Index

SymbolsA-law, 148, 152, 166compander, 232

µ-law, 148, 152, 166, 435compander, 232

2D mesh, 375geometry coding, 376motion coding, 378object coding, 375

2D object animation, 3793D model-based coding, 3813D percept, 1303D polygon mesh, 3833D video and TV, 1303G, 582, 583, 589G3G (Global 3G), 583

4G, 584, 589

AAC (Alternate Current), 236Access network, 486, 489, 494, 564Access point (AP), 576, 586–588, 608Access time, 545Active pixel, 118Active video line, 118AD (analog-to-digital) converter, 149, 175Adaptive compression algorithms, 196Adaptive Huffman coding, 196Adobe Director, 423D Sprite, 47animation, 44control, 44Imaging Lingo, 43Lingo, 43

Lingo script, 46object, 47tweening, 44

Adobe Flash, 47animation, 50symbol, 49window, 48

Adobe Flash Video, 619Adobe Photoshop, 41alpha channel, 41magic wand tool, 42

Adobe Premiere, 39timeline window, 39

ADPCM (adaptive differential pulse codemodulation), 165, 175, 435–437

Affine transform, 380Alias, 142–144Amazon web services (AWS), 14, 649, 657,

659Amazon EBS, 652Amazon EC2, 647, 650, 660Amazon machine image (AMI), 651Amazon S3, 645, 647, 649, 660AWS region, 649, 651Cloudfront, 657

AMPS (advanced mobile phone system), 577Anaglyph 3D, 132Analog display interface, 126Analog video, 115Animation, 18Autodesk 3ds Max, 19Autodesk Maya, 19Autodesk Softimage, 19DirectX, 18

Z.-N. Li et al., Fundamentals of Multimedia, 715Texts in Computer Science, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-05290-8,© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

716 Index

Java3D, 18OpenGL, 18

Anti-aliasing, 143filter, 143

APC (adaptive predictive coding), 176Application-layer multicast, 506, 553end-system multicast (ESM), 555multi-tree overlay, 556single tree overlay, 555, 556

Arithmetic coding, 205, 372adaptive arithmetic coding, 215, 216basic algorithm, 206binary arithmetic coding, 214, 413, 415integer implementation, 214scaling and incremental coding, 210tag, 208, 210

Aspect ratio, 118, 123, 125ATM (asynchronous transfer mode), 496, 511ATV (advanced TV), 348Audio compression standardG.711, 437, 523G.721, 436G.722, 523G.723, 436G.723.1, 447, 449G.726, 436, 437G.727, 436G.728, 436, 450G.729, 436, 447, 450

Audio filtering, 150Autostereoscopic display device, 135lenticular lens, 135parallax barrier, 135

AVC (advanced video coding, also seeH.264/AVC), 395

AVCHD (advanced video coding highdefinition), 18

AVI (audio video interleave), 39

BBAB (binary alpha block), 370Bag of words (BoW), 694Band-limited signal, 143Band-limiting filter, 151Band-pass filter, 151, 158, 166Bandwidth, 151, 166, 489, 512, 531, 566, 577,

618, 628, 645, 652, 662, 670Base station (BS), 576, 579, 585, 608BCH (Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem) codes,

595

Bi-level image compression standards, also seeJBIG, 309

Bilinear interpolation, 346, 355Binary tree, 190Bitmap, 58Bitplane, 59Bitrate, 151, 195, 225, 267, 270, 317, 325, 332,

430, 507, 509, 551, 590Block codes, 594Block-based coding, 359, 363Blu-ray, 14Bluetooth, 589BMP (bitmap), 75Broadcast, 503, 550Buffer management, 514peak bitrate, 515prefetch buffer, 515

CC-BIRD, 680search by color, 680, 682search by illumination invariance, 685search by object model, 686search by texture, 683

CABAC (context-adaptive binary arithmeticcoding), 396, 419

Cable modem, 486, 492Cable TV network, 489, 492CAE (context-based arithmetic encoding), 370Camera system, 85CAVLC (context-adaptive variable length

coding), 396CBIR (content-based image retrieval), 675,

680, 7033D shapes and objects, 677early CBIR systems, 678histogram intersection, 678human activity, 700, 703key technologies, 692quality-aware, 706quantifying search results, 688video retrieval, 679, 697

