index [link.springer.com]978-3-319-14529-7/1.pdf · base oil classifications, 849 codes, 1693 ......
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Index
AAbel flash points, 1686
Abel tester, 1686
Abnormal situation management (ASM), 1694
Absolute pressure, 1686
Absorbent, 1686
Absorber, 501–511, 1686
Absorption units, 1465–1470, 1686–1692
Accumulation, 1317, 1318, 1687, 1778
Accumulator, 1687
Acetic acid, 893
Acid gas, 500, 1687
Acid number, 944, 1687
Acid rain, 72
Acid-soluble oil(s) (ASO), 441, 1695
Acid suit, 1687
Activated sludge unit (ASU), 1688, 1696
Actuator, 1031, 1033, 1688
Adiabatic, 1688
Adiabatic plug flow reactor, 461–462
Adsorbent, 583–611, 1367–1368, 1688, 1785
Ad valorem tax, 732, 1688
Advanced process control (APC), 1011, 1688
Aerobic, 1270, 1688
A film-forming foams (AFFF), 1428
Air condensers, 1688
Air coolers, 1558, 1688
description of, 1573
thermal rating, 1573–1579
Air emissions from refinery, 1218–1221
Air flotation, 1270–1271
Air/fuel ratio, 1235, 1688
Air-line respirator, 1688
Air pollution, 71, 1218–1221
Air separation unit (ASU), 1696
Air systems, 1688–1689
Alcohol, 1689
Alcohol blend, 1689
Alcohol-resistant concentrate (ARC), 1428
Algal oil, 952, 1689
Aliphatic hydrocarbon, 1689
Alkylate, 41, 63–64, 1689, 1690
Alkylate product composition, 109, 452
Alkylation, 41, 63–64, 74, 435–456, 1338,
1689–1690
unit feed composition, 109
unit HF, 442–446, 1690
unit H2SO4, 447–452, 1690
Alphabutol™, 475
American National Standards Institute, 1690
American Petroleum Institute (API), 1690
base oil classifications, 849
codes, 1693
gravity, 10, 1694, 1837–1840
oil-water separator, 1265–1267
RP-530, 1598
separator, 694, 1265–1267, 1301
separator design, 1301–1302
Standard 630, 1598
American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM), 1690–1691
distillation, 663, 1696
distillation probability curves, 10, 18, 19
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME), 1695
Amine, 500, 1691
absorber, 508–513, 1692
distribution, 1157
solvents, 501–507, 1354–1356, 1691
units, 500, 1691
Amine-based Claus tail gas process, 1232
Amine gas treating unit design, 500–529
amine hold up, 518
amine solution circulation rate, 514–515
bottom tray conditions, 524
contactor diameter, 516–518
# Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
S.A. Treese et al. (eds.), Handbook of Petroleum Processing,DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14529-7
1885
Amine gas treating unit design (cont.)design specification, 514
heat balance, 518, 522
heat exchanger design, 518–519
internal reflux, 521–523
Kremser equation, 524–526
material balance of stripper, 519–521
number of trays, 515–516
overhead product and reflux
compositions, 521
overhead vapor composition, 521
preliminary process flow sheet, 528
reboiler duty, 523
reclaimer material balance and heat
duty, 526
stripper design, 519
stripper tower dimensions, 526–529
tower top pressure, 521
Ammonia (NH3), 1154–1155, 1357–1358
Ammonia-burning claus plants, 1230
Ammonium salts, 368–369, 960, 1256
Amortization, 755
Anaerobic, 1270, 1692
Analyzer, 1076, 1692
alarm, 1686
Ancillary equipment, 1692
Anhydrous, 1692
ammonia, 1154–1155, 1357–1358, 1693
hydrofluoric acid, 1377–1382, 1693
Aniline point, 1693
Annular flow, 1630–1631, 1693
Anti-backflow, 1693
Anti-cross-contamination, 1162–1163, 1693
Anti-surge, 1524–1525, 1693
Aqueous, 1694
ammonia, 1154–1155, 1694
waste treatment, 1256–1257
waste water streams, 1251
Arabian American Oil Company
(ARAMCO), 1694
Arbitrage, 1694
Arbor coil, 1694
Arch, 1694
Arithmetic progression, 770–771
Aromatics, 7, 47, 241, 872–875, 1694
feedstocks, 47, 872–875
reforming reactions in gasoline, 41–42, 244
Aromatics production
dealkylation and benzene recovery, 874
feed fractionation, 873
recovery complex, 872–873
xylene splitter and isomerization
process, 873–874
Asphalt, 860–871, 1695
products, 69
Asphalt blowing process, 863–871
effect of oil level, 870
flowsheet of bitumen manufacturing
plant, 870–871
rate of air injected, 864–866
reaction temperature, 866–867
retention and contact time, 867–870
system pressure, 870–871
Asphaltene(s), 7, 944, 1695
Asphalt oxidizing mechanism, 861–862, 864
asphalt factor vs. yield, 862–864asphalt yields, 862–863
Asphalt production, 860–871
asphalt blowing process, 863–871
asphalt oxidizing mechanism, 861–862, 864
effect of oil level, 870
flowsheet of bitumen manufacturing plant,
870–871
paving and liquid asphalt, 860–861
rate of air injected, 864–866
reaction temperature, 866–867
retention and contact time, 867–870
roofing asphalt, 861
system pressure, 870–871
Aspiration, 1695
Assay, 8, 909–910, 1695–1696, 1845–1879
ASTM ON, 1696
Atmospheric
discharge, 1697
overhead distillate, 55
residue, 58, 532
straight run gas oils, 57
Atmospheric crude distillation unit, 33, 94,
127–179, 1696–1697
crude feed preheat exchanger system,
155–158
description, 127–129
design characteristics, 134
example, 158–179
fractionator overhead equipment, 135–139
material balance, 129–135
side streams, 142–150
tower dimensions, 150–155
Atmospheric gas oil (AGO), 1688
Atmospheric storage tanks
cone roof tanks, 1169–1170
floating roof tanks, 1170–1172
nozzle arrangement and location
considerations, 1172–1174
sumps and drain-dry tanks, 1174–1175
tank internals, 1174
1886 Index
Atmospheric tower unit (ATU), 1697. See alsoAtmospheric crude distillation unit
Automotive diesel specification, 76–82, 117,
654–659
Automotive grade gas oil, 656
Auto-thermal reforming (ATR), 618
Auxiliary, 1697. See also Atmospheric crude
distillation unit
Aviation gasoline, 436–437, 653–654, 1697
blending components, 1698
Aviation turbine gasoline (ATG), 654
Axens polynaphtha process, 476
Axial flow, 1514
compressor, 1698
BBachequero pour point, 9
Back mix type catalyst cooler, 549–550
Back pressure, 1698
sizing factor, 1328
BACT box, 1698
Baffle, 1698
Baker
correlations, 1698
parameters, 1633–1634
Balanced safety relief valves, 1317, 1698
Barge, 1187, 1698
Barrel (Bbl), 1698, 1699
Barrel of fuel oil equivalent (BFOE), 1699
Barrel of oil equivalent (BOE), 1700
energy, 885
Base lube oils, 845–846, 1698
Base oils, 845
Base stock group statistics, 859
Base stock properties, 856–858
Basic process control system (BPCS), 1011,
1698, 1701
Batch blending, 1699
Battery limit (station), 1699
Bayonet heater, 1699
5-bed pressure swing adsorption unit,
626, 627
Benfield process, 506–507, 1699
BenSat, 1699
Benzene, 6, 872–875, 1359–1363, 1699
Berl saddle, 1462–1463
Bernoulli principle, 1020, 1702
Bimetal strip temperature measurement,
1044–1045
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 1254,
1699, 1700
reduction, 1205, 1261–1265
Biocide, 1699
Biocrude, 953, 1699
Biodiesel, 952–953, 973–1000, 1699
Bioethanol, 953, 970, 1699
Biofuel, 950–960, 966–1005, 1700
Biological oxygen demand (BOD),
1253–1254
Biomass fluid catalytic cracking (BFCC), 982
Biooil, 1700. See also Biocrude
Biorefining, 969
Bitumen, 930–935, 938, 942–945, 1700
alkaline metals, 944
API gravity, 942
aromatics, 942
asphaltenes, 944
chlorides, 945
coking/cracking propensity, 945
cold production, 934
contaminants, 944
definitions, 930–931
dumbbell distillation, 938, 942
huff and puff, 933
manufacturing plant, 871
metals content, 943–944
mining extraction, 932
nitrogen content, 943
oxidizer sizing, 875–882
production locations, 931–932
properties, 935–937
steam-assisted gravity drainage, 933
sulfur levels, 942–943
total acid number, 944–945
upgrading levels, 934
viscosity, 945
Blank, 1700
Blanket, 1700
Bleach, 1700
Blend component, 1178–1180, 1700
Blind flange, 1700
Blocked discharge, 1700
Blocked-in, 1700
Blowdown, 1700
Boiler feed water (BFW), 1128–1138, 1701
chemical treatment, 1137
condensate recovery and recycle, 1138
contamination prevention, 1138
hot lime process, 1131
impurities, 1128
ion exchange processes, 1131–1133
management, 1128–1131
pretreatment process, 1135
treatment requirements, 593, 1129,
1130, 1136
Index 1887
Boiling point
analyzer, 1076, 1701
boiling range, 126, 1701
Bottom(s), 1701
Bottom sediment and water (BS&W), 1702
Bourdon tube, 1052, 1701
Box cooler, 1558, 1701
BPCD and BPSD, 1701
Brake horsepower efficiency, 1494–1495
Breakeven, 1701
Bridgewall, 1597, 1701
Bright stock, 59, 1701
lubes, 68, 846
British thermal unit (BTU), 1702
Bromine number, 678, 1702
Brown and Souder flood constant, 517
Bubble
cap, 1702
cap trays, 1442–1444
flow, 1630–1631, 1702
point, 13–14, 1702
Bulb thermometer, 1044
Bulk terminal, 1702
Bullet, 1702
Bunker fuel, 1702
Burner, 1604, 1702
control system, 1113
design, 1235–1239
management system, 1702
tip, 1702
Burst pressure, 1702
Butamer™ process, 481
Butane, 5
equilibrium, 486
LPG, 59
CCalifornia Air Resources Board (CARB), 1703
Calorie, 1703
Calorific value, 1703
Capacity factored cost estimation, 723, 766, 1703
Capacity-factored estimate, 721–722, 1703
Capital cost estimation, 720–721
Capital plant cost, 709
CARB diesel, 1703
Carbon dioxide (CO2), 1240
Carbon monoxide (CO), 72, 1239,
1363–1365, 1703
Carbon oxides, 1239
Carbon residue, 676, 1703
Carbonyl sulfide (COS), 1703
Carcinogen, 1703
Car seal, 1703
Cascade alkylation process, 447–448
Cascade control, 1011, 1704
Cash flow analysis, 745, 757–759
Catacarb process, 506–507, 1704
Catalyst, 1704
activity, 329
fines, 1704
octane/activity curves, 491
paraffin isomerization, 488–489
regeneration, 424
selectivity, 330
stability, 330
suppliers, 495
support sintering, 423
Catalytic and non-catalytic NOx reduction,
1236–1238
Catalytic condensation process, 459–461
diesel fuels, 471
for gasoline production
