Index

A

Acting Out Scores (AOS) , 479-480 Adaptation level theory, 49-52

application to projective techniques, 49-52

Adaptation of projective methods, 61l-629; see also Special projective methods

Adience-abience, 408-409 measuring degree of, 416

Administration of tests, 53 Adolescence, 68 Affect system, 90 Aggression

delinquents, 89-90 Hand Test, 479-481

Alcoholics, drawings by, 370-371 Alcoholism, 160 American Psychiatric Association, 563 American Psychological Association

Standards for Educational and Psy­chological Tests and Manuals, 86, 87

Annual Review of Psychology, 81 Anxiety, 78, 155

Sarason's Test Anxiety Scale for Chil­dren, 155

Assessment of personality, 64-84 diagnostic, 67-69 doll play, 341-347 intelligence test in, 421-460 process phenomena and, 71-75 psychopathology and, 64, 66-75

configurations of responses and, 67-71

psychotherapy and, 64, 76-82 prediction of therapeutic changes,

77-79 use of projective tests, 79-82

techniques for, 7-8 Association techniques, 12, 32, ll3-114

INDEX

Holtzman inkblot technique, 136-170 inkblots, 113-114 Rorschach, 113-135

Associative chaining, 22 Associative processes, 5 Attacks on psychological tests, 554-558 Auditory Apperception Test (AA T) ,

250-252 B

Behavior, 15, 82 correlations of tests with HIT scores,

156-157 projective tests for predicting special

behavior, 617-619 projective theories and, 19-30, 617-619

Bellak, Leopold, 18, 224-228 Bender-Gestalt Test, 79, 80, 397-420

administration as projective test, 403-407

association phase, 406-407 copy phase, 404-405 elaboration phase, 405-406

application and use, 418 historical perspective, 397-400 Hutt Adaptation, 412-414 increased use of, 398 interpreting, 407-418

categories proposed by Hutt, 410-411 clinical-intuitive method of analysis,

407-408 configurational method of analysis,

415-416 development of perceptual behavior,

408 inferential analysis, 408 perceptual-motoric behavior, 408-409

materials, 400-403 projective use of, 397-420 scoring, 399

method based on projective hypothe­sis, 416-418

627

test stimuli, 400-403 Blacky Pictures Test, 38, 95, 239-243, 620 Blum, Gerald S_, 14, 38, 239-243 Brain damage

Bender-Gestalt Test for, 418 Bruner, J. S., 39-40, 42, 120-129, 133

c

Cartoon Situations Test (CST), 617 Castration anxiety, 95-96 Cattell's Junior Personality Quiz, 155 Children's Apperception Test, 615 Children's Appreciation Test (CAT),

224-228 Children's Insight Test, 301 Chi-square tests

validities, I 05 -I 07 Choice or ordering techniques, 12, 31, 44 Clinic, psychological, 574-577 Clinical case studies

communicating test results, 542-548 avoidance of abstractions, 545-547 avoidance of vagueness and uni­

versality, 542-543 importance of clarity of style and

language, 547-548 incorporating other data, 543-545

extent of, 527-532 impact of report on readers, 524 inclusion of projective tests, 548-551 integration of projective techniques,

532-552 multi-level interpretation of person-

ality, 527-532 Level I, 527 Level Ia, 527-528 Level II, 528 Level III, 528-531 Rorschach, 532-537 Sentence Completion Test, 537-542

prediction of future behavior, 525-526 projective material

multi-level interpretations, 527-532 projective techniques

levels measured by, 532-542 purpose of, 523-527 understanding of the patient, 525 use of proper language, 524

Cognitive theory and projective tech­niques, 44-49

Communications theory model, 58

628

Completion methods, 12, 263 sentence completion techniques, 274-288 story completion methods, 290-324 word associations, 264-273

