AAEP. See American Association of Equine Practitioners

Abaxial fracture, of sesamoidean bone, 598f–599f, 601f

Abaxial sesamoid nerve block, in forelimb, 176, 176f

Abduction, of limbs, measurement of, 168Abscess

in draft horses, 1085of foot, 516–17, 517fof hoof, 1208–9of muscles, 946nail, 1209penetrating, 523–25, 523f–525fin quittor, 514–5, 515fsubmural, 518, 519f

Accessory carpal bonedorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique

projection of, 280f–281fflexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique

projection of, 284f–285fflexed lateromedial projection of,

274f–275ffracture of, 676–77, 677flateromedial projection of, 273f–275fLM of, 273f

Accessory ligamentdesmitis of

of DDFT, 445, 656of SDFT, 683–84

femoral, 62fimage of, 65f

Accessory x-ray equipment, 215ACELL. See Acellular urinary bladder

matrixAcellular urinary bladder matrix (ACELL),

973Acepromazine, 953Acetabular fractures

intra-articular, 830–31, 831ftraumatic, 844–45, 845f

Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), 976–77Acquired bone cysts, 744–45, 745fAcquired bursitis, ultrasound of, 370–71Acquired flexural deformities, etiology of,

1147–49

INDEX

ACS. See Autologous conditioned serumAction, 95Acupuncture

adverse effects from, 1011–2at coronary band, 1011fDAPE

detailed evaluation with, 203–4interpretation of, 204–5performance of, 203use of, 203validity of, 205

for detecting pain, 204indications for, 1010introduction to, 1009for lameness, 1010–1, 1011fpalpation, of points, 203reactivity in, 204in saddle region, 1011fstimulation techniques in, 1009–10,

1009fAdduction

of elbow, 131fof knee, 131fof limbs, measurement of, 168pain in, 712f

Adductor muscle, 56fAdenocarcinoma, metastatic intestinal,

400fAdult horses, muscle disorders in, 944–54Age of horse

development in, 106injuries in, 931–32, 932f

Aggrecan (aggregating proteoglycan), 881–82

activation of, 883fALARA. See As Low As Reasonably

AchievedALD. See Angular limb deformityAlignment

of axial skeleton, 76fof DIP, 541fof distal phalanx, 541fjoint disease and, 236

American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), 118, 118t, 1093b

1219

Amplitude, of vertical ground force, 171Anamnesis, 112

in draft horses, 1084Anatomical specimen

of dorsal sacroiliac ligament, 847f–848fof lumbar vertebrae, 859fof sacroiliac joint, 847f, 851f

Anatomic nomenclaturefor musculoskeletal system, 3, 4tpositional/directional terms, 4f

Anatomyof digits, 3, 5tof fetlock, 3, 5tof foot, 3of frog, 3, 6fof hoof wall, 3–9, 6f–9fof joints, 871–72, 872fneuro-

of forelimb, 175of hindlimb, 180–81

for radiography, 241of SL, 65fof sole, 3, 6fof synovium, 365of vertebral column, 833

Ancillary diagnostic tests, of musculoskeletal system, 941–42, 942f

Anesthesiadirect infiltration for, 183intrasynovial, 181–84, 185tlocal, 173, 176fin navicular disease, 480–81nerves in, 174, 174tpadded table for, 216fperineural, 173–74, 174trestraints for, 173, 184site preparation for, 173, 183types of, 173

Anglesbroken pastern, 95fcorrectness of, 79–81, 80fof fetlock, 81of hock, 89f, 90–91of hoof, 81of hoof wall, 87fof joint, measurements of, 165–66, 166fof joint flexion, 111of pastern, 80fradiograph of, 665fof shoulder, 80f

Adams and Stashak’s Lameness in Horses, 6e, edited by Gary M. Baxter© 2011 Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.

bindex.indd 1219 9/25/2018 4:27:48 PM

COPYRIG

HTED M

ATERIAL

1220 Index

Angular limb deformity (ALD)of carpus, 661–67, 662f–667fclinical signs of, 1138–40, 1139f–1140fdiagnosis of, 1140diaphyseal, 636–37, 637fetiology of, 1138in foals, 1126primary, 346fprognosis of, in foals, 1144treatment of, 1133, 1140–44trimming for, 1140–41valgus, 1138, 1138f

Antebrachial nerve, block of, 179–80, 180fAntebrachiocarpal joint, cross-section of,

26fAntebrachium (forearm)

blood vessels to, 27, 28fdeep, 29–30

distal, lateral aspects of, 23ffascia of, 27muscles of, 27nerves of, 27, 29–30palpation of, 132, 132fproximal, medial view of, 31fslope of, 79superficial dissection of, 28f

Antibiotic therapyimpregnated materials in, 1119–20tetracyclines, 959

Anticoagulant therapy, for laminitis, 547Anti-inflammatory therapy. See also

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

for facet joint arthritis, 862for foals, 1177for laminitis, 546–47for rhabdomyolysis, 948t

Antimicrobial delivery systems, 1117–20, 1118f

Apophysis, at calcaneal tuber, 890fArabians, as endurance horses, 1055Arm

medial view of, 31fstructures of, 30, 32f

Arquel (Meclofenamic acid), 977Arteriovenous shunting, in digital laminae,

537Arthritis

classification of, 871from exercise/athletic activity, 879of facet joints, 858–62, 859f–861finfectious, of hip joint, 825–26, 825fOA, 233f, 1005, 1007, 1007f

of carpometacarpal joint, 680, 680fof cervical facet joints, 867–69,

868f–869ffrom CL instability, 756fcritical manifestation of, 883–84, 884fdiagnosis of, 499–500, 1082of DIP, 498–501, 498f–500f, 1087etiology of, 498–99, 498f–499ffrom exercise/athletic activity, 879in femorotibial joint, 812, 812fin fetlock joint, 607–9, 608f–609f,

884fin hip joint, 411f, 829–30, 829fof lower hock, 1078, 1087–88of navicular bone, 477physiologic trauma leading to, 879in PIP, 559, 560–61, 560f–561f,

563–65, 564fprognosis of, 500–01radiographic uptake in, 403f,

411f–412fof SHJ, 715–16

in stifle, 238fin stifle joint, 812, 812ftalocalcaneal, 755, 755fof tarsal joint, 726–37, 728f–733f,

736ftreatment of, 500ultrasound of, 362

septicin foals, 1172imaging of, 425fradiograph of, 236f, 237of shoulder, 913fin young draft horses, 1089

shoulder, 913ftraumatic, 878–79

of fetlock joint, 607–9, 608f–609fArthrodesis

chemically induced, 734–35of DIP, 1050of fetlock joint, 613fof PIP, 567fscrews in, 613f

Arthrography, 225Arthroscopy

assisted repair, of fractures, with lag screw fixation, 999–1000, 1005f

for bone fragment removal, 566fevaluation with

of articular cartilage, 462, 463fof intra-articular ligaments, 462, 463fof menisci, 462, 463fof synovial fluid, 460–62, 462fof synovitis, 460–62, 461f–462f

introduction to, 460MRI v., 460for OA, 999, 1007, 1007fprinciples of, 460, 461f

Arthrosis, of carpus, 1052Arthrotomy drainage, 1117Articular cartilage

arthroscopy evaluation of, 462, 463fbiomechanics of, 876degradation of

cytokines in, 878, 882–83from joint trauma, 880fmorphologic, 883–84, 884f

function of, 873, 873flesions of, 362f

MRI diagnosis of, 440–42, 441fmetabolism of, 876–77, 877frepair of, 885–86

Articular matrix, degradation of, 881fArticular surfaces

normal variations in, 361ultrasound of, 360–61

Articular trauma, 1139Artifacts

of MRI, 421, 423, 423fin proximal planta metatarsal area, 356fof ultrasound, 354–56, 356f

Ascending infection, of white line, 518, 519f

ASIF. See Association for the Study of Internal Fixation

As Low As Reasonably Achieved (ALARA), 378

Aspirin. See Acetylsalicylic acidAssociation for the Study of Internal

Fixation (ASIF), 906fASU. See Avocado and soybean

unsaponifiable extractsAsymmetry, 95

in buttock/croup/hip, 91fof motion, analysis of, 156of pelvis, 170f, 171, 831f

of torso, 169of tuber sacrales, 851f

Asynchronous longitudinal growth, 1138f, 1139–40

Asynchronous physeal growthconservative treatment of, 1140surgery for, 1141–43

Ataxia, 1104Atlas, 67fAtrial fibrillation, 1097Australian stringhalt, 768Autologous conditioned serum (ACS), 967

benefits of, 973Avocado and soybean unsaponifiable

extracts (ASU), 981Avulsion fracture, 228f

saucer-shaped, 645fAvulsion injuries

complete, 531–34, 532f–534fof hoof, 530–34, 530f–534fincomplete, 530–31, 531f–532finfection in, 1117f

Axial skeleton. See also Skeletal systemalignment of, 76fcomponents of, 66–68, 67f, 69fflexion tests for, 836f–837fmusculoskeletal system problems in, in

pleasure horses, 1064pain in, 1079–80

Backlordosis of, 78f, 864pain in, 833, 1080

chronic, 1011primary/secondary, 837–39, 838ffrom saddle, 107

palpation of, 140, 142fpunching, 1196shu points, 204thermography of, 471–73, 472fuse of, observation of, 152

Baited mobilization, 1022fBalance, 95

in conformation, 75, 76fdorsal-palmar, 103of hoof, 1175, 1175tmedial-lateral, 103, 104fin movement, 105natural

in barefoot trimming, 1214–5evaluation for, 1212–4, 1213f–1214fguidelines for, 1212introduction to, 1211shoeing, 1215–17, 1216f–1217ftrimming in, 1217f

Banamine® (Flunixin meglumine), 976Bandage splint, 612fBandy-legged conformation, 86, 86fBAR. See Bright, alert, and responsiveBarefoot trimming

natural balance in, 1214–5principles of, 1188–89

Barrel. See TrunkBarrel racing

events of, 1067–68, 1068fmusculoskeletal problems in, 1068poor performance in, 1096

Bars, overgrown, 120fBar shoes, 1194, 1194f

straight, 1202fBaseline lameness, characteristics of, 110Basement membrane, 538Base narrow faults

in forelimb, 81–83, 82f, 85fin hindlimb, 92, 92f

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Index 1221

Base wide faultscow hocks with, 91fof forelimb, 82–83, 83f, 85fof hindlimb, 91f, 92

Basilar fractures, 600f, 602–03Basisesamoid nerve, block of, 176Behavioral issues, 835fBench knees, 86–87, 87fBetamethasone acetate, 965, 965tBiceps femoris muscle, 53f, 54f, 60fBicipital bursa

characteristics of, 708–11, 708f–710fdistal approach to, 194, 194fnerve blocks in, 193–94, 194fproximal approach to, 194ultrasound of, 369–70

Biomarkers, for tendon disease, 934Biomechanics

of articular cartilage, 876of canter, 834, 834tof ligaments, 930, 930fof physis, 1126of tendon, 930, 930fof trot, 834, 834tof vertebral column/spine, 833–37,

834t–835t, 836f–837fof walk, 834, 834t

Bisphosphonates, 487, 959Bits

problems with, 1101–02, 1101f–1102ftypes of, 1101f

Blocks. See Nerve blocksBlood

chemistry, for prepurchase, 1093flow of

drugs approaching, 547increased, showing disease, 396–97,

396f–397fradioactive imaging of, 388f

signal intensity of, 426supply of

to hip, 63–64to ligaments, 929to tendons, 929to thigh, 63–64

Blood vesselsof antebrachium, deep, 29–30to antebrachium, 27, 28fof digits, 15–16, 17f–18fto digits/fetlock, 15–16, 39of fetlock, 15–16, 17f–18fto forelimb, 10fof hindlimb, 39, 41fin shoulder, 37

Body position, assessment of, 1105Bog spavin, 134

diagnosis of, 739–40, 739fetiology of, 738–39

Bone(s). See also Specific type i.e. Femurabnormal fluid in, 424abnormal formation of, 891fbruising of, 918, 918fcontusion, 918, 918fcysts

acquired, 744–45, 745fin shoulder, 710ftrue, 916

density of, 234loss of, 896f

flat, 79of foals, with exercise, 894, 894f–895ffragility disorder, 920fragment removal, arthroscopy for, 566fof hock joint, 1139immature, 361, 890

infections in, 911–16, 911f–915finjuries to, contour changes in, 424length of, 90local diseases of, 895–96, 896fof lumbar spine, 67f, 68morphogenic protein, 881fMSC from, 967–68nuclear scintigraphy of, 646fopacity of, 231, 233fof pelvic limb, 40periosteal reactions of, 228–29plates, 635radiology of, 227–28remodeling of, exercise-induced, 895–96,

896fresponse of, fundamental patterns of,

228, 233–34, 233f–234fscans

phases of, 387, 388f–389f, 389use of, 377

signal intensity for, 420tspavin, of tarsal joint, 726–37,

728f–733f, 736fsubchondral changes of, 236, 236fsubstance of, 79systemic diseases of, 918–24, 919f–924fof tarsus, 43of thoracic limb, lateral view, 5fof thoracic spine, 67f, 68tumors, 916–18, 917fultrasound for, 371–72, 372f