CCIR (consultative committee for internationalradio), 122

CCITT (international telegraph and telephoneconsultative committee), 168, 325

CDMA (code division multiple access), 578,609

cdma2000, 583WCDMA (wideband CDMA), 582, 609

CELP (code excited linear prediction), 444

Index 717

adaptive codebook, 445LSF (line spectrum frequency), 448LSP (line spectrum pair), 447LTP (long time prediction), 445stochastic codebook, 448STP (short-time prediction), 445

Checksum, 498, 500, 591Chroma subsampling, 122, 407, 417, 419Chromaticity, 90diagram, 89

Chrominance, 106CIF (common intermediate format), 123Circuit switching, 495Client/server, 531, 532, 540, 567Cloud computing, 645cloud gaming, 667computation offloading, 661infrastructure as a service (IaaS), 647platform as a service (PaaS), 648private cloud, 647public cloud, 647software as a service(SaaS), 648

Cloud gaming, 665Gaikai, 15, 668Onlive, 668

Clustering, 67CMY, 102CMYK, 103Codec, 186, 477Coder mapping, 165Codeword, 186Coding efficiency, 430Colorcamera-dependent, 100cycling, 65density, 682histogram, 64, 680HSV, 101layout, 682lookup table (LUT), 67monitor specification, 93multi-ink printers, 104multisensor cameras, 100palette, 65palette animation, 65picker, 65primaries, 88sRGB, 101subcarrier, 119

Color science, 81light and spectra, 81

spectra sensitivity of the eye, 83visible light, 82

Color-matching function, 88, 89Commission internationale de L’eclairage

(CIE), 89Compressionlossless, 62, 74, 186lossy, 62, 74, 186, 282ratio, 74, 186speech, 166

Compressor function, 231Cones, 83Constant bit rate (CBR), 501, 515, 546Content delivery network (CDN), also see

content distribution network (CDN),539

Content distribution network (CDN), 506, 539,541, 542, 565, 629, 657

Akamai, 506, 542, 660Context modeling, 305Continuous Fourier Transform (CFT), 247Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), 252,

256Convolutional codes, 596Coordinated live streaming and storage sharing

(COOLS), 638CPU (central processing unit), 651, 652, 661,

662, 665CRC (cyclic redundancy check), 488, 592CRT (cathode ray tube), 86, 116CSS (cascading style sheets), 11

DDA (digital-to-analog) converter, 149Datagram, 498DB (decibel), 144DC (Direct Current), 236Decoder mapping, 165Deinterlacing, 116Delaunay mesh, 377Dictionary-based coding, 200Difference of Gaussian (DOG), 693Differential coding, 168, 218Differentiated service (DiffServ), 513diffServ code (DS), 513, 514per-hop behavior (PHB), 513, 514

Digital audio, 16Adobe Audition, 16coding of, 165quantization and transmission, 164Sound Forge, 16

718 Index

Digital display interface, 128Digital library, 185Digital subscriber line (DSL), 491ADSL (asymmetrical DSL), 486, 491, 493,

564Digitization of sound, 139Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), 234, 236,

2411D, 235, 2362D, 234, 235, 2812D basis function, 2442D matrix implementation, 2452D separable basis, 244basis function, 236, 242comparison to DFT, 247DCT-matrix, 246, 400, 424

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), 247Discrete Sine Transform (DST), 419, 425Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), 252, 259Disparity, 131gradient, 136manipulation, 136mapping, 136range, 136sensitivity, 136velocity, 136

Dispersion, 82Distortion measure, 225MSE (Mean Square Error), 226PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio), 226SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio), 226

Dithering, 59, 66dither matrix, 60ordered dither, 61

DM (delta modulation), 174adaptive, 175uniform, 175

DMT (discrete multi-tone), 491Domain name system (DNS), 496DPCM (differential pulse code modulation),

165, 168, 171, 289Dropbox, 645DV video (digital video), 122DVB (digital video broadcasting), 544DVB-MHP (multimedia home platform),

544DVD, 9, 348, 349, 475, 479, 658Dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP

(DASH), 480, 565, 660media presentation description (MPD), 565

Dynamic range, 168

EEBCOT (Embedded block coding with

optimized truncation), 270, 295,298, 301, 303

EDTV (enhanced definition TV), 126End-to-end argument, 503Entropy, 186, 187coding, 187, 189