Computers for scoring tests, 164 Condensation, 37 Conflict, 20, 23-24

approach-avoidance, 26, 29 freedom from, 82 tests to delineate content areas, 69

Conformity-deviance, 57 Connors, C. K., 160 Constriction of inner experiences, 31 Constructive techniques, 12 Control, 82 Convergence, principle of, 383 Correlation coefficients

product-moment, 107-108 "Tau" coefficient, 107

Criteria situations, 19-20 Cronbach, L. J., 46-49, 72, 137 Cues, 25 Cultural studies, 15

HIT correlated with, 160-162 Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement, 502 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 482, 492-493

D

Daydreams, 37, 600-604 Deaf-retarded population, use of Bender­

Gestalt Test, 416-417 Decision theory, 44, 46-49, 558-563

definition of, 560-563 Defense mechanisms, 38

perception theory, 41-43 structured story technique used to

study, 308-309 Delinquents, assaultiveness of, 89-90 Depersonalization process, drawings in­

dicating, 380 Depression, 68-69

diagnosis of, 159 drawings by narcotic addict with, 373 psychotic, 90

Developmental theory, 54-55 application to projective techniques,

54-55 Developmental trends

correlation of HIT scores with, 157-158 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 491-492

Diagnostic testing, 23, 30, 67 on basis of figure drawings, 383, 385

INDEX

differential Hand Test, 478-479 Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement,

500-501 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 486-489 Szondi test, 470-472

doll play and puppetry, 360 use of HIT, 158-160

Displacement, 23, 37 Doll play, 327-365

absence of father, 347-348 administration, 329-332

structured presentations, 330-331 types of incomplete problems, 331-

332 unstructured presentations, 329-330

Driscoll Play Kit, 329 emotional disturbance, 346-347 fantasy aggression, 344-346 history, 327-328 identification and parent preference,

341-343 illness and physical handicaps, 348-349 materials, 328-329, 334-335 parent-child interactions, 343-344 personality assessment, 341-347 racial awareness and racial differences,

349-350 recording and interpretation, 332-334 research, 334-351

age levels, 336 doll family constellations, 335 experimental conditions, 340-341 experimenter-child interaction, 339-

340 influence of situational factors, 346-

351 manipulation of environmental vari­

ables, 339-341 methodological studies, 334-339 number and length of sessions, 335-

336 personality assessment, 341-347 quantification of observations, 337-

338 reliability, 338 sex differences, 336-337 sex of examiner, 339 validity, 338-339

socioeconomic status, 350-351 Structured Doll Play Test (SDP) , 329,

332, 348, 349

Dramatic Production. tests, 8

INDEX

Draw-A-Family procedure, 366, 390 Draw-A-Person-in-the-Rain, 366 Draw-a-Person test, 80 Draw-An-Animal approach, 366, 390 Drawing Completion Technique (DCT) ,

366, 368, 502-5ll expressive motor activity, 502 history and theory, 502-503 Horn-Hellersberg (HH) test, 505, 509 materials and instruction, 505 for personality appraisal, 502 recording and scoring, 506-510 research and clinical applications, 508-

510 technical adequacy, 503-505 "wideband techniques," 504-505

Drawings, projective, 366-393; see also Projective drawings

Dreams, 37, 600-604 symbolism, 91

E

Education psychologists contributions to, 572-574 role of psychological testing, 572-574

Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, 155, 156

Ego identity, 36, 38 Ego psychology, 30 Ego strength, 57 Elgin Prognostic Scale, 158 Emotional disturbance, 160

doll play, 346-347 Environment, field theory, 52-54 Examiners

examiner-child interaction, 339-340 objectivity of, 33-34, 36 role of, 33, 36 sex of, 339

Exhibitionists, drawings by, 372-373, 376 Existentialism, 56-57 Expectancy theory, 24-25, 50-51 Expressive techniques, 12

