INDEX

7-Eleven (company) 249, 253, 268, 270 Advertising 47, 244--5 Advertising, japanese 53,253, 286-7 Advertising, see also Marketing AIU (insurance company) 105, 133 Aiwa Uapan company) 253 Allied/ Bendix (company) 281 American Express Card (company) 105 American Stock Exchange (Amex) 137-8 Amfrac (company) 105 Amway (company) 269 Anheuser Busch (company) 281 Aoki (Japan company) 246 Aoyama Trading Company (Japan company)

246, 271 Arthur Anderson (company) 132 Asahi Life (Japan company) 199 ASEAN (Association of South East Asian

Nations) 300 Asia 11 , 23,27,52, 63,103, 237, 238,256,

299, 300 Asian culture 179,181,183, 187, 188, 190 Asian economy 16,65 Asian industry 248 Asian market 27, 127, 195 Association for Evolutionary Economics

260 Aum cult 23 Australia 49, 184, 185,214 Avon (company) 269

BA Asia 126 Bank for International Settlements (BIS) 112,

149 Bank of America (BoiA) 115, 118, 129, 133,

136, 137, 124--7, 140--2 Bank of America (BoiA) (company) 107 Bank of japan (BOj) (Japan company) 20, 110,

114 Bank of Tokyo (Japan bank) 134 Bankers Trust (US bank) 115-16, 126, 128,

13~ 135, 13~ 13~ 141 Banking Law (1982) 107, 149 Banks 92-3 Banks, German 133 Banks, Japan 15, 82, 86,89-91 , 98-9,300,

145ff Banks, see also individual banks Banks, Swiss 133 Banks, US 133, 135-6 Barclays (UK bank) 139 Barings (UK bank) 115-16, 118-19, 124, 127,

128- 9, 133 Barnes & Noble (company) 263 BASF (company) 75 Bayer (company) 75 Belgium 49 Benelux countries 49 Blackstone (company) 106 Blockbuster Video (company) 271 BMW (company) 246, 249

324 Index

BNP (company) 129-30 Borders (company) 263 Brand equity 283, 289, 291 Brands 47, 53,74, 286 Brazil 23n7 Brooks Brothers (company) 269-70 BT Asia 130 Bubble economy 12,18-19,69,83,85,86,98,

109, 196, 209,217, 296, 299-300 Bubble economy, see also Japanese economy,

1980s Budweiser (company) 281 BV Capital (German company) 123 BZW (company) 125

Cadbury (company) 249 California 40,277,280 Canada 49, 124, 164, 184-5, 213-14, 216-17,

164n4 Canon (Japan company) 50 Caterpillar (company) 55 CCC (Cultural Convenience Club) (Japan

company) 253 Ceylon 49 Chaebol (South Korea) 33 Channel Islands 138 Chase (bank) 114-15, 123, 129, 133, 138 Chemical Bank (US bank) 114-15, 129, 133,

137, 141 Chemical Capital Market Corp. 123-4 Chicago 119, 125, 133 China 195,243,256, 23n7 China, military 24 Chinese culture 35--6 Chrysler (company) 290 Ciba Geigy (company) 75 Citibank (US bank) 115, 133, 137-8, 141-2 Citibank Scrimgeour Vickers International

123-5 Coca-Cola (company) 54, 75, 105, 110, 250 Cold War 11, 13,24 Commerz (German company) 123 Compaq (company) 250 Confucianism 35, 36-8, 43 Congo, The 49 Continental Bank (company) 107, 114-15,

123, 125, 129 Cosmo Credit Uapanese credit union) 20 County NatWest 129 County NatWest (company) 109 Credit Swiss (company) 137 Crocker (company) 107 CRT (company) 129-30

Daiei (Japan company) 250 Daiwa Uapan company) 108, 114, 132 Datsun Uapan company) 54

DB Capital (company) 123, 129-30 DEC Japan (Japan company) 75 Dell (company) 250 Denmark 137 Dentsu (Japan company) 253 Deutsche Bank 130 Deutsche mark 120, 123 Disney (company) 54, 133, 138-9 Dow Chemicals (company) 75 Dow Jones 122 Dresdner (German company) 123 Du Pont (company) 75

