Index

Abortion(s), 92 spontaneous, experimental use of tissue

from, 154-155, 297 therapeutic, experimental use of tissue

from, 155, 156-157 U . S. political controversy over, 152

Abstract concepts, versus concrete data, in brain research, 207-209, 221-222

Academie Royale des Sciences (Paris), women admitted to, 110

Acoustic nonexpression, of silent elements of speech, 22-23

Acoustic parsing, of sentences, 16 Adrenal tissue transplants, 152, 154 Aesthetic affects, 62 Affect-ideas, 73 Affection, as descriptive of caressive

affective state, 64 Affective feelings

in aura of psychomotor epilepsy, 62-63 classification of, 64

Affects, as agreeable or disagreeable feelings, 62, 64

Age, effects on short-term memory, 40 Aggression

emotions as basis of, 11 human awareness of, 10 premeditated, 12 verbal acts of, 12

Aggressive behavior, 62 Aggressive displays, of lizards, 60 Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin),

women admitted to, 110 Aktualgenesis, 265 Algorithm organization, of the brain,

66,69 All the King's Men [Warrenl, 145 Aloneness, 225

Altruism emotions as basis of, 11 granulofrontal cortex involvement in, 69 as human trait, 12

Alzheimer's disease, 152, 173 American Association of Medical Colleges,

92 American Board of Psychiatry and

Neurology, 166 American Heart Association, III American Journal oj Psychiatry, 16S American Medical Association, 165, 166 American Neurological Association, 160 American Physiologist, The, 92 American Psychiatric Association, 160, 162 Amo, Anton, 113 Amphibians, species-specific vocalization

studies on, S Amygdala, of limbic system, relation to

mouth and olfactory apparatus, 61 Analogy, superficial, 22 Anaphora, in semantic analysis, 22 Anarthria, from destruction of cortex

speech area, 10 Anatomy, sexual differences in, 111,

114-115, 116 Ancien regime et la Revolution, L'

[Tocquevillel, 131 Anderson, Judith, 249, 315-316 Anderson, Warwick, 249, 306, 327 Anger

as descriptive of aggressive affective state, 64

human awareness of, 10 Animal liberation movement, 179-lS0

extremist elements in, ISS public opinion and, ISO-lSI

Animal Liberation [Singerl, ISO

340 Index

Animals experimental, moral rights of, 288-293 ''mind'' of, 293-296

Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (Great Britain, 1986), 182

Anschaung, 236 Anterior cingulate gyrus, vocally responsive

sites in, 8, 9 Anterior thalamic limbic structures, neurons

in, 10 Antonyms, in semantic analysis, 22 Anxiety

as accompaniment of indecision, 80-81 alleviation by frontal lobotomy, 68

Apes, 184 facial expressions of, comparison to

humans, 7 lack of vocal-cord control in, 10

Aphasia, in brain-function studies, 211-212, 215, 219, 233, 307

Aphonia, from destruction of cortex speech area, 10

Aprosody, of speech, in patients with cingulate brain lesions, 8

Archive for the History of Quantum Physics, 334

Aristophanes, 139 Aristotle, 29, 280, 281, 282

views on women of, 110 Arrowsmith [Lewis], 121, 122, 123-124,278 Artificial intelligence, 333 Aserinsky, E., 32 Asilomar agreement, 155 Aspectualization, in semantic analysis, 22 Associationism, 231-234

as the epistemology of positivism, 234-235

Attenborough, David, 186 Audio-vocal communication, evolutionary

development of, 61 Augustine, Saint, 145,280 Aura, of psychomotor epilepsy, affective

feelings experienced in, 62, 64 Australopithecus africanus, skull of, 66, 67 Awareness

definition of, 78 the self in, 75

Baltimore, David, 97, 107 Bambi [Disney], 144, 291, 292 Barclay, John, 115 Basal amygdaloid nucleus, vocally

responsive sites in, 8, 9

Basal ganglia, of forebrain, comparison among terrestrial vertebrates, 60

Bastian, Charlton, 214 Beethoven, Ludwig von, 286 Behavior

brain and, 265-267 evolution of, 62 explanations of, 14, 15

cognitive science role in, 14 frontal lobe role in, 256 goal-directed, cerebellar involvement in,

68-69 intentional, in humans, 12 natural selection for, 3 self-concept role in governing of, 40

Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 295 Bellah, Robert, 136 Bellevue Hospital, 142, 301 Bentham, Jeremy, 180,290 Bentley, Arthur, 210 Bergman, Andrew, 139 Bergson, vitalism and teleology of, 238 Berlin school of Gestalt psychology,

239-240, 310, 311 Berndt, Catherine, 194, 195, 197, 199 Berndt, Ronald, 194, 195, 197, 199 Bias and error, in science, 281-282 Bible, The, 142-143, 146 Binding, Karl, 129, 130 Biochemistry [Stryer], 143 "Biology is destiny," 116 Birds, song-pattern acquisition by, 17 Birds, The [Aristophanes], 139 Bizarre dreams, 28-31

scoring system for, 28 Blackmore, Colin, 311 Black persons, 117, 120

educational studies on, 113 Bloom, Harold, 121, 124, 125 Blue Velvet [Lynch], 139 Blumenbach, Johann, 117 Body organs, electrical and magnetic fields

produced by, 50 Body Shop, The, 181 Boston Psychopathic Hospital, 160 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 289 Brain, 216, 285 Brain

algorithm organization of, 66 electrical stimulation of, in vocal

behavior studies, 7-8 history of studies on, 209-212 human, 256-257

consciousness and, 263-265

conservatism of function and structure in, 269-271

function related to anatomy of, 141, 144, 273-274

gendered, 1l0-l20, 328 human values and, 251-252 knowledge of and by, 1-85 language areas of, 76 mammalian. See Mammalian brain neuroethological perspectives on, 3-13 paleomammalian, 61-65 pathology of, as key to function, 72 reconstruction of, 151-158 sensory-motor model of, 233 sociology of, 204-228 subjective, knowledge of, 57-70 of women, 110

Brain/mind, 141 abstract versus concrete in studies of,

207-209 building-block theories of, 215, 218-219 concomitance theories of, 215, 216-217,

218 dualistic nature of, 57, 206-209 "garbage categories" of phenomena of,

221 microgenetic theory of, 71, 72-73 representation theories of, 215-216

Brain research, metaphors involving, 205-206, 221-222, 225

Brain science(s) ethical neutrality in, 318-320 holistic, in cultural politics, 230-231 human meaninglessness and, 315-318 humannness and, 313-315 in interwar Germany, 229-244, 308-312 mechanistic vocabulary of, 181-182 sociohistorical perspectives on, 191-244