adiabatic plug flow reactor, 461–462
oligomerization reactions, 463
tubular reactor, 461–462
typical polymer gasoline properties,
461, 463
hydrogenated vs. non-hydrogenatedpolymer gasoline, 464–466
selective vs. non-selective gasolineproduction, 466–468
Catalytic cooling vs. reactor yields, 549Catalytic cracking, 460. See also Fluid
catalytic cracking
deep oil fluid, 542–545
back mix type catalyst cooler, 549–550
catalyst cooling vs. reactor yields, 549combustion air requirement vs. CO2/CO
ratio, 548
enthalpy requirements, 548
feed inlet enthalpy, 548
flow through type catalyst cooler,
549–550
heat of combustion vs.CO2/CO ratio, 547
lift gas technology, 550–552
mix temperature control, 550–552
two stage catalyst regeneration, 550–552
Catalytic naphtha reforming process, 35–36,
62, 229–260, 568–570
Catalytic olefin condensation, 458
InAlkTM process, 468
resin-catalyzed condensation, 468–469
SPA-catalyzed condensation, 470–471
Petrochemical operations (seePetrochemical)
1888 Index
Catalytic reformer operation, 106, 108,
229–260
Catalytic reformer unit, 35–36, 229–260
Catalytic reforming process, 62, 229–260
alumina support, 247
aromatic reaction, 244
catalysts
for CCR process units, 248–249
for cyclic units, 248
for semiregenerative units, 247–248
suppliers, 249
caustic scrubber, 257
Chlorsorb system, 257
continuous regeneration type reforming
unit, 242
deactivation mechanism, 249–250
evolution, 232
flow schemes
continuous catalyst regeneration units,
255–256
cyclic reforming units, 254
fixed-bed SR reforming units, 253–254
secondary recovery, 256
unit improvement, 256
history, 231–232
hydrogen-to-hydrocarbon mole ratio, 253
market segment
aromatics, 241–242
motor fuels, 238–240
naphtha feedstocks (see Naphtha)naphthene reactions, 243–244
octane number, 235–237
paraffin reactions, 244–245
platinum, 246–247
pressure, 251–252
rates and equilibrium, 245–246
reaction sites, 243
reformate composition, 235–237
regeneration steps, 250
SR regeneration, 250–251
temperature and space velocity, 252–253
unit capacity, 243
vapor pressure, 237
Catalytic reforming unit, 1704
Caustic soda, 1156, 1255, 1370–1373, 1704
Caustic treating system, 1220
CBOB, 1704
Cellulose, 976
Celsius, 1705
Center for Chemical Process Safety
(CCPS), 1704
Centigrade, 1705
Centipoise, 1705
Centistoke, 1705
Centrifugal compressors, 1705–1706
description, 1515
horsepower, 1515
specification, 1497
surge control, performance curves and
seals, 1524
Centrifugal pump(s), 717, 1706
capacity range for, 1492
description, 1485–1486
operating limits, 1493
seal, 1505
selection of, 1490
specification, 1497
Centrifuge, 1706
Cetane, 1707
index, 1707
number, 78, 1707
C6 fraction equilibrium, 487
CFR diesel testing unit, 1707
Channel, 1707
Characteristic curve, 1490–1494,
1525–1527, 1707
Charge capacity, 1707
Check valve, 1707
Chemical oxygen demand (COD), 1254, 1708
Chemical sewer, 1160–1161, 1707
Chemiluminescence analyzer, 1076,
1078, 1707
Chiksan joint, 1707
Chlorided alumina type catalysts, 489
Chlorsorb system, 257
Civil engineer (CE), 1705
Clarifier, 1708
Class A foams, 1429
Claus process, 1228–1230, 1708
Claus tailgas process, 1231–1233
Clean Air Act (CAA), 73, 1218, 1250
Clean Water Act (CWA), 1250
Clearance pocket, 1538, 1539, 1708
Cloud and pour points, 12, 666–667
Cloud point(s), 79, 666–667, 1708
Cloud point/pour point/ freeze point
analyzer, 1076
Coagulation, 1708
Coal, 1708
gasification, 886
synthesis gas utilization, 889
Coal to liquids (CTL) conversion, 888
Cobalt-molydenum catalysts, 415
Codimers
octane number, 467
properties, 466–467
Index 1889
Cogeneration, 1147–1148, 1708
Coke, 1709
deposition, 422
Coker, 534–538, 1709
Coker naphtha hydrotreating unit, 396, 397
Coking process, 67, 534–535, 1709
Cold filter plugging point (CFPP), 79, 1707
Cold flash separator, 1709
Cold properties, 79, 1709, 1711
Color, 848
Column, 1711
pressure, 1055
Combustion air requirement vs. CO2/CO
ratio, 548
Commingling, 1711
Commissioning, 824–825, 1711
Common carrier, 1711
Complex refinery, 87, 1711
Component balances, 1711
Composition measurement elements, 1076–1077
Compressible flow pressure drop, 1622–1624
Compressors, 802–803, 1513–1557
Comulling, 419
Condensate, 1711
Condensation, 458. See also Condenser
Condenser, 1579–1584, 1711
duty, 214
Conductivity, 1712
Cone-roof tank, 1169–1170, 1712
Configuration, 82–93, 1712
Confined space, 1713
hazards, 1342
management, 1343–1344
Conradson carbon residue (ASTM D189),
676–677, 1713
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation
Act (COBRA), 1708
Construction plan, 818
Contactor, 501, 514–519, 1713
Continuous emissions monitoring (CEM), 1238
Contractors’ bid evaluation, 808
Control element, 1713
Control loop, 1015–1016, 1713
Control system
architecture, 1017, 1713
hierarchy, 1014
Control valve, 1011, 1713
characteristics, 1036, 1713
rangeability, 1088–1089
response, 1713
Convection
section, 1596–1597, 1713
tube, 1713
Conventional crude, 1713
Conventional safety relief valve, 1318, 1321,
1322, 1713
Cooling tower, 1119, 1124, 1714
Cooling water system, 1714
chemistry and treatment, 1124–1126
cooling tower safety, 1127–1128
distribution system, 1119, 1121
flowsheet and equipment, 1119–1124
monitoring, 1126–1127
pump sumps, 1123
troubleshooting, 1105–1107, 1127,
1181–1184
Cool planet process, 983, 984
Coprocessing, 1714
Coproduct, 1714
Correlation coefficient, 1714
Corrosion, 1714
management, 600, 1345
Corrosive fluids, 1561
Corrosivity, 1715
Corrugated plate interceptor, 1257, 1265, 1715
COS removal, 1224–1225
Cost estimating, 720–728, 1715
Cost-plus, 1715
contract, 805
Counterflow cooling tower, 1122, 1124, 1715
Coupon, 1715
Crack, 1715
Cracked product properties, 99
Cracking. See also Hydrocracking and FCC
propensity, 1709
refinery, 84–87, 1715
Cradle, 1716
Crankcase oil, viscosity vs. temperature, 847
Crinkled wire mesh screens (CWMS), 1471
Criteria air pollutants, 71–73, 1218–1220
Crossflow cooling tower, 1124, 1716
Crossover, 1597, 1716
Crude distillation unit (CDU), 94,
125–179, 1716
Crude feed preheat exchanger system, 155–158
Crude oil, 5, 1716
distillation process, 125–179
atmospheric overhead distillate, 55
atmospheric residue, 58
atmospheric straight run gas oils, 57
LPGs, 55
naphthas, 57
refinery gas, 55
straight run kerosene, 57
straight run products, 55
vacuum residue, 58–59
1890 Index
program, 697, 760
viscosity, 12
Crude vacuum distillation unit, 34,
179–194
Cryogenic, 1716
Cryogenic hydrogen recovery process, 623,
634–635
CTL/GTL with CTO/GTO, integration of,
901–902
Cumulative cash flow, 729, 1716–1717
Cumulative present worth, 733–734,
1716–1717
Curing, 1717
Cut(s), 94, 97, 1717
Cut point, 14–15, 1717
Cutter stock, 1717
Cycloparaffin, 1717
DDAF. See Dissolved air flotation (DAF)
Damper, 1596, 1718
Darcy equation, 1619, 1718
Dashboard, 1718
Data historian, 1012, 1014, 1017, 1718
DCF. See Discounted cash flow (DCF)
DCS. See Distributed control system (DCS)
DEA. See Diethanolamine (DEA)
Dead end system, 1503
Dead time, 1012, 1718
Deaeration and degasification, 1135–1137
Deaerator, 1718
Dearomatization process, 81, 1718
Deasphalted oil, 411
Deasphalting, 1718–1719
Debottlenecking, 1719
Debutanized reformate properties, 62–63
Debutanizer, 1719
Decarboxylation, 957, 994–996, 1719
Decarburization, 1719
Decoking, 1244–1245, 1719
Deep catalytic cracking (DCC) process,
264, 301
Deep oil fluid catalytic cracking
back mix type catalyst cooler, 549–550
catalyst cooling vs. reactor yields, 549combustion air requirement vs. CO2/CO
ratio, 548
enthalpy requirements, 548
feed inlet enthalpy, 548
flow through type catalyst cooler, 549–550
heat of combustion vs. CO2/CO ratio, 547
lift gas technology, 550–552
mix temperature control, 550–552
two stage catalyst regeneration,
550–552
Deethanizer, 201, 1719–1720
Definitive cost estimation, 727
Definitive estimate, 1720
Degasifier, 582, 594, 643, 1135–1137, 1720
Degree days, 1720
Degree of conversion, 540
Deisohexanizer, 1724
Deisopentanizer, 1724
Delayed coker, 536
Delayed coking process, 535–536
Deluge system, 1310, 1424–1426, 1720
Demethanizer, 1721
Demethylation, 1721
Demulsibility, 1721
Demurrage, 1721
Denitrogenation, 1721
mechanism, 374–375
Dense bed catalyst coolers, 287
Density, 1721
Deoxygenation, 994–997
Department of Energy, 1721
Department of Transportation, 1721
Depreciation, 711, 736–737
Depropanizer, 201, 1721
Derivative control, 1085–1086, 1721
Desalter, 1721
Design
basis, 1721
pressure, 1721
specifications, fire prevention, 1417
temperature, 1721
Desulfurization, 36, 1722. See alsoHydrotreating, units
Desuperheater, 1096, 1100, 1722
Detonation, 1722
Dewaxing, 849–850, 854–856, 983, 1722
Dew point, 1722
DGA. See Diglycolamine (DGA)
Diaphragm, 1722
control actuator, 1033–1034
pumps, 1487, 1722
Diene(s), 451
reactor, 395
Diesel engines
air introduction into cylinder, 77
aromatic content of fuel, 78
categories, 76
cetane number, 78
cloud point, 79
distillation range, of diesel fuel, 79
Index 1891
Diesel engines (cont.)electronically controlled fuel injection
timing, 77
four stroke design, 76
four valve cylinder heads, 77
fuel density, 78
fuel injection improvements, 77
fuel viscosity, 79
pour point, 79
sulfur in diesel fuel, 78
Diesel feedstocks, 107
Diesel fuels, 79, 82
cold flow properties, 81
hydrogenated polymer product
comparison, 471
increasing cetane value, 80
reducing aromatic content, 81
sulfur content, 81
zeolitic distillate, 471
Diesel hydrotreater, 707
material, 105
Diesel index, 658, 1722
Diesel oil, 76–82, 656–658, 1722–1724
Diesel product, 76–82, 656–658
distillation check, 118