Botulism, 1107Bowed tendon, 649–54, 650f–653fBow legs, 86, 86fBrachiocephalicus muscle, 70fBrass band, 1205fBreakover, 95, 98, 101f

point of, 991fin shoeing, 1196f

Breedsclassification of, 73evaluation of, 74

Bright, alert, and responsive (BAR), 1105Broken back pastern axis, 82fBucked shins, 621–25, 621f–625fBucking, 835tBuck-kneed, 81f, 85Buck shins, radiographic uptake in, 404fBunny hop canter, 835tBursae, endoscopy evaluation of, 465Bursa intertubercularis, 369–70Bursa podotrochlearis, ultrasound of, 369Bursa synovialis, ultrasound of, 369Bursitis, of elbow, 700–01, 700fBursoscopy

for navicular disease, 489, 489fuse of, 465

Butazolidin® (Phenylbutazone), 976Buttock, asymmetry in, 91fButtress foot, 93–94, 94f, 498fBWE model, 537

CaCr. See Caudocranial projectionCadence, 95Calcaneal bursa

infection in, 914finjection site for, 197fnerve blocks in, 196swelling of, 136fultrasound of, 371

Calcaneal bursitis, 765–67, 766f–767fCalcaneal tendinitis, common, 763–64,

763fCalcaneal tuber

apophysis at, 890f

attachment on, 50fosteolytic lesions of, 752, 752fosteomyelitis of, 752, 752f

Calcaneus (fibular tarsal bone)D45L-PIMO of, 306f–307fD45M-PILO of, 308f–309fDPI of, 304f–305fflexed LM of, 300f–301ffractures of, 749–51, 750fLM of, 300f–301fluxation from, of SDFT, 758–59, 758fswelling in, 136f

Calcification, zone of, 1124, 1126Calcinosis circumscripta, 821

characteristics of, 922–23Calf-kneed, 81fCamera-based kinematic evaluation, of

lameness, 155fCamped in, in front, 87fCamped out

in back, 89f, 91–92in front, 87f

Cancellous screws, 905, 905f–906fCanker

clinical signs of, 519–20, 519f, 1206in Clydesdale mare, 520fetiology of, 519treatment of, 520, 520f, 1206

Cannon bone. See Third metacarpal boneCanter

beats of, 98bbiomechanics of, 834, 834tbunny hop, 835tcross, 835tdescription of, 97flying lead change in, 99fright lead, 98f

Capital physeal fractures, of femoral head, 830

Capped hock, 136fcharacteristics of, 765–66clinical signs of, 766–67, 766fsurgical management of, 767, 767f

Capsular rotation, of distal phalanx, 540f–541f

Capsulitis, 812, 812fcharacteristics of, 879–80

Carpal boneaccessory

dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique projection of, 280f–281f

flexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique projection of, 284f–285f

flexed lateromedial projection of, 274f–275f

fracture of, 676–77, 677flateromedial projection of, 273f–275fLM of, 273f

distal row of, flexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique projection of, 286f–287f

fifth, flexed lateromedial projection of, 274f–275f

first, flexed lateromedial projection of, 274f–275f

fragment on, 673fossification of, 1139palpation of, 131fproximal row of, flexed dorsoproximal-

dorsodistal oblique projection of, 284f–285f

radiographic projections of, labeling for, 241f

third, 1029fCarpal effusion, radiograph of, 226f

bindex.indd 1221 9/25/2018 4:27:48 PM

1222 Index

Carpal flexion test, 144Carpal hygroma, ultrasound of, 371, 371fCarpal joints

injection site for, 192fnerve blocks in, 191, 191fslope of, 80structures of, 25, 27

Carpal ligaments, medial view of, 25fCarpal sheath

effusion in, 130fultrasound of, 367

Carpal valgus, 85–86, 662f, 1142fin foal, 1140f, 1141f

Carpal varus, 86, 663f, 1138Carpometacarpal joint

injection site for, 178fOA of, 680, 680f

Carprofen (Zenecarp), 977Carpus (knee)

abnormalities of, 660adduction of, 131fangular deformity of, 661–67,

662f–667farthrosis of, 1052bench, 86–87, 87fbuck-, 81f, 85calf-, 81fcaudal view of, 21f–22fconformation of, 80–81

abnormal, 86fdelayed phase of, 390, 391fdorsal swelling of, 670–71dorsal view of, 24, 24fdorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique

projection of, 278f–279fdorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique

projection of, 280f–281fdorsopalmar projection of, 276f–277fflexed lateromedial projection of,

274f–275fflexion of, 130fflexural deformity of, 667–68, 667fhygroma of, 130fhyperextended, 85injection sites for, 191finjuries in

in foals, 1167in soft tissue, 678, 680, 680fin Standardbred racehorses, 1043–44,

1044fintra-articular fractures of, 671–76,

673f–675fknock, 85–86lateral aspect of, 23f, 24lateral deviation of, 86, 86flateromedial projection of, 273fluxations of, 677–78, 678fmedial aspects of, 25, 25fmedial deviation of, 85–86MRI of, 446normal, 81f, 660fOC of, 681, 681fosteochondral chip fracture of, 1052,

1052f–1053fpalmar aspects of, 25, 25fpalmar (backward) deviation, 85palmaromedial view of, 26fpalpation of, 128, 130fradiograph of, 226f, 227f, 404, 405fsprung, 85swelling in, 668–71, 669f–670ftechnique chart for, 221tvalgus, 85–86, 662f

Cartilage. See also Specific cartilage i.e. Articular cartilage

breakdown of, signaling pathways in, 883f

diagnostic imaging of, 360–61of distal phalanx, 11fimmature, 361innervation for, 875lesions in, 441, 441fnutrition for, 875

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), 929, 934

Castingin laminitis, 553, 554fof sesamoid bone fractures, 602sleeve, 666ftransfixation pin-, 578fwound healing in, 635–36

CAT scan. See Computed tomographyCaudal aorta, thrombosis of, 845–46Caudal cervical spine

La45D-LaVO of, 332f–335fRt-LeL of, 330f–331f

Caudal cruciate test, 139fCaudal cutaneous femoral nerve, 61fCaudal cutaneous sural nerve, 53fCaudal femoral artery, 56fCaudal nasal cavity, 1099

block of, 1100fCaudal thoracic spine, lateroflexion of,

837fCaudal vertebrae, 68Caudocranial projection (CaCr), of stifle

joint, 318f–319fCCD. See Charge couple deviceCenter of articulation, 1184, 1185f–1186fCenter of gravity, 75Center of pressure, 988–90, 989f–990fCentral tarsal bone

flexed LM of, 300f–301fLM of, 300f–301fslab fractures of, 745–47, 746f

Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), 1175Cervical facet joints

centesis of, 201La45D-LaVO of, 332f–335fOA of, 867–69, 868f–869f

Cervical stenosis, radiographic detection of, 223–24, 223f–224f

Cervical stenotic myelopathy (CSM)clinical signs of, 1174diagnosis of, 1175–77, 1175f–1177fetiology of, 1174–75prognosis of, 1177–78treatment of, 1177–78

Cervical vertebrae, 67–68caudal

La45D-LaVO of, 332f–335fRt-LeL of, 330f–331f

cranialLa45D-LaVO of, 332f–335fmidcervical, Rt-LeL of, 328f–329fRt-LeL of, 326f–327f

fractures of, 869, 869fafter paced diet, 1177fpain in, 1078–79radioactive imaging of, 395fradiographic image of, 869fscintigraphic image of, 868f

Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy, 1107

Charge couple device (CCD), 213Chemically induced arthrodesis, 734–35Chip fracture, 1035f

osteochondralof carpus, 1052, 1052f–1053fof fetlock joint, 594–97, 594f–597f

CHO model, 537Chondroitin sulfate (CS), 979–80Churchill test, 134f–135fCL. See Collateral ligamentsCleidobrachialis muscle, 32Clinch-cutter, 1181fClinching tongs, 1197fClipped shoe, 529fClog shoe, 551fClosed nonarticular comminuted fractures,

643–44Clostridial myositis, 946–47Club foot

characteristics of, 94, 94ffarriery view of, 1200–01, 1201fin foal, 1151f

Clydesdale horse, canker in, 520fCoagulopathy, 537Coffin

flexion of, 126fmeasurement of, 166f

fracture of, 1166finjection site for, 186f

Coggin’s formexample of, 1056f–1057fexplanation of, 1055for prepurchase, 1103

Collagenfibers of, 928fhydrolysate, 981pro-, 874, 874fremodeling of, 354, 355ftypes of, 873–74

Collateral cartilagesimaging of, 352finfection of, 514–15, 515fossification of, of distal phalanx,

513–14, 513fCollateral desmitis, diagnosis of, 434, 434f,

442–43Collateral ligaments (CL)

imaging of, 359finjuries of, 807, 808f–809f, 809

in DIP, 495–97, 496f–497flesions of, of distal interphalangeal joint,

433–34, 433fof PIP, rupture of, 570fstressed radiograph of, 615ftarsocrural, desmitis of, 755–57,

755f–756ftension applied to, 124f

Collateral sesamoidean ligament (CSL), lesions of, 435, 435f

Collection, 95, 835tColleoni rolling shoe, 994fComminuted fracture

articular, 722fclosed nonarticular, 643–44non-distracted proximal, 642–43of P1, 585–87, 586fof P2, 576–78, 576f–578fof sesamoidean bone, 600fof talus, 748

Common peroneal nerve, 53f, 55fCOMP. See Cartilage oligomeric matrix

proteinCompensatory lameness

characteristics of, 110detection of, with Lameness LocatorTM,

159, 160fComplete blood count, for prepurchase,

1093Compression fixation, 903–04Computed radiography

conventional v., 214–15

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Index 1223

reading process, 212, 213fComputed tomography (CT)

contrast-enhanced, 454–57, 455f–457fof fractures, 455f–457fimaging benefits of, 451–53, 451f–453findications for, in lameness/surgery,

458–59interpretation of, 451–52, 453f–454fintroduction to, 451MRI v., 452, 459for navicular disease, 483of proximal sesamoid bones, 607fof third metacarpal bone, 453f–454f

Conditioning, movement and, 106Condylar fractures, of third metacarpal

bone, 626–31, 626f–629fConformation

balance in, 75, 76fbandy-legged, 86, 86fof carpus, 80–81correct angles for, 79–81, 80fevaluation of, 74of foot, 92–93, 92f–93fof forelimb, 75of head, 75of hindlimb, 75, 88–90, 88f–90fof hoof, 1183, 1183fimportance of, 73in lameness, 73low-heel, 1199–200, 1199f–1200fmovement from, 104of neck, 75of pastern, 87fquality of, 79of Quarter horses, 1047–48, 1048fsubstance for, 79systematic evaluation of, 74–75toe-in, 83ftoe-out, 83, 83f–85fof trunk, 75

Congenital conditions, in foals, 1170–71, 1171f

Congenital flexural deformitiesclinical signs of, 1145–46, 1145f–1146fdiagnosis of, 1146etiology of, 1145treatment of, 1146–47

Connective tissue, 929–30, 929fConsciousness, assessment of, 1105Constant-rate infusion, 547Contamination, evaluation of, 465Contiguous clip shoe, 505fContracted heels, 93fContrast-enhanced CT, 454–55,

455f–457fContrast enhanced orthopedic MRI, 427Contrast examinations, 221, 221tContrast material, 222fConventional radiography (CR)

digital v., 211, 214–15reading process in, 212screen-film system for, 211

Convex array transducers, use of, 339Coon-footed, 94–95, 95fCorium

histology of, 9fhoof and, 7f

Corns, 510–11, 510f–511fCoronary band

abnormal, 530facupuncture needles in, 1011fgrooving of, 556, 556flacerations of, 532f–533flayers of, 8fresection of, 556

Corrective trimmingexamination for, 986–87, 987f, 988tin navicular, 484–86, 485f–486f

Cortical changes, 234in radiology, 229–31, 237f–239f

Cortical drilling, 624fCortical screws, 696fCorticomedullary definition, sclerosis of,

233fCorticosteroids

actions of, 964benefits of, 973hyaluronan with, 966–67intra-articular, 965tuse of, 964–65

Cow hocks, 91f, 92COX. See Cyclooxygenase geneCoxofemoral. See Hip jointCoxofemoral luxation, 827–29, 828f–829fCR. See Conventional radiographyCranial cervical column

mid-, La45D-LaVO of, 332f–335fRt-LeL of, 326f–327f

Cranial cruciate ligaments, test of, 139fCranial gluteal vein, 61fCraniocaudal projection (CrCa), of cubital

joint, 290f–291fCranioproximal-distal cranial oblique

projection (CrPR-DiCrO), of patella, 320f–321f

CrCa. See Craniocaudal projectionCrest fractures, 771–74, 772f–774fCross canter, 835tCross firing, at pace, 103fCross-sectional area (CSA), example of,

352, 352fCroup

asymmetry in, 91fproportions of, 78

CrPR-DiCrO. See Cranioproximal-distal cranial oblique projection

Cruciate ligamentsdisease of, 809testing of, 139f

Cruciate sesamoidean ligament (CSL), imaging of, 349f

Crural paralysis, 820–21Crus (leg or gaskin)

caudal aspect of, 52, 53fcranial aspect of, 49, 51fdorsal view of, 51flateral aspect of, 52, 53fmedial aspect of, 52, 53fsoreness, 153structure of, 49

CS. See Chondroitin sulfateCSA. See Cross-sectional areaCSF. See Cerebral spinal fluidCSL. See Collateral sesamoidean ligament;

Cruciate sesamoidean ligamentCSM. See Cervical stenotic myelopathyCT. See Computed tomographyCubital joint (elbow joint; humeroradial

joint; humeroulnar joint)caudolateral approach to, 192, 192fCrCa of, 290f–291finjection site in, 192flateral approach to, 191–92, 192fluxation of, 697–98, 697f–698fML projection of, 288f–289fnerve blocks in, 191–93, 192f–193fstructures of, 30, 31f–32fsubluxation of, 697–98