Brain states, 48 consciousness associated with, 47, 49 consciousness effects on, 47-48, 49

Brainstem, limbic lobe surrounding, 61 Brain tumors, use to study brain function,

210, 212, 215, 221, 223 Brazil, 165 Brecht, Bertholt, 252 Broca, Pierre Paul, 61, 76, 141 Bronowski, J., 66, 97, 106 Brown, Jason, 249, 253, 261, 262-263, 264,

265,307,308,309,318-319,332 Brown, Norman, 131 Brown-Sequard, E., 214 Building-block theories, of brain/mind,

215, 218-219

Bunge, M., 71 Bunyan, John, 139

Index 341

Bush, George W., 92, 103, 332 Business professions, history of, 100 Buzzard, T., 223

Cactus tree, depicting reptile evolution, 58, 59

Cajal, S. R. See Ramon y Cajal, Santiago Calcium, magnetic force effect on cellular

uptake of, 50 Calvin, John, 90, 93, 94, 96, 97, 106, 108 Cambridge University, 113, 185 Camelot atmosphere, in postwar America,

230 Canada, fetal neural transplant research in,

155, 156 Cannabilism, role in kuru disease

transmission, 194, 195, 199, 200 Cappie, J., 216 Caressive behavior, 62 Carlyle, Thomas, 231 Carpenter, W., 262 Cartesian tradition, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135,

136, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187,221,224,293

Catholicism, 140 Cerebellum

evolution of, 58 involvement in goal-directed behavior,

68-69 Cerebral angiography, Moniz as father of,

163 Cerebrocentric view, of experience and

interpretation, 57 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 239 Chandrasekhar, S., 97, 106 Changeux, Jean-Pierre, 249, 251-253, 253,

256-257,258,259-260,261,265, 270-271, 272, 273

Changing Order [Collins], 258 Chicago World's Fair (1933), 144 Childbirth, midwifery and, 118-119 Chimpanzees, 184, 185, 186, 199

frontal lobotomies performed on, 163 China, fetal neural transplant research in,

155 Chinese language, 22 Chlorpromazine, 172 Choice

free, 78-79 nature of, 78-79, 81 role in moral decision, 81

342 Index

Chomsky, Noam, 15, 33 Churchland, Patricia, 330-331 Churchland, Paul, 130-131 Cingulate area, lesions in, effect on

vocalization, 8 Clark, Edward, 110-111 Cleveland, Grover, 165 Cogito [Descartes], 74 Cognition, 72

subconscious, 72 Cognitive dreams, 11 Cognitive neuroscience

definition of, 37 human self and, 37-56 Percy and, 142-143

Cognitive plans, emotions as driving force of, 12

Cognitive science, human behavior and, 14 Coimbra University, 162 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 175 Coles, Robert, 139 Collectives, 208 College of Physicians and Surgeons, 142 Collins, Harry, 258 Columbia-Greystone Lobotomy Project,

172 Commonwealth, 128 Communication, meaning and, 27, 28 Compassion, 82 Computer(s), 46

neocortex compared to, 65, 66 parity bit of, 47

Concomitance theories, of brain/mind, 215, 216-217,218-219

Concrete data, versus abstract concepts, in brain research, 207-209, 221-222

Condorcet, Marquis de, 114 Congress [U.S.], 111, 112 Consciousness, 81, 218, 219

association with brain states, 47, 49, 53 being in, short-term memory information

as, 39 definition of, 74 Descartes' belief of association with

pineal gland, 47 effects on brain states, 47-48, 49, 53-54 electromagnetic energy effect on, 50 evolution of, 220 human brain and, 263-265 interference role in, 50 as parity check, 47 Parity Theory of, strongest version of,

48-53 theory of

nonreducibility of, 46, 48, 53 requirements for, 46-48 selectivity role in, 47, 49, 50, 53

unique role of, 46, 48, 53 Cook, Captain, 287 Coover, Robert, 139 Coreferences, mandatory and optional, in

sentence elements, 18 "Core operation," prefrontal lobotomy as,

165 Cornell University, 177 Coronary bypass operation, history of,

173-175,299-300 Corpus striatum, 273-274 Cortical systems, information processing

by, 43 Corticolimbic connections, role in human

motivational system, 10 Cosmetics, "nonexploitive," 181 Counterfactual conditionals, comprehension

of,21 Counterfactuals, in semantic analysis, 22 Courtship displays, of lizards, 60 Covert devices, for linguistic referencing of

events, 23 Cro-Magnon man, skUll of, 68 Croonian Lectures to the Royal College

of Physicians, of Herbert Spencer, 220

Cuba, 165 fetal neural transplant research in, 155

Cultures, mediation of knowledge and power relations between, 320-324

Cushing, Harvey, 224 Czechoslovakia, fetal neural transplant

research in, 155

Daily master routine, in behavioral profile of terrestrial vertebrates, 60, 61

Danto, Arthur, 323 Darwin, Charles, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135,

136, 140, 179, 187,214,234,282, 286,322

on animal experimentation, 182-184 facial expression studies of, 7, 11

Darwinian tradition, 182, 186, 187,253,259 popularization of, 185-187 women and evolution in, 110

Dax, Eric Cunningham, 167 Deacon, Terrence, 109, 249, 252-253, 272,

283-284, 285, 288, 289, 293-294, 295, 304, 306, 307, 308, 316, 318, 322

de Kruif, Paul, 122, 123 Delaware Mental Hospital, 161 Delta factor, 142, 143, 144 Dement, W., 32 Democracy in America [Tocqueville], 131 Dennett, Daniel, 295

on dreams, 27 Denny-Brown, Derek, 162 Dentate nucleus, evolution of, 69 Department of Health and Human Services,

159 fetal neural transplant research and, 154,

155 Depression, 52 Descartes, Rene, 15, 65, 74, 130, 133, 182,

183, 239. See also Cartesian tradition belief of consciousness' association with

pineal gland, 47 Desire, as descriptive of searching affective

state, 64 Despair, human awareness of, 11 Determinism, free will compared to, 49 Deutsch, Albert, 161 Dewey, Thomas, 160 Dickinson, Emily, 308 Diet, effects on short-term memory, 40 Diethelm, Oskar, 177 Digit span, as test of short-term memory,

39 Disagreeable affects, characteristics and

purpose of, 62, 64 Discover magazine, 112, 277 Diseases

consciousness alterations in, 54 use to increase knowledge of brain

function, 68 Disjoint references, in sentence elements, 18 Disney, Walt, 144, 145, 291 Displacement of Concepts, The [Schon],

