Index

A Abortion, 116-117 Accident-proneness, search for, in

traffic studies, 235 Activity (A) factor, 147 Adaptation, 16

to boredom and stress, 234-248 and DMT defenses, 308 function of defense in, 22-23, 87 index of, 299 during rehabilitation phase of severe

illness, 367 Adaptive defense style, 291

and defenses in Crohn's disease, 422 hierarchy of, 126-127

Admission and Denial Scales (Little and Fisher), 73

Affect, 5, 257 Affective Dictionary, 368 Affective disorder, and defense style,

287 Aftereffect duration, 297 Aggression in subliminal stimulation,

217,220,222 Aktualgenese school, 40 Alexithymia, 188n

in Crohn's disease, 417 and duration of symptoms, 419

Altruism as a defense mechanism, 276 Alzheimer's disease, 115 Ambient focal technique, 297 Anaclitic depression, anorexia as a

defense against, 390-391 Anaclitic personality configuration,

versus introjective personality

configuration, 310 Anant Belongingness Scale, 340 Anorexia nervosa, and bulimia

nervosa, 389-400 Anticipation as a defense mechanism,

276 Anxiety, 15,44,46,196-197

and absence of defenses, 102 and causal attribution, 145 correlation with the R-S scale, 187 denial of, and mental health, 347-

348,354 and hostility, 341 relationship with defense, 146-150 scoring in the MCT, 113 about sexual assault, 211 signs of, in activation of oedipal

fantasy, 217 signs of, related to causal attribution,

137 tolerance of, 102

Approach-avoidance construct, 185-186

Attention control, 235 effect of Dms and concept formation

on, 241-248 under inadequate stimulation, 334

Augmenter-reducer typology, 58, 205-207

Automatization, 39 Avoidance, and repression, 196 A voiding social contacts

correlations with, SEDCI scales, 72-73

scale for the SEDCI, 69

425

426 Index

B Barrier isolation, 301, 307 Barron Ego Strength Scale, 340 Behavior, functionalistic

interpretations of, 184 Behavioral intent, 156

new, in response to conflict, 157-158 Behavior defenses, scoring in the

MCT,112 Belief constellatiof'.s, relationship with

Dms, 154 Beliefs

CO cluster of, 156 relating to defensive responses,

161-162 defense-worthy, 178-179

Best Index, disease activity scale, 413 Bipolar patients, type II, Cooper

scoring system, 95 Bizarre-Disorganized scale, 313, 315-

316 Blacky defense preference inquiry,

comparison with the DMI, 78-79

Blunting and health-related behavior, 197 MBSS assessment of, 195n

Body Mass Index (BMI), 395 Body Self Test, 116-117 Bond's Defense Style Questionnaire,

74-75 validation of, 290-295

Bone marrow transplantation, defense mechanisms in patients with, 360-369

Bonferroni correction, 283-284 Borderline defense in Crohn's disease,

417 Borderline patients versus neurotics,

DIB,91-92 Borderline personality disorder,

Rorschach assessment of, 90 Borderline Personality Disorder Scale

(BPD), correlation with Rorschach Defense Scales and BPD,95

Borderline Syndrome Index (BSI), 92-93

Boredom, adaptation to, 234-248

Brain electrical potentials, and the AIR construct, 207

Breast biopsy, 339 Bulimia nervosa, and anorexia

nervosa, 389-400 Buss-Durkee inventory, 161

C Cancer, duration of survival, 339 Cases

causal attribution, 137-139 extremes, bone marrow transplant,

366 Castration fear, 209 Causes, essential, 55 Cerebral dysfunction, signs of, MCT,

102 Cerebral glucose metabolic rates,

association with anxiety and hope, 342,355

Cerebral hemispheric dominance and denials of anxiety, 351 of positive and negative emotions,

354-355 Character, place of defense

mechanisms in, 87 Cholecystectomy, 339 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 321-322 Circumplex model, 61

relationship among ego defenses, 277,286

Clinic versus the laboratory, bridging the gap, 14-23

Clinical Assessment of Defense Mechanisms (CADM), 57, 72, 256-257,261,263,362,413-414

Clinical research, measurement of ego defenses in, 275-287

Cluster analysis casual attribution study, 140-142 study of bone marrow transplant,