East Asia 35 Eastman Kodak (company) 54--6 Education, Japan 211 Education, Japan vs US 37-9,319 Education, Japanese women 197-8,214 Egypt 49 Endaka (escalating yen) 63, 268, 299, 304-5 ERI (company) 270 Europe 20, 33, 44, 46, 49, 50-1, 146, 223, 243,

250,267-8,279,310 European industry 52, 140 European market 147, 151 , 158 Exchange rate 146, 157, 163, 166, 168,306 Exchange rate, dollar-yen 107, 135, 140, 164,

169,237,299, 307,309-10,318 Exchange rates 256 Exxon (company) 110

Federal Reserve Bank (US) 126, 140 Finland 49 First Boston (company) 119 First Chicago (US bank) 133, 136 Ford Motor Co. (company) 51 , 54, 25n Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) 63-4, 65-8,

71,76, 103, 136, 145ff Foreign Exchange Law (1980) 107, 149 Fortune 500 firms 315 France 50 Fuji Photo Film (Japan Company) 55--6 Fujitsu (Japan company) 49, 199, 285, 287

GATT 310 GATT IWTO accord 243 GOP 93,297 GDP,Japan 21,90,96-8,297-8,304 General Electric (GE) (company) 280 General Motors (GM) (company) 50-1, 280 Germany 50,52, 120, 164, 164n4 Global business 34, 37-8, 172-3, 205, 221, 246,

253, 280, 309 Global economics 11, 13,23, 164 Global economies 307 Global market 12,27,48, 278

Global markets 57 Goldman Sachs (US bank) 75, 105-6, 115-16,

119,123,126,129-31,132-3,137 Great Hanshin Earthquake 221

Haagen-Dazs (company) 253 Hanna Andersson (company) 270 Hara-kiri Swaps 117, 140, 142 Heineken (company) 49 Hermes (company) 269 Hershey (company) 253 Hewlett-Packard (company) 312 Hitachi Oapan company) 53, 103 Hoare Govett (company) 123-4 Hoeschst (company) 75 Honda Oapan company) 50, 54, 103, 244, 249,

251-4, 256, 277 Honeywell (company) 249 Hong Kong 54,115,126-7, 184-5,195,217,

300 Hyogo (Japanese bank) 20

Iaccoca, Lee 290 IBJ Oapan company) 106 IBM (company) 54,105,110,190 IBM Japan (company) 75, 141 IBM, Nippon (Japan company) 199 ICI (company) 75 IKEA (Japan company) 265 Illinois 55 India 35, 243, 23n7 Indonesia 49, 300 International University of Japan (IUJ) 319 Ireland 52, 184-5 Isetan (Japan company) 254 Isuzu (Japan company) 252-3 Ito Yokado (Japan company) 268 Itohchu (Japan company) 254 Ito-Yokado (Japan company) 249-50

J,c. Penney (company) 271 James Capel (company) 129-30 Japan boom, see Japan economy, 1980s Japan Constitution (1946) 212 Japan Economic Planning Agency 244 Japan economy, 1940s 12 Japan economy, 1950s 12 Japan econom~ 1960s 12-13 Japan economy, 1970s 13 Japan economy, 1980s 12, 14-17,20,196 Japan economy, 1990s 11-12, 20-1, 31 Japan economy, post-war 14-16,22-3,26-7 Japan economy, recession 11-12,82,98, 193-4,

196, 200, 204 Japan employment, honko (core employees)

197, 200, 204, 206-7

Index 325

Japan employment, ippanshoku 211,216-17 Japan employment, joshi kaishain 216 Japan employment, kacho (supervisor) 211 Japan employment, kaishain 216 Japan employment, ochakumi (tea-server) 215 Japan employment, Office Ladies (OLs)

210-11,214-18 Japan employment, see also Women,

employment of Japan employment, sogoshoku (regular

employees) 212,214,216-18 Japan Equal Employment Opportunity Law

(1985) 213,216 Japan Foundation, The 64 Japan Labor Standards Act 213 Japan Offshore Market 149 Japan oil crisis (1970s) 201,204,211 Japan Small Business Administration 215 Japan Structural Impediments Initiative (SSI)

