Index

AAbkhazo-Adyghean, 21Ablative, 124–125, 140–141, 471, 856,

859–860, 862, 864–866, 881–882Academy of the Basque Language, 118Adjectival morphology, 498, 719, 732Adjectives, 7, 18

Adyghe, 23, 36, 39–40, 45–46, 50, 63,77–78

attributive, 173, 177–178, 248, 250–251,901

Basque, 99–100, 103, 110, 116, 119–120,154

Garifuna, 172–173, 177–178German, 227–229, 239–241, 248–251,

253–257, 263, 267, 271–272,278–280

Greek, 285, 288–289, 293, 295, 304, 307,309, 317, 323

Hebrew, 347, 353, 372, 383Hungarian, 415, 434, 438–440, 455Italian, 467, 470, 476, 482, 485, 498–500Malagasy, 540, 628, 639Mandarin, 669, 692Pima, 717–719, 722predicative, 295Russian, 730, 732, 736–738, 742, 775Telugu, 808Western Armenian, 846, 877Wolof, 900–901, 903

Adpositions, 14, 699–701, 712, 715, 767, 867,876, 943

Adverbial quantifiers, 69, 746, 753, 819, 852,932–934

Adverbials, 16, 101–102, 110, 112, 121, 180,298, 305–306, 308, 323, 392–393,460, 515, 521, 748, 756, 759, 826,860, 887

Adverbial suffix, 400, 407, 442, 445, 775, 808

Adyghe grammara�e alternation, 25–26, 38–39, 63adjectives, 23, 36, 39–40, 45–46, 50, 63,

77–78case, 21–24, 27, 30, 32, 34, 36–38, 47,

53–55, 60–61, 63, 66, 81, 88case markers, 23indefinite DPs, 22, 30–31, 60negation, 23, 25, 29–30, 37–39, 44, 49, 55,

58–62, 74null morphemes, 22–24, 31, 66plural markers, 22, 27, 39, 54possessive pronouns, 22relativization, 24–25, 78–79relative clauses, 37, 41, 62

Agreement, 165–167, 169, 182, 188, 192,202–203, 211, 223, 324, 467, 700,736–737, 775, 894, 901, 926, 929

argument-verb, 22–24, 29, 36–37, 49, 63,75, 85, 93, 97–98, 100, 109–110,126, 136, 146–147, 165, 168–169,171, 174, 189–193, 268, 321, 372,383, 424, 442, 468, 484, 700, 707,737, 816, 842, 846–847, 853, 902,914, 929

DP internal, 166, 173, 189, 194, 240–241,248, 258–259, 286, 422, 442, 472,435, 736, 902–903, 914, 917, 919,924

Agreement morphemes, 23, 165, 173–174,233, 422, 467, 700, 775, 892,902–903

Animacy, 13, 29, 57, 142, 167–171, 182, 189,191, 203, 213, 436, 467, 502,509–511, 555, 718, 735–736, 756,764, 784, 788, 803, 813, 887

Antecedence, 12, 696Anti-locality constraint, see Clause-mate

negation

E.L. Keenan, D. Paperno (eds.), Handbook of Quantifiers in Natural Language,Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 90, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2681-9,� Springer ScienceþBusiness Media B.V. 2012

951

Approximately, 5, 34–35, 92–93, 256, 269,299, 358, 414, 420, 648, 650, 681,748, 754, 767, 788, 858, 942

A-Quantifiers, v, vii, 1–4, 6, 18Adyghe, 24, 44–46, 48–50, 52, 60, 69Basque, 111, 120, 127, 134Garifuna, 179, 183–184, 193German, 243, 253, 255Greek, 305, 316–317Hebrew, 365, 369, 374, 379, 381Hungarian, 405, 411, 413, 425, 462Italian, 477, 482, 496–497Japanese, 553, 561, 569, 580Malagasy, 621, 623, 626, 628Mandarin, 651, 656, 664, 676, 678, 682Pima, 703, 707–708, 710Russian, 743, 746–747, 753Telugu, 783, 792, 794–796, 798, 819, 823Western Armenian, 851–852, 854,

856, 865Wolof, 932–934

Articlesdefinite, 53, 228, 288–291, 307, 309–310,

336, 341, 348, 374, 376, 408,469–470, 473, 488, 498–499,529–531, 539, 627, 674, 800, 878,894–900, 917, 919, 929–930, 933,942–943

indefinite, 251, 294–297, 302, 303, 309,339, 353, 403, 469, 472, 473, 495,532, 539, 635, 774, 801, 802, 804,846, 847, 852, 892, 900, 909, 910,912, 933, 943, 944

Austronesian language, 613Auxiliary, v, 1, 49, 165–167, 172, 174–175,

190, 192, 209, 223–224, 471, 700,703, 705–706, 708, 712–714, 892,925, 934

BBakoitz ‘each’, 116–117, 119–120, 134,

136–137, 145–149, 153Bare arguments, 332Bare NPs, 56, 63, 129, 132, 233, 235–236,

292, 300, 308, 332, 359, 380,436, 469, 473–474, 481, 517, 519,522, 538–539, 661, 675, 713, 737,739, 774, 800, 802, 846, 850, 853,861, 864, 882, 897, 904, 911–912,914, 917

Bare plurals, 235–236, 247, 254, 291–292,296, 306, 333, 367, 378, 381, 539

Bare quantifiers, 12, 946Adyghe

as arguments, 65–66as predicates, 65–66

Armenianas arguments, 849, 873–874as predicates, 849, 873

Basqueas arguments, 144–145as predicates, 143–144

Garifunaas arguments, 210–212as predicates, 209cardinal numbers, 211feminine agreement, 211negative predicates, 210similar-looking sentences,

appearance, 212uses of, 209–212

German, 264–265wh-determiner welche (which), 265

Hebrewas arguments, 385–386as predicates, 385

Hungarian, 445–446as arguments, 446as predicates, 445–446suffix -an, en, 445

Italianas arguments, 509–513as predicates, 509

Malagasyas arguments, 635–636as predicates, 635

Mandarinas arguments, 681–682as predicates, 681

Pimaas arguments, 722as predicates, 723

Russianas arguments, 764as predicates, 763–764

Bare singulars, 291–292, 367–368, 378, 380,469, 767

Bimorphemic, 246–247, 666, 675,795, 942

Binominal each, 8, 261, 430, 716, 765, 826,946–947

Boolean compounds, 6–7, 41, 59–61, 105,137, 188, 193, 360, 381, 422, 426,490, 497, 619, 630, 677, 713, 742,751, 753, 790, 818, 863, 865, 944

952 Index

Adyghe, 41A-quantifiers, 60–61D-quantifiers, 59–60

ArmenianA-quantifiers, 865D-quantifiers, 863–864

Basque, 105–106, 137–138Garifuna

A-quantifiers, 193–194D-quantifiers, 188

GermanA-quantifiers, 261D-quantifiers, 259–261

Greek, 234–235Hebrew

A-quantifiers, 382D-quantifiers, 360–361

HungarianA-quantifiers, 426D-quantifiers, 422–423

ItalianA-quantifier, 497D-quantifier, 490–493

Japanese, 553–554Malagasy, 619–620, 630–631Mandarin, 650, 677–678

A-quantifiers, 678D-quantifiers, 677–678

Pima, 713Russian

A-quantifiers, 753D-quantifiers, 742–743, 751

Telugu, 818–820A-quantifiers, 819–820D-quantifiers, 790–791, 818

Wolof, 931–932Boolos sentences, 17, 946–947Bounding phrases, 4, 6, 222, 294, 297–298,