F

Facial photographs projective use of, 461-472 Szondi test, 462-472

Family interaction studies, 578, 606 Family Relations Test, 578 Fantasy activity, 24, 51, 95-96, 600-601

coding, 96-97

629

doll play, 344-346 relationship between overt behavior

and, 29 relationship of projective technique

and, 37 Father, absence of, 347-348 Feeble-minded, 127 Field theory, 52-54

application to projective techniques, 52-54

Figure Drawing techniques, 69, 80-81, 366-367

Films and motion pictures puppet shows, 358-359

Fisher's Exact Test, 105 Forer Structured Sentence Completion

Test, 279, 283 Four Picture Test (Van Lennep) , 5,

246-247 Franck Drawing Completion Test, 503

criterion categories, 508 masculinity-feminity, 510

Freud, S., 6, 10, 91, 99

G

Games, theory of, 46, 558-559 Generalization, 20, 22 Gestalt psychology, 132 Gestures and body movements, 252-253 Glueck Prediction tables, 573 Graphoscopic scale, 503 Gratification, 39

psychoanalytic theory of delayed, 594-596

Guilford's tests of divergent thinking, 154

Habits, 20 emotional, 19

H

stimulus summation, 22 Hand Test, 472-481

clinical applications, 478-481 differential diagnosis, 478-479 expressive movement, 473 history and theory, 472-474 materials and instructions, 474-475 recording and scoring system, 475-477 research studies, 478-481

aggressive behavior, 479-481 evaluating employee work perform·

ance, 481

630

sex content indicators, 481 technical adequacy, 476-478

HIT; see Holtzman Inkblot Technique Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) ,

136-170 administration, 136, 140-142

group method, 163-165 variations in standard method, 163-

165 Austin-Mexico City project, 158, 160-

161 based on psychometric principles, ll4 clinical applications, 162-163 comparison with Rorschach, 136-137,

152-153 correlations of inkblot scores, 153-162

with behavioral measures, 156-157 with cognitive and perceptual mea­

sures, 154-155 with cross-cultural studies, 160-162 with developmental trends in chil­

dren, 157-158 differential diagnosis, 158-160 with personality tests, 155-156

development, 136, 137-138 inkblots, 136, 138

psychological meaning, 150-152 interpretation, 167 literature, 167 research studies, 165-166, 588-589 scoring, 136, 137-138, 143-146

correlates of, 153-162 dimensions present in, 150-152 reliability of, 146-150 split-half, 149 use of computers, 164

stimulus material, 114 test material, 139 test-retest design, 136, 138 validity studies, 137

Homosexuals, 71, 531 drawings by, 371-372, 376

Horn Art Aptitude Scale, 503 Horn-Hellersberg (HH) test, 505, 509 House-Tree- Person Drawing device

(H-T-P) , 366-367, 390 Human face test, 461-472

history and theory, 461-462 materials and instructions, 463-465 other facial photographs, 472 recording and scoring system, 465-471 research studies, 466-470 Szondi test, 462-472

INDEX

technical adequacy, 461 Human Figure Drawing Test, 69, 80-81,

366-367 Hutt Adaptation of Bender-Gestalt

(HABGT) , 69, 70, 79

I

Id-Ego-Superego test, 472 Identification, 341-343 Illness and physical handicaps

doll play, 348-349 Imagination

projective test results and, 598-600 TAT and, 596-598 use of projective techniques, 589-590

Incomplete sentence blank (ISB) , 276 Index of Differentiation (ID) , 285 Information processing theory, 44-46 Inhibitory reactions, 23 Inkblots, 113-114

experiments with, 3-5 historical background, 3-5 Holtzman inkblot technique, 136-170 Rorschach techniques, 113-135

Insight Children's Insight Test, 301 Sargeant's Test of Insight, 297-298

Intelligence tests attacks on, 554 correlations with HIT scores, 154-155 role in personality assessment, 421-460 Stanford Binet Scale, 72-73

J journal of Projective Techniques and

Personality Assessment, 7 Juvenile delinquents, identification of

potential, 573

K

Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA), 492-502

history and theory, 493-494 materials and instructions, 494-495 recording and scoring, 495-499 research and clinical application, 500-