Epidemic model, 634Error concealment, 500, 603Error detection, 590Error-resilient coding, 597Error-resilient entropy coding (EREC), 600Ethernet, 488CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access

with collision detection), 489Euler’s formula, 247Excited purity, 93EXIF (exchangeable image file), 76Exp-Golomb code, 215, 409, 410, 413Expander function, 232Extended Huffman coding, 194EZW (Embedded Zerotree Wavelet), 270–273

FF-score, 711Facebook, 14, 617, 619Fax standardsG3, 309G4, 309

FDMA (frequency division multiple access),577, 578, 580

Firewall, 486, 502, 503First person shooter (FPS) game, 666FM (frequency modulation), 152, 154Forward error correction (FEC), 593Fourier transform, 251Frame buffer, 59, 100Frame-based coding, 359, 363Free rider, 564Frequency, 236frequency response, 236, 244frequency spectrum, 236spatial frequency, 236, 244

Frequency hopping (FH), 589FTTH (fiber-to-the-home), 493FTTN (fiber-to-the-neighborhood), 493FTTN (fiber-to-the-node), 493Fundamental frequency, 140

Index 719

GGamma correction, 86, 96, 100Gamut, 94printer, 103

Gaussian distribution, 277Generalized Markup language (GML), 10GIF (graphics interchange format), 69color map, 71GIF87, 72GIF89, 72interlacing, 72screen descriptor, 69

GIF(graphics interchange format)animation, 19

Global motion compensation, 374Gossip algorithm, 558, 560GPRS (general packet radio service), 580GPS (global positioning system), 589GPU (graphics processing unit), 652, 661, 666Granular distortion, 229Graphics, 17fireworks editing, 17freehand editing, 17

Gray-levelimage, 219intensity, 188

Grayscale, 73Group of pictures (GOP), 399GSM (global system for mobile communica-

tions), 578, 579GSTN (general switched telephone network),

523

HH.261, 317bitstream, 330block layer, 332encoder and decoder, 328formats supported, 326GOB (group of blocks) layer, 331inter-frame (P-frame) coding, 327intra-frame (I-frame) coding, 326macroblock layer, 332picture layer, 331quantization, 328step size, 328

H.262, 348H.263, 317, 332, 619motion compensation, 333optional coding mode, 334PB-frame, 335

H.263+, 336H.263++, 336H.264, 395, 620, 668CABAC, 409, 413CAVLC, 409, 411entropy coding, 409group of pictures (GOP), 399hierarchical prediction structure, 399in-loop deblocking filtering, 407, 408integer transform, 401intra coding, 404intra spatial prediction, 404motion compensation, 396multiple reference frame, 399MVC (multiview video coding), 417profiles, 415

baseline profile, 415extended profile, 416high 10 profile, 417high 4:2:2 profile, 417high 4:4:4 predictive profile, 417high profile, 417main profile, 416

quantization, 402quarter-pixel precision, 397scaling, 403SVC (scalable video coding), 417transform coding, 396, 399variable block-size motion compensation,

396H.264/AVC (or H.264/MPEG-4 AVC), 395H.265, 418, 419, 567CABAC, 428discrete sine transform (DST), 425entropy coding, 428in-loop deblocking filtering, 419, 427integer transform, 424integer transform matrix, 424intra coding, 425motion compensation, 419profiles, 429

main 10 profile, 429main profile, 429main still picture profile, 429

quadtree prediction structure, 419quantization, 425quarter-pixel precision, 421SAO (sample adaptive offset), 419, 427slice, 420, 598special coding modes, 429

I_PCM, 429

720 Index

lossless, 429transform skipping, 429

tile, 420transform coding, 419, 420, 424variable block-size motion compensation,

419wavefront parallel processing (WPP), 420

H.26L, 395Half-pixel precision, 334Halftone printing, 60Hamming codes, 594Hamming distance, 594Handoff (Handover), 577, 606, 608soft handoff, 609vertical handoff, 610

Harmonic, 140Hartley’s law, 186HDTV (high definition TV), 124, 126, 417,

430HEVC (high efficiency video coding), 418Hidden terminal problem, 586Hierarchical JPEG, 291, 513Homogeneous coordinate system, 380Horizontal parallax, 131Horizontal retrace, 116HPLabs media server, 621, 628HTML (HyperText Markup Language), 10, 52,

69HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), 486,

502, 516, 564, 649HTTP-based streaming, 563Huffman coding, 192, 599optimality, 193prefix property, 192procedure, 196tree, 198