244 Japan, economic growth 180, 188 Japan, Large-Scale Retail Store Law 266, 269,

271 Japan, Ministry of Finance (MOF) 107, 109,

112-14, 117-19,121-2,124,126,128, 138-42, 154, 250,276

Japan, Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) 36, 39, 244, 276, 280

Japan, Ministry of Labor (ML) 196, 199 Japanese culture 14-16,18,20,22,24,34-9,

66, 179, 187-8, 190,200-1,212-13, 215-16, 246-7

Japanese culture vs Canada 209 Japanese culture vs US 47, 53, 209 Japanese culture, savings 17, 27 Japanese economic growth 11-12, 16, 22,

27-8, 164n4 Japanese industry 26, 165-7, 169-72,204,221,

227 Japanese industry vs US 55-9 Japanese industry, automobile 49-52, 54, 59,

256, 263-4, 280, 285-6, 293 Japanese industry, electronics 59, 250, 256,

285-6,299 Jardine Fleming (company) 125 Jeep (automobile) 246 Jetro 25, 148, 244, 250 Joint venture 66,77,249,268 Joint ventures 179ff JP Morgan (US bank) 106,116,119,126,

129-30, 133, 135, 137, 141 JPN 138 Jusen (Japanese housing fmance companies) 20

Kankei-gaisha (affiliated companies) 33 Kao Oapan company) 103,248,251,254 Kawasaki Oapan company) 253 Kay-Bee (company) 272

326 Index

Keidanren, Federation of Economic Organizations Oapan) 279-80

Keiretsu 15, 17,31, 44,73,75,205,207,248-9 Keiretsu, horizontal 66, 103, 252, 255 Keiretsu, vertical 66, 103, 254 Keiretsu, vertical vs. horizontal 33 Kellogg's (company) 54 Kentucky 281 Kentucky Fried Chicken (company) 105, 110,

250 Kidder Peabody (company) 109, 129-30 Kirin beer 246, 281 Kizu (Japanese thrift) 20 KKD (Japan company) 199 Kleenex (company) 54 Kmart (company) 263 Kobe 118 Kokusai, Normur affiliate (Japan company) 115 Kokusaika (internationalizing) 292 Komatsu (Japan company) 55 Korea 300 Korean industry 250, 252, 298 Korean industry, electronics 256 Korean War 12 Kuala Lumpur 195 Kuwait 136 Kyosei (collaborative activities) 275-6, 278-80,

282, 289, 291 Kyoto 118

L.L. Bean (company) 270 Latin America 23 Laura Ashley (company) 269 Lawson's (company) 255 Lazard Freres (company) 106 Lehman (company) 129-30 Less developed country (LDC) 102, 112, 125,

137 Levi's (company) 54 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), japan 21 Lionel (company) 272 London 18, 108, 124, 126-7, 140-1 London Stock Exchange 133 Louis Vuitton (company) 269 Louvre Accord (1987) 168-9, 172 LTCB (Japan company) 106 Luxembourg 151

Malaysia 184-5,300 Management methods 264 Management methods, japan 13, 15, 33,36,

193, 197-205,210,252,255,277-8, 221ff Management methods, japan vs US 50, 226,

255,292-3,310-11,319,221ff Management methods, japan vs Western

countries 86-9, 205 Management methods, JIC (just in case)

strategy 224-6

Management methods, JIT (just-in-time) management 33,221ff

Management methods, TQM (total quality management) 33

Management methods, US 13, 33, 222 Management methods, Western 58, 225, 278 Marketing 245,247-8,251-2,261 Marlboro (company) 105,248 Marubeni (Japan company) 254 Matsushita (Japan company) 47,55, 103,

251-2, 254-5, 276, 292 Mazda (Japan company) 103, 254, 25n McDonald's (company) 54, 105, 110, 250, 254,

266, 268, 271 Meiji period (1868) 14 Mercedes-Benz (company) 54, 246, 249 Merck (company) 75 Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) 76, 106, 114,

116, 126, 132, 136, 253, 268 Merrill Lynch (company) 106, 115-16, 118,

125, 132, 137, 143, 249 Mexico 52 Middle East 54 Military industry 23 Mitsubishi (Japan company) 103, 290 Mitsubishi Bank (Japan company) 134, 196 Mitsui (Japan company) 106 Mitsukoshi (Japan company) 249 Miyazawa (Japan prime minister) 40 Monte-yamazaki (Japan company) 255 Morgan Guaranty (company) 133, 142 Morgan Stanley (US bank) 106,116,118-19,