364-366 Clusters

cognitive orientation, and meaning variables, 176

intellectual functioning, 327-332 Coding Memory Test, 65-66

Cognition determinants of defense mechanisms

in, 152-179 link with defense, 10, 18 and meaning, 165

Cognitive arrest, 34 Cognitive dissonance, 159 Cognitive interpretation of defense

mechanisms, 254 Cognitive Orientation (CO), 75-76,

154-157 modification of clusters, 176

Cognitive Orientation Questionnaire, 75-76, 160-164, 168, 175

Cognitive performance, 66-67 individual consistencies in, 43 micro level of, 165

Cognitive strategies and character defenses, 93 compulsive, 43 Dms as, 178

Coincidental correspondence, 56 Colitis uicerosa, reality distortion in

patients with, 374 Color Pyramid Test, 61, 225-226, 227 Color-Word Test, Stroop, 43 Commonality, optimization in test

construction, 293 Communication, incongruous,

reactions to, 163-164 Complex construct

defense as, 77-79 displacement defense as, 104

Complex defense organization, 415 Compulsive defenses, 307 Compulsive personality structure, 261,

262 Computer program

DMT technique using, 110 SMT use of, 240

Computer Test, Defense Mechanisms, 406

Concept formation effect of, on attention control, 241-

248 on performance, 234-248

interactions of, with defense mechanisms, 243

Conflict, 15

Index 427

activation of, 216- 217 in formation of behavioral intents,

156 intrapsychic, defenses in, 44

experimentally provoked, 221 mental representation of, 59 origin of defenses in, 19, 67, 254 resolution of, with Dms, 152-153,

164-165 Confrontation of patients with

threatening disease, 362 Connotative meaning versus denotative

meaning, 150 Consensus ratings, DMRS, 123-124 Content analysis of verbal speech

samples, 58, 341, 353, 355 Content even/structure process, 29 Conversion neurosis, 265 Coping strategies, 8-9, 187n, 323

during bone marrow transplant, 368 versus defense mechanism programs,

159-160, 276 and the discrepancy hypothesis, 189 flexible use of, 196 sensitivity as, in anorexia nervosa,

399-400 two-dimensional conceptualization

of, 189 Countercathectic defense processes,

25,415,417 Creative Functioning Test (CFT), 66 Creativity

association of, with active self­involvement, 139-140

study of, 66 and tolerance for anxiety, 102

Crisis of patients during bone marrow transplant, 362

Critical perspective, 3-11 Crohn's disease

D

adaptation to the acute stage of, 412-422

causal attribution study, 143-144

Data sources, DMRS, 127-128 Defense maturity score, DMRS, 126-

127 Defense Mechanism Inventory (DMI),

428 Index

61-62,239 versus Blacky defense preference

inquiry, 78-79 correlation with the LSI, 77-78

Defense Mechanism Rating Scale (DMRS), 57, 276

study of defenses in psychotherapy using, 122-132

Defense mechanisms clinical definitions of, 254-255 definition of, 25-36 Freudian psychoanalytic, 3-11,14-

15 ontological status of, 28, 31

Defense Mechanisms Computer Test, 406

Defense Mechanism Test (DMT), 21, 46,102,105-108,136,146,209, 214,215-216,221-222,236, 276,324,325,406

construct validity of, 225-232 description of, 299-300 versus Meta-Contrast Technique,

117-118 modifications of, 109-111 versus Serial Color-Word Test (S­

CWT),296-308 Defenses

of affect, 257, 260 conscious, 8-9 and developmental fixations, 261 Horowitz's classifications of, 6-8 of impulse information, 257 interaction with intellectual

performance, 332 positive effects of, 54 signs of, activation of oedipal

fantasy, 217 Defense styles

and gender, 407 and structural personality traits,

232 Defensive organization, neurotic,

versus borderline or psychotic, 87-88

Defensive processes and anxiety, experimental measures,

192-193 and percept-genesis, 45-46

Delight at work, and illness, MCT study, 144

Denial, 4, 35, 341 of aggression, in subliminal

stimulation, 217, 220, 222 in bone marrow transplant, 360 correlates of, CPT, 225-226

rationalization, SEDCI, 72 in Crohn's disease, 414 of diagnosis of severe diseases, 367 DMT scoring of, 107 as an emergency mechanism, 414 as a female defense, 311 and meaning variables, 168-169 and openness and aggressiveness,

228-229 as a personality trait, 173-174 positive, example of, 54 primitive, 257 scale for the SECDI, 68-69 scoring of, Rorschach test, 89