502 cultural differences, 502 differential diagnosis, 500-501

technical adequacy, 499-500 Karon, B_ P., 85-111

INDEX

Kent-Rosanoff Free Association Test, 130, 264-265

word association list, 266 Kibbutz in Israel, personality research, 286 Kinget Drawing Completion Test, 502-

51 I

L

Learning theories, 19-30 stimulus-response terms, 21-24

Legal process, psychologists' contributions to, 569-572

Levels of personality, 527-532 Rorschach, 532-537 Sentence Completion Test, 537-542

Life space, 52 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 481-493

history and theory, 48!-482 inter-cultural differences, 482 materials and instructions, 482-483 recording and scoring system, 483-484 research and clinical applications, 486-

489 developmental studies, 491-492 differential diagnosis, 486-489 mental retardation, 489-490 personality factors, 492-493

technical adequacy, 485-486

M

Machover's Figure Drawings techniques, 69, 366-367

Make-A-Picture Story (MAPS), 236-239 Make-A-Sentence Test (MAST), 273-274 Masculinity-feminity, measure of, 503, 510 Masochism, drawings revealing, 376 Matching tests, validities, 85, 103-105 Mental retardation, 70, 159

Lowenfeld Mosaic Test and, 489-490 Mexico, cross-cultural research, 158, 160-

161 Miale-Holsopple Sentence Completion

Test, 281-282 Michigan Picture Story Test, 615 Michigan Pictures Test (MPT), 232-236 Michigan Sentence Completion Test

(MSCT) , 282-283 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality In­

ventory, 81, 155, 156 Moral standards

development of concepts about, 307-309 story completion methods, 307-309

631

Mosaic Test, 481-493; see also Lowenfeld Mosaic Test

Most Unpleasant Concept Test, 382-383 Motive strength, 24, 29 Murray, Henry, 7-8, 172; see also

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Musical reverie test, 8 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 156

N

Narcotics addict, drawings by, 373 Neurotics, 159 Neutralization, 37 Non-verbal projective tests, 69

Bender-Gestalt Test, 418 Non-visual methods, 616-617 Nosological systems, 76, 158

0

Object Relations Test (ORT), 243-245 Organismic theory, 58 Origin situations, 19-20

Paranoids, 55 Parents

p

absence of father, 347-348 parent-child interactions, 343-344 preference, 341-343

Patient-therapist relationship, 59, 73-74, 82, 339-340

Perception theory, 39-44 defense mechanisms, 41-43 defensive operations, 39-44 external and internal factors, 40-42 perceptual vivification, 40 principles of, 39 sensitivity, 43 theory, 39-44

Perceptual adience-abience, 81 Perceptual measures, correlations with

HIT scores, 154-155 Perceptual-motoric behavior, 408-409 Perceptual organizing process, 32 Perceptual theory, Rorschach and, 120-

129 Perseveration, phenomenon of, 70-71 Personality

assessment of; see Assessment of per-

632

sonality definition, II doll play, 346 dynamics, 80 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 492-493 multi-level interpretation of, 527-532 projective tests for revealing under-

lying features, 5, 64-82 structure of, 80 theory of, 7 use of projective tests in therapeutic

management, 79-82 Personality inventories, 130 Personality tests, correlation with HIT,

155-156 Phantasie Test, 502-503 Physicians, psychiatrists as, 566-567 Picture Arrangement Test (PAT), 247-

249 Picture Identification Test (PIT) , 472 Picture Story Test (PST) , 228-232 Pictures, experiments with, 3-5 Potentiality, 28-29 Process phenomena

assessment and, 71-75 Projection, 23

attributive, 10 autistic, 10 classical, 10 concept of, 9-10 externalization of, 10 Freud on, 10 rationalized, 10 research literature, 10

Projective drawings, 366-393 clinical beginnings, 366-367 illustrations, 368-383 indication of subject's psychomotor

activities, 366 interpretations, 368-383 materials and administration, 367-368 nuanced language of, 375-376 research studies, 383-390 symbolization, 368 underlying hypotheses, 368-383