Cuboidal boneincomplete

characteristics of, 891–92, 892fetiology/signs of, 1135–37, 1136fprognosis, 1135–37, 1136f

malformation of, 891fossification of, 1135–37, 1136f, 1139,

1139fCunean bursa, nerve blocks of, 196Cunean tenectomy, 731–32, 732fCurb, 135f, 757Cut-back zone, 609, 609fCutting horses

events of, 1069–70musculoskeletal injuries in, 1070–71poor performance of, 1096

Cyclooxygenase gene (COX)enzymes, 975genes, 537, 546

Cyproheptadine, 1100Cytokines, articular cartilage degradation

and, 878, 882–83

D45L-PIMO. See Dorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique projection

D45M-PILO. See Dorsomedial-plantarolateral oblique projection

DAPE. See Diagnostic acupuncture examination

DBLPN. See Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve

DDFT. See Deep digital flexor tendonDebridement

for laminitis, 555, 555ffor OCDs, 788–89

Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (DBLPN), block of, 182, 182f

Deep digital flexor tendinitis, 655–56, 656fDeep digital flexor tendon (DDFT)

abnormalities ofclinical signs of, 591diagnosis of, 592–93, 592ftreatment of, 593

accessory ligament desmitis of, 445, 656attachments of, 13f–14fdesmotomy of, 1151forces acting on, 20finjuries to, 495, 495f

management of, 1077–78MRI diagnosis of, 442treatment of, 491ultrasound of, 366–67, 366f

medial displacement of, 759palmaromedial view of, 26fregions of, 348frepetitive force on

heel elevation for, 485, 486fin navicular disease, 476, 478, 478f

tendinitis in, 430–31, 430f–431f, 655–56, 656f

tenoscopy of, 592, 592ftenotomy of, 553–55, 554f, 1151ultrasound of, 341f–345f, 349f–352f

Deep peroneal nerve, 53fneurectomy of, 736–37

Degenerationof navicular bursa, 231fnutritional, 942–43of SL, 648–49, 648fof tendons, 932–33

Degenerative joint disease, 237Degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis

(DSLD), 648–49, 648fDelayed phase, radioactive imaging of,

386–87, 387f–389fof carpus, 390, 391ffor disease, 397–98, 399f–401f

bindex.indd 1223 9/25/2018 4:27:49 PM

1224 Index

Delayed phase, radioactive imaging of—continued

of elbow, 390, 392fin MC, 390fof pelvis/SI/coxofemoral joints, 393–94,

393f–394fof scapula/sacrum, 393, 393fof shoulder, 390, 392fin spine, 394–96, 395f, 396fof stifle joint, 390, 392fof tarsus, 390, 391fof upper limb, 390, 391f–392f

Dermal laminar interface, failure of, 538Dermal microcirculation, of foot, 16–19Desmitis

of accessory ligamentof DDFT, 445, 656of SDFT, 683–84

chronic, image of, 359fcollateral, MRI diagnosis of, 434, 434f,

442–43in dressage, 1078–79of DSL

clinical signs of, 588–89diagnosis of, 589–90, 589f–590fetiology of, 588treatment of, 590, 590f

in endurance horses, 1060, 1060fICL, 1081intersesamoid, 442, 442fin jumping/hunting horses, 1078–79of palmar/plantar anular ligament, 618of patellar ligaments, 797–98, 797f–798fof plantar ligament, 757PSD

characteristics of, 644in dressage/jumping horses, 1078–79in endurance horses, 1060, 1060fimage of, 127fMRI diagnosis of, 443, 444tin Quarter horse racehorses, 1051

of SL, 233f, 405f, 644–45, 645f–646f, 647–49, 648f

tarsocrural collateral ligament, 755–57, 755f–756f

Desmopathy, of nuchal ligament, 866–67, 866f

Desmotomy, of SDFT/DDFT, 1151Detector, 211, 213f

holding, 216–17, 216f–218fDevelopment

age of, 106of Equimetrix® by Centaure-MétrixTM,

162in foals

of bones, 894, 894f–895fpremature, 1124f

of Lameness Locator TM by EquinosisTM, 156–57, 157f

of physis, 1123of stationary force plate, 171

Developmental orthopedic diseases (DOD)causes of, 1129–30characteristics of, 890–91in foals, 1170histologic examples of, 891ftypes of, 1147

DFTS. See Digital flexor tendon sheathDHS. See Dynamic hip screwDiagnostic acupuncture examination (DAPE)

detailed evaluation with, 203–4interpretation of, 204–5performance of, 203use of, 203validity of, 205

Diaphyseal angular limb deformities, of third metatarsal/metacarpal bones, 636–37, 637f

Diaphyseal fracturesof femur, 814–17, 814f–817fof tibia, 776–79, 777f–779f

Digitanatomy of, 3, 5tof forelimb, 10ffunctions of, 20, 20fof hindlimb, 39medial aspect of, 17fnerves of, 19–20sagittal section of, 12f

Digital extensor musclelong, 49origins of, 29

Digital flexor synovial sheath, palpation of, 125f

Digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS)abnormalities of, diagnosis of, 442, 442fnerve blocks of, 190–91, 190frupture of, 669, 670fswelling of, 617ftenoscopy of, 617ftenosynovitis of, 618–19, 619f

Digital image display, 214, 214f, 382fDigital image storage, 215Digital laminae

arteriovenous shunting in, 537pathogenesis of, 540–42, 540f–542f

Digital radiographycomputed, 212, 213fconventional v., 211, 214–15CR reading process in, 212direct conversion, 212–13indirect conversion, 213–14Mark III portable, 213fprinciples of, 225safety in, 218–19, 219ftechnique charts for, 219–21, 220f,

220t–221tuse of, 207viewing station, 211–12, 214f

Digital tendon sheatheffusion of, 123ftenosynovitis, 650f

Digits, blood vessels of, 15–16Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 639, 961Diode laser treatment, 736fDIP. See Distal interphalangeal jointDirect conversion, 212–13Direct digital radiography, 212Direct flat panel detector, 213f

with handle, 217fDirect infiltration, for anesthesia, 183Directness, 95Direct pressure, 148Discospondylitis, diagnosis of, 862–63Displaced fractures, 689–91, 691f, 898fDistal crus

lateral view of, 41fmedial dissection of, 45f

Distal displacement, in chronic laminitis, 552–53, 553f

Distal interphalangeal joint (DIP)alignment of, 541farthrodesis in, 1050CL injuries of, 495–97, 496f–497feffusion within, 499fflexural deformities of, 1149finjury management for, 1077–78lesions in, 436, 436f

of collateral ligaments, 433–34, 433fnerve blocks in, 184–86, 186f

OA of, 498–501, 498f–500f, 1087radiograph of, 499fsubchondral bone lysis of, 1136f

Distal intertarsal (DIT)characteristics of, 194–95, 196fjoint, drilling of, 732–34, 733f

Distal limbflexion test, 126f, 144, 144fnuclear medicine imaging of, 389–90,

390fin abnormal conditions, 398–401,

399f–401fDistal metacarpus

medial aspect of, 17fperiostitis/fracture of, 621–25, 621f–624fpostmortem sample of, 886f

Distal pes, lateral view of, 41fDistal phalanges

dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique projection of, 244f–245f

lateromedial view of, 242f–243flesions of, 436, 437fLM view of, 242f–243f

Distal phalanxalignment of, 541fcapsular rotation of, 540f–541fcartilage of, 11fdemineralization of, 510fdistalproximal-palmarodistal oblique

view of, 250f–251fdorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view

of, 252f–253fforces acting on, 20ffour ligaments of, 11ffracture of, 457f, 1207

classification of, 501, 501f–502fclinical signs of, 503–04diagnosis of, 503f, 504etiology of, 502–03prognosis of, 508treatment of, 504–05, 505ftype I, 505, 505ftype II, 506type III, 506–07, 506ftype IV, 507, 507ftypes of, 506ttype V, 507type VI, 507–08type VII, 508

imaging of, 352fossification of, of collateral cartilages,

513–14, 513fosteitis, 1085–86palmarodistal oblique projection of,

246f–247fpalmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique

view of, 248f–249frealignment of, 548–49, 549frotation of, assessment of, 545fsubchondral cystic lesions of, 511–12,

512fDistal radius

carpus, 664fchip fracture of, 1035fcranial, lateromedial projection of, 273fflexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique

projection of, 286f–287fflexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique

view of, 282f–283fOC of, 681–83, 682f

Distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DSIL), lesions of, 434–35, 434f

Distal sesamoidean ligament (DSL)desmitis of

clinical signs of, 588–89

bindex.indd 1224 9/25/2018 4:27:49 PM

Index 1225

diagnosis of, 589–90, 589f–590fetiology of, 588prognosis of, 590

injuries to, diagnosis of, 439–40, 440flocation of, 65f

Distal tarsal jointenlargement of, 134, 135flaser treatment of, 735–36, 736fsynovitis of, 726–37, 726f–733f, 736ftest for, 134f

Distal tibial physis, fractures of, 776Distribution of force, 990–92, 991fDistribution of pressure, 991fDIT. See Distal intertarsalDMD. See Dorsal metacarpal diseaseDMSO. See Dimethyl sulfoxideDOD. See Developmental orthopedic

diseasesDorsal cortex, P1 fracture in, 581fDorsal deviation of carpus, 85Dorsal laminectomy, 1178Dorsal metacarpal disease (DMD), 1051Dorsal-palmar balance (DP), 103Dorsal sacroiliac ligament

anatomical specimen of, 847f–848flocation of, 61fschematic drawing of, 847f

with adjacent structures, 848fDorsal spinous process

impingement of, 854–55palpation of, 142fscintigraphic imaging of, 855f

Dorsal tarsal ligament, structure of, 48f, 49Dorsiflexion test, 837fDorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique

projection (D45L-PIMO)of MT, 296f–297fof tarsus, 306f–307f

Dorsomedial-plantarolateral oblique projection (D45M-PILO)

of MT, 298f–299fof tarsus, 308f–309f

Dorsoplantar projection (DPI)of metatarsus, 294f–295fof tarsus, 304f–305f

flexed, 310f–311fDorsoscapular ligament

cross-section of, 36fstructures of, 36–37

DP. See Dorsal-palmar balanceDPI. See Dorsoplantar projectionDraft horses

abscess in, 1085anamnesis in, 1084foot pathology of, 1084–87,

1084f–1087fhoof care of, 1084finfectious pododermatitis in, 1085introduction to, 1084lameness in

common causes of, 1084–89, 1084f–1089f

examination of, 1084laminitis in, 1086–87, 1086fOCDs in, 1088f–1089fseptic arthritis in, 1089shivers in, 1088–89sidebone in, 1085stringhalt in, 1088SWEENY in, 1087young, diseases in, 1082f–1083f, 1089

Drainagearthrotomy, 1117in laminitis, 555, 555flymphatic in, 37, 67

passive, 1117for synovial cavities, 1116–17, 1117fvenous, in foot, 19, 19f

Dressage horseshalf pass of, 1074fintroduction to, 1072lameness management in, 1077–82poor performance of, 1095–96suspensory desmitis in, 1078–79training of, 1073–74

Drilling, of tarsometatarsal/distal intertarsal joints, 732–34, 733f

DSIL. See Distal sesamoidean impar ligament

DSL. See Distal sesamoidean ligamentDSLD. See Degenerative suspensory

ligament desmitisDuration of gluteal use, 111Dynamic compression plates, 909fDynamic hip screw (DHS), 908Dysmetria, 1104

Ear ticks, 946Ease of movement, 990, 990fEastern/Western/Venezuelan encephalitis

virus, 1107Echo time (TE), 419Egg-bar shoes, 485f, 486, 550, 550f, 1194fElbow

adduction of, 131fbursitis of, 700–01, 700fdelayed phase radioactive imaging of,

390, 392fflexion test for, 144–45fractures of, 693–97, 694f–696fimmobilization methods for, 899injuries of, in foals, 1167–69, 1169flateral view of, 32flymphatic drainage in, 37palpation of, 132, 132fradiographic uptake in, 406SLC of, 698–99, 699fsubchondral defects of, 698–99, 699fsuperficial dissection of, 28f

Elbow joint. See Cubital jointElectric eye, 154fElectrolytes

disturbance of, 946supplementation with, 953

Electromagnetic therapy, 962–63Electromyography (EMG), 942Electro-physical agents, 1023EMG. See ElectromyographyEncephalitis

Eastern/Western/Venezuelan, 1107equine protozoal myelo-, 1107

Endoscopic lavage, 1117Endoscopy

for infection evaluation, 465for navicular disease, 489, 489f

Endurance horsesArabians as, 1055competitions for, 156f, 1056examination of, 1057in FEI World Endurance Championships,

1058ffoot lameness in, 1060–61, 1061flameness in, 113f, 1057–61,

1059f–1061fmuscle disorders in, 1059–60poorly performing, 1097suspensory desmitis in, 1060, 1060ftendinitis in, 1061, 1061fthermography in, 1061fveterinary control of, 1055–57, 1056f

Enostoses, of tibia, 780–81, 781fEnostosis-like lesion, radiographic imaging

of, 407fEntheses, soft tissue radiology of, 227,

227f–228fEnthesopathy, 405fEnthesophyte, 236Enzymes

COX, 975deficiency of, 943of muscles, 941

Epidermal laminar interface, failure of, 538Epiphyseal cartilage, ossification of, 361Epiphysitis

clinical signs of, 1132diagnosis of, 1132–33etiology of, 1132prognosis of, 1134treatment of, 1133

Equimetrix® by Centaure-MétrixTM

development of, 162evaluation with, 162f, 163output from, 163f

Equine Digital Support System, 551fEquine metabolic syndrome, 542Equine motor neuron disease, 1107Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, 1107Equioxx® (Firocoxib), 977Equiproxen (Naproxen), 977Equivalent exposures, 220tEquuSense by Equusys Inc., 156, 156fEstrogen, 959ESWT. See Extracorporeal shock wave

therapyEvenness, 95Eventing horses

introduction to, 1073, 1073flameness management in, 1077–82poor performance of, 1096SDFT injuries in, 1081training of, 1075