viscosity estimate, 119
Diethanolamine (DEA), 503, 1354, 1724
Differential pressure (dP), 1724
dP cell, 1012, 1728
Diglycolamine (DGA), 505–506,
1354–1356, 1724
Diisopropanol amine (DIPA), 507, 1724
Dilbit, 931, 1724
Dimerization
of ethylene to 1-butene, 475
of ethylene to n-butenes, 475
of propylene and butenes, 475–476
Dimersol catalysts, 477
Dimersol E, 475
Dimersol G, 475
Dimersol™ process, 474
dimerization
of ethylene to 1-butene, 475
of ethylene to n-butenes, 475
of propylene and butenes, 475–476
Dimersol E, 475
Dimersol G, 475
Dimersol X, 475
Dimethyl ether (DME), 898
DIPA. See Diisopropanol amine (DIPA)
Direct contact condenser, 1559, 1724
Discounted cash flow (DCF), 1724
rate of return, 758
Disk and donut stripper, 758
design, 278
tray/stage efficiency, 278
Dispersed flow, 1630–1632, 1724
Dissolved air flotation (DAF),
1248, 1718
Distillate, 1724
cuts, 94, 97
drum, 140–141
hydrocracking, 1724–1725
Distillate hydrotreating
analytical characterization, 381–382
catalyst and reactions, 382–386
diesel desulfurization, 380–381
feedstocks, 388–389
process conditions, 389–391
process configuration, 389
Distillation, 1442–1470, 1725–1727
analyzer, 1076
trays, 1442–1446, 1643–1645
Distributed control system (DCS), 1012,
1718, 1727
controller, 1015
Distribution baffles, 1268
Distributor, 1727
DME. See Dimethyl ether (DME)
Doctor test, 1727
Dodecene, 461
Doppler meter, 1027
Double-pipe heat exchanger,
1557–1558, 1728
Downcomer, 1728
Downstream, 1728
dP. See Differential pressure (dP)Draft, 1055, 1108, 1114, 1608–1609, 1728
Drawoff, 1728
Drilled well, 1048
Drums, 1470–1476, 1728
Dry milling ethanol process, 972
Dumbbell distillation, 938, 942, 1728
EEagle Ford shale crude production,
918, 921
Earned value (EV), 1734
Economic evaluation, 699–741, 1729
Economic life, 730, 1729
Edmister correlations, 19–20, 1729
Edmister method, 20
EDS. See Emergency depressuring system
(EDS)
Eductor, 1729
1892 Index
Effluent, 1729
refrigerated alkylation process, 448–449
water, 1729
water treating facilities, 1202–1204
EFV. See Equilibrium flash vaporization (EFV)
EHO. See Extra-heavy oil (EHO)
EIA. See Energy Information Administration
(EIA)
EII. See Energy Intensity Index (EII)
Ejector, 1730
Electrical and instrument specifications, 1418
Electrical power distribution system, 1146–1147
Electrical resistance corrosion probe, 1733
Electric motor drivers, 1505
Electrolytic process, 1730
Electronic speed controllers, 1038
Electrostatic precipitator, 1730
Element, 1730
Embrittlement, 1731
Emergency depressuring system (EDS),
1335–1337, 1729
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-
Know Act (EPCRA), 1250
Emergency response plan (ERP),
1433–1435, 1733
Emergency response team (ERT),
1433–1435, 1733
Emergency shutdown system (ESD),
1433–1435, 1733
Emission, 1731
Emulsion, 1731
Endothermic reaction, 1732
End points, 15, 1731
Energy Information Administration
(EIA), 1732
Energy Intensity Index (EII), 1732
Energy Policy Act (EPAct), 950
Engineering flow diagrams, 798, 1732
Engler viscosity, 1732
Enquiry document, 807–808
Enterprise control, 1014, 1017, 1732
Enthalpy requirements, fluid catalytic
cracking, 548
Entrainment, 1732
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 71,
484, 951, 1218, 1732
Environmental work practice (EWP), 1734
EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA)
EPAct. See Energy Policy Act (EPAct)
EPCRA. See Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act
(EPCRA)
Equilibrium flash calculation, 48–51
Equilibrium flash vaporization (EFV), 1733
Equipment-factored estimate, 722–724, 1733
Erected offsite cost, 748
Erected plant cost, 747
Ergun equation, 1733
ERP. See Emergency response plan (ERP)
Error, 1733
ERT. See Emergency response team (ERT)
ESD. See Emergency shutdown system (ESD)
Ethane, 1733
Ethanol, 1733
Ether, 1734
Etherification, 74, 1734
Ether production, 42–44
Ethylene, 1734
Ethyl mercaptan, 6
Ethyl tertiary-butyl ether, 1734
EuReDatA. See European Reliability Data
Association (EuReDatA)
Euro fuel specifications, 484
Euro I-V gasoline specifications, 484
European Reliability Data Association
(EuReDatA), 1734
European Union (EU), 1734
regulations and directives, 1219,
1252, 1274
EV. See Earned value (EV)
EVP. See Executive vice president (EVP)EWP. See Environmental work
practice (EWP)
Excess air, 1601–1606, 1734
Exchanger reformer, 617–618
Executive vice president (EVP), 1734
Exothermic reaction, 1734
Exploration, 1734
Exports, 1734
Ex situ, 1734
Extra-heavy oil (EHO), 930, 1734. See alsoBitumen
Extrudate, 1734
Exxon Flexicracking IIIR unit, 288
Eyes, sodium hydroxide as hazardous, 1371
Eyewash, 1734
FFA. See Flow alarm (FA)
Facility siting hazards, 1344–1345
Fahrenheit, 1735
Fail open, 1037, 1090, 1740
Fail-safe, 1735
Failure position, 1735
Index 1893
Falldown, 1735
FAME. See Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)
Fatigue, 1735
Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), 952–953,
973–975, 1735
Fatty acids
deoxygenation, 994–997
hydroprocessing conversion, 986–987
isomerization and cracking reactions,
997–999
in plants and animals, 989
Faujasite zeolite structure, 294
FBP. See Final boiling point (FBP)
FCC. See Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)
process
Feed contaminants and catalyst poisons,
432–433
Feed/effluent exchangers, 367
Feed filters, 366
Feed-forward control, 1012, 1735
Feedstocks, 388–389, 408, 1736
FEL. See Front-end loading (FEL)
Fenceline, 1736
Fenske calculation, 211
Fermentation, 970–973
Filming amine, 594, 1103, 1736
Filtration, 1736
Final boiling point (FBP), 10, 1736
Final control element, 1031, 1736
Fines, 1736
Finished lube oil, 846
Finned air coolers, 1558
Finned tube, 1558, 1736
Firebox, 1737
Fire brick, 1606, 1736
Fired heaters, 1418, 1594, 1737
burners, 1604–1606
codes and standards, 1597–1599
efficiency, 1601–1604
refractories, stacks and stack emissions,
1606–1611
specification, 1611–1617
thermal rating, 1599–1601
types, 1594–1597
Fire extinguisher, 1429–1433, 1736
Firefighting equipment, 1424–1426
Fire foam systems, 1426–1429, 1736
Fire main, 1423–1424, 1736
Fire point, 1736
Fireproofing, 1737
Fire relief, 1323–1325, 1737
Fire water system, 1140, 1737
Fischer assay, 909, 1737
Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, 858, 887,
946–949, 968–983, 1737
Fixed cost, 1737
Fixed equipment, 1737
Fixed fee contract, 805
Flame impingement, 1737
Flameout, 1737
Flame retardant, 1737
Flammability, 1737
limits, 1737
Flare, 1195, 1738
Flare tip, 1195, 1196, 1199, 1738
Flashing, 1738
liquids, 1088, 1331
Flash point, 11, 848, 1076, 1738
test method, 664
Flash zone, 1738
Flexible thermowells, 1046
Flexicoking process™, 1738
flow diagram, 536–537
operating conditions and yields, 537–538
Flight scraper, 1738
Floating-roof tank, 1170–1172, 1738
Flocculation, 1139, 1204–1205, 1738–1739
Flooding, 1465–1466, 1739
Flow alarm (FA), 1735
Flow element, 1019–1028, 1735
Flow measurement and control
controller processing, 1030
flow element installation, 1028–1030
flow signal, 1030
magnetic flow meters, 1025
measurement principle, 1019
orifice meter, 1020–1025
oscillatory flow meters, 1026
output signal, 1030–1031
PD meters, 1026–1027
thermal meters, 1028
turbine meter, 1027
ultrasonic meters, 1027
valves, 1031–1034
variable area meter, 1027
variable speed control, 1037–1038
variable volume control, 1038–1039
Flow meter, 1028–1030, 1739
Flow regime, 1629–1632, 1739
Flow through type catalyst cooler, 549–550
Flue gas SOx scrubbing system, 1226
Flue gas tunnels, 1739
Fluid catalytic cracker, 711
Fluid catalytic cracker unit (FCCU), 1739
material and sulfur balance, 105
naphtha from, 62–63
1894 Index
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process,
261–312, 898, 1735
applications, 272–273
catalysts, 269
characteristics of mechanisms, 272
development, 262, 264
evolution, 263
gas oil, 273–277. (see also Gas oil crackingtechnology)
gasoline
analytical characterization, 406–407
catalysts and reactions, 407–408
composition, 397
desulfurization, 399–400
diolefin saturation, 399
feedstock characteristics, 403
feedstocks, 408
process conditions, 403, 409
process configuration, 400–403,
408–409
process considerations, 399
recombination, 398–399
sulfur compounds, 406
growth, 265
innovations in process, 267
for light olefins and aromatics, 297–305
primary cracking reactions, 272
reactor-regenerator, 264–266
secondary reactions, 272
yields
DCC vs. FCCU, 266typical resid cracking, 264–265
Fluid coking method, 536–538, 661, 1740. Seealso Flexicoking process™
Fluidized-bed catalytic cracking process, 460
Fluoroprotein foam concentrates, 1428
Flushing, 1740
oil, 1153–1154, 1740
system, 1505
Flux, 1740
Foam generator, 1425, 1426, 1740
Foaming, 1740
FOB. See Free on board (FOB)
FOE. See Fuel oil equivalent (FOE)FOEB. See Fuel oil equivalent barrels (FOEB)Force
draft, 1735, 1740
majeure, 1740
Formaldehyde, 893–894
Fossil fuel resources, 884–886
Fouling, 1740
liquids, 1561
FQD. See Fuel quality directive (FQD)
Fracking, 922, 1740–1741
Fraction, 1741
Fractionation, 369, 443–444, 450, 1741
Fractionator overhead equipment, 135–142
Framework order, 1740
Free on board (FOB), 1740
Fresh feed input, 1741
Front-end loading (FEL), 789–796, 1736, 1741
Froth flow, 1629–1632, 1741
FT process. See Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
synthesis
Fuel coke, 661, 1742
Fuel ethanol, 1742
Fuel gas, 1742
cleanup and burner fouling, 1115–1116
system, 1108–1111
tramp nitrogen compounds, 1234–1235
Fuel oil, 1742
pour point blending, 117
products, 67