Human vision, 83Hybrid coding, 318, 342, 395, 396, 419Hybrid excitation vocoder, 450MBE (multiband excitation), 450MELP (multiband excitation linear

predictive), 447, 452Hypermedia, 9

IIDCT (Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform),

2351D, 2352D, 2352D matrix implementation, 246

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), 494,501, 504

IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol),504

Image24-bit, 628-bit, 63data type, 62descriptor, 680fireworks editing, 17formation, 84high bit-depth, 62histogram, 188hyperspectral, 63monochrome, 57multispectral, 63Photoshop editing, 17quality, 703resolution, 58retrieval, 675

Image processing, 64, 236Information theory, 186Integer transform, 399, 401, 424Integral imaging, 135Intellectual property management and

protection (IPMP), 390Interaction delay, 666, 670Interactive TV (ITV), 544Interlaced scanning, 115Internet, 13, 485, 494, 516Internet protocol TV (IPTV), 37Internet telephony, 522IP (Internet Protocol), 496, 516IP address, 496–498, 501, 503, 520, 521,

540, 559, 606, 647, 668IPv4 (IP version 4), 496, 497, 503IPv6 (IP version 6), 501, 503packet fragmentation, 496

IP multicast, 503, 551, 553MBone, 505

ISDN (integrated services digital network), 579ISP (Internet service provider), 486, 490, 542ITU (international telecommunication union),

325, 436, 437, 440, 523, 582, 583,585, 598

ITU-R (radiocommunication sector), 122ITU-T (telecommunication standardization

sector), 122, 325, 395, 418, 490

JJamming, 580

Index 721

JBIG (joint bi-level image experts group), 310JBIG2, 310Jitter, 508, 538, 652JPEG (joint photographic experts group), 9,

73, 281, 283, 513baseline, 289DCT, 283entropy coding, 289main steps, 281mode, 290zigzag scan, 288

JPEG-LS, 305JPEG2000, 293

KKLT (Karhunen-Loève transform), 234

LLAB color model, 97LAN (local area network), 486, 489, 495Latency, 508, 585Layered multicast, 551multicast enhanced loss-delay based

adaptation (MLDA), 553receiver-driven layered congestion control

(RLC), 553receiver-driven layered multicast (RLM),

551Line-of-sight (LOS) communication, 573LOCO-I (low complexity lossless compression

for images), 305Lookup table (LUT), 63, 65, 67Lossless image compression, 218Lossless JPEG, 219, 293encoder, 220predictor, 220

Lossy image compression, 225Low-pass filter, 151LPC (linear predictive coding), 442, 449LPC-10, 442

LTE (long term evolution), 15, 585Luminance, 106LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch), 69, 72, 76, 200

MMacroblock, 318, 395, 396, 419, 597–600,

602, 603Macrocell, 577Mean absolute difference, 320Mean average precision (MAP), 690, 697Media-on-demand (MoD), 543, 544

Median-cut algorithm, 67Medium access control (MAC), 488Memory, 589, 594, 596, 651, 652, 661, 666Microcell, 577MIDI (musical instrument digital interface),

154banks, 157channel, 155channel messages, 160channel mode, 162channel pressure, 161conversion to WAV, 164key pressure, 161keyboard, 156MIDI machine control (MMC), 158patch, 157sequencer, 156system messages, 160, 163tone modules, 156velocity, 157, 161voice messages, 160

MiniDV, 119MMR (modified modified read) algorithm, 370Mobile IP, 606access router (AR), 606correspondent node (CN), 607foreign agent (FA), 606hierarchical mobile IP (HMIP), 608home address (HoA), 606home agent (HA), 606mobile node (MN), 606

Mobile visual search, 703, 705Mobility management, 605global mobility, 606interdomain mobility, 606intradomain mobility, 606macromobility, 606micromobility, 606

Model-based coding, 311MOS (mean opinion score), 431Motion compensation (MC), 318, 363backward prediction, 319forward prediction, 319

Motion estimation, 318, 662Motion JPEG, 291Motion vector, 319, 6042D logarithmic search, 321hierarchical search, 322sequential search, 320

MPEG (moving picture experts group), 341,435

722 Index

MPEG audio compression, 457bark, 463bit allocation, 471bit reservoir, 474critical band, 462equal-loudness curves, 458frequency masking, 458, 460MDCT (modified discrete cosine transform),