Denotative meaning versus connotative meaning, 150

18-F D-Deoxyglucose (FDG), 342 Dependency

in depression, 334 and illness, MCT study, 144

Depression anaclitic versus introjective, 399 among bulimics, 396 in Crohn's disease, 417 interaction with intellectual

performance, 321-335 introjective, and the oedipal

situation, 391 scoring in the MCT, 114

Depressive personality structure, 261, 262,265

borderline level, 270-273 Devaluation

correlation with rationalization, SEDCI,72

of external object, 257 scoring of, Rorschach test, 89-90

Developmental fixations, and defense, 261

Diagnostic evaluations of defense mechanisms, 255-260

Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines

(DIB), 91-92, 94 Differential recall, 19 Discrepancy hypothesis, 189-194 Discretionary constructs, 35 Discriminant analysis, 261, 365

clustering on Jastak test results, 327, 330

Disease, causal attributions of, 135-151

Displacement, 57, 341 adaptive function of, 286 of affect, 5 Bond's questionnaire, 74-75 in bone marrow transplant, 360 as a general operator, 104 of impulse information, 260 of libido, 257 and risk of violence, 283-284 verbal, and mental health, 347-348,

354 Dispositional concept of defense

mechanism, 29-30 Dispositions, 55

versus situations, 60-61 versus situative aspects, 56

Dissociative defenses in the DMT, 306 Driving Apparatus Test, 226 Drunken driving, studies of, 225 DSM-III,95 DSM-III-R, 275, 286, 321

diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, 392 Dynamic personality variables, and

causal attributions of disease, 135-151

E Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), 391,

393, 394-395 Eating disorders, 404-410 Efficacy in depression 334 Ego analysis, 15 Ego apparatus, 53-54 Ego defenses

of hospitalized schizophrenics, 280-281

measurement of, 275-287 and outcome of long-term

psychotherapy, 281-282 Ego functions, 256

Index 429

Ego psychology, 253 view of defense in, 101

Emotional arousal, intolerance of, 195 Emotional control, and verbal

interaction, 263 Emotional vocabulary, 368 Empathy, 276 Empirical referents

versus explanatory constructs, 26-27,35

of psychoanalysis and of percept­genesis, 47

Endocrine variables, relation of DMT categories to, 106

Epistemological realism, 31 Epistemology, critical, 42 Ertel's DOTA dictionary, 93-94 Essential hypertension, reality

distortion in patients with, 374 Evaluation (E) factor, 147 Evaluative communications,

contradictions among channels, 163-164

Expectancy theory of perception, 184 Experimental psychology versus

psychoanalysis, 54-55 Experimentation, and prediction of

behavior, 19 Explanatory parsimony, 26 Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI),

193-194

F Fabulized combinations in Rorschach

and Holtzman tests, 92 Face validity, criterion for text

construction, 293 Factor analysis, 61, 293, 365

to construct dimensions for CADM subgroups, 256-257

semantic differential ratings, 147 use in test construction (SEDCI), 68

Fairweather Ward Behavior scale, 313, 316-317

Fantasy, 44-45 and illness, MCT study, 144

Female role, correlates of, CPT, and FPI, 226, 230

Fibroneuralgia patients, FKBS

430 Index

evaluation of, 63-65 Filters

defenses as, recovery of surgical patients, 77

linguistic, 59 perceptual, 59

Fluid intelligence, 333 Foreclosure in Crohn's disease, 417-

418 Fractioning technique, 42-43 Fragenbogen zu

Konfliktbewal tigungsstra tigien, (FKBS), 62-63, 236, 239, 295, 376-378

Frankness of self-report, 291 Free Fatty Acids (FFA), correlation

with anxiety, 197-198 Freiburger Personlichkeitsinventar

(FPI). See Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI)

Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI), 72,225,227,405

female role, 226 Functional autonomy, 17 Functional circle (Functionskreis),

biopsychosocial model, 373 Fiirntratt criterion, 293 Future research, complex model

interpretation, 79-80

G Gender

and conflict, 408-409 and defense styles, 294, 407 and eating disorders, 404 and personality configurations, 311 and reality perception, 407 -408 and unipolar depression, 324

Gender congruence, 311 and change in defenses following

psychotherapy, 315, 317 and defense scores, 318

Gestalt, and discriminative ability, 56-57

Gestaltkreis theory, 56 Global Assessment Scale, 340 Gottschalk-Gieser scales, 76-77,341,