Projective hypotheses Bender-Gestalt test, 397-420 extensions of, 395-396 Hand Test, 472-481 Human Face, 461-472 intelligence test in personality assess­

ment, 421 Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement

INDEX

(KTSA) , 492-502 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 481-49!1

Projective techniques administration of, 12 adoption and popularity of, lll-15 advent of, 8-10 cathartic methods, 12 choice or ordering techniques, 12 classification, 12 completion techniques, 12 constructive techniques, 12 current status, 15 defining, 11-12 effect of World War II, 14 experimental efforts, 4-5 expressive techniques, 12 historical introduction, ll-16

concept of projection, 9-10 current trends, 15-16 Murray's TAT, 7-8 projection techniques, 8-10 Rorschach's inkblots, 5-7

interpretive methods, 12 negative findings, 16 personality theory and, 5 proliferation of methods, 15 psychological theory and, 18-6!1 refractive methods, 12 research activity, 14-15 responses, kinds of, 12 special projective methods, 611-629 for study of personality, 8-9 target or purpose, 12 varieties of, 12-lll

Psychiatrists as psychotherapists, 565-566 as physicians, 566-567 as ward administrator, 564-565

Psychiatry, diagnosis, 87-88 Psychoanalytic theory, !10-!19

effect on development of projective methods, 5

projective technique and, !10-!19 Psychodiagnosticians, 567-569, 577-578 Psychological clinic, 574-577 Psychological theories, 18-63

adaptation level theory, 49-52 cognitive theory, 44-49 developmental theory, 54-55 field theory, 52-54 learning theory, 19-liO perception theory, !19-44 psychoanalytic theory, li0-39

INDEX

social action theory, 56-57 Psychologists, 76

clinical, !13-34, 129, 578 effect on test situation, 7!1-74 general medical setting, 567-569 as psychodiagnosticians, 567-569 role of, 33-34, 129

conflicts, 556-557 training of, 578

Psychology academic, 16 behavioristic, 109 clinical, 15-16

Psychopathology, 15 evaluation of test responses, 79-80 personality assessment and, 66-75 TAT research studies, 216-218 therapeutic change and, 62

Psychosexual development, test for, 242 Psychotherapists, 565-566 Psychotherapy, 15

assessment and, 76-82 prediction of change, 77-79 TAT research studies, 216-218 use of projective tests in management

of, 79-82 use of Rorschach in assessing change,

79-82 Psychotics, 159

drawings revealing, !181 Puppets and puppetry, 294, !152-!160

administration, !154-!155 clinical use of puppets, 355-357 diagnostic testing, 360 filmed puppet shows, 358-359

administration, 358 goals, 360 puppet characters and scripts, 353-354 research with puppets, 357

Q

Q-sort or checklist, 93

R

Racial attitudes, 605 doll play, 349-350

Reaction formation, 23 Reality testing, 31, 80

measuring individual's relation to reality, 503

Rorschach and, 115-119

633

Referrals, decision to test, 553-580 Regression, in the service of the ego, 35-

36 Reliability

doll play, 338 HIT, 137, 146-150 Rorschach, ll4 validity contrasted with, 85, 97-102;

see also Validities implications, 99-102 internal consistency, 98 mathematical argument, 98-99 measure of, 102-109 temporal consistency, 97-98

Research applications, 581-610 evaluation of disturbance, intellectual

or personality change, 583 fantasy and daydreaming, 600-601 imagination, 598-600 new directions, 604-607 overview of uses of projective tech­

niques, 582-583 on projective techniques, 94-96, 582-

583, 584-590 development of specialized scores,

586-588 global matching of projective pro­

tocols, 586 obtaining inter-judge agreement in

scoring TAT, 585-586 psychoanalytic theory of thought and

delayed gratification, 594-596 research literature, 581 Rorschach tests, 6, 129-131, 590-594 study of imagination, 589-590, 596-598 studying the stream of thought, 601-