125, 129-33, 137, 142 Morita, Akio (founder of Sony) 312 Morita, Akio (founder of Sony) 279-80 Motorola (company) 105, 280, 285, 287 Multinational companies (MNC) 43-6, 53-A,

56

NAFTA Accord 243 Nagoya 118 Nagoya Stock Exchange 227 Nakatani (Professor, Hitotsubashi University)

280 National Tax Agency 125 National Tax Bureau 139 NatWest (UK bank) 114,139 NEC (Japan company) 250, 277, 280 Nenko (seniority) 201-2 Nestle (company) 54 New York 40, 141 New Zealand 184-5 Newly Industrialized Country (NIC) 25, 126,

138 Nikkei Index 112-13, 116, 118-22, 128,

136-8, 227, 244 Nikko (Japan company) 108, 114, 132 Nintendo (Japan company) 271 Nippon Denso (Japan company) 249

Nippon Life (Japan company) 132 Nippon Steel (Japan company) 292 Nissan (Japan company) 52,54, 103, 199,277,

280, 25n NKK (Japan company) 199 Nomura (Japan company) 103, 106, 108,

114-15, 125, 132, 142 Nomura Babcock (Japan company) 125, 139 Nomura Securities (Japan company) 199 Nordic economy 82 North America 20,33, 50-1, 146,300 Northwest Airlines (company) 133 NTT (Japan company) 199 NUMMI280

OECD 297-8, 306 Osaka 20,55, 107, 113, 118,227, 292 Osaka Stock Exchange (OSE) 119-21,128,

227

Pacific-Rim 164 Paine Weber (company) 109, 138 Pampers (diapers) 103 Panasonic (Japan company) 50, 54 Pepsi-Cola (company) 54 Perry, Commodore 14 Philip Morris (Kraft Division) 253 Philips (company) 44-5 Phillippines, The 184-5 Pioneer Electronic (Japan company) 199 Plaza Accord (1985) 19, 108, 142, 168, 172,

295-6,299,302,307 Poland 54, 265 Porsche (company) 54 Post-bubble economy 12,63,69,74,76,

101-2, 118, 122, 129, 180, 188,209,211, 214, 218, 221, 237-8, 256-7, 268-70, 291, 296,299-300, 310

Post-bubble economy, see also Japan economy, 1990s

Post-bubble economy, see also Japan economy, receSSlon

Pratt and Whitney (company) 280 Proctor & Gamble (P&G) (company) 45, 103,

251 Product Life Cycle 261 Prudential Bache (company) 129

Real estate,Japan 19,20,88,110-11,135-6 Religion 35 Research & Development (R&D) 38, 46, 63,

70-1, 76, 190, 256 Risutora (restructuring) 275-6, 291-3 Roche (company) 75 Rockefeller Center 132 Rolls Royce (company) 54, 280 Rothschild (company) 127

Index 327

Saatchi & Saatchi agency (company) 54 Sakai, Yoshio (Uniden chairman) 190 Sakurauchi (Japanese speaker of the lower

house) 39-40 Salomon Brothers (US bank) 75, 105, 115-16,

118-19,126, 129-31,133,138,142 Samsung (Japan company) 285, 287 Samurai bonds 143 Samurai leases 117, 126, 138 Samuri (warrior) 36 San Francisco 126 Sandozz (company) 75 Sanko Steamship 125 Sanyo (Japan company) 103, 199,280 Sapporo 227 Sa to, Minister of Labor (Japan) 215-17 Sazaki, Yoshiro (Nippon Steel executive) 292-3 Scandinavia 49 Sears (company) 263 Security Pacific (company) 114-15, 123-4, 129 Seishin Kyoiku (spiritual education) 36 Seppuku (ritual suicide) 36 Sharp (Japan company) 103 Shinjuku (Japan company) 246 Shiseido (Japan company) 254 Shogun leases 117,125,139 Shop America (company) 270 Siemens (German company) 190,285,287 Simex (Singapore International Monetary

Exchange) 113, 118-22, 128, 133 Singapore 18,49, 113, 115, 118, 184-5,300 Single Market Act (1987) 158 Smith Newcourt Securities (company) 115,