205 Displays, used in lizard social

communication, 4, 5, 60 Dissonance, in altered brain states and

consciousness, 49, 50, 53-54 DNA, 270, 290 Documentary movies, 144 Dodds, W. J., 218 Dollinger, Johann von, 117 L-Dopa, use in Parkinson's disease therapy,

151-152 Dopamine, 152, 154 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 136 Dow, Robert, 69 Dowling, John, 249, 319

Dream images, 80 Dreaming

truth in, 14-36 vocalization in, 11

Dreaming [Malcolm], 27 Dreams

bizarre-type, 28-31 cognitive, 11 realism of, 31-32

Index 343

semantics of content of, 21, 26-28 Dream world, real world and, 30 Driesch, Hans, 229 Drosophila, 270 Drugs

effects on consciousness, 47 effects on emotional arousal, 52

Dualistic nature, of brain and mind, 57 Du Bois-Reymond, Emil, 234 du Gard, Roger Martin, 234-235 Duke University, 172 Dunn, Elizabeth Hopkins, 151 Durant, John, 249, 254-255, 263-264,

267-268, 270, 271, 276, 283, 285, 288, 289-290, 291-292, 293, 294-296, 298, 310, 327, 328

Durkheim, Emile, 90, 102, 103, 109, 204 theory of values of, 97-101

Ego, discovery of, 74 Ehrenfels, Christian von, 230 Electrical energy

produced by body, 50, 51 role in brain function, 217

Electrical products, of brain and environment, role in consciousness, 48

Electrical stimulation, of brain, in vocal behavior studies, 7-8

Electromagnetic energy, effect on consciousness, 50

Eliot, T. S., 69-70 Emile [Rousseau], 115 Emotional feelings

application of general affects with, 62 information derived from, by limbic

system, 61 Emotional speech, neural substrates and

mechanisms underlying, 3-4 Emotion(s), 73

effect on speech, corticolimbic connection role in, 10

expression of, 3-13 in dreams, 11

344 Index

human awareness of, 11 corticolimbic connection role in, 10

role in consciousness, 51-52 voluntary control of, 11

Empathy emotions as basis of, 11 granulofrontal cortex involvement in, 69 as human trait, 12

Empty categories, lack of acoustic expression by, 22-23

Engelhardt, H. T., 212, 220 "Engine Man, The," dream journal of, 28 English language, 22 Enlightenment, 129, 241

human equality and, 112-113, 114, 115 Entelechy, 229 Entwicklungsmechanik, 122 Epilepsy, 215, 215

psychomotor type. See Psychomotor epilepsy

Epistemics, definition of, 57 Epistemology

definition of, 57, 251 evolutionary, 253 feminist definition of, 231 in holism, 240-242 politics of, 231

Error and bias, in science, 281-282 Erxleben, Dorothea, 113 Escher, M. C., 318 Esquire, 143 Ethics

moral principles and, 102 neuroscience and, 89-109, 303-305

Ethnographic perspectives, on the interdisciplinary conference, 325-337

Euphoria, 52 Events, terms and expressions referring to,

22, 23, 24, 25 Evolution. See also Darwin; Darwinian

tradition directional, 69 of mind/brain, 72 of nursing and maternal care, 61

Experience effects on memory, 38 "feel" of, 46-55

Exploratorium, 179 Expression of the Emotions in Man and

Animals, The [Darwin], 7 Exteroception, 75-76

James's concept of, 74 Extraction, in semantic analysis, 32

Facial expressions comparison in apes and humans, 7 Darwin's studies on, 7, 11 dual functions of, 7 human control of, 12 neural substrates and mechanisms

underlying, 3-4 Fall of Man, 142-143, 145 Family Circle, 173 Family-related behavior, limbic cingulate

cortex involvement in, 62, 69 Fear

as descriptive of protective affective state, 64

human awareness of, 10 Fechner, Gustav Theodor, 232-233 Feedback, from others, role in self­

knowledge, 45 Feelings

granulofrontal cortex role in experience of,69

human cognition of, corticolimbic connection role in, 10

nonperceptual feelings, role in consciousness, 51-52

Feminism, 231, 241-242, 335 Feminist neuroscience, 277-281 Ferrier, David, 206, 217, 218, 222-223 Fetal neural tissue

ethics of using transplants of, 296-298 use in experimental Parkinson's disease

therapy, 91, 151-154 Fetal research, versus research involving

fetal tissue, 156 Fiamberti, Amarro, 170 Fiction, truth in, 21 Fine, Alan, 109, 249, 263, 280, 288, 290,

296, 297-298, 303-304, 305, 314, 319 Fish, DNA of, 270-271 Fixed action pattern, of iguana head

nodding, 4 Flourens, Jean-Pierre, 281 Folk psychology, 107 Fonda, Jane,289,292 Food and Drug Administration, 177 Forbes, 173 Forebrain

comparison among terrestrial vertebrates, 60

evolution of, 58 Fore region (New Guinea), kuru disease in,

194-196, 196, 197-198, 200, 203 Formalisms, in brain research, 208

Fossey, Dian, 184, 186 Foucault, Michel, 140 Frames, mental construction of, role in

comprehension of meanings, 21 Frederick the Great, 113 Free association

Freud's use in psychotherapy, 45 use to study short-term memory, 39

Free choice, 78-79 Freeman, Walter Jackson, promotion of

prefrontal lobotomy by, 160, 165-167, 169-172

"Freeman-Watts Standard Lobotomy," 167 Free will

concept of, 79-81 determinism compared to, 49

Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens, Die [Koche and Binding], 129, 130, 135

Freshman, The [Bergman], 139 Freud, Sigmund, 127, 130, 281-282

as dream analyst, 32 free-association use by, 45

Freudians, dreams and, 31 Frontal lobes (of brain)

function in knowledge acquisition, 256-257

role in consciousness, 52 Frontal lobotomy, effects on brain function

and judgment, 68 Fulton, John, 160, 161, 163 Functions of the Brain [Ferrier], 217

Gajdusek, D. Carleton, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 203

Galenic tradition, 11 0 Galileo, 133 Galileo [Brecht], 252 Galison, Peter, 201 Gall, Franz Joseph, 140-141 Ganzheit school of biopsychology, 229-230 "Garbage categories," of mind/brain

problems, 221 Gehirn und Gewissen [Monakow], 238 Gendered brain, 11 0-120, 328 General affects, behavior identified with, 62 Genesis, 142-143 Genital display, as social signaling in

monkeys, 4 Geometric pattern task, in studies of

perception, 44 George Washington University, 160, 166

Index 345

George Washington University Hospital, 166, 167

Gerald's Party [Coover], 139 German language, syntax of noun phrases

in, 20 Germany

fetal neural transplant research in, 156 interwar, brain science in, 229-244, 308,