322, 326, 425, 496, 865

CCardinal quantifiers, 2, 4, 9, 942

Adyghe, 41Basque, 90–105, 125, 140, 143Garifuna, 185–188, 193, 209Hebrew, 366, 375, 377Hungarian, 403–405, 413–416, 425–426Italian, 472–476, 414–415, 455Mandarin, 648–649Pima, 704, 716Telugu, 783–784Western Armenian, 848, 850, 857, 865

Caseablative, 124–125, 140–141, 856, 859–860,

862, 864–866, 881–882absolutive, 22–24, 27–28, 31, 37, 39,

53–54, 66, 75, 85, 89, 110–111, 132accusative, 228, 239, 268, 286, 306, 314,

320, 326, 347, 444, 537, 581,729–736, 748, 756, 759, 767–768

adverbial, 22, 24, 36–37, 53, 55, 61, 66, 81comitative, 118dative, 114, 132, 227–229, 251, 263, 356,

421, 424, 442, 444, 451, 471, 537,581, 729–732, 734, 748, 756, 764,866

direct cases, 730–732ergative, 22, 118, 166genitive, 85, 92–95, 98, 110–111, 124–127,

147, 228–229, 237–238, 243, 250,257–258, 270, 280, 326, 415, 540,624–625, 633, 729–737, 741–742,744, 746–748, 757–759, 761,763–764, 768, 776, 782, 862, 878

inessive, 110–111, 121, 127–128, 400instrumental, 22, 43, 55, 66, 69, 110,

113–114, 122, 134, 138, 431,434–435, 729, 768

locative, 111–112, 114, 124, 134, 138, 415,451, 729

nominative, 228, 239, 250, 268, 288, 336,376, 400, 444, 537, 581, 729–737,746, 748, 756, 763, 767–768, 772,775, 943

oblique (in Adyghe), 22–24, 27–28, 31, 34,36, 51, 53–55, 61, 63, 66, 75, 81

oblique cases, 131, 734–735, 757, 767partitive, 89, 94–95, 142, 731–733, 736,

742, 744, 746, 757–759, 763prepositional, 729

Case marker, 22–23, 31–32, 34, 36, 53–55, 61,110, 113–114, 122, 128, 415, 444,535, 537–538, 585, 567, 576, 581,824, 862, 864

Characterizing sentences, 132, 312Circumfixes, 47, 56–57, 614Classifiers, 9

Adyghe, 41–42Basque, 106–108Garifuna, 200–202German, 265Greek, 297Hebrew, 361–364Hungarian, 435–438Italian, 503–505

Index 953

Classifiers (cont.)container expressions, 505measure phrases, 505numeral, 504recognizable objects, 504with singular count nouns, 503unclassified mass terms, 504

Japanese, 541–544, 556for countable objects, 541for events, 542mass items, 543for specific objects, 541unit phrases for measuring time, 543

Malagasy, 620Mandarin, 651, 665–670, 672–675,

681–682, 689Pima, 717Russian, 758Telugu, 791Western Armenian, 847–849, 852, 864,

869–870, 873–874, 882Clause-mate negation, 115, 141, 381, 449,

596, 599, 739, 766Cleft, 25, 39–40, 76, 893–894, 915,

925, 928Colloquial speech, 35, 229, 233–234, 238,

241, 246, 337, 359, 373, 488,756, 761

Comparative quantifiers, 6–7, 9–10, 944, 946Adyghe, 78–80Basque, 98, 155–157Garifuna, 194–195

as many as, just like, 195more than, 194–195

German, 271–273Greek, 294, 322–324Hebrew, 395–396Hungarian, 426–428Italian, 476, 499–500, 505–506, 515Japanese, 604–605Malagasy, 642–643Mandarin, 692–694Pima, 712–713Russian, 753–755Telugu, 840Western Armenian, 866

Complex numerals, 27, 238, 707, 732,734–735, 857, 859

Complex quantifiers, vii, 4–6, 18, 941, 944Adyghe, 50, 55Basque, 134–135

exceptives, 138–139partitives, 139–141

Garifuna, 156, 175, 185–194, 222A-quantifiers, 193–194Boolean compounds, 188, 193–194conclusive construction, 192–193D-quantifiers, 185–193exception modifiers, 186–187modified cardinals, 185–186partitive construction, 188–192proportional, 187–188

German, 233, 250–251, 254, 256–262Greek, 294, 312, 322–327

Boolean compounding, 324–325bounding phrases, 326–327comparative, 322–324exceptives, 326

Hebrew, 373–374, 379–380, 383–385Hungarian, 406–407, 411–426, 435, 448,

462–463A-quantifiers, 425–426Boolean compounds, 422–423, 426cardinal quantifiers, 413–416,

425–426comparatives, 415csak-exceptives, 419–420D + of + NPdef.pl, 424–425D-quantifiers, 413–425exceptive modifiers, 418–419kiveve-exceptives, 419not ... every, 416n-phrases, 416overt restrictors, 420possessive structure, 421proportionals, 420–422separation of mint-phrase, 415value judgment cardinals, 417

Italian, 483–497, 505, 513, 532A-quantifiers, 496–497Boolean compounds, 490–493, 497bounding phrase, 496cardinals, 483–484cardinals and modified cardinals, 493di-phrase, 488D-quantifiers, 483–495exception modifiers, 488–490interrogatives, 494modified A-quantifiers, 496–497modified interrogatives Qs, 484–485modified numerals, 484, 492modified universal Qs, 487partitives, 493–495praticamente, 487proportional Qs, 487–488, 494proprio, 487

954 Index

quasi, 487universal, 494value judgement Qs, 485–486, 494

Japanese, 551, 553, 601–608combinations with conjunctions,

605–607comparative D-quantifiers, 604–605focus-sensitive particles, 602type ((1,1),1) quantifier analogues,

604–607type (1, (1,1)) quantifier analogues,

607–608type (2) quantifier analogues, 601–604wh-words, 601

Malagasy, 624, 628, 631, 634Mandarin, 650, 675, 680Pima, 710–715

approximate values, 710–711Boolean compounds, 713comparative quantities, 712–713exception phrases, 714partitives, 713–714proportional quantities, 715

Russian, 746, 748–753, 773, 775A-quantifiers, 753Boolean compounds, 751, 753D-quantifiers, 748–752exception phrases, 749–750modification, 753modified numerals, 748–749modified value judgment cardinals, 749partitives: D+ iz+NPGen.pl, 751–752proportional quantifiers, 750–751

Telugu, 808, 822Western Armenian, 856–866, 887–888

A-quantifiers, 865Boolean compounds, 863, 865cardinal quantifiers, 865D-quantifiers, 857exception phrases, 860negative indefinites, 885NPI, 884numerals and modified numerals, 857partitives D + of + NPdef.pl, 864proportional quantifier, 861value judgment cardinals, 860

Wolof, 898, 931Conservativity domains, 607–608, 679,

694, 754Container expressions, 9

Adyghe, 42Basque, 106, 108–110Garifuna, 202–204

German, 265Greek, 297Hebrew, 363Hungarian, 439Italian, 505Japanese, 543Malagasy, 620Mandarin, 668, 670–673Pima, 717Russian, 758–759, 763Telugu, 791Western Armenian, 869

Contrastive topic, 359, 401–402, 453Conventional implicature, 566–567Correlatives, 335, 337Count-mass distinction