sulfur control, 1225
system, 1111–1113
Fuel oil equivalent (FOE), 1742
Fuel oil equivalent barrels (FOEB), 1740
Fuel quality directive (FQD), 1219, 1740
Fuel rich, 1114, 1742
Fuel solvent deasphalting, 1742
Fuel system troubleshooting, 1116
Fugitive, 1221–1223, 1227, 1240–1241,
1243–1247, 1742
Full-conversion/complex refinery, 87
Full-conversion refinery, 1742
Full-conversion refinery hydrogen
management approach, 635–636
Fungible, 1742
Furfural, 1374–1377
extraction process, 852–853
Furfuraldehyde, 1742
Furnace oil, 1742
GGallon, 1743
Galvanic corrosion, 1743
Gap control, 1085, 1743
Gaps and overlaps, 1743
Gas blanketed, 1169, 1170, 1744
Gas burners, 1607
Gas chromatograph, 1076, 1743
Gasification, 619–620, 883–909, 948,
983–986, 1744
Gasohol, 1744–1745
Gas oil, 15, 1744
Index 1895
Gas oil cracking technology
data for FCCU monitoring, 291–294
FCC reliability and maintenance, 290–291
FCC zeolite, 294–297
hydrocracking, 317–359
reaction technology
dry gas production, 276
feed injection system, 273–274
impact of vapor quench on FCC
yields, 277
quenching, 276–277
regenerated catalyst/feed contacting
configurations, 274
riser separator strippers, (RSS) 275
regeneration technology, 280–283
resid catalytic cracking (see Resid, catalyticcracking)
stripping technology, 280
disk and donut design, 277
disk and donut stripper, 278
packing designs, 279
stripper packing designs, 279
Gasoline, 651–653
blend component properties, 112
blending components, 1745
blending specifications, 111
demand by region, 483
engine
carbon monoxide, 72
deposits, 71
hazardous air pollutants, 71
lead emission, 72
nitrogen dioxide, 72
octane number, 70
ozone, 73
particulate matter, 72–73
sulfur dioxide, 72
thermal efficiency, 71
volatility, 71
manufacture, 75–76
aromatic reduction, 73
olefin reduction, 73
process, 74
sulfur content, 74
tetra ethyl lead restriction, 73
precursors, 61
production
adiabatic plug flow reactor, 461
oligomerization reactions, 463
selective vs. non-selective, 466–468tubular reactor, 461–462
Gas Processors Suppliers Association
(GPSA), 1745
Gas-refinery fuel, 1108–1111, 1743
Gas-to-liquids (GTL), 44, 888, 901,
947–950, 1744
Gas treating processes, 499–529, 1744
Gas turbine drivers, 1554–1555
Gauge pressure, 1745
Gear pump, 1486
GHG. See Greenhouse gas (GHG)GHV. See Gross heating value (GHV)
Gilliland correlation, 214, 1745
Glitsch Ballast trays, 1444
Gold cup measurement method, 610
GPSA. See Gas Processors SuppliersAssociation (GPSA)
Green coke, 67
Green diesel, 953, 1745
Green gasoline, 953, 1746
Greenhouse gas (GHG), 1745
Green olefins, 953, 1746
Grid, 1746
Gross, 1746
Gross estimation approach 748
Gross heating value (GHV), 1674, 1675, 1745
GTL. See Gas-to-liquids (GTL)Guarantee test run, 828–830
consumption guarantee, 832–833
feedstock, 831
hydraulic guarantee, 832
product quality, 831–832
Gulf Coast spot market, 1746
Gum, 1746
HHalide removal, 379–380
HAPs. See Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs)Hazard and operability review (HAZOP),
1312, 1747
Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), 71
Hazardous materials, 1354
Hazardous waste, 1275, 1746
HAZOP. See Hazard and operability review
(HAZOP)
HCGO. See Heavy coker gas oil (HCGO)
Header, 1747
Heat of combustion
vs. CO2/CO ratio, 547
gross, 1674–1675, 1747
net, 1674–1675, 1747
Heat exchangers, 1557, 1748
and coolers, 1604–1606, 1747–1748
design considerations, 1559–1561
surface area and pressure drop, 1562–1572
1896 Index
tube data, 1655
types, 1557–1559
Heating oil, 656, 1748
Heat loss and heater surface area, 1205–1209
Heat and material balance, 1747
Heat pump, 1747
Heated storage tanks, 1175–1176
Heater, 1594, 1747
burners, 1604–1606, 1747–1748
coil, 1748
draft, 1055, 1108, 1114, 1608–1609
efficiency, 1601, 1748
noise, 1606
Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), 1750
Heavy coker gas oil (HCGO), 410
Heavy crude, 1748
Heavy fuel oil blending, 116–117
Heavy fuel oil specification, 116
Heavy gas oil (HGO), 1748
Heavy naphtha, 57
Heavy oil cracking (HOC), 1748
Heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO), 94, 97, 103
Height equivalent to a theoretical tray (HETP),
1467, 1748
Heptene vs. olefin conversion, 468
HETP. See Height equivalent to a theoretical
tray (HETP)
HF alkylation, 445, isobutane
acid regeneration, 444
acid strength, 445
acid-to-hydrocarbon volume ratio, 445
feed contaminants, 445–446
feed pretreatment, 442
fractionation, 443–444
KOH regeneration, 444
maintenance, 446
process flow description, 442
reaction, 443
reaction temperature, 445
safety and volatility suppression, 446–447
HGO. See Heavy gas oil (HGO)
Higher heating value (HHV), 1749
High expansion foam concentrates, 1428–1429
High speed diesel engines, 76
High sulfur bunker fuel, 116, 117
HOC. See Heavy oil cracking (HOC)
Homogenizer, 1749
Horton sphere, 1749
Hose reel/station, 1424, 1749
Hot and cold flash separators, 1749
Hot lime process, 1428, 1749
Hot potassium carbonate process, 506–507
Hot soaking, 419–420
Hot work, 1749
HRSG. See Heat recovery steam generator
(HRSG)
Huff and puff, 933, 1750
Human-machine interface (HMI), 1017, 1749
HVGO. See Heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO)
Hydrant, 1424, 1425, 1750
Hydraulic analysis, 1679–1684
of process systems, 1750
Hydraulic fracturing, 922, 1750
Hydraulic guarantee, 832
Hydraulic horsepower, 1501, 1750
Hydrocarbon, 1255
octane values, 485
pressure-temperature curves for,
1648–1650
Hydroclone, 1750–1751
Hydrocodimers, 461, 464
properties, 466–467
Hydrocracker, 1751
Hydrocracking, 431–432, 856
catalyst deactivation
catalyst support sintering, 348
coking, 347
metal agglomeration, 347
non catalyst metals deposition, 348
poisoning, 347
regeneration, 348
catalyst manufacturing
drying and calcination, 342
impregnation, 342–343
feedstock, 319
hydroprocessing reactions, 331–333
once-through hydrocracking unit,
323–324
2013 OPEC world oil outlook, 320
process, 38
process variables
boiling range, 352
cracked feedstocks, 352
fresh feed quality, 351
hydrogen content, 351–352
hydrogen purity, 356
makeup hydrogen, 355–356
nitrogen and methane content, 356
nitrogen and sulfur compounds, 351
permanent catalyst poisons, 352–353
recycle gas rate, 355
reaction
evolution of, 333
heavy polynuclear aromatics
(HPNA), 336
multi-ring aromatics, 335–336
Index 1897
Hydrocracking (cont.)steps involved for paraffins, 334
thermodynamics, 335
separate hydrotreating with two-stage, 327
single stage with recycle, 324–326
suppliers, 357–358
two stage recycle, 326
types of operating units, 323
Hydrodenitrogenation, 374–375, 1751
Hydrodesulfurization, 371–374, 1751
Hydrodewaxing/isomerization, 856
Hydrofinishing, 856
Hydrofluoric acid (HF, AHF), 1377–1383
Hydrogen, 1383–1385, 1751–1752
distribution, 1156
management, 568
purification, 369
Hydrogenated polygasolines
effect of propylene on RON, 464–465
octane numbers, 464
Hydrogenated vs. non-hydrogenated polymer
gasoline, 664–666
Hydrogenation, 1752
Hydrogenolysis, 488
Hydrogen once-through (HOT), 491–492
Hydrogen production
catalytic naphtha reforming process,
567–570
electrolytic process, 621
partial oxidation process, 618–621
steam-methane reforming process, 570–575
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), 1226–1228,
1385–1388, 1752
Hydrolysis, 1752
Hydrometer, 1752
Hydroprocessed esters of fatty acids (HEFA),
1000–1001
Hydroprocessing, 317–434, 855, 858, 1752
base stock properties, 856–858
hydrodewaxing/isomerization, 856
hydrofinishing, 856
hydrotreating/hydrocracking, 317–434, 856
technology sources, 858
Hydroskimming refinery, 84, 1752
Hydrothermal liquefaction, 978–979
Hydrotreater, 361–434, 1752
Hydrotreating, 361–434, 856, 1224–1225,
1752–1753
aromatic saturation, 377–378
catalyst activation, 421–422
catalyst deactivation, 422–424
catalyst loading, 420–421
catalyst manufacturers, 433
catalyst performance, 417
cobalt-molydenum catalysts, 415
distillate (see Distillate hydrotreating)FCC gasoline (see Fluid catalytic cracking
(FCC) process, gasoline)
feed/effluent exchangers, 367
feed filters, 366–367
feed quality and rate, 428–429
fractionation section, 369
gas-to-oil ratio, 430
halide removal, 379–380
history, 365–366
hydrocracking, 410–441
hydrogen partial pressure, 429–430
hydrogen purification, 369
liquid hourly space velocity, 430
make-up hydrogen system, 367
metals and non-metals removal, 378–379
naphtha (see Naptha hydrotreating)nickel-molybdenum catalysts, 415
olefin saturation, 376–377
oxygen removal, 376
reactor charge heater, 367
reactor design and construction, 424–426
reactor effluent water wash, 368–369
reactor operation, 427
reactor temperature, 427–428
recycle gas purity, 430–431
recycle gas scrubbing, 368
recycle hydrogen system, 368
residual oil hydrodesulfurization, 411–413
sulfur removal, 371–374
technology suppliers, 433
type I vs. type II catalysts, 416units, 36
vapor/liquid separation, 369
Hysomer™ catalyst, 489
Ii-component, 1753–1754
Ignitability, 1754
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health
(IDLH), 1754
Immediate oxygen demand (IOD), 1254, 1758
Impeller speeds (pumps), 1488, 1490, 1492,
1493, 1754
Impingement, 1754–1755
Imports, 1755
InAlkTM process, catalytic olefin condensation
resin-catalyzed condensation, 468–469
SPA-catalyzed condensation, 470–471
Incident command system (ICS), 1434, 1755
1898 Index
Incompatible, 1755
Incomplete combustion, 1241–1242
Incompressible flow pressure drop, 1617–1622
Incremental cost, 781
Indices, 1755
Induced, draft, 1755
Inert entry, 1340–1344, 1756
Inferred properties, 1756