311 German Youth Movement, 311-312 Germ theory of disease, 211 Geschwind, Norman, 131, 136, 307 Gestalt revolution, 239 Gestalt school of psychology, 230, 234,

239-240,311,317 Gestalt switch, 133 Gill, Eric, 140 Girard, R., 146 God

existence of, 232 laws of, 93-94, 113 relations to man, 93

Godel, K., 66 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 71, 123,

237,239 Goldstein, Kurt, 230, 234, 237-238, 241,

308-309, 310 Goltz, Friedrich, 206 Gombe National Park (Tanzania), 184 Goodall, Jane, 184, 186, 187 Good life, 83-84 Gowers, W. R., 218, 223-224 Granulofrontal cortex

interconnections with thalamocingulate division, 69

involvement in feelings of empathy and altruism, 69

recent evolution of, 66, 68 as site of "memory of the future," 68

Gratulant behavior, 62 Great Britain

animal-welfare concerns in, 179-180, 182 fetal neural transplant research in, 155

"Great Chain of Being, The," 205 Greene, John, 183 Grief, 82 Group structure, genital display role in, 4 Gulliver's Travels [Swift], 139

Hacking, Ian, 333, 336-337 Haeckel, Ernst, 269-270, 273, 327 Hall Institute (Melbourne), 194

346 Index

Hallucinations, 80 Handbook of Clinical Neurology, The, 307 Happiness, as life goal, 83, 84 Harding, Sandra, 231, 241-242, 335 Harrington, Anne, 215, 230, 249, 258-259,

276,277,278-279,301, 306, 307, 308-309,311,313-314,316-317, 321-322, 325, 327

Harris, Ruth, 234 Harvard School of Public Health, 173 Harvard University, 110, 162, 317, 330,

333 Head, Henry, 229, 234 Head injuries, psychomotor epilepsy from,

62 Head nodding, of green iguana, as social

signaling, 4, 5 Health, effects on short-term memory, 40 Healy, Bernadine, 107 Hearne, Vicki, 186 Heath, Robert, 302 Hebb, Donald, 160 Hegel, G. W. F., 90, 102-103, 104, 108,

115, 232 Held, Richard, 249, 275, 276-277, 278, 311,

316-317 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 133 Herbart, Johann Friedrich, 232 Hewitt, Carl, 209 Higginbotham, J. T., 18,33 Hinde, Robert, 185 Hitler, Adolf, 237, 240 Hobson, 1. Allan, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33 Hoche, Alfred, 129, 130 Holism, 308-312

politics and epistemology in, 240-242 Holistic school of biopsychology, 229-230 Holmes, H. Rodney, 249, 261, 275, 296,

303, 319, 321, 328, 331 Holography, analogy with information

storage by brain, 51 Homo erectus, skull of, 66-68 Homo habilis, skull of, 66-68 Homo sapiens sapiens, skull of, 66-68 Horsley, V., 223-224 Hrdy, Sarah, 184 Hubbard, Ruth, 249, 277, 279, 284, 313,

314,316 Human Fetal Tissue Transplantation

Research Panel, 92 Human Genome Project, 118 Humans

facial expressions of, comparison to apes, 7

premeditated aggression and violence in, 12

sexual differences in, 111, 118-119 species-specific vocalization studies on, 8

Human Use of Human Beings, The [Wiener], 305

Hume, David, 75, 78, 232 Humor, sense of. See Sense of humor Husserlian phenomenology, 240 Huxley, Thomas Henry, 214, 220 Hypothalamus, vocally responsive sites in,

8,9

I, the, 77 Ideomotor hypothesis, 262 Iguana, head nodding in, as social

signaling, 4, 5 Image, definition of, 75 Imagery

functional aspects of, 38 properties of, 41 spatial relations and, 43

Implications, in linguistic analysis, 22 Indecision, as sign of conflict, 80 Individualistic nature, of meaning, 28 Industrial Revolution, 118 Infections, psychomotor epilepsy from, 62 Information, about the self, 41-45 Information processing, in the memory,

39-40 Informed consent, role in transplant

therapies, 153 Institutes of Christian Religion [Calvin], 93 Intelligence

prefrontal lobotomy effects on, 169 sex differences and, 276

Intentionality role in consciousness, 52-53 social signaling and, 4, 5-7

Interdisciplinary dialogue, at Woods Hole (August 1990), 245-324

Interference, role in consciousness, 50 International Brain Commission (1904), 241 Intrapsychic struggles, moral decisions as,

83 Intrinsic nature, of meaning, 28 Introspection

definition of, 74, 75-76 role in gaining self-knowledge, 41-44 the self and, 74-75

Intuition, 236 role in comprehension of linguistic

meanings, 19,21,26

role in gaining self-knowledge, 45 Isotopes, Walker Percy's fictional use of,

128, 129, 134 Italian language

silent elements of speech in, 22-23 unusual syntax in, 20

Italy, 165

Jackson, John Hughlings, 141,211,217, 219,220

studies on mind-body relationships, 213 Jacksonian evolutionism, 238 Jacobsen, Carlyle, 163 James, Henry, 139 James, William, 73-74, 252, 255, 262, 263,

307 Jaw bones, therapsid, as origin of middle

ear bones, 58 Jean Barois [du Gardl, 234-235, 236 Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities,

delivered by Walker Percy, 130-131, 142, 285

Job, 146 Jolly, Alison, 184 Jouvet, M., 32 Joy

as descriptive of gratulant affective state, 64

human awareness of, 11 Joyce, James, 139

Kagan, Jerome, 40 Kant, Immanuel, 98, 102, 103, 113,232,

234, 235, 255, 309 Keen, William, 165 Keller, Evelyn Fox, 335 Keller, Helen, 142-143 Kennedy, John F., 103,300 Kennedy, Rosemary, prefrontal lobotomy

performed on, 300 Kierkegaard, Soren, 132, 135 Kleitman, N., 32 Knowing oneself. See Self-knowledge Knowledge

access to, 76-77 human

biological constraints of, 251-255 human biological history and, 253-255

human brain and, 57 morality and limits of, 71-85 neocortex function and, 65-70 politics of, in interwar Germany, 229-244

Index 347

Koestler, Arthur, 268 Kohler, Wolfgang, 230, 310, 316, 317 Koffka, K., 230, 311 Komodo dragon, 60, 61 Kosslyn, Stephen, 249, 251-252, 254, 256,