Hebrew, 391–392kcat, 392kol, 391

Mandarin, 668–670, 673–674Count nouns, 9–10

Adyghe, 42, 55–56Basque, 107Garifuna, 171, 181, 201German, 233, 235–236, 254, 265–267Greek, 291Hebrew, 352, 361, 363–364, 392Hungarian, 405, 435–437Italian, 469, 473–474, 480–481, 495, 503Malagasy, 629, 639–640Mandarin, 668, 670, 673–674Pima, 717Russian, 733–734, 746, 757Telugu, 803Western Armenian, 850, 871, 887Wolof, 905, 909, 917, 919, 921, 927–928

Count quantifiers, 1, 135, 153, 200, 204, 252,410, 639–640, 832–834

Covert determiner, 235–236, 247, 250, 311Covert movement, 548Crossing dependencies, 12, 696Csak-exceptives, 419–420

DDative marker, 581, 866Declarative sentences, 25, 49, 61, 89, 286,

653, 704, 761, 786, 872, 947Decreasing DPs, see Decreasing NPsDecreasing NPs, 14

Adyghe, 58, 70Basque, 137German, 261, 274

Index 955

Decreasing NPs (cont.)Hebrew, 381–382Hungarian, 448–450Italian, 514–517Malagasy, 629–630Mandarin, 676–677, 686Russian, 765–766Telugu, 807, 814–817Western Armenian, 875, 880

Definite article, 942–943Adyghe, 53German, 228Greek, 288–291, 294, 307, 309–310,

336, 341with proper names, 290with quantifiers, 290

Hebrew, 348, 374, 376Hungarian, 408Italian, 469–470, 472–473, 488, 498–499,

529–531Japanese, 539Malagasy, 627Mandarin, 674Telugu, 800Wolof, 878, 894–898, 917, 919, 929–930,

933Definiteness, 10, 947

Adyghe, 22, 31–32Basque, 88, 90, 141Garifuna, 172, 191German, 277Greek, 294, 300, 318–321, 335–337,

339, 341Hebrew, 347–349, 356, 374

clitic ha, 347construct state, 348–349

Hungarian, 409Italian, 468–469, 506

articles and demonstratives, 468–469‘bare’ nouns, 469plural and mass nouns, 469

Japanese, 539, 555Malagasy, 616Mandarin, 651, 662, 674, 679, 683Pima, 702Russian, 737–738, 762Telugu, 802Western Armenian, 846Wolof, 896–898, 900, 905–909, 912,

919–921, 925–926, 930, 935–937Definite NPs, 14

Adyghe, 22, 53–54Basque, 129–130

definite determiner, 129demonstratives, 130proper nouns, 132

Greek, 300, 308, 318Hebrew, 372, 374–377, 379–380

adnominal demonstratives, 375bare demonstratives, 376demonstrative, 374–376possessives, 376–377

Hungarian, 451–453Italian, 468, 487, 512, 530Malagasy, 627–628, 637Mandarin, 674, 683Russian, 738, 768Telugu, 799–801, 825Western Armenian, 854, 877–878Wolof, 896, 904, 912, 920, 930, 935

Definite reduplication, 289Definite serializations, 289Demonstratives, 943

Adyghe, 53, 63, 77Basque, 98, 100–101, 118–119, 129–132,

158Garifuna, 166–167, 172German, 239–240, 248Greek, 288–289, 292–293, 309, 313, 319Hebrew, 347, 375–376Italian, 368–370, 379Japanese, 544–547

complex, 544simplex, 544

Malagasy, 614, 627Mandarin, 665, 674Pima, 701–702, 715, 726Russian, 737–738, 764Telugu, 800Western Armenian, 864, 877, 887Wolof, 894–896, 898–899

Derivational morphemes, 60, 719, 895Determiners functioning as arguments or

NPs, see Bare quantifiersDirect case condition, 731–732Distal (demonstrative), 53, 98, 129, 131–132,

376, 469, 704, 800, 887, 898, 900Distance-distributive quantifiers, 253, 262Distribution (of quantified NPs), 943

Adyghe, 66–67Basque, 145–146

exception, 146Garifuna, 217–219

mama, 218multiple noun phrases, 218

Hebrew, 385–386

956 Index

Hungarian, 450–454definite NP positions, 451–454grammatical roles, 450–451non-monotone, 452object, 450plural expressions, 452possessors, 451relative ordering, 452subject, 450

Italian, 517–520object, 518possessor, 519post-verbal subject, 518pre-verbal subject, 517–518

Malagasy, 636–638direct object, 636object of a preposition, 636scope interactions, 637subject, 636

Mandarin, 682–689in all grammatical functions,

682–683in special positions, 683

Russian, 731, 767–768dislocated, 768restrictions on, 767–768

Telugu, 824–836object, 824possessor, 825multiple-argument binding,

825–831nominal vs. verbal quantifiers, 831QNPs vs. definite NPs, 825self-embedding of QNPs, 830subject, 824

Western Armenian, 876definite NPs, 877grammatical function, 876

Wolof (universally quantified NPs),921–923

Distributive numerals, 8–9, 502, 638, 730,756, 868, 946

Adyghe, 68–69, 73–74Basque, 152–153

distributive particle -na, 152floated quantifiers, 264Garifuna, 197–200

abaneina ‘each’, 198kara (aba) ‘each’, 199‘number by number’, 200

German, 261–263distance-distributive

elements, 262

distance distributive quantifierje(weils), 261–262

insgesamt (in total), 262semantic restriction, 262

Greek, 294Hungarian, 430–435

numerals with an instrumental suffix,430–431, 434–435

participant-key reading, 432–433reduplicated quantifiers, 431temporal and spatial key

readings, 432Italian, 502–503Malagasy, 638–639Pima, 716Russian, 756–757syntactic properties, 71–72Telugu, 831–832Western Armenian, 868–869

Distributive plurality, 716Distributive quantifiers, 47, 65, 71, 148, 251,

309, 370, 430, 452, 661–662, 685,756, 767

Distributivitity markers, 315–316Distributivity, 251–252, 262, 277, 309–311,

315–316, 390–391, 563–565, 660,689–690, 922–924, 946

Ditransitive verbs, 233, 720Domain restriction, 140, 310, 341Double negation reading, 330–331, 472Double reduplication, 716Downward entailing, 327, 334, 574, 773,

883–885, 943, 945D-quantifiers, 2–4, 14

Adyghe, 26, 47, 51, 55, 58–59, 61, 78Basque, 116, 123, 134, 145, 155cardinal quantifiers, 2Garifuna, 173, 181, 184, 214Greek, 290, 314German, 217–219, 386, 636–638, 943Hebrew, 353, 367, 371, 379, 381Hungarian, 403, 406, 412–413, 426,

447, 462Italian, 472, 478, 480, 483, 490,

493, 498Japanese, 549, 556, 571, 580Malagasy, 614, 622, 624, 628, 642Mandarin, 649, 655, 663, 676–677, 682Pima, 701, 707Russian, 739, 744, 746, 748Telugu, 783, 793, 795–797, 808, 822,

834–835Western Armenian, 846, 853, 855, 857

Index 957

D-quantifiers (cont.)Wolof, 901, 912, 917

Dravidian language, 781Dual (of a quantifier), 256Dual (number), 734Dynamicity marker, 49, 59

EElicitation, 32, 169, 637, 700, 723Embedded verb second clauses, 230Emphatic intonation, 331Emphatic vowel lengthening, 822, 828Epistemic judgement, 300, 302–303Ergative marker, 152Euphemisms, 776Exception modifiers, see Exception

phrasesException phrases, 4–5, 946

Adyghe, 61–63afa-tsy, 631–632Basque, 138–139

copula izan, 138ezik ‘except’, 138kendu, 138

Garifuna, 186–187German, 258Greek, 326Hebrew, 368, 382–383Hungarian, 418–420Italian, 488–490Japanese, 565–567Malagasy, 631–632Mandarin, 678–679Pima, 714Russian, 749–750Telugu, 820–821Western Armenian, 860–861Wolof, 926, 932