343 Grandiose self, in Crohn's disease, 417

H Hamilton Depression Scale, 325 Health-related behavior

and hope, 339-356 and repression-sensitization, 197

Heart rate as a measure of repression­sensitization, 190

Helplessness-hopelessness syndrome, 322

Hierarchical serial processing, 39 Hierarchy of defenses, 16, 295

DMRS, 126-127 and maturity, 101-102

Histrionic signs in MCT, related to causal attribution, 140, 144

Hologenetic procedure, 106 Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT)

for assessment of primitive defense mechanisms, 88

Lerner scoring system applied to, 91-92

Homeostasis biopsychosocial model, 373 physiological versus behavioral, 205

Hope as a protective factor, 339-356 Hope scores, 77

correlation with glucose metabolic rates, 351-353

and personal competence, 340 protective function of, 354-355

Hopkins Symptom Checklist, 175 Hostility scales, 341 Humor as a defense mechanism, 276,

323 Humoral theory, 206 3-methoxy-4-Hydroxyphenylglycol

(MHPG), blood levels of, and stress resistance, 65

Hypertensive patients as controls in FKBS evaluation, 65

Hypochondria, female, and anxiety, 211

Hypomanic denial, correlation of, with borderline criteria, 95

Hypothesis theory of perception, 184 Hysteria, symptomatology of, 261 Hysterical neurosis, and repression, 47 Hysterical personality, 265

SEDCI correlations with, 72

I Idealization, scoring of, Rorschach

test, 89 Identification with the aggressor, 5-7

DMT scoring of, 107 Idiographic approach to depression,

334 Image distortion, 291 Immaturity/maturity interpretation

Bond's questionnaire, 74-75 and content analysis of speech

samples, 77 Immune competence, and hope, 339 Impulse, 15 Impulse defense, 257 Impulse information

defense, 257 displacement, 260

Individual defense scores, DMRS, 126 Information processing, 165

capacity of the ego for, 254 by hypertensive patients, 378-383 input-output chain in processing, 76 overload,238-239 overload and underload, 334 role in homeostasis, 373 technique of reduction, 42-43

Inhibition, scoring in the MCT, 114 Input-output chain, 154

in information processing, 76 Intellectualization, 57

and formation of gestalts, 228 Intellectual performance, and

polymorphous identification, 230-231

Interpersonal behavior changes in, hospitalized patients

after therapy, 316-317 ratings of, hospitalized patients, 313

Interpersonal content, and anxiety, 150 Interrater agreement

CADM,363-364 DMRS, 130 DMT,108-109 personality configuration, 312 Rorschach scoring system, 95 training to improve, 368-369

Interventions, testing the outcomes of, DMRS,131

Index 431

Introaggression correlates of, DPI, 226 versus repression, 297 in subliminal stimulation, 220

Introjection, 45, 306 in anorexia and bulimia, 409 child's strategy of, 153 in DMT, 302 DMT scoring of, 107 positive, 88

example of, 54 and superego defense, 257

Introjective personality configuration, versus anaclitic personality configuration, 310

Inventory Buss-Durkee, 161 Defense Mechanism, 61-62, 77, 239 Eating Disorder, 391, 393, 394-395 Eysenck Personality, 192-193 Freiburg Personality, 225, 226, 227 Mainz Coping, 195 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality,

73-74,185 Self-Evaluation of Defense

Concepts, 67 See also Questionnaires; Scales; Test

Isolation, 5, 58, 301, 305 and bulimia, 398

J

and causal attribution, 144-145 and compulsive personality traits,

229 correlates of, 225 in Crohn's disease, 414 DMT scoring of, 107 problem-solving application of, 153 scoring in the MCT, 114 signs in MCT, related to causal

attributiion, 137, 140

Jastak test, 324, 325-326, 327-332

K Kinesthetic Figural Aftereffect (KF A),

206-207

L Laboratory versus the clinic, bridging

the gap, 14-23

432 Index

Lateralization for total anxiety, 349-350

Law-and-Order Superego, 374 Learned helplessness, 178-179 Lexical interpersonally shared

meaning, 166 Life Style Index (LSI), 75, 276, 277-

286 therapists, 284-286

Linear causal chains, 27 Linguistic material, 255 Locus of control

and creativity, 140 external, and isolation, 140

Logical thinking, parallel with isolation, 58

LSI, correlation with Defense Mechanism Inventory (DMI), 77-78

M Mainz Coping Inventory (MCI), 195 Maladaptive action patterns, 291 Male-type defense, projection as, 311 Manifest Anxiety Defensiveness Scale,