257,261,264,265,266-267,270, 328-329

Kraepelin school of biological psychiatry, 237

Kripke, S., 29, 30 Krueger, Felix, 229-230, 240, 310 Kuhn, Thomas S., 133, 329, 331 Kuru disease, 193-203, 327

field studies on, 196-199 social aspects of, 194-196

Laboratory Life [Latour and Woolgarl, 334

Lakoff, G., 205 Lamarck, Chevalier de, 273 L 'ancien regime et la Revolution

[Tocquevillel, 131 Language and Language Disturbances

[Goldsteinl, 308 Language(s)

areas, of brain, 76 disorders of, use to study brain function,

71 evolution of, limbic system role in, 12 intertranslatability across, 22 newborn acquisition of, 16 syntax of noun phrases in, comparison

of,20 Walker Percy's views on, 121-137

Larynx brain innervation for, 8 motoneurons of, connection with primary

motor cortex, 10 Laser, analogy with body energies, 51 Lashley, Karl, 229 Lateral pontine formation, vocally

responsive sites in, 8 Latour, Bruno, 334 Laughing, in dreams, 11 Leaky's handy man (Homo habilis), skull

of, 66, 67 Learning process, role of memory in, 39 Lebensphilosophien, 236 Lego theory of mind, 71 Leibniz, G. W. von, 232 Leipzig school of holistic psychology, 240,

310, 311

348 Index

Lenoir, Timothy, 336 Lesions, of cingulate area, effect on

vocalization, 8 Letter Concerning Toleration, A [Locke],

94 Letter-dot tests, for imagery evocation,

41-43 Leucotomy, 164, 166. See also Prefrontal

lobotomy Leviathan and the Air-Pump [Shapin and

Schaffer], 334 Levy, Jerre, 112 Lewes, G. H., 216 Lewin, Kurt, 311 Lewis, Sinclair, 121-125 Lexical acquisition, 17 Lexical effects, on meanings, 17-18 Lichtheim, L., 307 Life magazine, 161, 167, 174 Light frequencies, consciousness and, 50 Lima, Almeida, 164 Limbic epilepsy. See Psychomotor epilepsy Limbic system

anatomy of, 63 evolutionary changes in, 12 information derivation by, 61-65 orientation to internal environment, 65 as site of psychomotor epileptogenic foci,

62,64-65 vocally responsive sites in, 8, 10

Linguistic sounds mapping onto mental representations of,

14 segmentation into linguistic units, 16

Linguistic structures, effect on meanings, 17, 18

Lizards comparative neurobehavioral studies on,

60 social communication displays of, 4, 5,

60 Llinas, Rodolfo, 249, 257 Lobotomy

prefrontal. See Prefrontal lobotomy transorbital, 170, 171

Localisation oj Cerebral Disease, The [Ferrier], 217

Localization theory brain studies based on, 210-215, 218,

220, 221, 281, 306-308 epistemological and methodological

alternatives to, 308-312 Locke, John, 90, 93, 94, 97, 102, 108, 113,

231,232,252

theory of individual rights and liberty of, 94-96, 106

Loeb, Jacques, 122-123, 124 Lohr, Hans, 229 Logic, neocortex as site of, 66 Logical problem, definition of, 14 Long-term memory, experience effects on,

38 Longview State Hospital, 172 Lonsdale, Kathleen, 110 Lorenz, Konrad, 4 Lost in the Cosmos [Percy], 128, 132, 145 Love, consciousness and, 51-52 Love in the Ruins [Percy], 121, 122, 124,

125-127, 140 Lynch, David, 139 Lynch, M., 206

MacIntyre, Alasdair, 133, 136 MacLean, Paul D, 109, 247, 249, 261, 264,

265,267,268,269,271,271-273, 308, 314-315, 318, 323-324

Mad cow disease, 289 Magnetic energies, produced by body, 50,

51 Magnetic forces, effect on biological events,

50 Magnetic products, of brain and

environment, role in consciousness, 48

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), use in psycholinguistics, 26

Malcolm, Norman, 27 Malinowski, B., 195, 196 Malthus, Thomas Robert, 286 Mamelak, A. N., 28 Mammalian brain, evolution and functions

of, 57-61 Mammals, species-specific vocalization

studies on, 8 Manier, Edward, 249, 256, 266, 275,

280-281, 285, 319-320, 322-323, 324, 328,336

Marcel, Gabriel, 132 Marx, Karl, 97, 103 Mating, limbic system involvement in, 162 Matter and Consciousness [Churchland],

131 Maudsley, H., 218 Maximal projections, role in assignation of

linguistic meaning, 20 Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics,

15

May, James, 162 Mayo, William, 164 Mayo Clinic, 172 McCall's, 173 Meaning(s)

causal factors and, 14-15 communication and, 27, 28 lexical effects on, 17-18 physicalistic reductions of, 20-21 science of, 15-25

Medullary reticular formation, vocally responsive sites in, 8

Meitner, Lise, 110 Memory, 308

cognitive neuroscience of, 37, 38-39 information in, 39 information processing in, 39-40 long-term. See Long-term memory organization of, 38-39 role in consciousness, 50-51 short-term. See Short-term memory

Memory images, 80 "Memory of the future," granulofrontal

cortex as site of, 68 Mencken, H. L., 123 Mental function, phenomenological

experience and, 37 Mental illness

early treatments for, 161 prefrontal lobotomy for. See Prefrontal

lobotomy Mental imagery

generation of, 44 role in consciousness, 50-51 role in introspection, 41

Mentality of the Apes, The [Kohler], 311 Mental-representational nature, of meaning,

28 Mental spaces, construction of, role in

comprehension of meanings Message in the Bottle, The [Percy], 131 Metaphors, use in mind/brain research,

205-206, 221-222, 225, 270, 308 Metzler, J., 266 Mexico

adrenal tissue transplant research in, 152-153

fetal neural transplant research in, 154-155

Meyer, Adolf, 160 Microgenetic theory, of brain/mind, 71,

72-73,75,262,265 Midbrain, vocally responsive sites in, 8 Middle Ages, guilds in, 100

Index 349

Midgley, Mary, 186-187 Midwifery, as women's science, 118-119 Military officers, German, character

psychology of, 240 Mind

of animals, 293-296 lego theory of, 71

Mind/body problem, localization and, 306-308

Mind/brain cognitive neuroscience studies on, 37 modularity of, 31

Mind reading, 17 Mirror images, reaction to, in apes and

monkeys, 4 Mishkin, M., 267 Miiller-Freienfels, R., 236 Molecular Biology of the Cell, The [Alberts

et al.], 143 Monakow, Constantin von, 230, 234,

238-239, 241 Monitor lizard, 60 Moniz, Egas, introduction of prefrontal

lobotomy by, 160, 162-167 Monkeys, 207, 222-223, 256

audio-vocal communication of, 7 cortical brain lesions of, lack of effect on

vocalization, 10 displays in social communication of, 60 lack of vocal-cord control in, 10 social signaling in, 4 use in Parkinson's disease research, 153 vocal behavior in, 8