Exceptives, see Exception phrasesExistential constructions, 10–11, 947

Adyghe, 30–32Basque, 86–90Garifuna, 205–210

definiteness effect, 205–208and inalienable possession, 208negation in, 208pivots, 207–208

German, 267–269Greek, 294, 318–322Hungarian, 440–442, 448

definiteness effect, 441ellipsis, optional, 441

existential constructions,verb-initial, 440

negation, 441–442nincs, 441possession, 442

Italian, 505–507definiteness effect, 506interrogative existentials, 507pivot position, 507pre-verbal negative marker, 507

Japanese, 555–556, 614, 616Malagasy, 634Mandarin, 651–654Pima, 718–719Russian, 760–762Western Armenian, 871Wolof, 910, 934–936

Existential interpretation, 31, 89, 130, 411,435, 463

Existential (intersective) quantifiers, 2Adyghe, 26–46

affirmative/negative existentials, 30A-quantifiers, 44boolean compounds, 41container expressions, 42D-quantifiers, 26form of existential sentences, 28interrogatives, 40non-numeric quantifiers, 34numerals and modified numerals, 33value-judgment cardinals, 38weak determiners, 31

Basque, 84–116, 135A-Quantifiers, 111–116batzuk, 85existential sentences, 86–90interrogatives, 105numerals and modified numerals,

90–94some, 84–86value judgment cardinals, 94–105zenbait, 84–85

Garifuna, 173–181, 213A-quantifiers, 179–181D-quantifiers, 173–179interrogative quantifiers, 174–175negative existential, 178uwa ‘not exist, be none’, 178–179value judgment quantifiers, 175–178

German, 233–247, 269adnominal numerals, 237A-quantifiers, 243bare existential NPs, 235

958 Index

D-quantifiers, 233ein ‘one’, 234hundert (hundred), tausend

(thousand), 238indefinite determiner ein (a/one), 233interrogative quantifiers, 242mal, 243manche, 234numerals, 236N-words, 244value judgment quantifiers, 240

Greek, 295, 305Hebrew, 353Hungarian, 403–406, 447

A-quantifiers, 405–406cardinal numerals, 406cardinal quantifiers, 403D-quantifiers, 403–405frequency adverbs, 406interrogative expressions, 404negative determiners, 404value judgment quantifiers, 404

Italian, 472–478, 506, 511, 514A-quantifiers, 477–478cardinal quantifiers, 472–475D-quantifiers, 472–477interrogatives, 476, 478noun phrases, 474n-words, 477partitive article, 472–474plural denotation, 473value judgment, 476–478

Japanese, 548–556, 580existential sentences, 555–556type (1,1) quantifier, 548–553

Malagasy, 614–622A-quantifiers, 621–622existential verb, 615–616interrogatives, 615, 619numerals and modified numerals,

617–618value judgment cardinals, 618–619

Mandarin, 648–655, 666Pima, 703–707

A-quantifiers, 707cardinal quantifiers, 704D-quantifiers, 703–707indefinite pronouns, 704–705interrogatives, 705–707multiple wh-questions, 706

Russian, 739–744, 771A-quantifiers, 743–744D-quantifiers, 739–742

interrogative D-quantifiers, 742negative existential quantification, 741numerals and modified numerals,

740–741value judgment cardinals, 742

Telugu, 783–793, 802, 832A-quantifiers, 792–793D-quantifiers, 783–793interrogatives, 790modified numerals, 787monomorphemic no, 788negative, 785particle e, 788value judgment quantifiers, 789

Western Armenian, 846, 888Wolof, 904–916

indefinites, 904–906negative indefinites, 910–911negative polarity, 910–911numerals and partitive DPs, 912–916

Existential sentences, see Existentialconstructions

FFelicity condition, 300Floating quantifiers, 11–12

Adyghe, 47–48, 80–81Basque, 118, 158–160

non-standard uses of floatingasko, 159

oro ‘all’, 158Garifuna, 208–209German, 263–264Greek, 308Hebrew, 349–351, 359, 367, 375

ditransitive predicates, 351kol ‘all’, 349rov, ‘most’, 349–350xelek ‘part’, 349–350

Hungarian, 442–445anAdv/enAdv suffix, 443–444discontinuous quantifiers, 444–445

Italian, 479, 493, 498, 508Japanese, 580–582

intersective d-quantifieranalogues, 580

NP + CM + QE pattern, 580postpositions, 581–582proportional D-quantifier, 581universal D-quantifier, 580

Malagasy, 644–645Mandarin, 695–697

Index 959

Floating quantifiers (cont.)Pima, 702, 709, 712, 714, 717,

719–722, 724Russian, 756, 762–763Telugu, 803Western Armenian, 872–873Wolof, 924–925

Focus-(sensitive) particles, 280, 325, 463,558, 575–580, 602, 748, 750

Free choiceAdyghe, 30, 50, 60Basque, 122–123, 141–142Greek, 294, 316, 327, 333, 335, 338–339Hungarian, 446–447, 462Italian, 513–514Malagasy, 624Russian, 765, 775Wolof, 925–926

GGender

Garifuna, 167, 169–170, 189–190,202–203

German, 227, 239, 241, 248, 258, 267, 274,286, 288, 299, 301, 303, 324, 336

Hebrew, 347–349, 355, 367, 372, 386Italian, 467–470, 472–473, 481, 503Russian, 733–736, 740, 746, 760–761, 776Western Armenian, 846

Generalized Existential Qs, see Existentialquantifiers

Generalized quantifier (GQ) theory, v, 293Generative grammar, 4, 548Generic, 628

Adyghe, 47, 54, 63Basque, 132–133German, 236, 249Greek, 291–292, 306, 308, 310, 340Hebrew, 353, 368, 378–379Italian, 469, 474, 487Japanese, 439Malagasy, 628Mandarin, 661, 675Pima, 702Russian, 738Telugu, 800Western Armenian, 878Wolof, 897, 908–909, 917, 927, 929

Genitive complement, 258, 624–625Genitive marker, 92–93, 124–126, 243,

540, 878Genitive of negation, 731–732, 741, 759

Gil’s generalization, 941, 948Grammatical relations, 729

HHamblin alternatives, 341Haplology, 60Head-final, 820, 829, 892Head-initial, 614, 892Hybrid Coordination, 756, 777

IIdeophones, 903–904Imperfective, 286, 306, 318, 700, 726, 925,

933–934Inanimate, see AnimacyIndefinite article, 943–944

Armenian, 846–847, 852, 886German, 251Greek, 294, 296, 302–303, 309, 339Hebrew, 353Hungarian, 403Italian, 469–470, 472–473, 481, 488,

495, 532Japanese, 539Mandarin, 675Russian, 737, 774Telugu, 801–802, 804Wolof, 892, 896–897, 900, 909–910, 912,

933, 943–944Indefinite DPs, 909

Adyghe, 22, 30–31, 63Basque, 147Garifuna, 165–166, 171–173, 191, 193,

201, 204German, 231–232, 248, 251, 254, 262, 264Greek, 292, 294, 296–297, 300–303, 306Hebrew, 353, 355, 377Hungarian, 402, 424, 454Italian, 468–469, 474, 494–495, 518, 530Japanese, 539, 651Mandarin, 659, 662Pima, 702, 713Russian, 737, 774Telugu, 800Wolof, 897, 900, 904–909, 917, 926, 930,

