocates of PRIs also claim that participation in the democratic process empowers women.

ABSTRACT

Introduction:Panchayat raj institutions are the grassroots units of self-gov-ernment. They are the Instruments for participatory democ-racy and decentralization at the grassroots level. They carry back to the people the power that really belongs to them. They have an immense Potential for democratic decentraliza-tion and devolving power to the people. They are the Vehicles of socio-economic transformation. It is therefore necessary that these bodies are Effective and function meaningfully. This demands an active involvement, contribution and Partici-pation of the people. Participation refers to direct involvement of people, both women and men, in (i) decision making (ii) implementation of development programmes, (iii) monitoring and evaluation of programmes and (iv) sharing of the ben-efits of development. There has to be a bottom up approach’ rather than one where people are mere observers and total dependents. The people should operate and the government should co-operate.

Review of literatureTo carry out this present study the researcher has gone through various related studies, articles and books. In order to state a few, below listed studies have been given.

Loganathan, P. had analyzed the state wise performance of linkage of SHG, with banks in terms of members SHGs linked with banks assessed the extend of involvement banks in the programs. It reveled that Tamil Nadu is one of the top three states in respect of linkage of SHGs with banks

Shanthi, G. and Dhanalakshmi, C. in their article, based on the survey method of multi stage sampling, stated that par-ticipation in group activities leads to changed self image, en-hanced access to new information, broad knowledge about resource availability and negotiation with government officials

The positive impact of the micro finance on life of the rural women came to know by reviewing the article entitled women empowerment and credit control - an empirical analysis on credit recipient of Grameen bank in Bangaladesh published in the ICFAI

Objectives of Study: To explores the level of participation of WSHG member

in panchayat functioning and the impact of such partici-pation, especially, their participation in the Gram Sabha meetings of the panchayat and the various issues raised by them.

To study whether the WSHGs as a whole are successful in serving as pressure group at Gram Sabhas?

To focus on whether WSHGs have clustered themselves to make the panchayat authorities responsible and re-sponsive?

Are women panchas and WSHG member together able to influence initiation, formulation and implementation of policies and programmes which will benefit women?

Have the village representatives, especially women rep-resentatives initiated the process of nurturing WSHGs in their village? And in such cases is the creature a dummy of the creator that is, is the WSHGs thus created func-tions as per the desires of the women representatives?

Research MethodThe required data for the study was collected by using survey techniques with the help of a structured questionnaire. Data was collected with the help of in-depth personal interviews with the members of WSHGs and panchayats. Data was also collected by undertaking case Studies, and by personally at-tending Gram Sabhas and meetings of the WSHGs.

Sample Selection a) The sample respondents consisted of members of the

WSHGs of the from all over Gulbarga distract.

b) Sample size was 100 (hundred) WSHGs at least 10 (ten) from each of the talukas. This was done in order to give a fair representation of WSHGs from all over the Gulbarga to avoid any bias in data collections on account of geo-graphical or cultural differences.

c) On a average each WSHG comprises of 10 members. From each group one fifth of the member i.e 2 women members were interview thereby making the total number of respond-ents to around 200. In all 192 respondents were interviewed.

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254 X PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

d) Around twenty women panchas (representatives at the Panchayats) were also interviewed to gather the require data.

Data Analysisa) PartyAffiliation Membership in political party is the co-operative mode

of political participation. The survey revealed that there were only few members of the WSHGs who were affiliat-ed to political party. It was found that 17% of the respond-ents felt close to one party or another. Women with some educational background were more able to associate with political party. Also it was observed that catholic women had more party affiliations. Women who were employed in one form or another associated with political parties than the housewives.

d) Participation in Gram Sabhas Group membership can help women to form the ‘critical mass’. The participation of WSHGs members at the Gram Sabhas would mean participation of more and more women into the grassroots politics which suggest that their increased number will offer then equality increased opportunity to influence the local decision-making. Once a group reaches certain ‘critical mass’ its position, pow-er and influence is likely to increase. Thus increase in number will help women in becoming an effective pres-sure group through the instrument of collective bargain-ing. ‘Larger the number bigger the voice’ tactic could work wonders.

Such participation is important primarily due to following reasons:1. To initiate, formulate and implement policies and pro-

grammes which will benefit women2. To bring in a feminine perspective to the process of plan-

ning, policy formulation and execution of rural develop-ment programmes. It is expected that more women will change the focus or rural administration towards impor-tant facets of life like health, nutrition, children’s welfare, family care, drinking water etc.