Exercisearthritis from, 879-based treatment techniques, for motor

control, 1023–25, 1024fcontrolled, in navicular, 484for exertional rhabdomyolysis, 951–52immature skeleton during, 894,

894f–895f-induced bone remodeling, 895–96, 896fpassive stretching, 1013–14, 1013fresponse test, 941tendons injuries from, with age, 931–32,

932fvisual examination at, 115–16

Exertional rhabdomyolysismanagement of, 951–54, 952ttypes of, 947–50, 948t

Exfoliation, 1213, 1215f–1216fExostosis, chronic, 229fExtending force, 1185fExtensor branch, 65fExtensor carpi radialis

effusion of, 129ftendon, damage to, 668–69, 669f

Extensor carpus ulnariscross-section of, 26fimage of, 23f

Extensor fossa, attachment in, 50fExtensor muscles, types of, 27–29, 28fExtensor process, fracture of, 122fExtensor tendon, calcification of, 500fExternal fixation

of fractures, 909–10, 910fskeletal, 583f, 586

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1226 Index

Extracellular matrix, 538diagram of, 875f

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT), use of, 736, 961–62

Facet jointsarthritis of, 858–62, 859f–861fcervical

centesis of, 201La45D-LaVO of, 332f–335fOA of, 867–69, 868f–869f

lumbar, 861fthoracic, necropsy specimen of, 860f

Farrierybasic terms of, 1192tclub foot view by, 1200–201, 1201ffoot evaluation by, 1179–82,

1180f–1182ffoot response to, 1199–1203,

1199f–1203fglue-on methods of, 1198, 1198fnon-nail alternatives in, 1197–98radiography and, 1203–1207,

1203f–1206fscience of, 995

Fast low angle shot sequence (FLASH), 428f–429f

Fat, MSC from, 967–68Fatigue fractures, in Quarter horses, 897,

897fFatty acids, 981FED. See Focal spot-film distanceFEI World Endurance Championships,

1058fFemoral artery

branches of, 63image of, 62f

Femoral condyle lesionsetiology of, 806, 806ftreatment of, 807

Femoral headcapital physeal fractures of, 830right, VD of, 322f–323f

Femoral nerve, paralysis of, 820–21Femoral trochlea, fractures of, 789–90, 790fFemoropatellar joint. See Stifle jointFemoropatellar ligament, 54fFemorotibial joint. See Stifle jointFemur

CaCr of, 318f–319fconditions of, 814CrPR-DiCrO of, 320f–321fdiaphyseal fractures of, 814–17,

814f–817fflexed LM of, 316f–317fligament head of, 62fLM of, 312f–313fmetaphyseal fractures of, 814–17,

814f–817fpalpation of, 139, 141fradioactive imaging of, 392fround ligament of, rupture of, 826–27swelling of, 141fV25M-DLO of, 324f–325f

Fetlockanatomy of, 3, 5tangle of, 81blood vessels of, 15–16constriction of, by palmar/plantar anular

ligament, 616–18, 617fdeformity of, 1153fdropping of, 648fextension of, 166fflexion test, 125f, 144, 144f, 1161functions of, 20, 20f

of hindlimb, 39hyperextension of, 1075f, 1076flameness in

diagnosis of, 438timaging of, 426f

medial aspect of, 17fMRI of, 438–43, 438t, 439–442f

of abnormalities, 438–40, 439f–440fintroduction to, 438lesion incidence in, 438, 438tprotocol for, 438

nerves of, 19–20palpation of, 123–24, 124fplantar region of, thickening of, 619fproton density image of, 424fradiologic imaging of, 398–401,

399f–401fsagittal section of, 12fSCLs of, 609–10, 610fstructures of, 15suspensory apparatus of, 39varus, 1140f, 1142f–1143f

Fetlock joint (metacarpophalangeal joint)arthrodesis of, 613fcapsule, distention of, 124fcollateral sesamoidean approach to, 189,

189fdiagram of, 873fdistal palmar approach to, 189–90dorsal approach to, 190, 190fdorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique view

of, 260f–261fdorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique view

of, 266f–267fdorsoproximal-palmarodistal projection

of, 258f–259fflexed lateromedial projection of,

256f–257fflexion tests for, 1161fractures of, in racehorse, 1034finjection sites for, 189finjuries in, 1081lateromedial projection of, 254f–255flateroproximal-distomedial oblique view

of, 264f–265flateroproximodorsal-mediodistopalmar

oblique view of, 262f–263fluxation of, 614–15, 614f–615fnerve blocks in, 188–90, 189f–190fnormal, 235fOA of, 607–09, 608f–609f

from trauma, 884fOCDs of, 1161osseus bodies on, 238fosteochondral chip fracture of, 594–97,

594f–597fosteochondral fragmentation in, 998–99,

1001f–1004fosteochondrosis of, 240fproximal palmar approach to, 188–89in Quarter horse racehorses, 1050–51,

1051fracehorse injuries in, 1031–32, 1034fradiograph of, 226f, 228ftraumatic arthritis of, 607–09,

608f–609fFibroblast growth factor, 881fFibrotic myopathy

characteristics of, 818, 818fclinical signs of, 819, 819f–820fimage of, 137ftreatment of, 819–20

FibulaCaCr of, 318f–319ffractures of, 781–82, 781f

Fibularis tertius, 49Fibular tarsal bone. See CalcaneusField gradients, use of, 417Fifth carpal bone, flexed lateromedial

projection of, 274f–275fFilm badges, 378fFilm markers, 215Film processing, 211, 212tFirocoxib (Equioxx®), 977First carpal bone, flexed lateromedial

projection of, 274f–275fFistulography, 221–22, 222fFitness, level of, 106FLASH. See Fast low angle shot sequenceFlat bone, 79Flat-face linear transducers, 357–58Flat foot, 93Flexing force, 1185fFlexion tests

for axial skeleton, 836f–837fcarpal, 144distal limb, 126f, 144, 144ffor elbow, 144–45fetlock, 125f, 144, 144f, 1155full limb forelimb, 146, 147ffor hindlimb, 146, 147fLameness Locator TM for, 159–60, 160ffor shoulder, 145, 145ffor stifle, 146, 147ffor tarsal joint, 145–46, 146ftypes of, 143upper forelimb, 145, 145fupper limb, 145ffor vertebral column, 837f

Flexor carpi radialis, 29Flexor muscles

of shoulder joint, 35types of, 29

Flexor retinaculum, 26fFlexor tendons

laceration of, 373fpalpation of, 128, 129f

Flexural deformitiesacquired, 1147–49of carpus, 667–68, 667fclinical signs of, 1148f–1150f, 1150congenital, 1145–47, 1145f–1146fdiagnosis of, 1148f, 1149–50, 1151fof DIP, 1149fin foals, 1145–53, 1145f–1153fprognosis of, 1153in Quarter horse, 1147f–1148f, 1150fsurgery for, 1151–53treatment of, 1150–53, 1150f–1151f

Flotation, 1192t, 1193fFlunixin meglumine (Banamine®), 976Fluorosis, 920–21, 921fFlying lead change, in canter, 99fFoals

ALD in, 1126, 1138–44, 1138f–1143fanti-inflammatory therapy for, 1177bone development in, 894, 894f–895fcarpal injuries in, 1167, 1167fcarpal valgus in, 1140f–1141fclub foot in, 1151fcongenital conditions in, 1170–71, 1171fDOD in, 1170elbow injuries in, 1167–69, 1169fflexural deformities in, 1145–53,

1145f–1153ffoot injuries in, 1165–67, 1166fhock injuries in, 1167, 1167flameness in

diagnosis of, 1165infectious causes of, 1171–72

bindex.indd 1226 9/25/2018 4:27:49 PM

Index 1227

noninfectious causes of, 1165–71, 1166f, 1168f–1169f, 1171f

muscle diseases of, 942–44nutrition for, 1177pelvic injuries in, 1169–70physeal fractures in, 1170premature development of, 1124fproximal sesamoid bone injuries in,

1167, 1168fradius/ulna in, 1124fseptic arthritis in, 1172shoulder injuries in, 1167–69, 1169fstifle injuries in, 1169

Focal spot-film distance (FED), 208, 208fmeasurements for, 209f

Foot. See also Hoofabscess of, 516–17, 517fanatomy of, 3bare-, 1188–89, 1214–15Buttress, 93–94, 94f, 498fcare of, 1179club, 94, 94f, 1151f, 1200–201, 1201fconcavity of, 121fconformation of, 92–93, 92f–93fcontracted, 93, 93fcoon-, 94–95, 95fdermal microcirculation of, 16–19different, horse with, in front, 114fdistalproximal-palmarodistal oblique

view of, 250f–251fdorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view

of, 252f–253fdorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique

projection of, 244f–245fof draft horse, 1084–87, 1084f–1087fevaluation of, 1179–82, 1180f–1182fexamination of, 119, 119fexfoliation of, 1213, 1215f–1216fflat, 93flight of, arc of, 111ffore, 92, 92f, 386f

evaluation of, 119fnormal, 516f

foreign bodies in, 523f–524fground reaction forces of, 540fhind, 93, 93f

with overgrown bars, 120finjuries in

in foals, 1165–67, 1166fpenetrating, 523–25, 523f–525fin standardbred racehorses, 1041in Thoroughbred racehorse, 1031,

1031finternal structures of, 9–12, 9f–12flameness in

acute onset, 425f, 430f, 437fin endurance horse, 1060–61, 1061fMRI studies of, 429t

landing of, 111lateromedial projection of, 242f–243fmapping of, 1213–14, 1214fMRI of, 427–38, 428f–437f, 429t

introduction to, 427protocol for, 427–28, 428f

normal, 92fpain in, 1077palmar, 1183, 1183fpalmarodistal oblique projection of,

246f–247fpalmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique

view of, 248f–249fpalmar syndrome of, 476bpath, 83f

arc of, 111fradioactive imaging of, 384, 385f, 386

for disease, 398–401, 399f–401fresponse, to farriery, 1199–203,

1199f–1203fschematic drawing of, 1180fsoft tissue injuries in, 494–98, 496f–497fsore, 153strain of, 111thermography of, 468trauma of, acute, 491–92trimming of, 1186–88, 1186f–1188fvascular canals of, 251fvenous drainage of, 19, 19f

Footing, movement and, 105Forearm. See AntebrachiumForefoot, 92, 92f, 119f

normal, 516fradioactive imaging of, 386f

Foreign bodiesin foot, 523f–524fultrasound evaluation of, 373–74, 374f

Forelimbabaxial sesamoid nerve block in, 176,

176fbase narrow faults in, 81–83, 82f, 85fbase wide faults in, 82–83, 83f, 85fblood vessels to, 10fconformation of, 75correctness of, 79, 80fcranial views of, 79fimmobilization of, 899–900kinematics of, 168f–169flameness in

evaluation of, 116–18, 119fhead movement in, 168f–169fLameness LocatorTM for, 157–58, 158f,

160f–161flameness of, 835tlateral views of, 79floading force on, measurement of, 163fmid-, immobilization of, 899–900musculoskeletal problems in, of pleasure

horses, 1062–63, 1062fnerve blocks of, 175–80, 175f–180fneuroanatomy of, 175radioactive imaging of, 385f

Forgingdefinition of, 96bexample of, 102, 102f

Four-point rail shoe, 550, 551fFourth metacarpal bone

dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique projection of, 278f–279f

dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique view of, 271f

dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view of, 270f

dorsopalmar view of, 269fFourth metatarsal bone

D45L-PIMO of, 296f–297f, 306f–307fD45M-PILO of, 298f–299fDPI of, 294f–295f, 304f–305fproximal fractures of, 641f–642f

Fourth tarsal bone, attachments of, 50fFractures. See also Specific fractures i.e.