935–937Indefinite determiner (quantifier), 85, 130,

205, 210, 233–236, 244, 248,250–251, 302–303, 315–316,461, 488, 514, 701, 703, 726, 892,898, 912

960 Index

Indefinite n-words (negative indefinites),244, 885–886, 910–911

Indefinite paradigm, 140, 303Indefinite pronouns (indefinites), 13, 213,

293, 333, 338, 446–447, 513, 657,703–706, 708–709, 711, 735–736,765, 767, 795

Indefinite relative clause, 920–921, 925–926Indeterminate pronouns, 548Indexing function of universal quantifiers

Adyghe, 72, 75Basque, 153German, 279Hebrew, 393Malagasy, 640Mandarin, 690–691Russian, 771–772Telugu, 838

Indiscriminative reading, 316, 339Individuating expression, 108–109Indo-European, vii, 285, 340, 729, 736,

765, 845Inflectional classes, 227Inflectional endings, 228Inflectional morpheme, 25–26Inflectional morphology, 23Inflection, 22, 26–27, 30, 39, 47–48, 56, 63,

66, 228, 237, 239–241, 244,248–249, 251, 267, 279, 355, 386,467–468, 540, 570

Instrumental adjuncts, 43Interrogative clauses (contexts), 143, 366,

615, 653, 815–817, 871Interrogative determiners, 2, 242Interrogative expressions, 404Interrogatives (interrogative pronouns), 2,

13, 941, 943, 945Adyghe, 30, 40, 92Basque, 105, 122–123, 140, 153Garifuna, 174, 213German, 242, 269–271Greek, 294, 335–337Hebrew, 360, 370, 384Hungarian, 404, 446–447Italian, 474–476, 478, 484–485, 491, 494,

511, 513–514Japanese, 547–548Malagasy, 619, 624Mandarin, 655, 657, 679Pima, 704–707Russian, 735, 740–742, 751, 756,

764–765, 774Telugu, 785–786, 790, 795, 807, 821, 833

Western Armenian, 847, 850, 858, 874Intersective quantifiers, see Existential

quantifiersIntonation, 275–277, 294, 301, 303–305, 308,

327–328, 331, 401, 453, 485, 490,506–507, 520–521, 548, 865–867,879, 924

Intransitive subjects, 731, 744Intransitive verbs, 21, 171, 314, 349, 471, 518,

653, 721Inverse scope, 458, 584–588, 591, 594, 769,

936–937

KKa-indefinites, 301Key-distributive adverbial quantifier, 47, 69Kind interpretation, 10, 133Kiveve-Exceptives, 419

LLarger paucal form, 730, 732, 734–735,

737, 746Left dislocation, 105, 400–402, 457, 916Lexical projections, 25–26, 38LocP Pivot Verb, 31

MMass/count distinction, 292, 359, 629,

639, 669Mass vs. count quantifiers, 9

Adyghe, 55–56Basque, 135–137Garifuna, 200–205German, 252, 265–267Hebrew, 392–393Hungarian, 435–440Italian, 503–505Malagasy, 639–640Pima, 717–718Russian, 757–760Telugu, 832–836Western Armenian, 869–871

Matrix verbs, 41, 141, 854Measure phrases, 9, 43, 107, 110, 202, 204,

297, 363, 437, 439–440, 505, 543,620–621, 670–673, 732–733, 759,763, 791, 870

Medial (demonstrative), 53, 131, 868Metalanguage, 32Mint-phrase, 415

Index 961

Modified numerals, 16, 33, 37, 70, 90, 147,256, 294, 297–300, 357–359, 387,454, 484, 492, 529, 586–587, 617,649–650, 685, 732, 748, 769, 787,810, 827, 857, 880, 901, 943, 948

Monomorphemic quantifiers, 18, 941–942Adyghe, 45, 54–55, 62Basque, 94, 134–135, 139–140Garifuna, 166, 222German, 236, 250, 254Hebrew, 379–380Hungarian, 460–462Italian, 467, 477, 480, 532Malagasy, 628–629Mandarin, 649, 654, 675–676, 680Pima, 704, 709Russian, 742, 773–774Telugu, 783, 788, 792, 795, 799, 805–808Western Armenian, 886–888

Morphological decomposition, 246, 250Morphology, 2, 23, 25, 126, 173, 227, 286,

323, 349, 399, 415, 498, 613, 634,707, 718–719, 723, 730, 732, 737,744, 845, 891, 896, 937, 947

Most, vi, 4, 36, 51–52, 55, 72Basque, 90, 127, 135, 145Garifuna, 184, 190, 211German, 254Greek, 309, 312, 322Hebrew, 349, 371, 379–380, 383, 385Hungarian, 412Italian, 487, 496Japanese, 568Malagasy, 625, 628, 633, 635Mandarin, 663, 680Russian, 734, 746Telugu, 796–797, 805, 829Western Armenian, 846, 856, 862, 873Wolof, 929–930

Multimorphemic quantifiers, 134–135, 379,462, 629, 675, 796

NNegation, 11, 17, 943, 945

Adyghe, 23, 25, 29–30, 37–39, 44, 49, 55,58–62, 74

Basque, 89, 94, 106, 114–115, 138,140–143, 151

Garifuna, 208German, 244–246, 260, 277Greek, 288, 301, 325, 327–334, 339Hebrew, 354–355, 361, 366, 371, 381,

383, 389

Hungarian, 401–402, 418–420, 441–442,447–449, 452, 454, 458–459

Italian, 472, 491–493, 527–529Japanese, 553, 567, 569, 571, 574–575,

582, 595–599Malagasy, 534, 616, 624, 629Mandarin, 653, 677, 686Pima, 702, 713, 719, 724–725Russian, 731–732, 738–742, 759, 761,

765–766, 769, 777Telugu, 786, 788, 791, 807, 814–816, 818,

820–821Western Armenian, 851–852, 854, 859,

872, 883–888, 894Wolof, 907–911, 926–927

Negative concord, 216, 246, 294, 327–330,352, 404, 412, 419, 447–448, 458,461–463, 471–472, 730, 736,738–742, 750, 765–766, 769, 867,883, 885–886

Negative determiners, 404, 910–911Negative polarity item (NPI), 14, 946

Adyghe, 30, 46, 49, 55, 58Basque, 115, 137, 141–143Garifuna, 181, 192, 213, 215–216German, 244, 274Greek, 219, 294, 299, 301, 304–305, 325,

327–335, 339–340Hebrew, 367, 381, 392Hungarian, 418, 420, 449–450Italian, 473, 475, 484, 499, 509, 515,

574–575Malagasy, 624, 629, 634–635Mandarin, 676–677, 680–681Russian, 739, 766–767Telugu, 786, 788, 807, 815–817, 822, 852Western Armenian, 875, 882–886,

910–912Wolof, 910–911, 926

Negative quantifiers, 179, 330–331, 338, 867,883–886

NegP, 288Niger-Congo languages, 891, 903,

920, 937Nominative, see CaseNominative marker, 537Non-emphatic NPIs, 327–329, 333Non-subject cleft, 893, 915Non-subjects, 12, 327Non-veridical contexts, 327, 333–334,

339–340Nonveridical verbs, 287Northwest Caucasian, 21

962 Index

Noun classes, 892, 894–896, 902, 905, 910,917–920, 926, 929, 937

NPIs, see Negative polarity itemsNull anaphora, 700Null morphemes, 22–24, 31, 66, 400Number

Adyghe, 23, 30, 47, 54, 56, 63Basque, 85, 109, 126, 141Garifuna, 167–168, 170–171, 182,