3. The entry of more and more women into the realm of grass-roots politics suggest that their increased number will offer then equally increased opportunity to influence the local decision – making. Once a group reaches a certain ‘criti-cal mass’ then its position, power and influence is likely to increase. An increase in number will help women in

4. Becoming an effective pressure group though the instru-ment of collective bargaining.

5. Women are the active agents of soico-economic trans-formation in rural areas. They have the potentials for ef-fective networking and pooling of resources. They can understand better their problems, identify them, and give priorities and preference. And are aware of strategies to-wards it solution. Hence their active participation will not only enhance the status of women in the village. But will also help in development of the village.

6. The women leaders can act as an intermediary between the government and the women in rural areas. Their ac-cessibility to other women in the village, their contacts at the grassroots, and their awareness of the needs and in-terests of women will improve the condition of women in rural areas.

7. Larger participation can provide women a platform to gain experience, overcome their fear and build in confidence; break the shackles of patriarchy and orthodoxy. It can create an access at state and national level politics.

Panchayats and Women Self Help Groups. The data showed that 22% women members of WSHGs at-tended the Gram Sabhas. This is a positive picture emerg-ing on the Goan scene. WSHG membership has given a kind of legitimacy for women to attend the Gram Sabhas and as well panchayat office. Due to existing bias, women shy away from attending Gram Sabhas. They are hesitant even to go to panchayat office and get their work done. They have to de-pend on the male members in the family. However member-ship of the group have build in confidence in women to go the panchayat, inquire about government schemes, attend gram sabhas etc. Membership of SHG has given social acceptance to these women.

CASE I- In Ernappalli village in Sedam Taluka, the only gov-ernment Primary school was in dilapidated condition. Besides poor infrastructure, there was only one teacher to manage all the four classes, from stdI-IV. This resulted in poor attendance of the students and they were found scattered around rather than in the class. The issue came up in one of the meetings of the WSHG operating in this area. They discussed the mat-ter with the men folk in their families. The issue was taken up in the gram sabha. The ADE from that area was asked to look into the matter. Form second semester onwards, two teachers were transferred in this school. The WSHG volun-teered to supply snacks and other eatables as per the mid-day meal scheme at subsidized rates to motives the students to be present on the campus. The meeting of the SHG that followed passed a congratulatory motion for taking the matter to the effect.

CASE II – Interesting case was observed at Inolli, Chincholi taluka. The wells in this village served the population of this village for many years, before the taps made their ways. Even now, as the taps run dry most of the time of day, especially in summer, women continue to fetch water form the wells for washing. In one of the meetings of the WSHG, the members were discussing the water problem faced by them. They then realized that the wells needed to cleaned, and repaired and properly maintained. After discussing this matter with their family members they came to know that the Panchayat is as-signed the job of maintaining the wells in the village. They then approached their local panch and asked him to do the needful. Most of the wells in the village were done with proper covering. However one well was left in pity state as the house adjacent to it objected on the ground that the work would damage their septic tank. To the sheer dismay, one day a drunkard old men fell in this well. This made the women give an ultimatum to the Panchayat to close the well with ceiling within twenty days or they would take up to an alternative recourse. The work was completed within three days.

Conclusion To conclude it can be said that given the fact India has seen two major initiatives towards women’s empowerment, in the guise of PRIs and micro finance, the time has now come for research to delve into unraveling the areas of overlap between the two processes. There are issues, which affect women’s lives intimately which are seen in both initiatives. A common conceptualization of empowerment should be used to gauge the extent of empowerment that has been unleashed by wom-en’s participation in PRIs and in SHGs. It is not to suggest that necessarily there are similarities or that similarities have to found under any circumstance. The purpose of this paper has been to suggest that there already exist linkages between the two processes and the extent and scope of these linkages need further investigation. Such research will serve well to suggest policy change that will coordinate between these two processes.

REFERENCES

1. Elson Diane 1995, 'The Empowerment of Women', Comments on chapters by 2. Mathew George and Ramesh Nayak, 1996, ‘Panchayats at Work: What It Means for the Oppressed?’, Economic and Political Weekly, July 6, , pp 1765-71. 3. Mathew George, 2003, ‘Panchayati Raj Institutions and Human Rights in India’, Economic and Political Weekly, Jan 11, pp155-162. 4. Mohanty Bidyut and Shashi Narayana, (eds) 2001, Women and Political Empwoerment 2001, Women’s Political Empowerment Day Celebrations, 5. Panchayats and Women's Economic Empowerment, Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi. 6. Narayan Pradeep, 2003, ‘Empowerment through Participation. How Effective is this Approach?’, Economic and Political

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