Comminuted fracturesof accessory carpal bone, 676–77, 677farthroscopically assisted repair of, with lag

screw fixation, 999–1000, 1005fof calcaneus, 749–51, 750fcausing lameness, 910–11of cervical vertebrae, 869, 869fcharacteristics of, 896–97of coffin bone, 1166fCT of, 455f–457fof distal metacarpus, 621–25, 621f–624f

of distal phalanx, 457f, 501–08, 501f–507f, 506t, 1207

of distal tibial physis, 776of elbow, 693–97, 694f–696fof femoral trochlea, 789–90, 790fof femur, metaphyseal, 814–17,

814f–817fof fetlock joint, in racehorse, 1034fof fibula, 781–82, 781ffixation of, 902–03

external, 909–10, 910finternal, 906f, 908–09, 908f–910f, 915f

of fourth metatarsal bone, 641f–642fhealing of, 901of humerus, 701–05, 701f, 703fof ilial shaft, 843–44kit for, 898fof long bones, 1170of middle phalanx, 399fof navicular bone, 491–93, 492f–493fof P1, 398f

clinical signs of, 582comminuted, 585–87, 586fdiagnosis of, 582, 584fin dorsal cortex, 581fetiology of, 580, 582noncomminuted, 582–85, 585fprognosis of, 587of proximal/plantar eminence, 596–97radiograph of, 580ftreatment of, 582–85, 585ftypes of, 579–80

of P2comminuted, 576–78, 576f–578fetiology of, 573–74, 574ftreatment of, 574–76, 574f–576ftypes of, 572–73, 572f

of patella, 790–92, 791f–792f, 1082of physis, 1126–29, 1127f–1130fof proximal tibial physis, 774–76, 775fof pubis, 843, 844fin Quarter horse racehorses, 1053of radius, 687–92, 687f–692fof scapula, 721–23, 721f–723fof sesamoid bone

comminuted, 600fprognosis of, 604proximal, 597–604, 598f–601f, 895fin racehorses, 1033ftreatment of, 602–03

of sesamoidean bone, articular abaxial, 598f–599f, 601f

of spinous processes, 856–57, 857fof splint bones, 124, 640–44, 640f–643f,

679fstabilization of, 898–99, 899fof stifle joint, 789–90, 790f

with patellar fracture, 790–92, 791f–792f

of supraglenoid tubercle, 723–24, 724fof third metacarpal bone, 631–36,

632f–635f, 903fcondyles of, 626–31, 626f–629fin racehorse, 1034f

of third metatarsal bone, 631–36, 632f–635f

of condyles, 626–31, 626f–629fof third tarsal bone, 399fof tibia, 770–76, 771f–775f

diaphyseal/metaphyseal, 776–79, 777f–779f

stress, 780, 1036, 1036f, 1053of tibial malleoli, 748–49of tooth, 452fof ulna, 693–97, 694f–696f

bindex.indd 1227 9/25/2018 4:27:49 PM

1228 Index

Froganatomy of, 3, 6fatrophy of, 120fbase of, 1185–86, 1185fnail in, 120fstructures of, 1185f

Full bar shoes, 504fFull limb forelimb flexion test, 146, 147f

Gait, 95abnormalities in, 835tanalysis of, compensatory mechanisms

in, 110defect in, 102

lateral, 103–04in lameness, 110natural, 96neurological, 1104, 1107sensory integration device for, 1024f

Gallop, beats of, 100fGame ReadyTM Equine, 1065fGamma camera

positioning of, 383f–386fuse of, 380, 380f–381f

Ganglion, 671Gas, soft tissue radiology of, 226–27,

227fGaskin. See CrusGastrocnemius digital flexor muscle,

rupture of, 764–65, 764fGastrocnemius muscle, 53f

lateral head of, 54fmedial head of, 55f

Gastrocnemius tendinitis, 763, 763fGBED. See Glycogen branching enzyme

deficiencyGE. See Gradient echoGeiger Muller survey instrument, 378fGenetic testing, 942Genu. See StifleGLN. See GlucosamineGLN-CS. See Glucosamine and chondroitin

sulfateGlucosamine (GLN), 979Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate

(GLN-CS), 980Glue-on shoes, 1197–98, 1198fGluteal muscles, atrophy of, 114fGluteal rise, 117Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency

(GBED), 943Glycoproteins, 875Glycosaminoglycan, 874

intra-articular polysulfated, 967polysulfated, 957–58

Gradient echo (GE), 419sequences of, 425

Gravel, 518, 519fGravitational device, for plasma, 652fGravity, center of, 75Grids, 215Ground reaction forces

of foot, 540fmeasurement of, 154–55, 154f

Growthasynchronous longitudinal, 1138f,

1139–40asynchronous physeal

conservative treatment of, 1140surgery for, 1141–42

factors, 878in articular matrix degradation, 881finsulin-like, 877studies of, 972for tendons, 927

plateclosure times of

in pelvic limbs, 66tin thoracic limbs, 66t

morphology of, 1123, 1123frings, 987f

GYS1 mutation, 950

Half pass, in dressage, 1074fHalf-round shoes, 1191fHallmarq Equine Limbscanner®, 418fHandle cassette holder, 216fHCTP+PS. See Periosteal strippingHead. See also Femoral head

conformation of, 75height of, with hoof height, 168f–169fmovement of, 111–12, 118

in forelimb lameness, 168f–169fnormal, 168f

out, on circles, 835tposition of, evaluation of, 158proportions of, 79symmetry of, 1105

Headshaking syndromebit problems in, 1101–02,

1101f–1102fclinical signs of, 1099diagnosis of, 1110, 1110fetiology of, 1098–99introduction to, 1098prognosis of, 1102treatment of, 1100–01

Heart bar shoe, 550, 550fHeel

cracks in, 534–35, 534felevation of, 1151f

for DDFT tension, 485, 486fof hoof capsule, 1185–86, 1185flift for, 101flow-, foot conformation, 1199–200,

1199f–200fnarrow, 93fovergrown, 120fpain in, 1077palpation of, 122fwedge, 989f

Height, 95of head, 168f–169f

Hematogenous infection, 912–13, 912f–913f

Hematogenous osteomyelitis, 1172Hemicircumferential transaction, of

periosteum, incision of, 666fHemorrhage, in luxation, 614fHerbs, 982Hereditary multiple exostosis, 921–22,

922fHF 100 Equine technique chart, 220tHigh 2-point block, 179High 4-point nerve blocks, 177, 178fHigh-field MRI, low-field v., 437–38High-frequency transformers, 209High palmar nerve block, 177, 178fHigh plantar block, 181, 181fHindfoot

normal, 93, 93fwith overgrown bars, 120f

Hindlimbbase narrow faults in, 92, 92fbase wide faults in, 91f, 92blood vessels of, 39, 41fcollapsed, 835tconformation of, 75, 88–90, 88f–90fcontact of, at trot, 103fdeviation in, 84f

digit of, 39evaluation of, 116–18faults in, 90–95, 91f–95ffetlock of, 39flexion test for, 146, 147fkinematics of, 170flameness of

chronic, 110fkinematics of, 170fwith Lameness LocatorTM, 158–59,

159f–161fpelvis in, 114frectal examination for, 148, 149f

lateral view of, 50fnerve blocks of, 180–83, 181f–182fnerves of, 39neuroanatomy of, 180–81normal, 88f, 90fof pleasure horses, musculoskeletal

problems in, 1063–64protraction of, 167fPVC splint of, 900fsliding plate on, 1069fsynovial osteochondroma in, 800underdeveloped, 149

Hipblood supply to, 63–64caudal aspect of, 63cranial aspect of, 63deep dissection of, 61fdysplasia of, 823–25, 823f–825fhike, 117lateral aspect of, 58, 59f–60flowered, 835tmedial aspect of, 61, 62fnerves of, 59–60palpation of, 139, 141froll, 117

Hip joint (coxofemoral)delayed phase imaging of, 393–94,

393f–394finfectious arthritis of, 823–24, 823finjection site for, 200fmovements of, 64nerve blocks in, 199–200, 200fOA of, 411f, 829–30, 829fOC of, 823–25, 824f–825fproblems of, 823radioactive imaging of, 384f

in disease, 408, 410f–411fstructures of, 64

HIS. See Hospital Information SystemHock. See TarsusHock hitting, 103fHock joint. See Tarsal jointHoof. See also Foot

abscess of, 1208–14angle of, 81arc of, 99avulsion injuries in, 530–34, 530f–534fbalance of, 1181, 1181tcapsule, heel of, 1185–86, 1186fcapsule morphology of, 987care of

in draft horse, 1084fin early laminitis, 547–48in rotation, 548–52, 549f–552f

conformation of, 1183, 1183fpoor, 476–77, 476f–477f

coriums relationship to, 7fcrack in, 121f, 534–35, 535f, 1086,

1086fcurettes, 1208tdistortions of, 1211–13, 1211f, 1213fgouge, 1197f

bindex.indd 1228 9/25/2018 4:27:49 PM

Index 1229

growth ofdifficulty of, 534fin laminitis, 544f

height, with head height, 168f–169fknife, 1187fML balance of, 103, 104fnippers, 1187f-pastern axis, 1183–84, 1184fphotomicrograph cross-section of, 9fpigmented, 7rasp, 1187ftesters of, 121f

Hoof wallanatomy of, 3–9, 6f–9fangles, 87fcoronary region of, 8fdefects, 1203–04distorted, 1211fforces acting on, 20fgrowth of, 6problems with, 119fremoval of, over keratoma, 529fresection of, 552f, 555–56, 1206fscrew through, 506f, 529ftopography of, solar surface of, 6f

Hormone therapy, 953Horn, of sole, 9fHorses. See also Specific horses i.e.

Thoroughbred horsesadult, muscle disorders in, 944–54age of, 106, 931–33, 933fbalance of, 75, 76fbarefoot, trimming of, 1188–89behavioral issues of, 835fwith different front feet, 114fhandling of, 115kinematic marking of, 165fperformance, at work, 152–53poorly performing, 1095–97proportions of, 74f, 77fquality of, 79radioactivity in, 380fradiologic uptake in, normal, 403fstanding, manipulations of, 1105types of, 73

lameness in, 113fHospital Information System (HIS), 215Hot spots, in nuclear medicine, 397Hua Tou Jia Jia points, 204Human torso array coil, 417fHumeroradial joint. See Cubital jointHumeroulnar joint. See Cubital jointHumerus

CrCa of, 290f–291ffractures of, 701–05, 701f, 703flength of, 80ML of, 288f–289f, 292f–293fslope of, 79

Hyaluronanaction of, 965–66benefits of, 958clinical trials of, 971commonly used, 966twith corticosteroids, 966–67efficacy of, 966

Hyaluronic acid, 980Hydrogen nuclei, 417Hygroma

of carpus, 130fetiology of, 670treatment of, 671

Hypaxial muscles, 71Hyperextended carpus, 85Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP),

943–44

Hyperthermia, malignant, 951Hypertrophic osteopathy, 923–24,

923f–924fHypertrophy zone, 1124Hypochaeris radicata, 768HYPP. See Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

Iatrogenic osteomyelitis, 914ICL. See Inferior check ligamentIdiopathic synovitis. See Bog spavinIdiopathic tenosynovitis, ultrasound of,

367–68IGF-1. See Insulin-like growth factorIliac arteries, thrombosis of, 845–46Iliacofemoral vein, 61fIlial shaft fractures, 843–44Ilial wing fractures, 841, 842f–843fIliocostalis muscle, 70fIliolumbar artery, 61fIliopsoas muscle, palpation of, 149fIlium

right, VD of, 322f–323fV25M-DLO of, 324f–325f

Imbalance, from movement, 105Immobilization methods

for elbow, 900limb support for, 899ffor MC, 899for MT, 900for phalanges, 899purpose of, 899for radius, 900, 901ffor tarsus, 901for tibia, 770–71, 901, 902f

Impingement, of dorsal spinous process, 854–55

Impulsion, 95Incomplete fractures, 897–98Indirect conversion, 213–14Indirect MRI arthrography, 427Infection

antimicrobial delivery systems for, 1117–20, 1118f

ascending, of white line, 518, 519fin avulsion injuries, 1117fin bones, 911–16, 911f–915fin calcaneal bursa, 914fof collateral cartilage, 514–15, 515fevaluation of, 465hematogenous, 912–13, 912f–913forthopedic, prevention of, 1113–14in surgery, 1115tof synovial sheath, 368treatment of, 1115–16, 1116f

Infectious arthritis, of hip joint, 825–26, 825f

Infectious osteitis, 911–12, 911fInfectious physitis, 916Infectious pododermatitis, in draft horses,

1085Inferior carpal check ligament, palpation

of, 128Inferior check ligament (ICL)

desmitis, 1081desmotomy, 488–89ultrasound of, 341f–343f, 346

Inflammationin carpus, 668–71, 669f–670fof DFTS, 617fof infraspinatus bursa, 712, 712fof intertubercular bursa, 708–11,

708f–710fintralesional injections for, 971–73in laminitis, 537–38medications for

intrasynovial, 964–68topical/local, 961–63

of muscles, 940of patellar ligaments, 138of stifle joint, 783–84, 783fof tarsal sheath, 761f

Inflammatory phase, of healing, 902Infraspinatus bursa

inflammation of, 712, 712flocation of, 712f

Infraspinatus muscle, structures related to, 33–34

Injection sitesfor calcaneal bursa, 197ffor carpal joint, 192ffor carpometacarpal joint, 178ffor carpus, 191ffor coffin joint, 186ffor elbow joint, 192ffor fetlock joint, 189f–190ffor hip joint, 200ffor local anesthesia, 176ffor palmar digital nerve, 175ffor pastern joint, 188fpreparation of, 183for radiocarpal joint, 192ffor sacroiliac joint, 201f, 852–53, 853ffor shoulder region, 194ffor stifle joint, 197f–199ffor tarsal joints, 195for TMT, 196f

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)benefits of, 973image of, 881fuse of, 877

Interfering, 96bInterfragmentary compress, 907fInterleukin-1

activation by, 883fflow diagram of, 881f

Internal fixationASIF, 906fradiograph of, 910fof third metacarpal bone, 915ftypes of, 908–09, 908f–909f

Interosseus medius muscle. See Suspensory ligament

Interosseus perfusion, 1116fIntersesamoid desmitis, 442, 442fIntertubercular bursa, inflammation of,

708–11, 708f–710fIntra-articular fractures

acetabular, 830–31, 831fof carpus, 671–76, 673f–675fof femoropatellar joint, 789–90, 790fof stifle, 804–06, 805f–806fof tarsocrural joint, 747–50, 748f–749f

Intra-articular ligaments, arthroscopy evaluation of, 462, 463f

Intra-articular polysulfated glycosaminoglycans, 967

Intralesional injections, for inflammation, 971–73

Intra-medullary pinning, 908, 908f, 910fIntrasynovial anesthesia, 181. See also

Nerve blocksgeneral technique for, 183–84guidelines for, 185trestraints for, 184use of, 183