188–189, 203German, 227, 237, 240, 258, 274Greek, 286, 288, 297, 299, 301, 303, 336Hebrew, 347–349, 355, 367, 372, 375, 386Hungarian, 400, 402, 442Italian, 467–470, 473, 484, 503, 505,

510, 525Malagasy, 614, 627, 629Pima, 700, 707Russian, 736, 740, 760–761, 776Telugu, 784, 810, 813, 842Western Armenian, 846–847, 871, 887Wolof, 892, 895See also Singular, Plural, Dual

Numeral Classifiers, see ClassifiersNumerals, 8–9, 11, 13, 16, 941, 943–944, 946,

948Adyghe, 27, 33–38, 41, 55–56, 68–70,

73–75, 77Basque, 85, 90–94, 102, 104–109,

111–114, 124, 126, 134–135, 143,147, 152–153

Garifuna, 173, 197–198, 200–201, 209German, 227, 234, 236–241, 244,

256–257, 259–262Greek, 293–300, 309, 313, 316Hebrew, 349, 353–354, 357–359, 361–362,

388, 391–393Hungarian, 402–403, 406, 415, 430–438,

443, 445, 454Italian, 472, 479, 483–484, 488, 492–493,

498, 502–504, 508–509, 520, 522,529–531

Japanese, 586–587Malagasy, 614, 617–620, 635,

638–639, 644Mandarin, 649–651, 654, 665–666,

668–670, 672, 675, 681, 685, 689, 695Pima, 707, 716Russian, 730–735, 737–738, 740–744,

746, 748–750, 752, 756–758,762–763, 769, 773–774

Telugu, 787, 791–792, 810, 823, 826,831–832

Western Armenian, 846, 848–850,857–860, 865, 868–869, 873,880–882, 888–889

Wolof, 898, 901–904, 908, 912–916, 918,924, 931–932

N-words, 244–245, 328–331, 352, 355, 361,366–377, 389–390, 472, 477, 483,509, 515, 517

See also NPIs

OObject narrow scope (ONS), 826, 948

See also Subject wide scopeObscene quantifiers, 776One to one dependency, 17, 946

indexing function of universal quantifier,771–772

Garifuna, 221Hungarian, 459–460Italian, 529Mandarin, 691Russian, 771Western Armenian, 881

Only, 18, 944Adyghe, 62–63Basque, 139Garifuna, 223German, 279–281

einzig (single), adjective, 279lauter, determiner, 279–280selectional properties, 280

Greek, 298, 328, 334–335Hebrew, 383–384Hungarian, 863–864Italian, 530–531Japanese, 575–580Malagasy, 632Mandarin, 679, 691Pima, 725–727Russian, 771, 775–776Telugu, 820Western Armenian, 887–888Wolof, 930–931

Ordinal numerals, 92, 242, 295, 667, 732, 746,750, 858, 889, 947

OWS reading, see Scope ambiguities

PPair-list readings, 429, 456, 592–595, 638, 770Participant-key readings, 432–433Partition matrix, 230

Index 963

Partitive article, 472–474, 483, 522Partitive case, see CasePartitive clitic, 912, 916Partitive construction, 4, 6, 10, 915, 943–945

Adyghe, 52, 63–64Basque, 90, 124, 139–141, 143Garifuna, 165–166, 175, 182, 184,

187–188, 190–193, 210–211German, 250, 258–259Greek, 305, 309, 322Hebrew, 359, 363, 373, 377, 381, 384–385Hungarian, 424, 439Italian, 474, 487, 493–495, 511–513, 518Japanese, 569, 571Malagasy, 624–625, 632, 634Mandarin, 659, 679–680Pima, 702, 709, 713–715Russian, 751–752Telugu, 797, 821–822Western Armenian, 864–865Wolof, 912, 916, 933

Partitive reading (interpretation), 364, 425,436, 442, 473, 750

Paucal forms, 730–737, 746, 757, 772Pitch, 329, 331, 333, 768–769, 903, 924Pivot LocP verb, 32Plural, 941, 943

Adyghe, 22–23, 27, 39, 54, 56Basque, 85, 87, 92, 97–98, 102, 119, 126,

129, 131, 136, 140, 147, 152Garifuna, 165, 167–171, 189, 191, 195German, 227, 230, 234–235, 238, 243,

252–253Greek, 291, 296, 302–303, 317, 322–324,

332, 339Hebrew, 353, 360, 362–363, 372, 375,

379–380, 387Hungarian, 402–403, 410, 419, 433, 435,

437, 444Italian, 467, 469, 471, 475, 493, 510, 525Japanese, 539Malagasy, 614, 627, 629Mandarin, 659, 661Pima, 702–703, 707, 716–718Russian, 730, 733–738, 757–758, 763Telugu, 785–786, 800Western Armenian, 846–848, 850, 853,

871, 877–879Wolof, 894–898, 902–903, 912–913,

919–920, 924, 933Plural agreement, 36–37, 110, 167–170, 182,

192–193, 737, 853, 877–878, 892,902–903, 914, 917

Plural expressions (nouns, NPs), 6Adyghe, 32, 54, 56Basque, 101, 130Garifuna, 189German, 233, 235–236, 240–241, 244,

246–247, 249–250, 252, 254, 262Greek, 291, 302, 305Hebrew, 352, 359, 362, 367–368, 380, 392Hungarian, 430, 452, 460Italian, 469, 472–473, 476–477, 480, 499,

503, 507, 532Mandarin, 679Pima, 720Russian, 735, 746Telugu, 803, 832Western Armenian, 848Wolof, 898, 902, 905, 912, 919

Pluralia tantum, 732–733, 736Plural interpretation (reading), 168, 291, 499,

659, 905Plural subject, 47, 720, 923Polarity sensitive quantifiers, 300, 327Polydefinite structure, 289, 313Polymorphemic quantifiers, 246, 859,

888–889See also Multimorphemic quantifiers

Polysynthetic language, 23, 57Possession, 229, 335, 442, 654, 761, 786, 872

alienable/inalienable, 11, 208, 442,507, 616

Possessive constructions, 31, 201, 229, 348,355–356, 377–378, 421, 424, 441,526, 674, 846, 878

Possessive adjective, 498Possessive clitics, 878Possessive determiners, 239, 259Possessive form, 371Possessive phrases, 23, 63, 156, 229, 259, 368,

377–378, 389–390, 395, 878, 945Possessive prefixes, 27, 53Possessive preposition, 359Possessive pronouns, 22, 229, 289–290,

498, 531Possessive quantifiers, 14, 886Possessive statements, 762, 835Possessive suffix, 422, 442Possessor, 11, 14, 943, 945

Adyghe, 31, 71, 79Basque, 150Garifuna, 171, 189, 201, 208German, 229, 263, 273Hebrew, 356, 377, 389–390Hungarian, 421, 424, 442, 445

964 Index

Italian, 470–471, 500, 519Malagasy, 614, 616, 625Mandarin, 683, 693, 695Pima, 699–700, 722Russian, 729, 754, 761, 767, 771Telugu, 786, 825Western Armenian, 846, 876, 878Wolof, 922

Possessum, 699–701Postposition, 124, 451, 535–538, 548, 558–559,

567, 576, 581, 782, 786, 825, 858Postpositional phrases, 35, 121, 124, 424,

722, 784Post-verbal constituents, 402, 452Predicate quantifiers, see Bare quantifiers (as

predicates)Pro-drop, 722, 846Pronouns, 13, 63, 92, 169, 213, 250, 253,

269, 287, 293, 347, 352, 356, 376,408, 446, 467–468, 509, 511,513–514, 535–536, 657, 700, 713,719, 722, 733, 735–736, 752,764–765, 773, 785, 795, 846, 875,912, 924–925, 931

demonstrative, see Demonstrativesindefinite, 513, 657, 703–705, 708, 711,

765, 795indeterminate, 548interrogative, 13, 30, 213, 269–271,

446–447, 513, 657, 704, 795, 821,874

possessive, 22, 229, 289–290, 498, 531relative, 37, 231, 336–337series of, 735–736universal, 764