Mono-lingual semantic theory, inaccuracy of,20-21

Montagu, Ashley, 160 Montesquieu, C. L. de S., 102 Morality, limits of knowledge and,

71-85 Moral principles, ethics and, 102 Moral rights, of experimental animals,

288-293 More, Dr. Tom [fictional character in Percy

novels], 122, 124, 125-130, 134-135, 140

Motivational system, human, limbic system evolution and, 12

Motor behavior, resulting from human emotions, as social signaling, 3-4

Motor skills, cerebellar involvement in, 69 Murphy, Gardner, 229, 230, 233-234 Musil, Robert, 317 Mutism, resulting from destruction of

midbrain and pons gray matter, 8

350 Index

Nagel, T., 82, 309 Narrative, historical, science and, 133-134 National Academy of Science, 145-146 National Geographic, 186 National Institute of Neurological and

Communicative Disorders and Stroke, 91

National Institutes of Health, 91-92, 97, 111, 118, 154

National Institutes of Mental Health, 97, 152, 159

Natural history, popularization of, 186 Nature-versus-nurture debate, 112-116 Nazi scientists, 156, 283, 328 Neanderthal human, skull of, 66-68 Neocerebellar systems, development of, 68 Neocortex

function of, related to knowledge and values, 65-70

lack of vocally responsive sites in, 8 limbic input into, 10 orientation to external world, 65

Neofrontocerebellar systems, evolution of, 69

Nerve growth factor, 153 Neural determinism, 49 Neural networks, mental activity related to,

37 Neural versus external physical forces,

interaction of, 50 Neuroethological perspectives, on brain,

3-13 Neurology

holistic, 235-242 teleological, 230

Neuronal Man [Changeux), 258 Neurons

firing of, different rates of, 48 functions of, 141, 144

Neurophysiology, experiments on, 179 Neuropsychology, language and, in Walker

Percy's novels, 121-137 Neuroscience(s)

cognitive. See Cognitive neuroscience cultural constraints in, 257-260 ethical context of, 89-109 feminist, 277-281 history and principles of, 140-141 humanization of, 323-324 in studies of human brain, 57 Walker Percy's literature and, 138-147

Neuroscience Newsletter, 92 New England Journal oj Medicine, 153,

160, 167

New Guinea, kuru disease in, 194-196 New Jersey State Hospital, 172 Newsweek, 173, 174,277,320 Newton, Isaac, 237 New York Neurological Society, 162 New York Times, 128, 167 New York World's Fair (1939), 144 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 125, 132, 136 1984 [Orwell), 329 Nixon, Richard, 30 Nobel prize

awarded to Gajdusek, 199 awarded to Moniz, 163, 165

Nominal expressions, derived from verbs, 19

Nominalization, in semantic analysis, 22 Nonreducibility

of consciousness, in strong Parity Theory, 48

in theory of consciousness, 46, 48, 53 Norway, fetal neural transplant research in,

156 Nucleus ambiguus, vocally responsive sites

in, 8 Number theory, in studies of logic, 66 Nursing and maternal care

evolutionary development of, 61 limbic cingulate cortex involvement in, 62

Nurturism, views on women in science, 117

Object, 77, 81 definition of, 75

Obstetricians, 119 Octopi sets, as examples of neural

networks, 37 Oepen, Godehard, 249, 302 Oldfield, Edward H., 91 Olson, E. C., 269 Oppenheimer, Frank, 179 Opposites, in semantic analysis, 22 Orbitofrontal cortex, limbic input into, 10 Origin oj Species, The [Darwin), 131 Orwell, George, 329 Other Animals and Why They Matter

[Midgley], 187 Overt devices, for linguistic referencing of

events, 23

Paleomammalian brain, 58 Papua-New Guinea Public Health

Department, 196

Parallelism, in mind/brain studies, 212, 214, 221, 222

Parent, 82 Parental behavior, thalamocingulate

division involvement with, 69 Parity check, consciousness as type of, 47 Parity Theory of consciousness, 47-48

predictions of, 54-55 strong version of, 48-53, 54

problems with, 50 weak version of, 53-54

Parkinsonism, as kuru disease symptom, 194,200

Parkinson's disease, 104, 304-305 experimental treatment using fetal tissue,

91-92, 151-154, 297 Parts of speech, synonymy among, 19 Passivization, in semantic analysis, 22 Paul, Diane, 249, 272-273 Paul, Saint, 272 Pauly, Philip J., 122 People magazine, 173 Perception

cognitive neuroscience studies on, 37 definition of, 74 role in gaining self-knowledge, 44

Percy, Walker, 280, 285-287, 329, 336 Periaqueductal gray and laterally bordering

tegmentum, vocally responsive sites in, 8, 9

Personality, 75, 79. See also Self as conceptual core of the self, 73 psychosurgery effects on, 176

Personhood, 290, 291, 303, 304 PET scans, of brain, 141,266,267,329 Philosophical Investigations [Wittgenstein],

251 Phrenology, 141 Phylogenetic laws, 270 Physical energies

baseline, 51, 52 from neural events, interaction with

external physical forces, 50 Piaget, Jean, 76, 256 Piattelli-Palmarini, Massimo, 249, 251-253,

254, 261, 278, 290 Pick, Arnold, 234 Pilgrim's Progress [Bunyan], 139 Pilgrim State Hospital, 160 Pineal gland, Descartes' belief as site of

consciousness, 47 Pinocchio [Disney], 144 Place oj Value in a World oj Facts, The

[Kohler], 317

Index 351

Planning, neocerebellar system involvement in, 69

Plato, 30 Play behavior

evolutionary development of, 61 limbic cingulate cortex involvement in, 62

Playboy, 143 Ploog, Detlev, 249, 251-253, 269-270,

290-291,295, 307, 310-311 Plunkett, Robert J., 91 Podgorny, P., 41-42 Politics

of epistemology, 231 in holism, 240

Pons, vocally responsive sites in, 8 Popper, Karl, 318, 320, 330 Portugal, prefrontal lobotomy development

in, 160, 162-164 Positivism

associationism as the epistemology of, 234-235

holistic neurology and psychology as revolt against, 235-240

neurological, 66 Positron emission tomography scanning.