Inflation, 745
Infrared analyzer, 1076–1077, 1756
Initial boiling point (IBP), 10, 1753, 1756
Inlet diffuser, 1756
Inlet guide vane, 1756
In-line blending, 1178–1180, 1756
In-line vs. batch blending, 1178–1179
Innage, 1756
INPNA, 1756
In situ, 1756
Instantaneous analysis, 741, 745
Instrument air system, 1141–1144, 1756
Instrumentation, 1013, 1756
Insulation, 1757
Intalox saddle, 1757
Integral control, 1086, 1087, 1757
Integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC)
system, 887
Integrated oil company, 1757
Intellectual property (IP), 1758
Intercooling, 1538, 1757
Interface, 1757
Intermediate, 1757
law, 1266, 1471, 1757
stock report, 697, 763
Internal combustion engine, 1038
Internal rate of return (IRR), 758–759
Internals (vessels), 1119, 1132, 1174,
1442, 1471, 1484–1485,
1641–1642, 1757
International Energy Agency (IEA), 1757
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
legislation, 1219
Interstate Commerce Commission
(ICC), 1757
Ion exchange, 1131–1133, 1758
Ionic liquid alkylation, 454–456
Ionization, 1758
Ion-specific and pH electrodes, 1077
Iron sulfide (FeS), 1736
Isobutane, 1758
Isobutylene, 1758
Iso-container, 1758
Isohexane, 1758
Isomerate, 483
Isomerization, 74, 441, 997–999
Butamer™ process, 481
catalysts
chlorided alumina, 489
octane/activity curves, 490–491
sulfated metal oxide catalysts, 490
zeolitic type catalysts, 489–490
flow scheme improvements, 482
HF alkylation, 481
history of, 481–482
hydrogen once-through (HOT), 492
isobutylene, 481
light hydrocarbon (C4-C7) streams, 480
light-naphtha, 480
market trends, 482–484
n-butane to isobutane, 481
Oleflex™ process, 481
paraffin, 480
primary reaction pathways, 486–488
process chemistry, 485–486
Par-Isom process flow schemes, 491
Penex™ process, 481
Penex unit process flow scheme, 492
process configurations and octane
values, 482
process economics, 494–495
process requirements for catalysts, 491–492
regenerable catalysts, 482
regulation, 484–485
skeletal isomerization of paraffins, 481
Itemized estimation approach, 748
JJet fuel, 653–654, 1759
Jet mixer, 1173, 1176, 1759
Jetties, 1759–1760
Jetty and dock facilities
equipment, 1186–1187
loading rates, 1187–1188
ship ballast water, 1188
size, access, and location, 1185–1186
slop and spill facilities, 1189
Jetty on shore loading stations, 1422
Jobber, 1760
Job safety analysis (JSA), 1760
Joint venture, 1760
Joule-Thomson effect, 1760
KKellogg resid cracker, 287
Kerogen-oil, 907
Index 1899
Kerogen rock, 908–909
Kero operation, 105–106
Kerosenes, 653, 1760
Kerosene-type jet fuel, 653–654, 1760–1761
Kettle, 1761
reboiler, 1584–1586
Kettle-type waste heat boiler, 1099–1100
Kick off meeting, 810
Kieselguhr, 459–460
Kinematic viscosity, 667–669, 1761
Knock/cetane engine, 1077
Knockout, 11, 681, 1761
drum, 1470–1471, 1761
Kremser equation, 525, 527
LLaboratory information system (LIMS), 1764
Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), 1125, 1762
Larkins, White, and Jeffery method,
1639, 1762
Latent heat, 1762
Layering, 1762
Layers of protection analysis (LOPA),
1312, 1762
Lead, 72
Leaded gasolines, 1762–1763
Leaks, 1246
Legionella bacteria, 1128, 1763
Level alarm (LA), 1762
Level bridles, 1067
Level control range, 1763
Level gauges/sight gauges, 1069
Level measurement and control
elements and characteristics, 1063–1067
level instrument installations, 1067–1069
specific considerations, 1069–1070
Life cycle of petroleum fuels, 967–968
Lift gas technology, 550–553
Lifting, 1763
Light crude, 1763
Light cycle oil, 410
Light ends, 19, 34, 1763
distillation, 1727
condenser duty, 214–215
description, 200–201
material balance, 202–206
operation conditions, 206–210
reboiler duty, 215
tower loadind and sizing, 216–217
tower operation and performance, 225–227
trays in, 211
units, 34–35, 1763
Light gas oil, 1763
Light hydrocarbon (C4-C7) streams, 480
Light naphtha, 57
Light-naphtha isomerization, 480
Light vacuum gas oil (LVGO), 94, 101, 104
Lignin, 976, 977
Ligno-cellulosic conversion, 976–986
Linear programming, 55, 739–741,
774–783, 1764
Liquefied petroleum gas(es) (LPG), 55, 651,
1764–1765
Liquefied refinery gas(es) (LRG), 1765
Liquid alive bacteria (LAB), 1762
Liquid entrainment, 226
Liquid ring, 1170, 1515, 1764
Liquid separation drums, 1471–1473
Liter, 1765
Loader, 1765
Loan repayment, 769–770, 772–773
Lobular pump, 1486
Lockhart-Martinelli modulus, 1631, 1765
Logarithmic mean temperature difference,
1564, 1765
Long ton, 1765
Lower heating value (LHV), 1763
Low-low heater draft, 1114
Low speed diesel engines, 76
Low-sulfur diesel (LSD), 81, 656–659, 1765
Low-sulfur gasoline (LSG), 81, 656–659, 1765
Lube base oil group classifications, 849
Lube base oils, 845
Lube base stock, 845
Lube oil properties, 847–848
color, 848
flash point, 848
oxidation stability, 848
pour point, 848
thermal stability, 848
viscosity, 848
viscosity index, 848
volatility, 848
Lube oil refineries, 44–46, 844–845
asphalt production, 860
asphalt blowing process, 863–864
asphalt oxidizing mechanism, 861–862
paving and liquid asphalt, 860–861
roofing asphalt, 861
base stock group statistics, 859
bright stock lubes, 846
finished lube oil, 846
hydroprocessing, 855–856, 858
base stock properties, 856–858
hydrodewaxing/isomerization, 856
1900 Index
hydrofinishing, 856
hydrotreating/hydrocracking, 856
technology sources, 858
lube base stock, 845
lube slate, 845
naphthenic lube oils, 846
neutral lubes, 846
paraffinic lube oil, 846
refining process options, 850
re-refined base stocks, 846
traditional solvent-based lube production,
850–855
furfural extraction process, 852–853
MEK dewaxing process, 854–855
propane deasphalting process, 850–852
virgin base lube oils, 846
Lube oil re-refining, 960–961
Lube oils, 660, 1766
base stock, 68
neutral lubes, 68
performance specifications, 846–847
properties, 69
quality specifications, 846
slate, 68
Lube slate, 845
Lubricants, 1766
Lubricity, 1766
Lump sum contract, 806
Lurgi MTP process, 898–899
MMagnetic flow meters, 1025
Make-up hydrogen system, 367
Management by objectives (MBO), 1768
Manifold, 1767
Margin, 1767
Marginal crude oils, 689
Marine diesel
fuel, 659
oil, 1767
specification, 116, 659
Market(ing), 1767
department, 687
trends, isomerization, 482–484
MARPOL, 1767
Mass flow meters, 1026
Mass spectrometry, 1077, 1767
Master construction plan, 818
Material balance, 1767
Material safety data sheet (MSDS), 1767–1768
Maxofin FCC, 304–305
Maxwell method, 21
McCabe Thiele-Graphical Method, 508, 510
Mechanical flow diagram, 793–794, 1768
Mechanical flow sheet, 794
conference, 813–816
Mechanical integrity (MI), 1313, 1768, 1769
Mechanical specifications, fire
prevention, 1417
Mechanical speed control, 1038
Medium curing cutbacks, 861
Medium speed diesel engines, 76
MEK dewaxing process, 854–855
Membranes, for hydrogen recovery, 634
Membrane unit, 1768
Merichem, 1768
Merox, 1768
Metal dusting, 599
Metals and non-metals removal, 378–379
Metals deposition, 423
Metals in crude oil, 1768
Metering pumps, 1487, 1769
Methanation, 584–587, 619, 1769
Methanol, 889–892, 1249
derivatives, 893–897
production economies, 891–892
properties and specifications, 892
technology licensors, 891
Methanol to gasoline technology
(MTG), 888
Methanol-to-hydrocarbon, 897
Methanol-to-olefins, 897–898
Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), 506,
1354–1356, 1769
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), 854–855,
1388–1391, 1769
Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), 42–43,
890, 1769
Metric ton, 1769
Micron, 1769
Mid-barrel, 1769
Mid boiling point components, 15–16
Middle distillate, 1769
products, 64–66
schedule, 698
Midstream, 1770
Mid volume percentage point components, 16
Military jet fuel, 654
Million volt-amps (MVA), 1771
Mix temperature control, 550–552
Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSAT) rule, 484
Molecular sieve, 1770
Molecule, 1770
Mollier diagram, 1770
Monitor, 1770
Index 1901
Monoethanolamine (MEA), 500, 502–503,
1354, 1770
preliminary process flow sheet, 528
removing degradation impurity, 513–514
Mortgage formula, 772–773
Motor fuel alkylation
alkylate properties, 452
complex alkylation reactions, 439–441
HF alkylation (see HF alkylation)
history, 437–438
ionic liquid alkylation, 454–456
isomerization, 441
primary alkylation reactions,
438–439
solid catalyst alkylation, 453–454
sulfuric acid (see Sulfuric acid alkylation)
Motor gasoline, 1770
Motor gasoline blending, 1178–1181, 1770
components, 1180, 1771
Motor octane number, 651, 681, 1771
Multipass tray, 1455, 1771
Multiple single loop controls, 1016
NNaphtha
characterization, 233
composition, 233–234
consolidation and treating process, 106
feed pretreatment, 234–235
from fluid catalytic cracker unit, 62–63
hydrotreater, 235
straight run, 233
stream properties, 63
Naphthalene, 1772
Naphtha-type jet fuel, 653–654, 1772
Naphthene(s), 5, 1772
reactions, 243–244
Naphthenic lube(s), 69
oils, 846
Naphtha hydrotreating
diene reactor, 395
gas-to-oil ratio, 395
liquid hourly space velocity, 395
naphtha disposition, 392
post treat reactor, 395
pressure, 395
process configuration, 389, 390
processing objectives and considerations,
392–394
recombination with cracked stock, 394
straight-run versus cracked naphtha,
391–392
National Council of Examiners for Engineering
and Surveying (NCEES), 1773
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES), 1250, 1772
Natural draft, 1772
Natural gas, 1772
Natural gas liquids (NGL), 901, 1772, 1774
Natural gasoline and isopentane, 1773
Natural gas plant liquids, 1773