Proper names, 22, 169, 290, 318, 347, 356,469–470, 626, 738, 781

Proportional quantifiers, 4–5Adyghe, 51–53

A-quantifiers, 52–53D-quantifiers, 51–52fractions, 52

A-quantifiers, 4, 942Basque, 123–129D-quantifiers, 4, 942Garifuna, 184–185, 187

A-quantifiers, 184–185D-quantifiers, 184half the time, 184

German, 254–255A-quantifiers, 255D-quantifiers, 254–255meist, mostly, 255

Greek ‘most’, 309, 312,320–322

Hebrew, 371–374A-quantifiers, 374–375D-quantifiers, 371–374most, 371number and gender

agreement, 372rov, 371

Hungarian, 412–413, 420, 422A-quantifiers, 413distributive suffix, 413D-quantifiers: D + N, 412multiplicative, 413

Italian, 480–483, 487, 494, 506,511, 514

A-quantifiers, 482–483D-quantifiers, 480–482meta, 480mezzo, 481P + Adj constructions, 482spesso, 482

Japanese, 567–569, 581A-quantifiers, 569D-quantifiers, 567–568

Malagasy, 624–626, 629, 633A-quantifiers, 626D-quantifiers, 624–626genitive complement, 624–625

Mandarin, 662–665, 668, 676, 682D-quantifiers, 663–664

Pima, 709–710, 714A-quantifiers, 710D-quantifiers, 709–710

Russian, 746–748, 750A-quantifiers, 747–748D-quantifiers agreeing with

nouns, 746quantifiers assigning genitive case:

D + NGen, 746–474Telugu, 782, 796–799, 805, 813, 815, 822,

833–834A-quantifiers, 798–799D + N, 797D + of + N, 798D-quantifiers, 797–798

Western Armenian, 855A-quantifiers, 856D-quantifiers D + N, 855

Wolof ‘most’, 929Proximal (demonstrative), 53, 131, 376, 614,

627, 800, 895, 898, 900, 919Pseudopartitive structure, 297

Index 965

QQuantificational negative polarity items, see

Negative polarity itemsQuantified noun, 36, 202–203, 208, 222,

712, 878Quantified noun phrases (QNPs), 15, 223,

337, 387, 479, 661, 678–679, 725,736, 748, 758, 847, 854, 856, 860,862

See also Distribution (of quantified NPs)Quantified NP (QNP) denotation, 7Quantifier-Negation Scope Interaction, 17,

74, 151, 277, 301, 327, 331–334,366, 389, 402, 454, 458–459,527–529, 595–600, 634, 702,724–725, 765–766, 769, 816, 818,821, 883, 907–911, 943

RRate phrases, 17, 945

Adyghe, 75–76Basque, 154Garifuna, 221–222

bounding expressions, 222ıda ‘in’, 221uwagu ‘on’, 222

German, 279Hebrew, 393–394Hungarian, 460Italian, 529–530Malagasy, 640Mandarin, 665–666, 673Russian, 772–773Telugu, 838Western Armenian, 881–882

Reduplication, 74, 153, 200, 289, 305, 316,370, 391, 649, 689, 700, 716,829–830, 868, 917, 923–925

Referential vagueness, 300, 334Relativization (relative clauses)

Adyghe, 24–25, 37, 41, 62Basque, 102, 156Garifuna, 172, 183German, 270, 280Greek, 329, 335Italian, 470Pima, 708Russian, 738Wolof, 892, 900–904, 910, 917–918,

920–923, 925–927, 929, 933, 936–937Rescuing, 335Romance languages, 91, 133, 330, 447, 920

SSalish languages, 1, 57, 943Slavic languages, 330, 415Scope ambiguities, 16–17, 943, 948

Adyghe, 67–74Basque, 146–151

bakoitz ‘each’, 148–149distributive marker -na, 147intonation patterns, 146quantifier-negation interaction, 151self-embedding QNPs, 150universal D-quantifier, 146wh-questions, 150

Garifuna, 219–220negative elements, 220wh-questions, 220

German, 274–277c-command, 277distributivity, 277grammatical function, 275, 277intonational conditions, 277non-surface scope reading, 275

Greek (quantifier-negation), 331–333Hebrew, 387–391

n-word, 389scope in existentials, 391self-embedding QNPs, 389–390wh-questions, 388

Hungarian, 454–459collective and distributive readings,

454–455negation, 458–459nominal and verbal quantifiers,

457–458wh-questions, 456–457

Italian, 520–529nominal quantifiers, 526–527ogni, 527recursively embedded, 525–526scope-taking properties, 522–523sentential negation, 527tutti, 523–524

Japanese, 582–600clause-mate negation, 599inverse scope reading, 584, 587, 594negation, 595–600pair-list readings, 593–595unique set condition, 586universal quantifier analogue, 591wh-words, 592–595

Malagasy, 637–638Mandarin, 684–689Pima, 724–725

966 Index

quantifier-negation, 17Russian, 756, 768–771

self embedding of QNPs, 771in wh-questions, 770

Telugu, 825–831Western Armenian, 879–881Wolof, 936–937

Scope-splitting reading, 244, 246Scrambling, 536, 556, 582, 873, 943Selectional restrictions

Adyghe, 55–58, 67Basque, 135–137

mass nouns, 135pixka bat, 136universal D-quantifiers,

bakoitz, 136value judgment cardinals, 136

Garifuna, 166–173German, 260, 280Hebrew, 380–381Inalian, 472, 504Malagasy, 629Russian, 733–735, 751, 756Telugu, 808–814Wetern Armenian, 887

Sentential negation, 49, 55, 94, 244–246, 325,330, 354, 528, 724–725, 739, 741,766, 769, 883–886, 910

See also NegationSingular nouns, 10

Adyghe, 27, 47, 54, 56noun, 31, 56

Basque, 87, 93, 100, 102–103, 119–120,126–127, 129, 131–133, 136

agreement, 85, 97–98, 100, 126,136, 147

Garifuna, 165, 167, 169–172,189–190, 204

agreement, 167–168, 191German, 227–228, 247, 252, 268

count noun (phrase), 233, 236, 244,247, 250, 265

determiner (quantifier), 248, 252expression (NP, DP), 235, 258, 262

Greek, 288, 291–292, 296–297, 300,302–303, 309, 316, 323–324, 332

bare, 291–292, 332Hebrew, 360–362, 372, 375, 380

noun, 354, 368, 389–390, 392NP, 379, 389

Hungarian, 400, 402, 419, 433, 464Italian, 467, 469, 471, 473, 475, 499, 503,

510, 525

count nouns, 469, 474, 476,480–481, 503

mass nouns, 480–481, 493Japanese, 539Malagasy, 614, 627, 629Mandarin, 629, 659Pima, 703, 707, 716–718, 720, 722Russian, 735–738, 746, 757, 759, 763

bare, 367–368, 378, 380count noun, 746dative, 732, 764genitive, 730, 734, 737, 757, 764, 776mass noun, 733–734nominative, 734, 763, 775

Telugu, 785, 800Western Armenian, 871, 877

agreement, 846, 853Wolof, 895–896, 905, 917, 919–920, 929,

942noun class, 894–896, 910, 917–919,

926, 929nouns, 898, 917, 919, 927universal, 920, 937

Small(er) paucal form, 730, 733–734, 737, 746SOV language, 535, 846, 871Specificity, 93, 130, 133, 147, 296, 300–303,