73, 187, 192 Man-machine interactions, 234 Mannheim Cohort Study, 294 Mastectomy, 339 Matrimonial contact, and illness, MCT

study, 144 Maturity, and defenses, 16 Meaning

definition of, 166 elaboration of, 158 generation of, 158

Meaning system, 165-168 Meaning Test, 166-168 Meaning variables

modifying relationship with CO clusters, 176-177

patterns of, and Dms, 168-174 Memory activation in subliminal

stimulation, 221 Menninger Factor I, interpersonal

behavior of patients, 313 Menninger Factor I scale, 317 Mental events, 29

causes of, 30

Mental representations, 29 dual coding of, 59

Meta-Contrast Technique (MCT), 46, 101-106,111-117,135-136, 296,391,392

versus cluster analysis, 142-143 depressive patients evaluated with,

335 versus DMT, 117-118

Metaphors, defenses as, 286 Microgenesis, 39, 56, 58, 240-241

characterization of the DMT, 106 versus percept development, 38-39 perceptual, 20 schools of, and research paradigms,

39-40 Milieu interne, 56-57 Miller Behavioral Style Scale (MBSS),

195 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

Inventory (MMPI), 73-74, 185 Monitoring

and health-related behavior, 197 MBSS assessment of, 195n

Monotony, 235-236, 238 Mother-Child Picture Test (MCTP),

110-111 Motivational variables, and

physiological indicators, 334 Multidimensional Coping Scale (MCS),

195 Multiple causation, 56 Multiple variable approaches,

development of repression­sensitization construct, 187-189

N Narcissistic defense, 260, 273, 412

in Crohn's disease, 417 Narcissistic development, 256 Negation, scoring in the MCT, 114 Neurophyschology, use of the MCT in,

102,115 Neuroticism score, 65 Nonparametric statistical tests, 343-344

o Objective perception, dependence on

the milieu interne, 57

Object'felations, 222, 256 and anorexia nervosa, 390 and bone marrow transplant, 361 disturbances of, and devaluation, 94 restriction of, to the "oedipal

situation", 105,260 Object representations, defense

mechanisms as modifiers of, 254 Obsessive-compulsive traits in Crohn's

disease, 417, 419 Oedipal fantasies, 268

psychodynamic activation study of, 209-223

Oedipal situation and depression, 391 and object relations, 105,260

Omnipotence fantasies, 257, 272 Ontogenesis versus percept-genesis,

327 Ontological status of defense

mechanisms, 28, 31 Orthogenetic principle, 39 Outcomes of therapy, measuring, 131-

132 Overall Defense Maturity Score, 130 Overstimulation, 242-243

P Pain, and depression, 322 P-analysis, diagnosis of personality,

265,268 Paradox in percept-genetic techniques,

105 Parallelisms, 41 Parallel processing versus hierarchical

processing, of information, 39 Penis envy, 211 Percept, determinants of, 42 Percept-genesis, 38-47

in depression, 335 initial, P-stages, of, 136 versus ontogenesis, 327

Percept-genetic approach, 20-21,101-118,297

to anorexia and bulimia, 391 correlations with questionnaires, 79 personality, and attributions of

disease, 135

Index 433

for psychodynamic activation of oedipal fantasy, 209-223

Percept-genetic defense, 301 Percept -genetic theory, 57 Perception

expectancy or hypothesis theory of, 184

psychological defenses in, 43 role in homeostasis, 373

Perceptual defense, research on, 73-74

Perceptual mediation theory, 59 Perceptual process, 40-41 Performance Motivation Test, 65 Personal Aggression scale, 161 Personal Data Sheet, 59-61 Personality

diagnosis of, and psychoanalytic treatment, 253-273

factors of, in Crohn's disease, 414-415

structure of, 260 traits corresponding to meaning

assignments, 168, 173 Personality questionnaires, 20

versus self-report defense scales, 78-79

Personality theory, 17-18 perceptual and linguistic coding of

Dms, 59 Person-oriented approaches to

repression-sensitization, 194-198

Physiological indicators, and motivational variables, 334

Pick's disease, 115 Picture Frustration Test, 61 Plasmarenin levels, and types of

hypertensives, 375 Polymorphous identification, 226

in DMT, 302 and intellectual performance, 230-

231 Positron Emission Tomography (PET),

342,353,355 Postponement of affect, 5 Potency (P) factor, 147 Preconscious defense mechanisms, 406

434 Index

Predictions of applications of defense

mechanisms, 160-164, 174-176 AIR, within sensory modalities, 207 from LSI scores, 284-286 of overt behaviors from CO, 155