473MNR (mask-to-noise ratio), 471MP3, 9, 466, 473, 474MPEG layers, 466

Layer 1, 466Layer 2, 466, 473Layer 3, 466, 473

psychoacoustics, 458scale factor band, 474SMR (signal-to-mask ratio), 471SNR (signal-to-noise ratio), 471temporal masking, 464threshold of hearing, 460

MPEG working modelSM (simulation model), 385TM (test model), 385VM (verification model), 385XM (experimentation Model), 385

MPEG-1, 8, 341B-frame, 342bitstream, 346block layer, 348D-frame, 347differences from H.261, 344Group of pictures (GOPs) layer, 347I-frame, 342macroblock layer, 348motion compensation, 342P-frame, 342performance of, 346picture layer, 347prediction, 342quantization, 344sequence layer, 346slice, 344slice layer, 347transform coding, 342

MPEG-2, 348alternate scan, 352data partitioning, 358differences from MPEG-1, 358hybrid scalability, 357interlaced video, 349

level, 349modes of prediction, 350profile, 348, 349program stream, 358spatial scalability, 355temporal scalability, 355transport stream, 358

MPEG-2 AAC (advanced audio coding), 475low complexity profile, 475main profile, 475PQF (polyphase quadrature filter) bank, 476scalable sampling rate profile, 475TNS (temporal noise shaping) tool, 475

MPEG-4, 359, 362, 532, 567, 599, 668audio and visual objects, 360BAPs (body animation parameters), 383BDPs (body definition parameters), 383BIFS (binary format for scenes), 361binary shape, 370body object, 381, 382face object, 381FAP (face animation parameter), 382FDP (face definition parameter), 382grayscale shape, 370group of video object plane (GOV), 362level, 383media objects, 360part 10, also see H.264, 360, 383, 395part 2, 360, 383profile, 383static texture coding, 373synthetic object coding, 375texture coding, 368uniform mesh, 376video object (VO), 362video object layer (VOL), 362video object plane (VOP), 362video object-based coding, 362video-object sequence (VS), 362video-object-based coding, 360wavelet coding, 373

MPEG-4 AAC (advanced audio coding), 476BSAC (bit-sliced arithmetic coding), 476DAB+ digital radio, 476digital multimedia broadcasting, 476digital radio Mondiale, 476high definition advanced audio coding

(HD-AAC), 476high efficiency advanced audio coding

(HE-AAC), 476perceptual coders, 476

Index 723

perceptual noise substitution, 476SAOL (structured audio orchestra language),

477SNHC (synthetic/natural hybrid coding), 477structured coder, 477TTS (text-to-speech), 477

MPEG-7, 384description definition language (DDL), 390description scheme (DS), 387Descriptor (D), 385

MPEG-7 audio, 479MPEG-J, 361MPEGlet, 361Multi-rate multicast, 550Multicast, 503, 550Multimedia, 3history of, 5subjects, 20tools, 15

Multimedia authoring, 19Director, 19Dreamweaver, 20Flash, 19tools, 39

Multimedia cloud computing, 652Multimedia messaging service (MMS), 580Multimedia presentation, 26graphics style, 26sprite animation, 29video transition, 29

Multimedia production, 35flowchart phase, 36prototyping and testing, 36storyboard, 35

Multipath fading, 574Gilbert-Elliott model, 575rake receiver, 576Rayleigh fading model, 575Rician fading model, 575

Multiple input/multiple output (MIMO), 584,585, 588

Multiresolution analysis, 252, 253Multisampling, 158Munsell color naming system, 99MUSE (multiple sub-nyquist sampling

encoding), 124Music sequencing, 16Cakewalk Pro Audio, 16Finale, 16Sibelius, 16

NNetflix, 15, 645, 658Netpbm format, 76NetTube, 631Networkapplication layer, 486connection-oriented, 497connectionless, 499data link layer, 486network layer, 486physical layer, 485presentation layer, 486session layer, 486transport layer, 486

Network address translation (NAT), 501, 564NMT (nordic mobile telephony), 577Non line-of-sight (LOS) communication, 575NTSC (National Television System

Committee), 87, 93, 342Nyquistfrequency, 143rate, 143, 166, 175theorem, 142

OOctave, 140OFDM (orthogonal frequency division

multiplexing), 584, 587Online social network, 540, 618, 632free-rider, 634ordinary user, 634spreader, 634

ONU (optical networkunit), 492Orthogonal, 242Orthonormal, 243basis, 259

OSI (open systems interconnection), 485, 486,494

Out-of-gamut color, 94Overlay network, 506, 554

PPacket interleaving, 597Packet switching, 495datagram, 495virtual circuit, 495

Padding, 365extended padding, 367horizontal repetitive padding, 366vertical repetitive padding, 366