Near-infrared analyzer, 1076, 1773
Needle coke, 67, 1773
Netback, 1773
Net investment, 731, 1773
Net profit margin, 1773
Neutralization, 1773
number, 1773
Neutralizing amine, 594, 1103, 1774
Neutral lubes, 68, 846
Newton’s law, 1774
New York Mercantile Exchange
(NYMEX), 1774
Nickel carbonyl, 1391–1394, 1774
Nickel-molybdenum catalysts, 415
Nitrogen compounds, 386–387
Nitrogen dioxide, 72, 1222, 1234,
1236–1239, 1611
Nitrogen oxides, 1222, 1234, 1236–1239, 1611
Nitrogen peroxide. See Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen removal, 374–375
Nitrogen system, 1149–1153
utilities, 1149–1150
Noise control, 1280–1286
Noise pollution, 1278–1280
Noise program, 1286–1288
Non-energy product refineries, 1774
Non-energy refineries, 843–882
lube oil properties, 847–848
color, 848
flash point, 848
oxidation stability, 848
pour point, 848
thermal stability, 848
viscosity index, 848
volatility, 848
lube oil refineries, 844–845, 849–850
bright stock lubes, 846
finished lube oil, 846
lube base oil group classifications, 849
lube base stock, 845
lube oil properties, 847–848
lube slate, 845
naphthenic lube oils, 846
neutral lubes, 846
1902 Index
paraffinic lube oil, 846
quality and performance specifications,
846–847
refining process options, 850
re-refined base stocks, 846
traditional solvent-based lube
production, 850–855
virgin base lube oils, 846
lube oil specifications, 846
performance specifications, 846–847
quality specifications, 846
Nonenes, 474
Non-hazardous waste, 1275
NOx emissions monitoring and operations,
1238–1239
Nozzle meters, 1025
OOctane enhancement processes, 41
Octane numbers, 11, 70, 464, 681, 1775
hydrogenated polygasolines, 464–466
Octenes production, 459
Offsite systems, 1167–1213, 1776
Oil burners, 1114, 1604
Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers Union
(OCAW), 1775
Oil dropping method, 418
Oil recovery sump, 1267–1268
Oil retention baffles, 1268
Oil sand crude, 930–946, 1776
Oil skim pipes, 1267
Oil-water separation, 1265
Oily water sewer, 1157–1159, 1776
Olefin(s), 1776
condensation, 458. (See also Catalytic
Olefin condensation)
feedstock, 48
Olefin cracking byproduct recovery, 622–623
Olefin cracking process (OCP) integration, 902
Olefinic hydrocarbons, 7
Olefin saturation, 376–377
Oleflex™ process, 481
Oligomerization reactions, 463
Omnibus fee contract, 805
Once-through thermosiphon reboiler,
1586–1587
One-stage thermal cracker, 533
Opacity, 1776
Organic sulfur compounds, 1233–1234
Organometallic catalysts, 459
Orifice meter, 1020–1025, 1028–1030,
1776–1777
Original equipment manufacturer (OEM), 1776
Orsat, 1777
Oscillatory meters, 1026
Outage, 1777
Outlet collector, 1777
Overall tower heat balance, 216
Overflash, 1777
Overhead, 1777
Overlap, 1777
Overplus, 1777
Overpressure, 1778
Overspeed, 1038, 1778
Over-the-fence supply, 625, 1155–1156
Oxidation, 1262–1265, 1778
mercaptans, 1262–1264
pond, 1270, 1778
stability, 848
sulfides to thiosulfates, 1261–1262
of sulfide to sulfate, 1264–1265
Oxidizing
agent, 1778
Oxygenate
gasoline, 41–42, 74–76
Oxygen deficient, 1778
Oxygen deficient environments
hazards and potential exposures,
1338–1340
management, 1340–1341
Oxygen enrichment, 1778
supply, 1155–1156
Oxygen removal, 376
Ozonation, 1778
Ozone, 73, 1248, 1778
PPacked tower, 1778–1779
Packing, 1779
Padding, 1779
Pall ring, 1463, 1779
Pantograph, 1174, 1779
Paraffin(s), 5, 1779
isomerization, 480–481
primary reaction pathways, 486–488
process chemistry, 485–486
skeletal isomerization, 481
reactions, 244–245
Paraffinic lube(s), 69
oil, 846
Par-Isom process flow schemes, 491–494
Partial oxidation (POX) process,
619–621, 1779
and autothermal reforming, 618
Index 1903
Partial oxidation (POX) process (cont.)block flow diagram, 619
costs, 621
design and metallurgy, 620–621
gasification, 619–620
product purification and recovery, 620
shift conversion, 620
Partial pressure, 1779
Particulate matter (PM), 72, 1782
Partition wall, 1597, 1779
Paving and liquid asphalt, 860–861
medium curing cutbacks, 861
rapid curing cutbacks, 860
slow curing cutbacks, 861
Peened thermocouple, 1048
Penex™ process, 481
Penex unit process flow scheme, 492
Pensky-Martens (PMCC), 664, 1780
Pentane equilibrium, 486
Performance specifications, lube oil, 846–847
Permissible exposure limit (PEL), 1780
Personal protective equipment (PPE), 1784
Petrochemical(s), 297–307
applications, 472
heptenes, 472–474
nonenes, 474
DCC, 300–302
diagram of process, 300
light olefin yields, 302
with naphtha recycle, 301
vs. FCC, 300yields for atmospheric resid, 302
DCC process, 299
feedstocks, 1780
heavy feed and naphtha propylene
processes, 299
HS-FCC and R2P process, 306
Maxofin process, 304
operations (see Petrochemical,
applications)
PetroFCC, 304
vs. FCC, 304PetroFCC process, 303
refinery, 872–875
aromatics production, 872–874
dealkylation unit, 875
feed fractionation and xylene splitter,
874–875
isomerization unit, 875
selectivity of spent catalyst, 303
Shell Milos and INDMAX processes, 307
PetroFCC, 303
process, 303
Petroleum, 1780
ash content, 1694
coke, 67, 661, 1780
process, 1215–1302
process study approach, 700–703
products, 1781
Petroleum Administration Defense District
(PADD), 1780
pH, 1077, 1781
Phenol, 1255, 1781
Pickling, 826
Pilot, 1781
Pilot-operated pressure relief valve, 1321, 1781
Pinch technique, 1781
Pipe
element, 1782
fitting, 1781
hanger, 1781
layout specifications, 1418
line, 1782
support, 1781
Pitch, 1782
Planning refinery operations, 687–698, 1782
Plant air, 1141, 1782
Plant commissioning, 824–825, 1782
Plant life, 732
PlantroseTM process, 983, 985
Plant water system, 1138–1139, 1782
Play, 1782
Plenum, 1597, 1782
Plot plan development, 817
Plug flow, 1782
Plug valve, 1034–1035
Poison, 1783
Pollution, 1216, 1218, 1250, 1278, 1606, 1783
Pollution prevention design (PPD), 1784
Poly-alpha-olefins (PAOs), 845
production, 858–859
Polyaromatic hydrocarbon, 1783
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 1783
Poly gasolin. See Polymer, gasoline
Polymer, 1783
gasoline, 461, 465–466
blending octanes, 465–466
hydrogenated vs. non-hydrogenated,464–466
Polymerization, 1783
Polyvinylchloride (PVC), 460
Porosity, 909, 921–922, 1607, 1635, 1783
Positive displacement (PD)
meters, 1026–1027
pumps, 1111
Post treat reactor, 395
1904 Index
Potable water, 1139–1140, 1783
Pour point, 79, 666, 848, 1783–1784
Power recovery, 1147–1148, 1784
Practical (or Puckorius) Scale Index (PSI),
1126, 1784
Preheat and preheat exchanger train, 1784
Pre-ignition, 70
Premium gasoline grade blend, 111
Pre-refining, 1784
Pre-reformer, 617
Pressure alarm (PA), 1778
Pressure drop, 1631
beds of solids, 1635–1643
coefficients, 1456
compressible flow, 1622–1624
fittings and piping elements, 1625
gas streams, 1677
incompressible flow, 1617–1622
overall, 1631
two-phase, 1629–1634
Pressure measurement and control, 1054
distillation column pressure, 1055
elements and characteristics, 1051
heater draft, 1055
installations, 1051–1054
pressure regulator, 1054
tank blanket gas control, 1054–1055
Pressure regulator, 1014–1015,
1054, 1784
Pressure relief valve (PRV),
1319, 1785
Pressure safety
balanced safety relief valve,
1321, 1323
conventional safety relief valves, 1321
definitions, 1317–1320
orifice area sizing, 1326–1332
pilot-operated safety relief valve, 1321
relief capacity, 1322–1326
relief cases, 1315–1317
resilient-seated safety relief valve, 1321
rupture disk, 1321
Pressure storage tanks, 1175
Pressure swing adsorption (PSA), 1785
adsorption, 628
5-bed PSA unit, 626–627
blowdown, 628
design and metallurgy, 629–630
first equalization valve, 628
hydrogen recovery, 624
monitoring parameters, 631
operating phases, 630
purges, 628
repressurization, 628
troubleshooting, 631–633
Pressure vessels, 1419–1420
Pre-startup safety review (PSSR),
1314–1315, 1785
Pretreatment, 1785
Primary storage, 1785
Prime mover, 1505, 1550, 1785
Process chemistry
paraffin isomerization, 485–486
Process configurations, 1785–1786
Process control, 1009–1092, 1785
Process controllers, 1084–1085
Process economics
analysis, 699–728
isomerization, 494–495
Process flow coefficient, 1087–1088
Process guarantees, 828–833, 1785
Process hazards analysis (PHA), 1312
Processing gain, 1786
Process safety management (PSM),
1311–1315
compliance audits, 1314
emergency planning and response, 1315
employee participation, 1314
foundational needs, 1315
hot work, 1313
incident investigation, 1314
management of change, 1313
mechanical integrity, 1313
operating procedures, 1312–1313
pre-startup safety review, 1314–1315
process safety information,
1311–1312
trade secrets, 1314
training, 1313
Product blending, 1786
facilities, 1178–1181
Product gravity, 23
Production, 1787
capacity, 1787
cost, 746
Product molecular weight, 28–33
Product properties, 1787
Product property prediction, 23–33, 1787
Product quality, 330, 650
Proesa process, 978
Programmable logic controller (PLC), 1013,
1018, 1787
Progressing cavity, 1787
Project duty specification, 796–803, 1787
Project management, 804–809
Project procedure manual, 811–813
Index 1905
Propane, 1787
deasphalting process, 852
product yield and properties, 852
salient operating conditions, 852
LPG, 59
Propant, 1787
Properties, lube oil, 847–848
color, 848
flash point, 848
oxidation stability, 848
pour point, 848
thermal stability, 848
viscosity index, 848
volatility, 848
Proportional band, 1086, 1788
Proportional control, 1086, 1788
Proportioning pump, 1489, 1788
Propylene, 1788
tetramer, 461
Protein foam concentrates, 1428
Pseudo components, 13, 130, 1788