Primary cumulation, 304 Primary dissociation, and type of

defense, DMT, 305 Primitive defense mechanisms,

assessment of, with projective techniques, 87 -96

Primitive idealization, 257, 272 Principal axis factoring, 292 Principalization (PRN), 62, 239

and creativity, 66 and hypertension, 377, 378

Problem-oriented coping in bone marrow transplant, 368

Problem solving, defenselike strategies used in, 153-154

Process theory defenses in, 131-132 of perception, 38-39, 240-241

Process thinking, magic synthesis of primary and secondary, 323

Prognosis in Crohn's disease, 422 Program

for performance of an act, 156 Dms as, 157-160

for stimulus modulation or regulation, 206

Projection, 4, 231 adaptive function of, 286 and anorexia, 399 in anorexia and bulimia, 409 child's strategy of, 153 DMT scoring of, 107 in the LSI, 279 as a male-type defense, 311 and meaning variables, 172 and outcome of long-term

psychotherapy, 282 problem-solving application of, 153 PRO score, 62, 239 routine use of, 154 scoring in the MCT, 114 and sensitivity, SPQ, 226

Projective approach, 61-62 Projective identification, 88, 257

HIT indicator of, 91 correlation with BSI, 93

and low level denial, 94 scoring of, Rorschach test, 89-90

Projective techniques, 20, 57 for assessment of primitive defense

mechanisms, 87-96 Proximity theme picture

anorexia and bulimic responses to, 397

MCT,394 Psychoanalytic Character Typology

(PSACH), 69, 72 Psychoanalytic theory

and personality diagnosis, 253-273 studies of, 225

Psychodramatic Role Test, 162-163 Psychogenic pain, FKBS evaluation of,

65 Psychopathology of everyday life, 15

and hope scores, 340 Psychophysiological indicators of

autonomic arousal, 147 Psychophysiological individuality, 205-

207 Psychophysiological variables, relation

of DMT categories to, 106 Psychosomatic patients, attitudes

towards illness and health, 373-386

Psychotherapy crisis intervention, and hope scores,

341 FKBS evaluation of conflict-solving

strategies, 65 long-term, outcome of, 281-282 outcome of, 284- 286 outcomes of, and hope, 339 study of defenses in, DMRS, 122-

132 Psychotics, primitive defense

mechanisms in, 90

Q Qualitative assessment, DMRS, 125

Quality of life, and denial of disease, 368

Quantitative assessment, DMRS, 125 Questionnaires

Bond's Defense Style, 74-75, 290-295

Cognitive Orientation, 75-76, 160-164, 168, 175

Fragenbogen zu Konfliktbewaltigungsstratigien, 62-63,236,239,295,376-378

personality, 20 self-report, 53-80, 261 Swedish Personality, 226, 227 See also Inventory; Scales; Test

R Raters

experience of, and interrater reliability, 130

selection and rating of, DMRS, 124-125

Rationalization, 10 in Crohn's disease, 414 by hypertensives, 385 and meaning variables, 169, 172, 179 as personality trait, 173-174 scale for the SEDCI, 68

correlation with denial, 72 Reaction formation, 4, 230, 302, 307

absence of, in women with eating disorders, 409

against aggression, 212 correlations with, SEDCI scales, 72 DMT scoring of, 107 in hypertensives, 384-385 and outcome of long-term

psychotherapY,282 and performance on high risk tasks,

333-334 positive, example of, 54 and risk of violence, 284 routine use of, 154 in subliminal stimulation, 222

Reality disregard for interpersonally shared,

172 distortion of, and use of defense

mechanisms, 375

Index 435

and neurological and endocrinological distrubances, 373

objective perception of, 323 perception of, and bone marrow

transplant, 361 and gender, 407-408 in anorexia and bulimia, 410

and rehabilitation in recovery, bmt, 367

Reality testing, 306-307 Regression, 5

correlates of, CPT and FPI, 226 correlations with, SEDCI scales, 72 DMT scoring of, 107 as an ego defense, 276 and personality, 231-232 problem-solving application of, 153 and risk of suicide, 283-284 scale for the SEDCI, 69 scoring in the MCT, 114-115