PAL (phase alternating line), 93, 121, 342

724 Index

Parity checking, 590, 593Partial, 140fundamental frequency, 140harmonic partial, 140overtone, 140

Path loss, 573PBM (portable bitmap), 76PCM (pulse code modulation), 130, 165–167,

435, 436, 513PDF (portable document format), 76Peer-to-peer, 14, 506, 557, 631, 656, 657BitTorrent, 14, 557, 649buffer map, 560chunkyspread, 562CoolStreaming, 14, 558data-driven overlay, 557hybrid tree and mesh overlay, 562mesh overlay, 557, 631PPLive, 558PPStream, 558PPTV, 657tree overlay, 638UUSee, 558

Perceptual nonuniformity, 149, 178, 462, 509Pervasive computing, 586PGM (portable graymap), 76Pitch, 140, 156Pixel, 57Pixel clock, 119PNG (portable network graphics), 74

alpha-channel, 75interlacing, 75

Polyphony, 157Post compression rate-distortion (PCRD), 300Postscript, 76POTS (plain old telephone service), 522, 579PPM (portable pixmap), 76Precision, 688Predictive codinglossless, 168lossy, 168

Profile, 383Progressive JPEG, 291, 513Progressive scanning, 115Proxy caching, 532, 629hit-ratio, 629prefix caching, 535rate-split caching, 536segment caching, 535sliding-interval caching, 533

PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio), 226, 305,430

PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network),495, 523

PTM (polynomial texture mapping), 77

QQA paradigm, 696QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), 491,

492QCIF (Quarter-CIF), 123QP (quantization parameter), 402, 404, 408,

425QPSK (quadrature phase-shift keying), 492Quadrature modulation, 119Qualityobjective assessment, 430quality factor, 284subjective assessment, 431video quality assessment, 430

Quality of service (QoS), 500, 506, 507, 509,510, 513, 519, 531, 566, 662

Quality-of-experience (QoE), 666–668Quantization, 142, 283dead-zone, 228, 296, 404decision boundary, 165distortion, 172error, 145, 172linear format, 147noise, 145nonuniform, 147nonuniform quantizer, 231

companded quantizer, 231Lloyd–Max quantizer, 231

reconstruction level, 165uniform, 147uniform scalar quantizer, 228

midrise, 228midtread, 228, 404

vector quantization, 232, 694codebook, 232

Quantizerbackward adaptive, 437Jayant, 438Lloyd-Max, 171

Query expansion, 695

RRandom graph, 623Rate-distortion, 226, 404rate-distortion function, 226

Index 725

RCPC (rate compatible punctured convolu-tional) codes, 596

Real time strategy (RTS) game, 667Recall, 688Receiver operating characteristic (ROC), 691,

692Reed–Solomon (RS) codes, 595Reference frame, 319, 399, 599, 600, 603, 605,

662Region of interest (ROI), 294, 303Regular graph, 623Relevance feedback, 694Retina, 83RFC (request for comments), 494RGB, 31, 100, 386RGB to CMY, 102RLC (run-length coding), 189Rods, 83Role playing game (RPG), 666Round trip time (RTT), 501, 553, 556RSVP (Resource ReSerVation Protocol), 511RTCP (RTP Control Protocol), 519, 521, 522,

531, 533, 564RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol), 518, 522,

531, 533, 564RTSP (Real-Time Streaming Protocol), 520,

522, 531, 533, 564Run-length encoding (RLE), 75, 288RVLC (reversible variable-length code), 599

SSA-DCT (shape-adaptive DCT), 368Sampling, 140alias frequency, 144fixed rate, 143folding frequency, 144frequency, 141nonuniform, 142rate, 142true frequency, 144uniform, 142

SAP (Session Announcement Protocol), 524SDP (Session Description Protocol), 524SDTV (standard definition TV), 125SECAM (systeme electronique couleur avec

memoire), 93, 121Sequencer, 159Sequential JPEG, 291Set-top box (STB), 126, 544Shannon–Fano algorithm, 189Shape coding, 370

binary shape coding, 370grayscale shape coding, 372

SIF (source input format), 342SIFT (scale invariant feature transform), 692canonical orientation, 693descriptor, 693key point, 693