Publically Owned Treatment Works
(POTWs), 1265
Puckorius Scale Index (PSI), 1126
Pulsation, 1494
drums, 1473–1476
Pulsation dampener (PD), 1555–1557, 1788
Pump, 1789
centrifugal, 1486
characteristic curve for, 1487–1489
cooling water requirement, 1513
diaphragm, 1487
drivers and utilities, 1505–1508
metering, 1487
performance evaluation, 1494–1496
reacceleration requirement, 1509
reciprocating, 1493–1494
rotary, 1493
selection of, 1490–1494
turbine, 1486
Pumparound, 1788–1789
Pumping temperature, 1498–1501
Purchase orders, 817
Purifier, 1789
Pyrolysis, 1789
QQuality specifications, 650
asphalts, 661
aviation turbine gasoline, 653
fuel oil products, 659
gas oils, 654
gasolines, 651
jet fuels, 653
kerosene, 653
LPG, 651
lube oils, 660, 846
petroleum coke, 661
sulfur, 661
Quench zone, 368, 1332, 1641–1642, 1789
Quickie method, fractionation design,
1446–1449
RRadiant tube, 1790
Raffinate, 1790
Ramsbottom coke, 1790
Rangeability, 1790
Rapid curing cutbacks, 860
Rapid thermal processing, 980–981
Raschig ring, 1462–1463, 1637, 1790
Raw hydrogen purification
pressure swing adsorption, 583–584
wet chemical/solvent approach,
584–587
Reacceleration, 1509, 1790
Reactivity, 1791
Reactor charge heater, 367
Reactor effluent water wash, 368–369
Reagent, 1791
Reboiler, 1791
duty, 215
Reciprocating compressor, 1514, 1791
control of, 1538–1540
dampening facilities, 1556
description, 1518
horsepower, 1534–1537
inter-cooling, 1538–1540
Reciprocating pumps, 1487, 1791
Recirculating thermosiphon reboiler,
1586–1587
Reclaiming, 513–514, 526, 1791–1792
Recommended exposure limit (REL), 1792
Recovery process, for hydrogen, 568
Recycle, 1792
gas scrubbing, 368
hydrogen system, 368
Reduced crude oil, 1793
Reducing agent, 1793
Redwood viscosity, 1793
Refinery, 1793. See also Non-energy refineries
configuration, 82–93, 704
emissions, 1219–1220
gas, 55
1906 Index
gas recovery
membranes, 623–624
PSA, 624
gas treating process
absorber tray size and design, 511
amine circulation rate calculation,
507–508
description, 500–501
diethanol amine, 503–505
diglycol amine, 505–506
heat transfer area, 511–512
methyl diethanolamine, 506
monoethanol amine, 502–503, 513–514
stripper design and performance,
512–513
theoretical trays, in amine contractor,
508–510
hydrogen
fresh hydrogen header, 636–637
header pressures, 637–638
management, 635–636
overall planning, 638–639
sour hydrogen, 637
users management, 638
input-crude or total, 1793
operating program
content of, 697–698
monitoring, 699
preparation of, 698–699
and schedule, 761
process configuration, 53–124
block flow diagram, 82, 121, 123
comparison, 90–92
cracking refinery, 84–87
example, 93, 121
full-conversion/complex refinery, 87
geographic trends, 87–90
hydroskimming refinery, 84
topping refinery, 83–84
production, 1793
types, 1793
yield, 1793–1794
Refinery-grade butane, 651, 1793
Refining, 1794
department, 688
Reflux, 1794
drum, 1473, 1794
ratio, 1794
Reformate, 1794
catalysts, 246–249
reactions, catalyst, 243–246
Reformulated gasoline, 41–42, 70–76,
651–653, 1794–1795
Refractory, 1606–1608, 1795
Refractory-shielded pads, 1047–1048
Regenerable catalysts, 482
Regeneration technology, 1795
parameters, 281
plug flow vs. backmixed regenerators,
280–281
regenerator designs, 282
Register, 1604, 1795
Regular grade gasoline blend, 115
Regulation, isomerization, 484–485
Regulatory control, 1017, 1795
Reid vapor pressure (RVP), 669, 1795
Reliability, 1795
Reliability-centered maintenance (RCM), 1790
Reliability operating limit (ROL), 1797
Relief valves, 1245, 1321–1335, 1795
Relieving conditions, 1326–1331, 1795
Renewable, 950, 966, 1796
Renewable feedstocks
ammonium bicarbonate deposition, 960
catalyst poisoning, 959
cold flow properties, 959
corrosion, 959
definitions, 952–953
economics, 959
ethanol, 951
fatty acid esters, 951
greenhouse gas emission, 950
hydrogen consumption, 959
hydrotreating, 956
plugging, 959
properties, 953, 954
raw material supply, 958
transesterification, 956
Renewable Fuels Standards, 950
Renewable Identification Number, 950
Re-refined base stocks, 846, 960–961
Re-refining, 960–961, 1796
Research octane number (RON), 681, 1796
Reset, 1087, 1796
Resid, 1796
catalytic cracking
additive coke, 283
carbon vs. hydrogen in coke burns,
287, 289
catalyst coolers, 289
Exxon Flexicracking IIIR unit, 288
Kellogg resid cracker, 287
methods for coke making, 285
percentage of Conradson carbon, 284
shell resid crackers, 286
sources of coke production, 283
Index 1907
Resid (cont.)Technip-S&W/Axens R2R, 285
UOP resid designs, 286
cracking, 264–265
Residual fuel oil, 1796
Residual oil hydrodesulfurization
process conditions, 413
process configuration, 413
Residue, 1796
conversion, 1796
Residuum hydrocracking, 553–556
catalysts and reactions, 412–413
heavy metals effect on catalyst, 556
yields, and product properties, 555–556
Resilient seat, 1321, 1796
Resin-catalyzed condensation, 468–469
Resistance temperature detector (RTD), 1041,
1043–1044, 1798
Retort, 908–911, 1796
Return bend, 1597, 1797
Return on investment (ROI), 711, 756
Reverse osmosis, 1133–1135, 1797
Road and rail loading facilities, 1184, 1797
Roofing asphalt, 861
Rotary compressor, 1515, 1797
Rotary pump, 1486, 1797
Rotating equipment, 1797
Runaway reaction, 1335–1338, 1798
Running plans, 688–692
Rupture disk, 1319, 1321, 1798
Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), 1125, 1798
SSAE viscosity, for single-grade motor oil
grades, 69
Safe operating limit (SOL), 1803
Safe park, 1798
Safety integrated system (SIS), 1013, 1798
Safety shower, 1798
Safety systems, 1307–1349, 1798–1799
Sanitary sewage treatment, 1205
Sanitary sewer, 1161, 1799
Saybolt Furol viscosity, 1799
Saybolt Universal viscosity, 1799
Scavenger, 1799
Screw pumps, 1486
Seal, 1800
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), 1799–1800
system, 1236–1237
units, 597
Selective non-catalytic reduction
(SNCR), 1800
Semi-definitive cost estimate, 726
Sensing element, 1800
Separator, 1470, 1800
Service factor, 121, 688, 1551, 1800
Setpoint, 1013, 1800
Set pressure, 1320, 1800
Setting, 1597, 1800
Sewer systems, 1157–1161, 1800
Shale crude and gas, 918, 921–929, 1800
aluminum, potassium, and zirconium
compounds, 927
calcium and magnesium, 927
corrosion, 928
crude and product compatibility, 928
definitions, 918
glutaraldehyde, 929
hydroprocessing units, 929
impacts, 923, 927
methods of production, 921–923
naphtha reformers, 929
phosphorous, 924–925
production
chemicals, 926
locations, 918
rates, 918
properties, 923
silicon, 925–926
Shale oil, 907–917, 1800–1801
Shell, 1801
resid crackers, 286
storage capacity, 1801
tube heat exchanger, 1559, 1801
Short-term exposure limit (STEL), 1801
Shot coke, 1801
Side stream, 1801
draw-off temperatures, 188
filtration, 600
stripping, 1801
Sieve tray, 1444, 1802
SimDist, 1802
Sinking funds, 768–769
Sizing drivers, 1550
Skeletal isomerization of paraffins, 481
Skirt, 1802
Slack wax, 1802
Slagging, 1802
Slops, 1802
recovered oil, 1161–1162
Slow curing cutbacks, 861
Sludge, 1802
sumps, 1268
Slug flow, 1629–1632, 1802
Slurry oil, 1802
1908 Index
Smoke point, 673
Soaking volume concept, 538–540
Soaking volume factor (SVF), 540–543, 1803
critical decomposition zone, 544
degree of conversion, 541
product yields, 542–543
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 1370–1374
Solid catalyst alkylation, 453–454
Solid waste, 1273–1274, 1803
Solomon Associates, 1803
Soluble, 1803
Solvent, 1803
dewaxing, 81
Soot blowing, 1804
Sorbent, 1366–1370, 1804
Sour crude, 1804
Sour water stripper (SWS), 1230, 1804, 1810
gas, 1230
SOx sources management, 1225
SPA catalyst, 460, 478
SPA-catalyzed condensation, 470–471
Spalling, 1804
Sparing, 121, 802–803, 943, 1804
Special naphthas, 1804
Specialty oligomerization processes, 476–477
Specification, 1805
Specific gravity, 663, 1804–1805
Specific heat, 1805
Spent caustic oxidation, 1261
Splitter, naphtha, 1805
Sponge coke, 67–68, 661
Spontaneous ignition temperature
(SIT), 1802
Spot price, 1805
Spread, 1805
Stabilize, 1806
Stacks, 1608–1609, 1806
Staged combustion, 1235, 1806
State regulatory decisions, 1219
Static mixer, 1806
Steam and condensate systems, 1098,
1100–1101, 1104–105, 1806–1087
boiler controls, 1102
boiler feed water, 1098
condensate chemical treatment,
1102–1103
contamination prevention, 1102
monitoring, 1104–1105
pressure letdown and desuperheating, 1100
refinery steam system, 1095–1097
steam generation, 1098
steam supply reliability, 1103–1104
steam traps and condensate, 1100–1101
utility steam stations, 1101
waste heat boilers, 1099–1100
Steam-assisted gravity drain (SAGD),
933, 1799
Steam chest, 1807
Steam drum, 1016, 1098–1099, 1472, 1807
Steam-methane reforming (SMR),
570–618, 1807
advantages, 571
block flow diagram, 571–572
burners, 595–596
convection section, 596
description, 570
disadvantages, 571
furnace draft control, 597
LTS converter activity, 610
methanator activity, 611
monitoring parameters, 605
pressure swing adsorption, 600
PSA recovery, 609
radiant tubes, 595
wet chemical/solvent systems, 600
Steam out, 1807
Steam turbine, 1510–1511, 1553,
1555, 1807
efficiencies, 1511, 1553
operation of, 1509
rated horsepower, 1553
Stiff-Davis Index (SDI), 1125, 1807
Still gas, 1807
Stoke’s law, 1471, 1807
Stop-check valve, 1807
Storage bullet, 1702
Storage facilities, 1808
atmospheric storage tanks,
1169–1175
heated storage tanks, 1175–1176
pressure storage tanks, 1175
tank management and design
considerations, 1176–1178
Storm sewer, 1159–1160
Storm surge pond, 1269
Stove oil, 1808
Straight run, 1808