604 TAT, 596-598 testing of personality or perceptual­

motor theories, 583 Responses

clinical evaluation, 69-70 configurations of, 67-71 interpretation of, 56-57 motive-related imaginative, 25-26 primary and secondary process, 35, 37 psychopathological knowledge and, 79-

80 receptor-orienting, 21-22 short and long latency, 23 stimulus-response terms, 21-24

Rorschach, Hermann, 4, 5-6, 14, 30, 264-265

634

contribution of, 134 Rorschach test

bibliography, 6 changes in therapeutic management, 81 comparison with HIT, 136-137, 152-153 content, ll3-ll4 criticism of, 136-137 early experiments, 5-7 empirical hypotheses, 6 form associations (F+ and F-), liS,

120-129 free association period, ll3 historical introduction, 5-7 influence of Freud, 6 influence on projective technique move-

ment, 7 inkblots, ll3, 120-129, 131-134 inquiry period, ll3 instructions, ll3, 131, 539-540 interest in, 6 interpretation of responses, 56-57 interpretations

area of content analysis, 535 form accuracy, 534 levels of personality measured by,

532-537 movement responses, 534, 590-594 multi-level instrument, 536

Klopfer's Prognostic Rating Scale, 78 levels measured by, 532-537 literature on, 6 location, ll3-ll4 perceptual theory, 120-129 personality structure and functioning;

80, 532-537 phenomenology, ll8-ll9 principles and insights, 120-129, 131-134

animal forms, 126 color shock and shading shock, 133-

134 defensive blocking, 133 DW, DdW, DdD, 131-132 F+ percepts, 120-129

list of, 124-125 trends in personality groups, 123

fantasy association (M) , 133 human forms, 126 personal F-, 132 textural determinant (T) , 133 w. 132 white space (s) , 132-133 z. 132

procedure, 113

INDEX

psychoanalytic theory and, 30-39 reality and, ll5-ll9 reliability, 114 research studies, 6, 129-131

Human Movement response, 590-594 literature, 14-15

responses, 35, 70, 590-594 determination of, I 14

scoring system, 37, 54-55, 78, 145 statistics, 130-131 stimulus material, ll3-ll4 test situation, 36 therapeutic process and outcomes, 79-

82 underlying pathology revealed by, 79-

81 validity problem, 88-90, 94, ll4 value of method, 6

Rorschach Index of Repressive Style, 598-599

Rorschach Research Exchange, 6-7 Rosenzweig Frustration Picture test, 89,

101

s

Sacks Sentence Completion Test (SSCT) , 278

Sado-masochistic drawings, 377 Sarason's Test Anxiety Scale for Chil­

dren, 155 Sargeant's Test of Insight, 297-298 Schizoid individuals, drawings by, 377-

378 Schizophrenia, 70, 88, 95, 96, 158, 159

drawings by patients, 378-381, 386 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test for diagnosis

of, 487 Scoring test, 66-67

research on, 81 Screening devices, sentence completion

techniques, 287 Self-awareness, 82 Self-concept, 41, 82 Self-fulfilling prophecy, 573, 579 Sentence completion tests, 69, 81, 263,

274-288 administration, 280 clinical applications, 287 evaluation and interpretation, 280-284 Forer Sentence Completion Test, 283 history, 275-277 materials, 279-280

INDEX

Miale-Holsopple Sentence Completion Test, 281-282

Michigan Sentence Completion Test, 282-283

modifications, 618-620 multi-level interpretation, 537-542 reliability and validity, 286-287 research applications, 284-286, 287-288

personality research, 286 Stotsky-Weinberg Sentence Completion

Test, 283-284 underlying assumptions, 277-279

Sexual identification, 81, 82 Drawing Completion Tests, 510-511 drawings by engaged woman, 369-370 measure of masculinity-feminity, 503

Social action theory, 56-57 application to projective techniques,

56-57 Social learning theory, 28, 50 Social reinforcement, 82 Social uses of psychological tests, 553-580

attacks on testing, 554-558 decision theory as theory of measure-

ment, 558-563 educational context, 572-574 general medical setting, 567-569 invasion of privacy, 554-555 legal context, 569-572 psychiatric setting, 563-567 psychological clinic, 574-577