Signal processing, 151, 236SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), 523Skype, 14Small world, 623Smart TV, 544, 545SMPTE (society of motion picture and

television engineers), 87, 93SMPTE-170M, 87

SMS (short message service), 579SNR (signal-to-noise ratio), 144, 491Social media, 617, 619, 623, 628, 629Social network, 617, 618Soundcard, 154digitization, 140wave, 139

Spatialdomain, 218frequency, 73, 107redundancy, 282, 318

Spectral power distribution (SPD), also seespectrum, 82

Spectrophotometer, 81Spectrum, 82locus, 91

SPIHT (Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees),270, 277

Spread spectrum, 580Sprite, 373coding, 373

SQNR (signal to quantization noise ratio), 145SRGB (standard RGB), 88Standard Generalized Markup Language

(SGML), 10Stereopsis, 131Stream replication, 550Streaming media, 507, 531, 532, 540, 542Structural similarity (SSIM), 431, 669, 707Subband, 262Support Vector Machine (SVM), 696, 705,

706, 708Surface spectral reflectance, 84Susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) model,

634

726 Index

Sync skew, 508Synthesizer, 156, 159Synthetic sound, 152

TTACS (total access communication system),

577Target frame, 319TCP (Transmission control protocol), 497acknowledgement (ACK), 498additive increase and multiplicative decrease

(AIMD), 499, 553port number, 498, 501, 525, 564retransmission timeout, 499window, 497

TDMA (time division multiple access), 578Television systemsNTSC (National Television System

Committee), 118, 127PAL (phase alternating line), 121SECAM (systeme electronique couleur avec

memoire), 121Temporal redundancy, 318Textureanalysis, 684layout, 683

TIFF (tagged image file format), 75Timbre, 156Transducer, 140Transform coding, 233, 399, 424Tristimulus values, 90Twitter, 15, 619tweets, 619vine, 619

Two-sided geometric distribution (TSGD), 309

UU-law (also see µ-law), 148, 149, 152Ubiquitous computing, 573, 586UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 499, 501, 502,

520, 525, 526, 531, 564, 668port number, 500

UHDTV (ultra high definition TV), 126, 419,429

Unicast, 503URI (Uniform Resource Identifier), 517URL (Uniform Resource Locator), 496, 517,

523, 540, 566, 580User-generated content (UGC), 618

VVariable bit rate (VBR), 507, 515, 522, 536,

539Variable-length coding (VLC), 185, 189, 335Vergence-accommodation conflict, 133, 134Vertical retrace, 116VESA (video electronics standards associa-

tion), 128–130Video broadcasting, 545batching, 545harmonic broadcasting, 547pyramid broadcasting, 546staggered broadcasting, 546stream merging, 549

Video card, 59Video conferencing, 325, 332, 415, 504Video display interfaces, 126Video editing, 17after effects, 18final cut pro, 18Premiere, 17

Video quality assessment (VQA), 430, 431Video signals, 126Video transitions, 40Video-on-demand (VoD), 507, 543–545Vocoder, 439CELP (code excited linear prediction), 444channel vocoder, 439formant vocoder, 441LPC (linear predictive coding), 442phase insensitivity, 439

Voice-over-IP (VoIP), 493, 507, 522

WW3C (World Wide Web Consortium), 13, 390WAN (wide area network), 495Wave table, 152data, 158file, 154synthesis, 153

Wavelength dominant, 93Wavelet, 251admissibility condition, 257analysis filter, 261basis, 259biorthogonal, 261compact support, 261mother wavelet, 258synthesis filter, 261

Weber’s law, 147White point correction, 95

Index 727

WiMAX, 585Wireless LAN (WLAN), 488, 577, 586carrier sense multiple access with collision

avoidance (CSMA/CA), 586IEEE 802.11, 586IEEE 802.11a, 587IEEE 802.11ac, 588IEEE 802.11b, 587IEEE 802.11g, 587IEEE 802.11n, 588Wi-Fi, 488, 586, 610

WMF (windows meta file), 75Words, 694visual words, 694

Work-ahead smoothing, 536WWW (World Wide Web), 69, 359Web 2.0, 14, 617

XXML (Extensible Markup Language), 12, 384,

390XYZ to RGB, 96

YYCbCr, 109, 122, 282, 386, 419YIQ, 105, 107YouTube, 14, 36, 551, 617, 618, 655insight analytics, 626partner program, 625

YUV, 105

ZZipf’s law, 633