118, 125-7, 129 Snecma (company) 280 Societe Generale (company) 115-16,119,130 Sony (Japan company) 46-7,50, 53-4, 103,

251,253-4,312,25n Sony Trading (Japan company) 254 South Korea 33 Southland (company) 268 Soviet Union 13 Standard & Poor (S&P) 122 Structural Impediments Initiative (US-Japan)

64 Sumitomo (Japan company) 103-4 Sumitomo Bank (Japan company) 132 Sumitomo Heavy Ltd (Japan company) 199 Sushi bonds 141 Sweden 265 Swiss Bank Corporation International (SBCI)

115-16,119,129-30,137 Swiss franc 119, 136-7, 140 Swiss Merchant Bank 124 Switzerland 49, 151

Taiwan 139, 195, 300 Taiwan industry 221,250,252 Takashimaya (Japan company) 199

328 Index

Taoism 35, 36 Technology 23,49, 132, 189, 238,255-6,261,

278 Texas Instruments (company) 75, 280 Thailand 195,217,252,300 Tobashi 142 Tokkins (stock investment trusts) 113 Tokumei kumiai (special associations) 132 Tokyo 18-20,106,118,127,141 , 194,227,

250, 290 Tokyo Disneyland 138-9 Tokyo Marine (Japan company) 103 Tokyo Securities 128-9 Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) 109, 115, 119,

121, 123, 128, 143, 227 Tokyo University 214 Tokyu Department Store (Japan company) 199 Topix (Tokyo Stock Price Index) 168 Topix Index 113, 116, 136 Toshiba (Japan company) 103, 189-90, 199,

250 Toyota (Japan company) 50--2, 54, 103,221,

237, 248-9, 254, 277, 280--1, 285, 287-8, 290, 25n

Toys-R-Us (company) 249,254,266,269-70 Trade 162, 266 Trade barrier 24-5,46,261-6 Trade deficit 161-2, 164-6, 168-72,309-10 Trade surplus 24, 63, 162, 164-5, 169 Trade, international 23, 161, 246, 250, 256,

263, 272, 279 Trade, intra-Asia 12,281,295,300--1 Trade, intra-industry (lIT) 295, 298 Trade, Japan-US 12,281-2 Trade, manufactured import ratio (MIR) 298 Trade, Trans-Atlantic 11 Trade, Trans-Pacific 11 Trade, Western countries 248, 279 Transnational Company (TNC) 63, 70, 74, 76 Triad (US-Europe-Japan) 47,65,267 Tupperware (company) 269

UK 52, 124, 184-5, 214 UK economy 82 UK industry 221-2 UK market 149,151-2, 195 Unicharm (Japan company) 103 Uniden (Japan company) 189-90 Unilever (company) 251 Union Bank of Switzerland 137 Unions, Japanese 202-3 United Airlines (company) 133 United Kingdom, see UK

United States of America, see US US 49, 184-5,214,216-17 US Congress 37, 165 US economic growth 164n4 US economy 15,34, 82 US Federal Reserve Bank 168 US industry 48, 221,227,236,250,313,

318-19 US industry, automobile 50--2, 263-4 US industry, Silicon Valley 228 US market 149,195 US military 24 US, Japanese criticism of 39-40

Visa (company) 105 Volkswagen (German company) 54 Voluntary export restraints (VER) 263 Volvo (company) 246, 249

Wal-Mart (company) 263,272 Warner Brothers (company) 133 Washington DC 18 Wasserstein-Perella (company) 106 Wellcome (company) 75 Wells Fargo (company) 107 West Indies 49 Westdeutsche Landesbank (German company)

123 Western culture 179, 181, 187-8 Western industry 23, 46 Western market 256 Westinghouse (company) 281 Weyerhauser (company) 110 Women, employment of 197-98, 209-10,

209ff Wood Gundy (company) 124 Woolworth (company) 263 World Bank 21 World War II 12, 15,24, 53, 296

Xerox (company) 263

Yamaichi (Japan company) 108, 114, 132 Yankee Bond 137 Yasuda Trust (Japan company) 132 Yokohama 118

Zaibatsu (corporate group) 15 Zen Buddhism 35-8