Intrasynovial medicationantimicrobials, 1117–18for navicular, 486–87practical considerations for, 968types of, 964–68

bindex.indd 1229 9/25/2018 4:27:50 PM

1230 Index

Inversion recovery (IR), 419Involucrum, 230fIon chamber, 378fIR. See Inversion recoveryIschium

right, VD of, 322f–323fV25M-DLO of, 324f–325f

Isoxsuprine hydrochloride, for navicular disease, 487, 959

Jogger, 115Joints. See also Specific joint i.e. Synovial

jointanatomy of, 871–72, 872fangle measurements of, for lameness,

165–66, 166fcapsule

attachment of, 62fthickening of, 122fultrasound of, 360, 360f

classification of, 871disease

alignment and, 236radiographic changes associated with

general, 235–36, 236fspecific, 237–40, 238f–240

thermography of, 468–69, 469fdynamic examination of, 358effusion of, 1139fendoscopy evaluation of, 465extension of, 111flexion angles, 111function of, 872–73, 872f–873finjury

diagnostic ultrasound for, 356–57ultrasound of

equipment for, 357–58indications for, 357technique for, 357–59

lubrication of, 877–78mobilization of, 1014–15, 1019–20, 1019fspace, on radiograph, 235trauma to, in articular cartilage, 880f

Jumping/hunting horsesimage of, 1072fintroduction to, 1072lameness management in, 1077–82poor performance of, 1096SDFT injuries in, 1081suspensory desmitis in, 1078–79training of, 1074–75

Juvenile spavin, 891–92, 892f

Keratomacharacteristics of, 527–28clinical signs of, 528, 528fhoof wall removal over, 529fradiograph of, 528ftreatment of, 528–29white line caused by, 528f

Kilovoltage, 208Kimzey splint, 612fKinematics

of forelimb, 168f–169fof hindlimb, 170fmarking horse for, 165fmeasurement of, 155–63, 155f–163fmotion parameters for, 165study of, 165

Kinesio TapeTM, 1024fKinetics

measurement of, 154–55, 154fstudy of, 171

Knee. See CarpusKnock knees, 85–86

Kyphosisof thoracolumbar region, 141fin Thoroughbred horses, 864f

L45Ca-CrMO. See Laterocaudal-craniomedial oblique projection

La45D-LaVO. See Laterodorsal-lateroventral oblique projection

Lacerationsof coronary band, 532f–533fof flexor tendons, 373fof tendons, 657–59, 657f–658f, 935–37,

937fultrasound of, 372, 373f

Lag screwsarthroscopically assisted repair with, of

fractures, 999–1000, 1005fimages of, 577f, 581f–585f, 675fplacement of, 624fprinciple of, 904–08, 904f–907f

Lamenessacupuncture for, 1010–11, 1011f

for diagnosis, 204–05adaptive strategies for, 109–10baseline, 110camera-based kinematic evaluation of,

155fclassification of, 110–12clinical examination of, 836, 837fcompensatory, 110, 159, 160fconformation in, 73CT indications for, 458–59description of, 118tin draft horses, 1084–89, 1084f–1089fin endurance horse, 113f, 1057–61,

1059f–1061fexamination of

at exercise, 115–16in forelimb/hindlimb, 116–18palpation for, 118–19in Quarter horses, 1049–50at rest, 112in Standardbred racehorse, 1039–41,

1040fat work, 151–53

in fetlock, imaging of, 426fin foals, 1165–72, 1166f, 1168f–1169f,

1171fin foot

acute onset, 425f, 430f, 437fin endurance horse, 1060–61,

1061fMRI studies of, 429t

in forelimb, 116–18, 119f, 157–58, 158f, 160f–161f, 168f, 835t

fractures causing, 910–11gait in, 110grading of, 118in hindlimb, 110f, 114f, 148, 149f,

158–59, 159f–161fhistory of, 112in horse types, by occupation, 113fintroduction to, 109joint angle measurements for, 165–66,

166flimb flight arc variables for, measurement

of, 166–67, 167fin metacarpophalangeal region, 438tnuclear imaging of, 401fin performance horses

common problems in, 1077diagnosis of, 1076–77management of, 1077–82

push-off, 169, 170fin racehorses, 1030–31

sensor-based evaluation system of, 156–57, 157f

shoeing and, 112signalment and, 112, 1095standard detection of, 154stride timing measurement for, 166,

166f–167fof tarsus, 725, 1053thermographic diagnosis of, specific

applications for, 468–73, 469f–472f

in thoroughbred racehorse, 113ftoe-in in, 84ftrack surfaces related, 1048in training, 152trochanteric, 821–22, 822fuse and, 112vertical torso movements in,

measurement of, 166–71, 166f–170f

vitamins for, 981–82weight and, 112whirlbone, 821–22, 822f

Lameness LocatorTM by EquinosisTM

for compensatory lameness, 159, 160f

development of, 156–57, 157ffor flexion tests, 159–60, 160ffor forelimb lameness, 157–58, 158f,

160f–161ffor hindlimb lameness, 158–59,

159f–161fin lungeing, 160, 162, 162foutput of, 158f–162f

Laminaedigital, 540–42, 540f–542fstresses in, 540–42, 540f–542f

Laminar basal epithelial cell, 538Laminar vascular dynamics, 537Laminitis

acute, pathogenesis of, 538–40, 539fanticoagulant therapy for, 547anti-inflammatory therapy for, 546–47casting in, 553, 554fcharacteristics of, 535–36chronic, 542f

with distal displacement, 552with unilateral distal displacement,

553, 553fclassic stance of, 543fclinical signs of, 543, 543fdebridement in, 555, 555fdiagnosis of, 544in draft horses, 1086–87, 1087fdrainage in, 555, 555fhoof care in, 547–48

rotation in, 548–52, 549f–552fhoof growth in, 544finflammation in, 537–38literature about, 536NSAIDs for, 546–47Obel grades of, 542tpasture-associated, 542predisposing factors for, 542radiography for, 544–46, 545fshoeing in, 549–52, 550f–552fsplinting in, 553, 554ftreatment of, 546, 548

Landingfoot strain in, 111mechanics of, 98, 98f

Laser therapy, 962–63Lateral deviation, of carpus, 86, 86fLateral digital extensor myotenectomy,

769f

bindex.indd 1230 9/25/2018 4:27:50 PM

Index 1231

Lateral femorotibial joint, nerve blocks for, 189, 189f

Lateral meniscus, 56fLateral palmar nerve, block of

lateral approach, 177–78, 178fmedial approach, 179, 179f

Lateral saphenous vein, 53fLateral survey radiograph, 223, 223fLateral walk, 835tLaterocaudal-craniomedial oblique

projection (L45Ca-CrMO), of stifle joint, 314f–315f

Laterodorsal-lateroventral oblique projection (La45D-LaVO), of cervical vertebral facets, 332f–335f

Lateroflexion, of caudal thoracic spine, 837f

Lateromedial projection (LM)of accessory carpal bone, 273f–275fof distal phalanges, 242f–243fof fetlock joint, 254f–257fof MC, 267f–268fof stifle joint, 312f–313f, 316f–317f,

794–95of tarsus, 300f–301f

flexed, 302f–303fLatissimus dorsi, 70fLavage

arthroscopic, 1117endoscopic, 1117needle, 1116–17, 1117ffor synovial cavities, 1116–17, 1117f

Law of sides, 160fLead

apron, 379fglove, 219fsyringe shields, 379f

Leg. See CrusLegend®, 958Lesions

of cartilage, 441, 441farticular, 362f, 440–42, 441f

of collateral ligaments, of distal interphalangeal joint, 433–34, 433f

of CSL, 435, 435fof DIP, 436, 436fof distal phalanges, 436, 437fof DSIL, 434–35, 434fenostosis-like, radiographic imaging of,

407ffemoral condyle, 806–7, 806fof fetlock region, MRI incidence of, 438,

438tidentifiable, 428tincidence of, 429, 429t

in MT/MC, 443, 444tat medial femoral condyle, 362–63, 363fin myelography, 224, 224fof navicular bone, 431–33, 432f–433f,

481f–482fosteochondral, 361–62, 362f, 715fosteolytic, of calcaneal tuber, 752, 752fof P2, 436, 437fpoorly detected, 437SCL, 363

characteristics of, 893–94, 893f–894fclinical signs of, 512of distal phalanx, 511–12, 512fof elbow, 698–99, 699fetiology of, 512of fetlock, 609–10, 610fnuclear scintigraphy for, 802OCDs and, 1163

prognosis of, 512, 610of stifle, 801–4, 802f–803fsurgery for, 610ultrasound for, 803, 803f

Leverage bits, 1100fLigaments. See also Specific ligament i.e.

Suspensory ligamentbiomechanics of, 930, 930fblood supply to, 929functions of, 930injuries to, 930–31

healing from, 933–34, 933tin racehorses, 1036–37, 1037f

molecular composition of, 928–29, 929fthermography of, 470–71, 471fultrasound evaluation of, 339, 352

of pathology, 352, 353f, 354Ligamentum nuchae, 69Light-beam collimator, 208fLimb flight arc variables, measurement of,

for lameness, 166–67, 167fLM. See Lateromedial projectionLoading, 100f

force, measurement of, 163fLocal anesthesia

injection sites for, 176ftypes of, 173use of, 173

Local pressure, 148Loin, proportions of, 78Long bones

fractures of, 1170MRI diagnostic imaging of, 404, 405fthermography of, 468–69, 469f

Long digital extensor tendon, 65fLongissimus muscle, 70fLongitudinal articular fractures, 626–30,

626f–629fLongitudinal scan planes, 358Long plantar ligament, swelling in, 135fLong sloping pastern, 87–88, 88fLong-toe, 1199Lordosis, of back, 78f, 864Low 4-point block, 176–77, 177fLower motor neurons, 1105–6Low-field MRI, high-field v., 437–38Low-heel foot conformation, 1199–1200,

1199f–1200fLow palmar nerve, block of, 176–77, 177fLumbar facet joints, 861fLumbar vertebrae

anatomical specimen of, 859fbones of, 67f, 68flexion of, 143lateroflexion of, 837fradiograph of, 859fscintigraphic image of, 837f

Lumbosacral soreness, 152Lungeing, 160, 162, 162fLuxation

of carpus, 677–78, 678fcoxofemoral, 827–29, 828f–829fof elbow joint, 697–98, 697f–698fof fetlock joint, 614–15, 614f–615fhemorrhage in, 614fof patella, 798–99, 799fof PIP, 568–71, 570f–571fprognosis of, 615of SDFT, from calcaneus, 758–59, 758fof SHJ, 717–18, 717fof tarsal joint, 753–54, 753f–754f

Lymphatic drainagefrom elbow, 37in pelvis, 64in shoulder, 37

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)arthroscopy v., 460artifacts of, 421, 423, 423fof carpal region, 446contrast enhanced orthopedic, 427CT v., 452, 459disadvantages of, 419equipment for, 417–19, 418fevaluation of, 426–27example of, 417fof fetlock, 438–43, 438t, 439f–442ffinding of, in foot lameness, 429tof foot, 427–38, 428f–437f, 429thigh-field of, low-field v., 437–38indications for, 419indirect, arthrography, 427interpretation of, 423–26, 423f–426fintroduction to, 416low field, 418of metatarsal/metacarpal regions,

443–46, 444t, 445fof navicular disease, 483–84, 483f–484fpathologic validation of, 437physics of, 416–17principles of, 416–17protocols for, 419–21, 422tsignal intensities for, 420tspecialized techniques in, 427of stifle region, 447–48, 448of tarsal region, 446–47, 446f–447f,

725, 726f3-T magnet for, 418

Malignant hyperthermia, 951Malva parviflora, 768Mandibular draining tract, 451fManipulation tests, 143Manual therapy. See also Mobilization

contraindications to, 1015introduction to, 1013scope of, 1018types of, 1015t

Mark III portable digital radiography system, 213f

Marking systems, 215–16Massage

introduction to, 1013use of, 953–54

Matrix metalloproteases (MMP), 538activation of, 883frole of, 881–82therapy regarding, 547

Matrix turnover, 876–77, 877fMC. See MetacarpusMeclofenamic acid (Arquel), 977Medial collateral ligament

structure of, 48, 48ftesting of, 140f

Medial cutaneous nerve, block of, 179–80, 180f

Medial deviation of carpus, 85–86Medial deviation of hock, 91f, 92Medial displacement, of DDFT, 759Medial femoral condyle, lesions at,

362–63, 363fMedial femorotibial joint

effusion in, 138fnerve blocks in, 198, 198f

Medial-lateral balance (ML), 103, 104fMedial meniscus, 56fMedian nerve, block of, 179–80, 180fMediolateral projection (ML)

of elbow joint, 288f–289fof scapulohumeral joint, 292f–293f

Medullary sclerosis, radiographic imaging of, 407f

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1232 Index

Meloxicam (Metacam®), 977–78Menisci

arthroscopy evaluation of, 462, 463finjuries to, 810–12, 810f–811flateral/medial, 56fultrasound of, 364, 364f

Mesenchymal stem cell therapy (MSC)bone/fat-derived, 967–68clinical trials of, 972

Metacarpal exostosis (splints), 637–40, 638f–639f

Metacarpophalangeal joint. See Fetlock joint

Metacarpus (MC)caudal view of, 21f–22fdeformity of, 1152–53, 1153fdelayed phase in, 390fdisease of, 126fdistal, 17f, 886f

periostitis/fracture of, 621–25, 621f–624f

DMD, 1051dorsal aspect of, 21dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique view

of, 271fdorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view

of, 270fdorsopalmar view of, 269fimmobilization methods for, 899injuries in, in Standardbred racehorses,

1043LM of, 267f–268fmedial aspects of, 22, 23fMRI of, 434–46, 444t, 445f

primary diagnosis with, 444tpalmar aspects of, 23–24palpation of, 124–26, 125f, 127fproximal, abnormalities in, 443–44,

445fradiograph of, 227f, 229fradiologic imaging of, 401, 404, 404fsmall, fractures of, 640–44, 640f–643fstress fractures of, 625structures of, 21tuberosity, 268fultrasound zones for, 340f