Regulation model, 254-255 Regulative styles, 296-308 Regulatory principle, 39 Reification, 35

rejection of, 35-36 Reliability

of the DMRS, 130 ofthe DMT, 108-109 of the MCT, causal attribution

assessment, 137 Repression, 4,14-15,34-35,254-255

versus alexithymia, 188n and anorexia, 398 in anorexia and bulimia, 409 in bulimics and anorexics, 397 child's strategy of, 153 construct of, 53 DMT scoring of, 107 versus introaggression, 297 in percept-genesis, 47 problem-solving application of, 153 routine use of, 154 scoring in the MCT, 114 and self-consciousness, 225, 228 signs in MCT, related to causal

attribution, 137 stimulus-distal, 305

Repression-sensitization construct,

436 Index

184-198 Repression-Sensitization scale, 74, 185 Research on perceptual defense, 73-74 Research objectives, future, 21-23 Resistance to illness, 339 Resolution of cognitive inconsistency,

versus defense mechanism programs, 159

Retrograde determination, 56 Reversal

problem-solving application of, 153 REV score, 62, 239

and attention to task, 244 on the DMI scale, 78 and hypertension, 376-377, 378 and memory learning tasks, 66

Reversal into opposites, 4 Richness of Ideas (RI), variable, in

evaluation of creativity, 66 Rod-and-Frame Test, 392 Rorschach Defense Scales, evaluation

of, 95 Rorschach test, 20

for assessment of low level defense mechanisms, 89-90

for assessment of primitive defense mechanisms, 88

scoring system, 94-96 Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Test,

375

S Sadomasochistic relationship patterns,

272 Satiation, 235-236, 238 Scales

Admission and Denial, 73 Aggression, 161 Anant Belongingness, 340 Barron Ego Strength, 340 Bizarre-Disorganized, 313, 315-316 Borderline Personality Disorder, 95 Defense Mechanism Rating, 57, 276 Fairweather Ward Behavior, 313,

316-317 Global Assessment, 340 Gottschalk-GIeser, 76-77, 341, 343 Hamilton Depression, 325 hostility, 341

Manifest Anxiety Defensiveness, 73, 192

Menninger Factor I, 317 Miller Behavioral Style, 195 Multidimensional Coping, 195 Repression-sensitization, 74, 185 Rorschach Defense, 95 Social Desirability, 187, 192-193 Suicide Risk, 282-283 Wechsler-Bellevue Adult

Intelligence, 226-227 See also Inventory; Questionnaires;

Test Schematogenetic task, 240-241 Schizophrenic patients

effect of thioridazine, and hope scores, 341

hospitalized, outcomes for, 280-281 study of defense-based responses

based on CO score, 162-163 validation of the LSI using, 279-280

Schizo typal disorder, Rorschach assessment of, 90

Scoring DMRS,123 MCT, 112-115, 136-137 percept-genetic, 215-216

Scree test, 257, 292 Self-criticism in depression, 334 Self-esteem, and repression, 18 Self-Evaluation of Defense Concepts

Inventory (SEDCI), 67 Self-referential signs in the MCT, 115 Self relation, and bone marrow

transplant, 361 Self-report defense questionnaires, 53-

80,261 versus personality questionnaires,

78-79 Self representations, defense

mechanisms as modifiers of, 254 Self-sacrificing style, 291 Self-sacrificing style in Crohn's disease,

417 Semantic differential ratings of DMT

stimuli, 146-150 Sensitivity

and anorexia, 396-397, 398-399 and illness, MCT study, 144

Sensoriostasis, 207 Separation-individuation

and anorexia, 390 depression and anorexia, 399

Separation theme picture anorexic and bulimic responses to,

397 MCT,393-394

Serial afterimage technique, 43 Serial Color-Word Test (S-CWT)

comparison with the DMT, 296-308 description of, 298-299

Sexual orientation, and defenses, 311 Simmond's disease, 389 Situational circle (Situationskreis), 373 Situative aspects, 55

versus dispositions, 56 Skin conductance as a measure of

repression-sensitization, 190 Social Desirability Scale (SDS), 187,

192-193 Socialization, 404-410 Speech

abstractness of, HIT, 93 content analysis of, and hope scores,

339 Speech Characterization Coding

System (SCCS), 76-77 Spiral Aftereffect Technique (SAT),

297 Splitting, 257

definition of (Kernberg), 88 scoring of, Rorschach test, 89-90

Stabilization of patients after bone marrow transplant, 362

Stereotypy in the DMT, 300 Stimulus-distal repression, 305 Stimulus intensity modulation theory,

205-207 Strategy, and cognitive orientation,

156-157 Stress, 235-236

adaptation to, 234-248 and hope, 340-341

and bone marrow transplant, 360 subjective versus physiological

reactions to, 184-198 Stress intolerance, signs of, MCT, 102 Stre~:>ors fur triggering of defenses, 275