See PET scans Possible words, mental construction of, role

in comprehension of meanings, 21 Prediction, neocerebellar system

involvement in, 69 Preference, definition of, 79 Prefrontal lobectomy, 168 Prefrontal lobotomy

history of, 159-172, 175,329 performed on Rosemary Kennedy, 300

Premotor cortex, limbic input into, 10 Presuppositions, in linguistic analysis, 22 Primary motor cortex

connection with laryngeal motoneurons, 10

role in phonation, 10 Principles oj 1789 and Sociology

[Durkheim],98 Principles oj Neural Science [Kandel et al.],

143 Private language problem, Wittgenstein's,

51 Profession, 82 Progressives, in semantic analysis, 22 Protective behavior, 62 Protoreptilian complex. See R-complex Proust, Marcel, 139 Provine, William, 322 Proximity metric, absence in dreams, 31

352 Index

Psycholinguistics, measurements used in, 26 Psychologische Forschung, 310 Psychology, holistic, 235-242 Psychomotor epilepsy

feelings associated with, III limbic system as epileptogenic focus of,

62 Psychosurgery, use to cure mental illness,

159-160, 165-169, 176-177,298, 300. See also Prefrontal lobotomy

Psychosurgery [Freeman and Watts], 166-167

Psychotherapy, of mental illness, 162 Pyschotropic drugs, 172 Putnam, Hilary, 27, 29, 30

Qualia, 46 relation to brain activity, 37

Questioning, in semantic analysis, 22 Quest Magazine, 112

Racial hygience, 237 Ramon y Cajal, Santiago, 57, 141 Rawls, John, 102 R-complex, of the forebrain, role in

communication displays, 60 Reader's Digest, 92 Reagan, Ronald, 91 Realism, of dreams, 31-32 Real world, dream world and, 30 Reason, Hume's concept of, 78 Reasoning, cognitive neuroscience studies

on, 37 Recapitulation theory, 268, 271 Recombinant-DNA Oral History Collection

[MIT], 334 Reenchanting Life and Mind [Harrington,

in preparation], 230 Reichenbach, Hans, 74, 319 Relativization, in semantic analysis, 22 Representation theories, of brain/mind,

215-216 Reptiles

brain of, 58 species-specific vocalization studies on, 8

Resonance, between neural and physical energies, 50-51, 54

Resonance space, use to predict the similarity of physical events underlying experiences, 54

Responsibility, definition of, 81-82 Rhinencephalon. See Limbic system

Richards, Evelleen, 335 Richards, Robert, 249, 253-254, 262, 289,

304-305, 320-321 Rigid designators

in dream worlds, 30-31 in mental life, 29, 30

Riley, Henry Alsop, 162 Rockefeller Institute, 122 Romance languages, syntax of noun phrases

in, 20 Romania, 165 "Rorschach," J. H. Jackson as, 215 Rosenberg, Charles, 123 Rosenblith, Judy, 249, 310, 311-312,

317-318 Rosenblith, Walter, 106-107,249, 305, 308,

324, 330, 332 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 98, 115 Routines, in behavioral profile of terrestrial

vertebrates, 60 Royal Society of London, women admitted

to, 110 Russell, Bertrand, 29 Russell, William, 162

Sackler, Howard, 70 Sadness, human awareness of, 11 Sagan, Carl, 268, 269 St. Elizabeths Hospital, 166 Salpetriere (Paris), 166 Sander, Friedrich, 240-241, 265 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 132, 323 Saturday Evening Post, 166 Schaffer, Simon, 334 Schau, 236, 237 Schemes, mental construction of, role in

comprehension of meanings, 21 Schiebinger, Londa, 249, 275-276, 278, 279,

281, 283, 284, 328 Schilder, Paul, 309 Schizophrenia, consciousness alterations in,

54 Schizo-physiology, 268 Schozer, Dorothea, 113 Schon, Donald, 205 Schroeder, Patricia, 92 Schuster, John, 335 Schwartz, James, 249, 252, 255, 266, 281,

291-292, 293, 299, 301, 332 Science

historical narrative and, 133-134 as self-correcting, 283-285 values and, 139-143

women's exclusion from, 1I0, 1I8-1I9 Science, Nature, and Cell, 143 Science centers, 179 Science magazine, 277 Science reporting, 173 Scoring system, for dream bizarreness, 28 Scripts, mental construction of, role in

comprehension of meanings, 21 Searching behavior, 62 Searle, John, 25, 333 Seizures, complex partial, from

psychomotor epilepsy, 62 Self, the, 204-228

in awareness, 75 cognitive neuroscience of, 37-56 effects of psychomotor epilepsy on sense

of, 65 epistemics in clarification of, 57 functional and phenomenological aspects

of, 55 introspection and, 73-75 memory role in, 39-40 nature of, 38-40, 72-73, 77-78 personality as conceptual core of, 73 self-concept aspect of, 40 socialization of, 84 temperament role in, 40

Self-awareness, as human trait, 12 Self-concept, 73, 79

role in governing behavior, 40 Self-correcting, science as, 283-285 Self-knowledge, 40-45

by feedback from others, 45 introspection in perception of, 41-44 at level of phenomenology, 46 limits of, 45, 76 perception role in, 44

Semantics behavioristic, 20 of dreams, 21 theories of, 21-22, 23

Semantic theory, dreams as data for, 33 Semmelweiss [Sackler], 70 Sensationism doctrine, 232 Sense of humor, memory role in, 38 Sensory-motor model of brain, 233 Sentences, sound-spectrogram studies of, 16 Septum, of limbic system, relation to

sexual function and sociability, 61-62

Sewall, Thomas, 140-141 Sex differences, neuroscience of, 275-277 Sexist values, in neuroscientific knowledge,

277

Index 353

Sexual functions, limbic system involvement in, 61

Sexual science, 1I1, 1I9-120 funding of, 1I1-1I2 rigidity of, 1I6-1I7

Shakespeare, William, 83, 133 Shaller, George, 294 Shame of the States, The [Deutsch], 161 Shands, Harley, 269 Shapin, S., 202, 334 Shepard, R. N., 41-42, 266 Sherrington, Charles Scott, 141, 229 Short-term memory

factors affecting, 39-40 information processing in, 39-40, 49

Signals, in brain research, 208 Signature displays, of lizards, 60 Signing, intentional, 3-13 Silent elements of speech, 22 Singer, Peter, 180, 290 Singing ability, lack of, in nonhuman

primates, 10 Skin, 204-228 Sleep, dreaming in. See Dreaming Sleep-talking, emotions expressed in, II Slow virus, kuru disease as, 199 Smith, Adam, 136 Smith, Roger, 331 Snow, C. P., 106 Snow White [Disney], 144 Sociability, limbic system involvement in,