310, 334, 353, 454, 463, 487, 627,659, 701, 703–706, 708–709, 711,726, 850, 897, 905, 907–909

Strong adjectives, 228Structural complexity

Basque, 134–135Greek, 322Hebrew, 379–380Hungarian, 463Italian, 496Russian, 753, 773–775Telugu, 808

Subjunctive, 286–288, 294, 333, 340, 513,893, 934

Suffixal negation, 23, 37Suppletion, 131, 240, 348, 700, 730, 734Surface scope, 68, 275, 582, 584, 587SVO, vii, 347, 700, 892SWS reading, see Scope ambiguities

TTemporal adjuncts, 43, 45, 47, 50, 66–67,

72, 75Temporal units, see Units of time and

distanceTohono ‘O’odham, 699

Index 967

Topic (topicalization), 15, 78, 89, 150, 286,308, 359, 400–402, 410, 451–453,613, 634, 662, 768, 892, 931

Topic marker, 537, 575Transitive subjects, 732Transitive verbs, 21–22, 171, 278, 349, 471,

653, 721, 929Type ((1,1),1) quantifiers

Adyghe, 78–79combinations with conjunctions, 79comparative D-quantifiers, 78–79

Basque, 155–158combination with conjunction, 157comparative D-quantifiers,

155–157Malagasy, 642–643

combinations with conjunctions, 643comparative D-quantifiers,

642–643German, 271–274

comparative DPs, 273comparative quantifiers, 271equatives, 271interrogatives, 271N-bar deletion, 272

Hebrew, 394–395combination with conjunctions, 395comparative D-quantifiers,

394–395Hungarian, 426–427Japanese, 604–607Mandarin, 692–697

combinations with conjunctions, 694comparative D-quantifiers,

692–694Telugu, 840–842

combinations with conjunctions, 841comparative D-quantifiers, 840

Type (2) Quantifiers, vi, 7–8, 945Adyghe, 76–78Basque, 154–155

wh-quantifiers, 154Garifuna, 195–197

binary quantifier, 196predicate amiyaguenugu, 196the same, 197wh-questions, 197

German, 278Hebrew, 394–395Hungarian, 428–430Italian, 500–502Japanese, 601–604Malagasy, 641–642

mitovy ‘same’, 641samihafa ‘different’, 641

Mandarin, 691–692Pima, 715–716Russian, 755–756Telugu, 837–840Western Armenian, 866–868

UUnique set condition, 586–587, 589–590, 594Units of time and distance

Adyghe, 43–44Basque, 110–111Garifuna, 183Hebrew, 364, 367, 370

distance expressions, 364time expressions, 364

Malagasy, 620–621Mandarin, 651, 672–673Russian, 759–760Telugu, 792Western Armenian, 882–883See also Measure phrases

Universal (Co-intersective) quantifers, 3Adyghe, 47–51

A-quantifiers, 48–50conjoined restrictors, 48D-quantifiers, 47–48forming complex universal

quantifiers, 50–51Basque, 116–123, 134

adverbial expression, 121aldi ‘time, occasion’, 121A-quantifiers, 120–122, 127–129bakoitz, 116, 119based on interrogatives, 122–123den, 116D-quantifiers, 116–120, 123–127guzti, 116NP + dem, 118

Garifuna, 181–184, 213all, every, 183always, all the time, 183A-quantifiers, 183–184D-quantifiers, 181–183plural agreement, 182whenever or every time, 183whoever, 183whole, 182

German, 247–253, 269, 279A-quantifiers, 253D-quantifiers, 247

968 Index

gender agreement, 248immer and stets (always), 253universal quantifiers alle and jede,

251–253Greek, 290, 307–318

adverbial expressions, 318A-quantifiers, 317–318distirbutivity markers, 314–316D-universals, 312, 314–317free choice readings, 316–317kathe, 318kathenas, 309–317o kathe, 316–317olos, 307–309pandote, 317presuppositional determiners, 312

Hebrew, 366–371, 393A-quantifiers, 369D-quantifiers, 367–369exception phrases, 368ha-kol, 368kol, 367scopal behavior, 368wh-ever phrases, 371

Hungarian, 406–411, 446A-quantifiers, 411az osszes, 410–411definiteness, 409D-quantifiers, 406–411mind, 407, 409mindegyik, 410minden, 406–407

Italian, 478–480, 494, 506,511, 514

A-quantifiers, 480ciascun, 478–479D-quantifiers, 478–480ogni, 478–479tutto, 478–479

Japanese, 556–567, 580A-quantifiers, 561–563distributivity, 563–565D-quantifiers, 556–561exception phrases, 565–567mo use of, 558–559zen prefix, 557

Malagasy, 622–624, 640A-quantifiers, 623–624D-quantifiers, 622–623from interrogatives, 624

Mandarin, 655–674, 690A-quantifiers, 656D-quantifiers, 655–656

Pima, 707–709agreement morphology, 707A-quantifiers, 708–709D-quantifiers, 707–708non-specific indefinite pronouns, 708

Russian, 744–745A-quantifiers, 746D-quantifiers, 744–745

Telugu, 792–795, 808, 812, 821, 833A-quantifiers, 794D-quantifiers, 794from interrogative or indefinite

pronouns, 795Western Armenian, 846, 853, 855, 857

A-quantifiers, 854D-quantifiers, 853

Wolof, 917–927constructions, 925–926modified, 926–927quantifier float, 924–925reduplication, 923–924relative clause construction, 920–921syntactic distribution, 921–922universal determiner-Qs, 917–919universals and distributivity, 922–923universals and mass nouns, 919–920

Uto-Aztecan language, 699

VValue judgment cardinals, 2, 5, 13, 18,

942, 946Adyghe, 38–40, 55Basque, 94–105, 109, 111–112, 123, 130,

134–137, 143Garifuna, 175–178, 180, 186, 205, 223German, 240–242Hebrew, 359–360

mass-count distinction, 359Hungarian, 404–405, 417, 445, 461Italian, 476–477, 485, 532Malagasy, 618–619Mandarin, 648–649, 654, 666, 675, 681Russian, 742, 749, 763, 774Telugu, 789–790, 805–807Western Armenian, 850, 860, 873Wolof, 901, 927–929

Vigesimal, 90, 174VOS, 613, 700Vowel Harmony, 399, 918VP fronting, 232VSO languages, 15, 165, 177, 286,

700, 943

Index 969

WWeak quantifiers, 130, 143–144, 295,

312–313, 342West Circassian, 21Wh-based quantifiers and free choice, 122,

327, 335–340, 370–371, 735–736,765

Wh-questions, 17, 40, 72, 76, 150, 197, 220,232, 388, 456, 502, 524, 615, 637,653, 706, 770, 830, 881

Word order, viiAdyghe, 23, 28, 31–32, 45, 84–85,

103–104, 108, 145, 148focus and left dislocation, 400–402Garifuna, 165, 219German, 231–232, 240, 244, 272Greek, 286, 298

Hebrew, 356, 359Hungarian, 400Italian, 470–471Japanese, 535, 538, 544, 555Malagasy, 613, 620Mandarin, 673, 682Pima, 699–700, 702, 713, 720, 724Russian, 729Telugu, 781, 803, 829, 835Western Armenian, 846, 851–852, 861,

866, 868, 874Wolof, 892, 896–897, 899, 901

ZZero (null) determiner, 236, 904–908, 929Zero pronominalization, 722

970 Index