Index 437

Stroop Color-Word Test, 43 Structural conflict concept, 323 Structural personality traits, and

defense style, 232 Structures of the mind, 29 Structurogram 79 Subjective-personal meaning Sublimation, 3-4, 323

as a creative solution of dangerous situations, 362

problem-solving application of, 153 routine use of, 154

Subliminal perception, 39, 214, 276-277,407

and percept-genetic process, 105 for psychodynamic activation of

oedipal fantasy, 209-223 Suicide

and absence of defenses, 102, 335 attempts, and low level denial, DIB,

94 risk of, and defense mechanisms

from LSI, 282-284 Suicide Risk scale (SR), 282-283 Superego defense, 257 Suppression, 276 Swedish Personality Questionnaire

(SPQ), 226, 227 Symbiotic alliance, and interpersonal

defense, 362 Symbol Maze Test (SMT), 67, 236, 240 Symptom Checklist 90 Analogue, 339-

340

T Tactics, and cognitive orientation, 156-

157 TAO, and memory learning tasks, 66 TAS, and concept formation, 67 Test

Body Self, 116-117 Coding Memory, 65-66 Color Pyramid, 61, 225-226, 227 Creative Functioning, 66 Defense Mechanism, 21, 46, 102,

105-108,109-111,136,146,209, 214,215-216,221-222,225-232,236,276,299-300,324, 325,406

438 Index

Defense Mechanisms Computer, 406 Driving Apparatus, 226 Jastak, 324, 325-326, 327-332 Meaning, 166-168 Mother-Child Picture, 110-111 Performance Motivation, 65 Picture Frustration, 61 Psychodramatic Role, 162-163 Rod-and-Frame, 392 Rorschach,20

scoring system, 94-96 Scree, 257 Serial Color-Word, 298-299 Stroop Color-Word, 43 Symbol Maze, 67, 236, 240 Thematic Apperception, 57, 106,

115-116,312-313,318 See also Inventory; Questionnaires;

Scales Test construction, face validity

criterion for, 293 Test of Flight Phobia, 115-116 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT),

57,106,312-313,318 for assessment of primitive defense

mechanisms, 88 and the Meta-Contrast Technique

(MCT),112 Theory

of affect, 286 of defense, 44, 255 expectancy, 184 gestaltkreis, 56 humoral,206 of meaning, 165 percept-genetic, 57 perceptual mediation, 59 personality, 17-18, 59 process, 38-39

defenses in, 131-132 of perception, 240-241

psychoanalytic, 225 and personality diagnosis, 253-273

of psychometric measurement, 59-61

stimulus intensity modulation, 205-207

trait, 60 Therapists, concepts of, and therapy

outcome, 284-286 Therapy

follow-up, with SEDCI scales, 72-73 modifying defenses in

psychoanalysis, 176 predictions from descriptive

diagnosis, 131 Topographic model, 45, 221 Traffic studies, search for accident­

proneness in, 235 Trait theory, 60 Transformation, and classification of

defenses, 104-105 Traumatic experiences, reactivation of,

67 Treatment

changes in DMS following, 310-319 Turning Against Object (TAO), 62,

239 and attention, 243-246 correlations with, in SEDCI scales,

72 hypertensives' scores, 378 scale for the SEDCI, 69

Turning Against Self (TAS) , 4, 62, 239,246

U

absence of, in women with eating disorders, 409

DMT scoring of, 107 in hypertensive patients, 376 hypertensive's scores, 378 and superego defense, 257

Uncertainty intolerance of, 195 responses to, parallel with anxiety

responses, 147 Unconscious, development of the

concept of, 55-56 Undoing, 5

problem-solving application of, 153

V Validation

of Bond's Defense Style Questionnaire, 290-295

ofthe DMT, 108-109 of the FKBS, 63-67

of the MCT, 115, 143-144 of the SEDCI, 69, 72

Validity concurrent, 59 construct, of the DMT, 225-232 convergent, of the DMI, 78 discriminant, of the LSI, 279-280 of the DMI, 94 of the percept-genetic approach, 46-

47 predictive, 59

Varimax rotation. 292

Index 439

Verbal anxiety reports as a measure of repression-sensitization, 190

Vienna Determination Apparatus, 226 Vigilance, and sensitization, 196 Violence, risk of, and defense

mechanisms from LSI, 282-284

W Wechsler-Bellevue Adult Intelligence

Scale, German version of, 226-227