Society for Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 7

Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI) , 573

Socioeconomic status doll play, 350-351

Special projective methods, 6ll-629 adapting vs. devising, 622 for assessment of intervening variables,

619-620 innovations in stimulus material, 620-

622 non-visual methods, 616-617 for predicting specific behaviors, 617-

619 problem areas, 622-625 for special populations, 614-616 to test theories, 620 testing hypotheses, 613-614

Stanford Binet Scale, 72-73 Statistics

635

product-moment correlation coefficient, 107-108

rank correlation, 107 Rorschach test, 130-131 scales of measurement, 108-109 validities, 85, 103-104

Stein's Sentence Completion Tests, 81, 278 Stimulus-response terms, 21-24

ambiguous, 27-29 drive-arousing properties, 27-29 innovations in material, 620-622

Story completion methods, 263, 290-324 clinical applications, 3 I 7-318

1923-40, 294-296 1940-49, 296-298 1950- present, 301-302

criteria for, 291-292 Despert Fables, 296, 298, 300, 301 Duess fables, 294-295, 296, 300 history, 290-310

clinical work, 294-296 research work, 290-294

interpretations, 313-317 Madeline Thomas stories, 296, 298, 301 materials and administration, 311-312 research applications, 263, 318-319

1923-40, 290-294 1940-49, 298-300 1950 - present, 302-311

underlying hypotheses, 313-317 Stotsky-Weinberg Sentence Completion

Test, 283-284 Structure of tests, 31 Structured Doll Play Test (SDP) , 329,

332, 348, 349 Subjects

defensive reactions, 34 interaction between tester and, 59, 73-

74, 80, 339-340 test performance, 33-34

Suicidal impulses, 92-93 drawing indicating, 381-382

Symbol Elaboration Test, 503 Symbolization, 37, 91 ,

Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA) , 492-502

projective drawings, 368 significance in human behavior, 493-494 Symbol Elaboration Test, 503

Symonds, Percival M_, 228-232 Szondi test, 462-472

assumptions, 467-470 materials and instructions, 463-465

636

recording, 465-471 research studies, 466-470

differential diagnosis, 470-472 genetic assumptions, 467 stimulus values, 468

scoring system, 465-471 technical adequacy, 467

T

TAT; see Thematic Apperception Test Tau coefficient of rank correlation, 85, 107 Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) ,

155, 533 Test situation

cues, 25 effect of psychologist's personality, 73-

74 learning theory, 19-20 patient-therapist relationship, 59, 73-

74, 80, 339-340 risk or uncertainty of, 44-45 role of examiner, 33, 36 as social situation, 52-54 stimulus properties, 21-24

Tests and testing attacks on psychological tests, 554-558 costs, 47 decision theory and, 46-49, 558-563

institutional vs_ individual decision, 560

errors in interpretation, 553 group testing, 574 as invasion of privacy, 554-555 legal context, 569-572 limitation of objective, 69-71 narrowband and wideband, 47-49 psychiatric setting, 563-567 role in education, 572-574 situation; see Test situation social uses of psychological tests,

553-580 testing time, 47 utility or pay-off value, 48 why and when to test, 553-580

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) , 14, 69, 172-221

adaptation level theory, 50-51 adapting to special populations, 614-616 Auditory Apperception Test (AA T) ,

250-252 B1acky Pictures Test, 289-248 Children's Appreciation Test (CAT),

224-228

INDEX

clinical application, 184-204 derivative methods, 8 flexibility, 8 Four Picture Test (FPT), 246-247 historical development, 5-8 interpretation of, 8, 541 learning theory and, 19 literature on, 8 Make-A-Picture Story (MAPS), 236-239 methods, 7 Michigan Pictures Test (MPT) , 232-