Metaphyseal fracturesof femur, 814–17, 814f–817fof tibia, 776–79, 777f–779f

Metatarsal exostosis (splints), 637–40, 638f–639f

Metatarsophalangeal joint. See Fetlock joint

Metatarsus (MT)condyles of, fracture of, 626–31,

626f–629fD45L-PIMO of, 296f–297f, 306f–307fD45M-PILO of, 298f–299f, 308f–309fdeviation of, 637fdiaphyseal angular limb deformities of,

636–37, 637fdorsal aspect of, 42DPI of, 294f–295f, 304f–305fflexed LM of, 300f–301ffractures of, 631–36, 632f–635fimmobilization methods for, 900injuries in, in Standardbred racehorses,

1043lateral aspect of, 42LM of, 300f–301fmedial aspect of, 42medial dissection of, 45MRI of, 443–46, 444t, 445f

introduction to, 443lesion incidence in, 443, 444t

primary diagnosis with, 444tprotocols for, 443

open comminuted mid-diaphyseal fracture, 633f

palpation of, 124–26, 125fplantar aspect of, 42–43proximal, abnormalities in, 443–44, 445fradiologic imaging of, 401, 404, 404fsmall, fractures of, 640–44, 640f–643f

Methocarbamol (Robaxin), 959Methylprednisolone acetate, 965, 965tMethylsulfonylmethane (MSM), 980–81Midcervical spine, Rt-LeL of, 328f–329fMiddle fractures, 643Middle patellar ligament (MidPL), 797,

797fMiddle phalanx (P2)

fracture of, 399fcomminuted, 576–78, 576f–578fetiology of, 573–74, 574ftreatment of, 574–76, 574f–576ftypes of, 572–73, 572f

imaging of, 352flesions of, 436, 437f

Mid-forelimb, immobilization of, 899–900MidPL. See Middle patellar ligamentMineralization, soft tissue radiology of,

226, 226fMinerals, 981–82Minimum image acquisition counts, 382fMitochondrial myopathy, 954Mixed lameness, characteristics of, 110ML. See Medial-lateral balance;

Mediolateral projectionMMP. See Matrix metalloproteasesMobilization, 1014, 1014f

baited, 1022fof joints, 1014–15

technique for, 1019–20, 1019fwith movement techniques, 1020–23,

1021f–1022fof soft tissue, 1020thoracolumbar spinal extension, 1014,

1014fMotion of limb, during flight, 992Motor control, exercise-based treatment

techniques for, 1023–25, 1024fMovement

abnormalities in, 102, 102fconditioning and, 106from conformation, 104factors affecting, 104footing and, 105of head, 111–12, 118imbalance from, 105measurement of, 155–63, 155f–163fof neck, 111–12normal, 101pain from, 104–5shoeing and, 105with tack, 107terms associated with, 95btraction in, 106in training, 107

Movement techniques, mobilization with, 1020–23, 1021f–1022f

MRI. See Magnetic resonance imagingMSC. See Mesenchymal stem cell therapyMSM. See MethylsulfonylmethaneMT. See MetatarsusMultiple cartilaginous exostosis, 921–22,

922fMuscles. See also Specific type i.e. Rectus

femoris muscleabscess of, 946

altered tone of, 939atrophy of, 939, 939f–940f, 945fbiopsy of, 942, 942fcramping of, 946disorders, in endurance horses, 1059–60electrolyte disturbance of, 946enzymes of, 941growth of, 1123ischemia of, 945–46of neck, 69–70, 70foveruse of, 944pain in, 940substitution of, for shoulder joint

ligaments, 32–35swelling in, 940trauma of, 944–45, 944f–945fof trunk, 69–70, 70fultrasound evaluation of, 941–42

Musculoskeletal systemanatomic nomenclature for, 3, 4tancillary diagnostic tests of, 941–42,

942fdisorders of

in adult horses, 944–54in axial skeleton, 1064in barrel racing, 1068classification of, 939–40, 939fin cutting horses, 1070–71in foals, 942–44in forelimb, 1062–63, 1062fin hindlimb, 1063–64history of, 940physical exam of, 940–41in reining horses, 1069systemic/parenteral medications for,

957–59in team roping horses, 1066in tie-down roping, 1067–68

nuclear medicine evaluation of, 381–86, 382f–386f

thermography of, 471thoracic limbs of, 3, 4tultrasounds of, 372–73, 372f

Myelographyinterpretation of, 224–25lesions detected in, 224, 224fradiographs used in, 223, 223fuse of, 222of Wobbler syndrome, 1176, 1177f

Myocarditis, 1097Myopathy

fibrotic, 137f, 818–20, 818f–820fmitochondrial, 954ossifying, 818–20, 819f–820fPSSM, 950–51, 1097

Nail(s)abscess, 1209in frog, 120fpitch, 1196fremoval of, 1181

Naprosyn (Naproxen), 977Naproxen (Equiproxen, Naprosyn), 977Narrow behind, 835tNatural balance

in barefoot trimming, 1214–15evaluation for, 1212–14, 1213f–1214fguidelines for, 1212introduction to, 1211shoeing, 1215–17, 1216f–12017ftrimming in, 1217f

Natural Balance® shoes, 1217fNavicular bone

distalproximal-palmarodistal oblique view of, 250f–251f

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Index 1233

dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view of, 252f–253f

dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique projection of, 244f–245f

fractures of, 491, 492fclinical signs of, 492diagnosis of, 492treatment of, 492–493, 493f

lesions of, 431–33, 432f–433f, 481f–487f

location of, 477OA of, 477palmarodistal oblique projection of,

246f–247fpalmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique

view of, 248f–249fNavicular bursa

degenerative changes in, 231ffluid in, 435–36nerve blocks in, 186–87, 187f

Navicular bursography, 487–93Navicular disease, 432

abnormalities in, 476banesthesia in, 480–81bursoscopy for, 489, 489fclinical signs of, 478–480corrective trimming in, 484–86,

485f–486fCT for, 483DDFT in, repetitive force on, 476, 478,

478fdefinition of, 475diagnosis of, 480–81endoscopy for, 489, 489fetiology of, 476exercise for, 484imaging of, 401fintrasynovial medication for, 486–87isoxsuprine for, 487, 959MRI imaging of, 420f, 433f, 483–84,

483f–484fnerve blocks for, 480NSAIDs for, 486palmar digital neurectomy for, 487–88,

488fpolysulfated glycosaminoglycans for, 487poor hoof conformation in, 476–77,

476f–477fprognosis of, 489radiography in, 481–83, 482frest for, 484risk of, 475scintigraphy for, 483severity of, 479shoeing in, 484–86, 485f–486f, 993fsurgical treatments for, 487–88, 488ftiludronate for, 487treatment of, 484ultrasound for, 483

Navicular suspensory ligament desmotomy, 488

Navicular syndromeabnormalities in, 476bmanagement of, 1077–78

Navicular wedge test, 148fNeck

conformation of, 75curvature of, 77, 77fmovement of, 111–12muscles of, 69–70, 70fpalpation of, 143

Needle lavage, 1116–17, 1117fNegative solar plane, 1064fNerves. See also Specific type i.e. Ulnar

nerve

in anesthesia, 174, 174tof antebrachium, 27, 29–30of digit, 19–20of fetlock, 19–20of hindlimb, 39of hip, 59–60of shoulder, 37of thigh, 59–60trigeminal, block, 1100f

Nerve blocksintrasynovial

bicipital bursa, 193–94, 194fcalcaneal bursa, 196carpal joints, 191, 191fcunean bursa, 196DFTS, 190–91, 190fDIP joint, 184–86, 186felbow joint, 191–93, 192f–193ffemoropatellar joint, 197–98, 197ffemorotibial joint, 199ffetlock joint, 188–90, 189f–190fin hip joint (coxofemoral), 199–200,

200flateral femorotibial joint, 189,

189fmedial femorotibial joint, 198, 198fnavicular bursa, 186–87, 187fPIP, 187–88, 188fpodotrochlear bursa, 186–87, 187fin sacroiliac joint, 200–201, 201fscapulohumeral joint, 193, 194fstifle joint, 196–99, 197f–199ftarsal joint, 194–96, 195f–196ftrochanteric bursa, 199

for navicular disease, 480perineural, 174t

abaxial sesamoid, 176, 176fantebrachial, 179–80, 180fbasisesamoid, 176DBLPN, 182, 182fforelimb, 175–80, 175f–180fhigh 2-point, 179high 4-point, 177, 178fhigh palmar, 177, 178fhindlimb, 180–83, 181f–182flateral palmar, lateral approach,

177–79, 178f–179flow 4-point, 176–77, 177flow palmar, 176–77, 177fmedial cutaneous, 179–80, 180fmedian, 179–80, 180fpalmar digital nerve, 174t, 175,

175fpastern ring, 175–76, 176fperineural anesthesia, 174tperoneal, 182–83, 182fplantar metatarsal, 181, 181ftibial, 182, 182fulnar nerve, 174, 179, 180f

Neurectomyof deep peroneal nerve, 736–37of tibial nerve, 736–37

Neuroanatomyof forelimb, 175of hindlimb, 180–87

Neurological examination, 149expected findings from, 1105–1106pitfalls of, 1106, 1106t

Neurological gait, 1104, 1107Neurological system

disease of, 1104gait and, 1104, 1107presentations in, 1106tproblems in, 1097

NMD. See Nutritional myodegeneration

Nomenclature Committee of American College of Veterinary Radiology, 241

Noncomminuted fracture, of P1, 582–85, 585f

Nondisplaced fracture, 691palmar subchondral, cortical stress

fracture, 628f–629fNon-distracted proximal comminuted

fracture, 642–43Non-nail alternatives, in farriery, 1197–98Non-screen film systems, 211Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

(NSAIDs)commonly used, 975t, 976–78for laminitis, 546–47for navicular, 486oral, 975–76parenteral, 957for physitis, 1133for splints, 639topical, 961

Normal joint structures, 234–35NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal anti-

inflammatory drugsNuchal ligament, desmopathy of, 866–67,

866fNuclear medicine

equipment for, 380–81, 381fevaluation with

of distal limb, 389–90, 390f, 398–401, 399f–401f

of musculoskeletal system, 381–86, 382f–386f

of skeletal system, 386–87, 387ffalse negatives in, 413hot spots in, 397limitations of, 413for navicular disease, 493phases of, 377–78principles of, 377–78safety in, 378–80, 379f–380f

Nuclear scintigraphyof SCL, 802of SL, bone injury at, 646f

Nutraceuticals, 978–82Nutrition

for cartilage, 875for exertional rhabdomyolysis, 952–53,

952tfor foals, 1177

Nutritional myodegeneration (NMD), 942–43

Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, 923

OA. See OsteoarthritisObel grades, of laminitis, 542tOblique sesamoidean ligaments (OSL),

imaging of, 346, 348f–350fObliquus extemus abdominis, 70fObturator artery, 62fOC. See OsteochondrosisOCDs. See Osteochondritis dissecansOff incidence artifact, 354–55Offset knees, 87fOlecranon bursitis

diagnosis/treatment of, 700–701, 701fimage of, 132f, 700fultrasound of, 370–71

Omohyoideus muscle, 71Open distal fractures, 642Open proximal fractures, 642Oral therapies, 975–82Organic iodide contrast material, 221t

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1234 Index

Orthopedic infections, prevention of, 1113–14

OSL. See Oblique sesamoidean ligamentsOsseus bodies

on metacarpophalangeal joint, 238fin navicular disease, 432

Osseus injury, to proximal palmar cortex, diagnosis of, 444–45, 445f

Ossificationof carpal bone, 1139of collateral cartilages, of distal phalanx,

513–14, 513fof cuboidal bone, 1135–37, 1136f, 1139,

1139fdelayed, 1139fimaging of, 361incomplete, identification of, 364–65of tarsal bone, 1139of tarsal joint, 892fzone of, 1124, 1126

Ossifying myopathy, 818–20, 819f–820fOsteitis

of distal phalanx, 1085–86infectious, 911–17, 911fpedal, 384f, 509–511, 510f–511f

Osteoarthritis (OA), 227f, 237arthroscopy for, 1005, 1007, 1007fof carpometacarpal joint, 680, 680fof cervical facet joints, 867–69,

868f–869ffrom CL instability, 756fcritical manifestation of, 883–84, 884fdiagnosis of, 499–500, 1082of DIP, 498–501, 498f–500f, 1087etiology of, 498–99, 498f–499ffrom exercise/athletic activity, 879in femorotibial joint, 812, 812fin fetlock joint, 607–9, 607f–609f, 884fin hip joint, 411f, 829–830, 829fof lower hock, 1078, 1087–88of navicular bone, 477physiologic trauma leading to, 879in PIP, 559

clinical signs of, 560–61, 560f–561fdiagnosis of, 561, 561fprognosis of, 565surgery for, 563–65, 564ftreatment of, 561–63, 561f–563

prognosis of, 500–501radiographic uptake in, 403f, 411f–412fof SHJ, 715–16in stifle, 238fof stifle joint, 812, 812ftalocalcaneal, 755, 755fof tarsal joint, 726–37, 728f–732f, 736ftreatment of, 500ultrasound of, 362

Osteochondral fractureschip

of carpus, 1052, 1052f–1053fof fetlock joint, 594–97, 594f–597f

diagnosis of, 442mechanism of, 594fof P1, 594–97, 594f–597fpost-mortem specimen of, 568fprognosis of, 578proximal dorsal, 595, 596ftreatment of, 568

Osteochondral fragmentationin femoropatellar joints, 1000, 1006fin fetlock joint, 998–99, 1001f–1004fprinciples of, 997–98