61-62 Social homeostasis, genital display role in, 4 Socialization, 225 Social signaling

in animals, 4-7, 12 definition and examples of, 3-7 facial expressions as, 7 vocal behavior as, 7

Society for the Elimination of Life in the Universe (SELU), 314

Sodales, 100 Soemmerring, Samuel von, 114, 115, 116 Sounds, systematic mapping of, 18 Sound-spectrogram studies, of sentences, 16 Spatial relations, memory storage of, 43 Specifiers, role in assignation of linguistic

meaning, 20 Speech, 3-13

human control of, 12 lack of, in nonhuman primates, 10

Spencer, Herbert, 214, 220 Spengler, Oswald, 239 Squirrel monkeys. See Monkeys

354 Index

Stanley, Liz, 326 Star, Susan Leigh, 108, 249, 262, 279-280,

285,297,306-307,315,317,321, 323, 329-330, 331

Star of David, use in geometric pattern task, 44

Steinbeck, John, 121 Steinem, Gloria, 213 Stephenson, Marjory, 110 Strecker, Edward, 160 Striatal complex, of forebrain, 60 Stroke, 152 Structure oj Scientific Revolutions, The

[Kuhn],325 Study oj Psychology, The [Lewes], 216 Subcortical orbitofrontal and temporal

structures, vocally responsive sites in, 8

Submissive displays, of lizards, 60 Subroutines, in behavioral profile of

terrestrial vertebrates, 60, 61 Suffering, as human and animal condition,

314-316 Sullivan, Louis W., 92, 159 Sulloway, Frank, 249, 257-258, 273,

281-282, 284 Sweden

adrenal tissue transplant research in, 152 fetal neural transplant research in, 151,

154, 155, 156, 157 Swift, Jonathan, 139 Syneidesis (biological conscience), 238-239 Synonymy, 22

among parts of speech, 19 Syntactico-semantic theories, 24 Syntactic structures, acquisition of, 17 Syphilis, symptom similarity to brain

tumors, 223-224

Technologies, as form of collective forgetting, 208

Television nature programs on, 186 science reporting on, 173

Temperament, variability of, 40 Temporal lobe epilepsy. See Psychomotor

epilepsy Thalamic structures, vocally responsive sites

in, 8 Thalamocingulate division, of limbic system

behavior identified with, 62 interconnections with granulofrontal

cortex, 69

Thalamus, vocally responsive sites in, 8, 9 Thanatos Syndrome, The [Percy], 121-122,

127-129, 134, 139 Therapeutic exuberance, 159-178, 298-303

guarding against, 172-178 Therapsids (mammal-like reptiles), mammal

origin from, 58, 60 Theroux, Paul, 138 Thiroux d'Arconville, Marie, 114, 115 Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 103 Through a Window [Goodall], 184-185 Time magazine, 166, 277 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 131, 135 Tolstoy, Leo, 139 Top-down variables, in perception, 44 Tower, Robert, 139 Trading zones, 193, 201 Transorbital lobotomy , 170-171 Triune Brain in Evolution, The [MacLean],

57 Triune-brain model, 267-269, 270, 271, 273,

327 Truth, in fiction, 21 Tulane University, 302 Turing machines, 255

Uexkiill, Jakob von, 229, 237, 309-310 Umwelt,309 United States

animal-welfare concerns in, 181 fetal neural transplant research in, 151,

152, 155, 156 prefrontal lobotomies performed in, 165

University of Chicago, 112 University of Cincinnati, 172 University of Colorado, 155 University of G6ttingen, 113 University of Halle, 113 University of Lisbon, 160, 162 University of Lund, 157 University of Minnesota, 172 University of Pennsylvania, 172 University of Wittenberg, 113 Unparteyisch science, 114 Ur-Gestalten, Goethe's postulation of, 239 Urplanze, 239

Vacuum activity, of fixed action patterns, 4 Vagus nerve, granulofrontal cortex input

from, 69

Valenstein, Elliot, 249, 288, 298, 299-300, 301, 302-303, 305, 329

Value(s) definition of, 79, 82-83 human belief in, 57 neocortex function and, 65-70 neuroscientific knowledge and, 87-147 science and, 139-143

Value choice, neuropsychology of, 261-263 Vandervert, L., 66 Varanosaurus, 60 V4 area, neural responses of cells in, 52 Vassar College, 111 Verbal communication, lack of capacity for

in paleomammalian and reptilian brains, 58

Verb-meanings, lexical effects on, 18 Verbs

of achievement, semantics of, 24 nominals derived from, 19

Verb tenses, in semantic analysis, 22 Veterans Administration hospitals,

lobotomies performed at, 160, 171 Victory through Air Power [Disney], 144 Violence

emotions as basis of, 11 premeditated, 12

Vocal behavior brain organization for, 7 human control of, 12 as social signaling, 7

Vocal cords, human control over, 10 Vocalization

hierarchical control of, in brain, 8-9 lack of, in lizards, 61

Vocal utterances, neural substrates and mechanisms underlying, 3-4

Voluntary action, 79 Voluntary societies, laws of, 95-97 Vonnegut, Kurt, 128, 329, 336

Wallace, Alfred Russell, 214, 286 Warren, Robert Penn, 145

Watts, James, 166, 170, 171 Weber, Ernst Heinrich, 232 Weber, Max, 90, 103, 236

Index 355

Wegener's Pangaea, as term for early earth, 58,59

Weinhandl, Ferdinand, 240 Wenzel, Joseph, 116, 117 Wernicke, Carl, 76, 141, 233, 237 Wernicke school of associationist-

connectionist neurology, 237 Wertheimer, Max, 230,311 West Virginia State Mental Hospitals, 170 Wiener, Norbert, 305, 330 Wieser, Gregor, 302 Will, free. See Free will Will [emotion], 73 Williams, Francis, 113 Winston, Jay, 173 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 27, 51, 251, 252 Women

enlistment in decision-making, 324 equality of, 114 exclusion from science, 110, 118-119, 278 lack of medical research on, 111, 112 nature-versus-nurture debate on, 112-116 in science, 107, 110-120 ways of knowing of, 241-242

Woods Hole, interdisciplinary dialogue at (August 1990), 245-324

Woolgar, Steve, 334 Wordsworth, William, 136, 286 Wright, Sewall, 322-323 Wiirzburg school of psychology, 234 Wundt, Wilhelm, 133,233, 311

Yale University, 155, 163, 172 Year of the Gorilla, The [Shaller], 294 Yuck factor, 297, 298

Zigas, Vin, 196, 197, 198 Zone of ambiguity, of brain/mind, 208, 224