heavy gas oil, 65–66
kerosene, 57
kerosene products, 64–65
light gas oil, 65
naphtha, 233
product streams, 59
Straight thermowells, 1046
Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR), 1808
Stratification, 1808
Index 1909
Stratified flow, 1630–1632, 1808
Stream day, 1808
Stress relieve, 1808
Stripping steam ratio, 1808
Stripping technology, 277–280
disk and donut
design, 277
stripper, 278
packing designs, 279
stripper packing designs, 279
Stuffing box, 1502–1504, 1808
Sub-octane, 1808
Suction throttling, 1526
Suction valve lifters, 1539
Sulfated metal oxide catalysts, 490
Sulfidation, 1808
Sulfiding, 1808
chemical, 1397–1403, 1808
Sulfinol, 1808–1809
systems, 507
Sulfolane, 507, 1809
Sulfur, 661–662, 1809
content, 12, 23–25, 1809
dioxide, 72, 1220–1226
removal, 1809
Sulfuric acid, 1156–1157, 1403–1405, 1810
Sulfuric acid alkylation, 447–456
cascade alkylation process, 447–448
effluent refrigerated alkylation process,
448–449
effluent treating, 449–450
feed pretreatment, 449
fractionation, 450
H2SO4 consumption and contaminants,
450–451
H2SO4 regeneration, 451
process variables, 450
Sump, 1810
Sump pump, 1268
Superheater, 1098, 1099, 1810
Superimposed back pressure, 1320, 1810
Supervisory control, 1013, 1017, 1810
Surfactant, 1810
Surge drums, 1473
Surge volume, 1013, 1810
Suspended solids, 1562
Sweet crude, 1810
Swing capacity, 693, 1810
Swoopdown, 1810
SynBit, 931, 935–937, 1810
Syncrudes, 946
Synthetic crude, 946, 1810
S Zorb, 1810
TTag-Robinson colorimeter, 1811
Tail gas system, 1233
Tail gas treating, 1231–1233, 1811
Tallow, 952, 954, 1811
Tank(s), 1421–1422
Tank farm, 1421–1422, 1811
stocks, 961–963
Tapered thermowells, 1046
Tar, 1811
sands, 932, 1811
Tariff, 1811
Taxable income, 732
Technip-S&W/Axens R2R, 285
Temperature alarm (TA), 1811
Temperature measurement and control,
1039, 1048
reactor and vessel wall temperatures, 1048
thermocouples, 1039–1043
Temperature mixing distances, 1048–1049
Temperature safety, 1332–1338
acid/base reactions, 1337–1338
alkylation unit acid runaway, 1338
hydroprocessing unit, 1336–1337
methanation, 1338
polymerization reactions, 1337
thermal relief, 1333–1335
Temperature vs. KT/ K800F ratio, 539
Terminal investment item, 733
Tertiary-amyl methyl ether (TAME), 42–43,
74, 953, 968, 1811–1812
Tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), 1812
Tertiary storage, 1812
Test run, 830–832, 1812
Tetraethyl lead (TEL), 1812
Thermal conductivity, 1077
Thermal cracker, 706–708, 714, 833–834
heater/reactor sizing, 538–540, 557–564
product streams, 99
Thermal cracking, 533–534, 536,
538–553, 1813
applications, 533–534, 536
coking process, 534–335
one-stage thermal cracker, 533
two-stage thermal cracker, 534
yield comparisons, 537
soaking volume factor, 540–545
critical decomposition zone, 544
degree of conversion, 540
product yields, 540
test run data comparison, 545
temperature vs. KT/ K800F ratio, 539
units, 38–39
1910 Index
Thermal meters, 1028
Thermal rating
air coolers, 1573–1579
fired heaters, 1599–1601
Thermal reforming, 1813
Thermal relief, 1813
Thermal relief valves (TRVs), 1333–1335
Thermal safety valves (TSVs), 1333
Thermal stability, 848
Thermal value, 1813
Thermocouple, 1043, 1813
Thermodynamic equilibria, 486
butane equilibrium, 486
C6 fraction equilibrium, 487
pentane equilibrium, 486
Thermofor, 1813
Thermosiphon, 1813
Thermowell, 1046, 1813
Thiophenes, 7
Three element boiler control, 1016
Threshold limit value (TLV), 1813
Throttle valve, 1526, 1539, 1813
Throttling, 1813
Tight oil, 917, 1814. See also Shale crude
and gas
Toluene, 1814
Topped crude oil, 1814
Topping, 1814
refinery, 83–84
Total acid number (TAN), 1811
Total base number (TBN), 1812
Total existent sediment, 1814
Total vapor condensation processes, 1726
Tower, 1814
flash zone, 134
fractionation, 125–199, 1442–1470, 1814
over head ejector system, 183–186
top pumparound configuration, 138
Toxicity, 1814
Toxic pollutants, 1216–1218, 1220–1223,
1251, 1255–1256, 1275
Trade secret, 1815
Traditional shale oil, 907–917
aromatic content, 911
arsenic, 915
cold properties, 916
contaminants, 913
direct heating, 909
ex-situ retorting, 910–911
fines, 913–915
Fischer Assay, 909
history and production rates, 908
in-situ production, 909–910
iron, 915
nickel, 916
nitrogen, 916
oxygen, 916
pre-refining, 913
production locations, 907
properties, 911
vs. shale crudes, 907toxicity, 917
unsaturated compounds, 913
vanadium, 916
Traditional solvent-based lube production
furfural extraction process, 852–853
MEK dewaxing process, 854–855
propane deasphalting process, 850–852
Tramp air, 1239–1240, 1815
Tramp compound, 1815
Tramp nitrogen compounds, 1234–1235
Transesterification, 1815
Transition metal sulfide (TMS) catalysts,
416–417
Transit time or time of flight meters, 1027
Transmix, 961, 1815
Transportation, 1815
department, 687
Trap, 1097, 1100–1101, 1815
Tray spacing, 221, 1442–1444
Trickle filter, 1256, 1815
Triethanol amine (TEA), 500,
1354–1356, 1815
Triglycerides, 968, 986–1001
deoxygenation, 994–997
hydroprocessing conversion, 986–987
isomerization and cracking reactions,
997–999
oil production, 989–994
structure of, 988
Trip, 1815
True boiling point (TBP), 1815
curve, 10
Tube hanger, 1815
Tube sheet, 1420, 1562–1563, 1585, 1816
Tube skin, 1047, 1419, 1816
Tube trailer, 1816
hydrogen supply, 626
Tube wall, 1816
Tubular reactor, 461–462
Turbine(s), 1038
meters, 1027
pumps, 1486
Turnaround, 1816
Turndown, 1816
Turnout gear, 1816
Index 1911
Two-bed hydrotreating reactor, 425–426
Two-phase, 1629, 1816
Two-phase flow, 1088, 1629
Two stage catalyst regeneration, 546–547
Two-stage thermal cracker, 534
UUbbehohde viscosimeter, 1816
Ullage, 1816
Ultra-large crude or cargo carrier
(ULCC), 1816
Ultralow-sulfur diesel (ULSD), 76, 654, 1816
Ultralow-sulfur kerosene (ULSK), 1816
Ultrasonic meters, 1027
Ultraviolet spectrometer, 1077
Unbranded, 1816
Uncalcined coke, 68
Unconventional crude, 906, 1817
Underwood equation, 213, 1817
Unfinished oils, 1817
Unit design capacities, 121
Universal Oil Products (UOP), 459
UOP/HYDRO MTO™ process, 897, 899–901
UOP resid designs, 286
Upstream, 1817
Urea dewaxing, 1817
U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act
(EISA), 950
Utility, 1094–1166, 1817
flow sheet, 800
station, 1818
VVacuum crude distillation unit, 179–193
description, 181–182
draw-off temperature, 188
flash zone, 63–64, 187
internal flow and pumparound duties,
189–191
tower loading, 191–193
tower over head ejector system, 183–186
Vacuum crude unit (VDU), 34, 94, 179–193
Vacuum distillation
of atmospheric residue, 58, 179–193
processes, 1727
Vacuum distillation unit (VDU), 1818
Vacuum gas oil (VGO), 410
Vacuum pump, 1819
Vacuum residue, 58–59
Value chain, 1819
Valve flow coefficient, 1089
Valve tray, 1444, 1819
Vanadium inhibitor, 1819
Vane pumps, 1487
Vapor depressuring, 1819
Vapor disengaging drum, 1470, 1819
Vaporizer systems, 1237
Vapor/liquid separation, 369
Vapor piping, 141
Variable
area meter, 1027
cost, 751, 1819
head-capacity pump, 1489, 1819
speed, 1819
Vena contracta, 1020, 1819
Vent stack, 1819
Venturi and butterfly control valves, 1035
Venturi flow meter, 1025, 1819
Vent valves, 1245
Vertical cooling water circulating
pumps, 1122
Very large crude carrier (VLCC), 1819
Vessels and towers, 1448–1449
bubble cap trays, 1442–1444
liquid separation drums, 1471–1473
packed towers and packed tower sizing,
1461–1465
pressure vessel, 1476–1485
pulsation drums, 1473–1476
quickie method, 1446–1449
rigorous method, 1449–1461
sieve trays, 1444
surge drums, 1473
trayed tower sizing, 1442, 1444–1445
valve trays, 1446–1448
vapor disengaging drums, 1470–1471
Vetrocoke, 1820
Virgin base lube oils, 846
Visbreaker process, 534
Viscosimeter, 1820
Viscosity, 1820–1821
prediction, 25–26
vs. temperature, crankcase oil, 847
Viscosity index (VI), 848, 1821
Volatile, 1821
Volatile organic carbon (VOC), 1245
Volatile organic compound, 1245, 1821
Volatility, 848, 1821
Vortex separators (VSS), 275
WWaste disposal facilities, 1822
Waste heat boiler (WHB), 1823
1912 Index
Waste hydrocarbon disposal facilities,
1189–1202
blowdown drums, 1191, 1193
design, 1289–1301
disposal regulations, 1272–1274
elevated flare, 1195–1200
integrated waste disposal system, 1189
multi-jet flare, 1200–1202
non-condensable blow-down drum, 1191
water separation drum, 1194
Waste minimization, 1822
techniques, 1276–1277
Water and oxygenates, 451
Water-gas shift (WGS), 580–582, 592,
597–598, 995, 1822
Water quality guidelines, 1136
Water rate, 1822
Water systems, 1116–1118, 1822
calcium carbonate equivalents, 1117–1118
Watson K, 1817
Wave flow, 1630–1632, 1822
Wax, 1822
Waxy lube stock (WLS), 845, 856, 1822
Weathering test, 671–672
Wedge/V meters, 1025
Weighted average bed inlet temperature
(WABIT), 1821
Weighted average bed temperature
(WABT), 1821
Weir, 1822–1823
Welded and threaded stud, 1048
Welded pads, 1047
West Texas Intermediate (WTI), 92, 1877
Wet chemical/solvent approach, 584–587
Wet gas scrubber (WGS), 1823
Wet milling ethanol process, 972
What-if analysis, 1823
Working capital, 750, 1823
Working storage capacity, 1168, 1823
XX-factor, 494–495
X-ray fluorescence/absorption, 1077
X-ray fluorescence analyzer, 1824
“x”-to-liquids (xTL) feedstocks, 946–950
definitions, 947
methanol synthesis, 946
production rates, 947
properties, 949
refining considerations, 949–950
synthesis process, 947
Xylenes, 1824
YY-grade, 1824
ZZeolite(s), 37
catalysts, 1825–1826
Zeolitic type catalysts, 489–490
Z factor
gas compressibility factor, 1824
pseudo heat transfer coefficient, 1825
Index 1913