236 motives expressed in story-telling, 25-

26 Object Relations Test (ORT), 243-245 other thematic apperceptive methods,

249-253 personality changes, 80-82 Picture Arrangement Test (PAT) ,

247-249 Picture Story Test (PST) , 228-232 psychoanalysis and, 7 research studies, 204-218, 585-586

card ambiguity, 2ll-212 criteria! research, 205-209 formal factors, 212-213 group comparisons, 207 hero assumption, 209-211 hypothesis testing, 215-216 norms, 206-207 personality-theoretical, 213-218 psychometric research, 209-213 psychopathology and psychotherapy,

216-218 signs, 207-209

responses, 31 scoring methods, 8 study of imagination and, 596-598 test administration, 184 theoretical conceptions, 172-184

components, 174-177 orientation, 182-184 process theory, 177-182 utility, 173-174

Three-Dimensional Apperception Test (3-DAT), 252-253

validity, 90, 92-93, 94, 95-96, 101 variety of thematic methods, 222-261 wideband quality, 172-173

Therapy prediction of change, 77-79 use of projective tests, 64-82

Thinking, theory of, 30-33

INDEX

Thought, 30-33 alternative approaches to studying, 601-

604 psychoanalytic theory of, 594-596

Three-Dimensional Apperception Test (3-DAT), 252-253

Transference and countertransference, 33

u Unpleasant Concept Test, 366, 390

v Validation of methods, 18, 85-113

chi-squares, 85, 105-107 classical test theory, 99, 102, 103 clinical theory and data, 86-87 clinical uses, 85 clinical vs. research, 92-93 coding fantasies, 96 concurrent vs. predictive, 91 construct, 92 content, 86-87 criterion-related, 87-92 doll play, 338-339 intrinsic vs. extrinsic, 95-96 kinds of, 85-93 matching tests, 85, 103-105 nature of clinical understandings, 93-94 product-moment correlation coefficient,

107-108 Q-sort or checklist, 93-94 reliability contrasted with, 85, 97-102

classical test theory, 99, 102, 103 implications, 99-102 internal consistency, 98 mathematical arguments, 98-99 measure of, 102-109 temporal consistency, 97-98

Rorschach, ll4 scales of measurement, 108-109 statistical methods, 85, 103-104 Stevens' four types of scales, 85, 108-109 Tau', 85, 107

w Wechsler's Adult Intelligence Scales

(WAIS), 31, 395-396 case presentation, 438-444 clinical applications, 455-456 differences in Verbal and Performance

IQ, 436-437

637

information, 429 interpretative rationale for subtests,

428-438 intra-subtest scatter, 437-438 performance subtests, 432-436

Block Design, 434-435, 443-444 Digit Symbol, 435-436 Object Assembly, 434 Picture Arrangement, 432-433, 444 Picture Completion, 433-434, 443

personality assessment, 421-460 content of specific test responses,

422-425 organization of specific cognitive func­

tions, 426-428 subject's style of responding, 425-426

projective use of, 69 research studies, 445-456

Arithmetic, 454 Block Design, 451 Comprehension subtest, 454 Digit Span and Digit Symbol, 446-450 ego functions, assessment of, 455 Information subtest, 453-454 Object Assembly, 450-451 Picture Arrangement, 451-452 Picture Completion, 450

638

Similarities, 454 Verbal and Performance IQ, 453

verbal subtests, 428-432 Arithmetic, 431-432, 442 Comprehension, 429-430, 441-442 Digit Span, 4~1 Information, 429, 440 Similarities, 430-431, 442-443 Vocabulary, 428-429, 444

Wechsler-Bellevue Vocabulary and Inte­gration, Movement and Form Ap­propriateness, 81, 154

Word Association Test, 12, 14 Word associations, 264-273

administration, 267-268 early experiments with, 3-5 evaluation and interpretation, 268-273

formal characteristics of associative response, 270-272

Kent-Rosanoff Free Association Test, 264-265

Make-A-Sentence Test (MAST) , 273-274

materials, 265-267 research, 273 underlying assumptions, 268

INDEX