Osteochondral lesionspost-mortem view of, 715fultrasound of, 361–62, 362f

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCDs)characteristics of, 892–93, 893fdebridement of, 788–89depth of, 1156fin draft horses, 1088f–1089ffemoropatellar, 785–89, 786f–848f,

1156, 1156t, 1157fof fetlock joint, 1161images of, 231f, 238f–239f, 681fmanifestation of, 1155–56OCDs of, 785–89, 786f–788f, 1156,

1156t, 1157fof P1, 1161–62pathways of, 1155fprognosis of, 743, 1157, 1159radiographs of, 1158fSCLs and, 1163of SHJ, 1162–63, 1162fsigns of, 1156–57surgery for, 788–89, 1000, 1003, 1005of tarsocrural joint, 740–43, 741f–742f,

1159, 1160f, 1161, 1161ttreatment of, 743, 1157

Osteochondromacharacteristics of, 921–22, 922fsynovial, in hindlimb, 800

Osteochondrosis (OC), 239fof carpus, 681, 681fof distal radius, 681–83, 682fof hip joint, 823–25, 824f–825fintroduction to, 1155of metacarpophangeal joint, 240fof PIP

diagnosis of, 566–68, 566f–568fetiology of, 566

of SHJ, 712–15, 713f–715fof stifle, 239ftraumatic, 240, 240f

Osteodystrophia fibrosa, 923Osteolytic lesions, of calcaneal tuber, 752,

752fOsteomyelitis

of axial border, of proximal sesamoid bones, 606–607, 606f–607f

of calcaneal tuber, 752, 752fcharacteristics of, 912clinical signs of, 914hematogenous, 1172iatrogenic, 914prognosis of, 916radiographic signs of, 233–34, 233f–

234f, 914, 915ftraumatic, 913–14, 913ftreatment of, 915–16

Osteopathy, hypertrophic, 923–24, 923f–924f

Osteopenia, secondary, radiograph of, 232f

Osteopetrosis, 920Osteophytes

diagnosis of, 441–42on tarsus, 730f

Osteophytosis, 227f, 231fradiograph of, 235f

Osteoporosisgeneralized, 918–19localized, 919, 919f

Osteostixis, for dorsal cortical fracture, 623–24, 623f–624f

Otobius megnini, 946Output

of Equimetrix® by Centaure-MétrixTM, 163f

of Lameness LocatorTM by EquinosisTM, 158f–162f

Over-reachingdefinition of, 96bexample of, 102f

Overriding, of dorsal spinous process, 854–55

Overtrack, 95Oxygen-derived free radicals, 882

P1. See Proximal phalanxP2. See Middle phalanxPace, 95

cross firing at, 103fPaced diet, 1177fPACS. See Picture Archive and

Communication SystemPadded table, for anesthesia, 216fPaddling

definition of, 96bexample of, 84f

Painacupuncture points detecting, 204in adduction, 712fin axial skeleton, 1079–1080in back, 827, 1080

chronic, 1011palpation of, 142fprimary/secondary, 837–39, 838ffrom saddle, 107

in cervical vertebrae, 1078–79in foot, 1077in heel, 1077in knee, 131ffrom movement, 104–5in muscles, 940palmar heel, 476bprovocation tests for, 838fin sacroiliac joint, 1045in sacroiliac region, 1080–81in sole, 1077

PAL. See Primary angular ligamentPalmar anular ligament

desmitis of, 618fetlock constriction by, 616–18, 617flocation of, 13f

Palmar (backward) deviation, 85Palmar digital nerve

block of, 174t, 175, 175finjection site for, 175f

Palmar digital neurectomy, for navicular, 487–88, 488f

Palmar eminence fracture, 589fPalmar foot, 1183, 1183f

abnormalities in, 476bPalmar fragmentation, from PIP, 567fPalmar heel pain, abnormalities in, 476bPalmar process fracture, radiologic imaging

of, 402fPalmar rotation, 545, 545fPalpation

of back, 140, 142fof carpal bone, 131fof carpus, 128, 130fof digital flexor synovial sheath, 125fof dorsal spinous process, 142fof elbow, 132, 132fof femur, 139, 141fof fetlock, 123–24, 124fof flexor tendons, 128, 129fof forearm, 132, 132fof heel, 122fof hip, 139, 141fof iliopsoas muscle, 149fof inferior carpal check ligament, 128for lameness evaluation, 118–19of MC, 127f

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Index 1235

of MT, 124–26, 125fof neck, 143of pastern, 122–23, 122f–123fof pelvis, 139–40, 141fof scapula, 132–33, 133fof sesamoidean ligaments, 123fof shoulder, 132–33, 133fof SL, 645fof stifle, 137–39, 137f–139fof suspensory ligaments, 126, 127fof tarsus, 133–34, 134fof tibia, 134, 137, 137f

Parenteral medications, for musculoskeletal diseases, 951–53

Paresis, weakness in, 1105Partial tear, of round ligament, 826–27Partial volume averaging artifacts, 423Passive drainage, 1117Passive mobility test, 836, 836fPassive stretching exercises, 1013–14,

1013fPastern

angle of, 80fbroken angle of, 95fbroken back axis of, 82fconformation of, 87fenlargement of, 560fflexion of, 126fimaging of, 351f–353f, 559injection sites for, 188finjuries in, in Standardbred racehorses,

1041–42joint, 12f, 15long sloping, 87–88, 88fpalpation of, 122–23, 122f–123fradioactive imaging of, 396f

for disease, 398–401, 399f–401fring block, 175–76, 176fshort upright, 87, 87fstructures of, 12–15, 12f–15f

Pasture-associated laminitis, 542Patella

CaCr of, 318f–319fCrPR-DiCrO of, 302f–321fdistal, fragmentation of, 792–93, 792ffixation of, 138fflexed LM of, 316f–317ffractures of, 790–92, 791f–792f, 1082LM of, 312f–313fluxation of, 798–99, 799fsubluxation of, 798–99, 799fupward fixation of, 793–96, 794f, 827,

828fPatellar ligaments, 65f

desmitis of, 797–98, 797f–798ffemoro-, 54finflammation of, 138middle, 797, 797f

Patten shoe, 993f, 1087f, 1192tPBZ. See PhenylbutazonePectoralis ascendens, 70fPectoral muscles, attachments of, 36Pedal osteitis (PO)

clinical signs of, 509diagnosis of, 509–10, 510fetiology of, 509prognosis of, 511radiologic imaging of, 402ftreatment of, 510–11, 511f

Pelvic fractureclinical exam of, 840diagnosis of, 840etiology of, 840images of, 141f, 410fon-site management of, 841

in racehorse, 1036treatment of, 841types of, 841–45, 842f–845f

Pelvic hike, 117Pelvic limb

bones of, 40growth plate closure times in, 66tlymphatic drainage in, 64radioactive imaging of, 383f, 384stay apparatus of, 64, 65f, 66

Pelvic rotation, evaluation of, 169, 170fPelvis

asymmetry of, 170f, 171, 831fdelayed phase imaging of, 393–94,

393f–394fin hindlimb lameness, 114finjuries of, in foals, 1169–70movement of, normal, 168fpalpation of, 139–40, 141fradioactive imaging of, 385f

in disease, 408, 410f–411fscintigraphic images of, 851f–852fstructures of, 64V25M-DLO of, 324f–325fVD of, 322f–323f

Penetrating injuries, of foot, 523–25, 523f–525f

Performance horsescomplaints of, 1095–97history of, 1095lameness in

common problems in, 1077diagnosis of, 1076–77management of, 1077–82

non-musculoskeletal complaints of, 1097

signalment of, 1095at work, 152–53

Perfusionsinterosseus, 1116fregional limb, 1118–19, 1118f

Periarticular structuresappearance of, on ultrasound, 359,

359f–360fenthesophyte, 236support tissues, laxity of, 1138

Perinatal conditions, 1170–71, 1171fPerineural anesthesia. See also Nerve

blocksguidelines for, 174trestraints for, 173use of, 173–74

Periosteal reactions, 228–29Periosteal stripping (HCTP+PS), 1141–43Periosteum

hemicircumferential transaction of, incision of, 666f

histology of, 9fPeriostitis

characteristics of, 918, 918fof distal metacarpus, 621–25, 621f–624f

Peroneal nerve, block of, 182–83, 182fPeroneus tertius muscle, 50f, 65f

rupture of, 137f, 762–63, 762fPhalangeal joints

flexion of, 144frotation of, 542, 542f

Phalangesdorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view

of, 252f–253fimmobilization methods for, 899

Phalanx. See Distal phalanx; Proximal phalanx

Phase wrap artifacts, 423Phenylbutazone (PBZ), 976

Physeal fracture, 691–92, 692f, 1139, 1139f

in foals, 1170Physical examination

of musculoskeletal system disorders, 940–41

prepurchase, 1092–93Physical therapy (PT)

client/clinical demand for, 1018future of, 1025introduction to, 1017

Physisbiomechanics of, 1126at calcaneal tuber, 890fcellular layers of, 1125fdevelopment of, 1123distal tibial, fractures of, 776external trauma to, 890, 1126fractures of, 1126–29, 1127f–1130fgrowth cessation of, 1126injuries to, classification of, 1126–29,

1127f–1129fmorphology of, 1123, 1124fvascularity of, 1126

Physitischaracteristics of, 825–26, 825fclinical signs of, 1132diagnosis of, 1132–33etiology of, 1132examples of, 1132f–1133fNSAIDs for, 1133prognosis of, 1134radiograph of, 1134ftreatment of, 1133

Picture Archive and Communication System (PACS), 215

Pigeon-toed, 83, 83f–84fPigmented hooves, 7Pin echo (SE), 419PIP. See Proximal interphalangeal jointPIT. See Proximal intertarsalPlaiting

definition of, 96btype of, 85

Plantar ligamentanular

desmitis of, 618fetlock constriction by, 616–18, 617f

desmitis of, 757Plantar metatarsal nerve, block of, 181,

181fPlantar rotation, 545, 545fPlasma

gravitational device for, 652finjection of, 653fPRP, 972–73

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), 972–73Pleasure horses

competition of, 1062general treatment recommendations in,

1064–65, 1065fmusculoskeletal problems in

in axial skeleton, 1064in forelimb, 1062–63, 1062fin hindlimb, 1063–64

shoeing in, 1062fsynovitis in, 1065tendinitis in, 1065

PO. See Pedal osteitisPodotrochlear bursa, nerve blocks in,

186–87, 187fPoint of breakover, 991fPoint of hip, asymmetry in, 91fPoint of shoulder, 79Polyglycan®, 967

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1236 Index

Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM), 950–51, 1097

Polysulfated glycosaminoglycansclinical trials of, 971–72for navicular, 487

Popliteal artery, 56fPopliteal lymph nodes, 55fPopliteus muscle, tendon of, 54fPositioning aids, 216–17, 216f–218fPost-legged, 89fPower, 95Prepurchase examination

guidelines for, 1093bprocedures for, 1091–94

Primary angular ligament (PAL), ultrasound of, 346f

Primary lameness, characteristics of, 110Procollagen, 874, 874fProliferative zone, 1124Prostaglandins, 882Proteoglycans, 874, 874fProton density, 420t, 421Proximal anular ligament

location of, 13fsyndrome of, 348

Proximal dorsal osteochondral fractures, 595, 596f

Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP)abnormalities in, 559arthrodesis of, 567fCL of, rupture of, 570fluxation of, 568–71, 570f–571fnerve blocks in, 187–88, 188fOA of, 559

clinical signs of, 560–61, 560f–561fdiagnosis of, 561, 561fprognosis of, 565surgery for, 563–65, 564ftreatment of, 561–63, 561f–563

OC of, diagnosis of, 566–68, 566f–568fpalmar fragmentation from, 567fradiographic examination of, 562f, 572subluxation of, 568–71, 570f–571ftrauma to, 560, 560f

Proximal intertarsal (PIT), 194Proximal palmar/plantar cortex, osseus

injury to, diagnosis of, 444–45, 445f

Proximal phalanx (P1)dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique view

of, 260f–261fdorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique view

of, 266f–267fdorsoproximal-palmarodistal projection

of, 258f–259fflexed lateromedial projection of,

256f–257ffracture of, 398f

clinical signs of, 582comminuted, 585–87, 586fdiagnosis of, 582, 584fin dorsal cortex, 581fetiology of, 580, 582noncomminuted, 582–85, 585fprognosis of, 587proximal/plantar eminence of, 596–97radiograph of, 580ftreatment of, 582–85, 585ftypes of, 579–80

imaging of, 350flateromedial projection of, 254f–255flateroproximal-distomedial oblique view

of, 264f–265flateroproximodorsal-mediodistopalmar

oblique view of, 262f–263f

OCD fragments of, 1161–62osteochondral fractures of, 594–97,

594f–597fProximal planta metatarsal area, artifacts

in, 356fProximal/plantar eminence, of P1, fractures

of, 596–97Proximal sesamoid bone

diagnosis of, 440, 441fdorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique view

of, 260f–261fdorsoproximal-palmarodistal projection

of, 258f–259fflexed lateromedial projection of,

256f–257ffractures of, 597–604, 598f–601f, 895finjuries in

in foals, 1167, 1168fin Standardbred racehorse, 1043

lateromedial projection of, 254f–255flateroproximal-distomedial oblique view

of, 264f–265fosteomyelitis of, 606–607, 606f–607f

Proximal suspensory desmitis (PSD)characteristics of, 644in dressage/jumping horses, 1078–79in endurance horses, 1060, 1060fimage of, 127fMRI diagnosis of, 443, 444tin Quarter horse racehorses, 1051

Proximal tibial physis, fractures of, 774–76, 775f

PRP. See Platelet-rich plasmaPSD. See Proximal suspensory desmitisPSSM. See Polysaccharide storage

myopathyPT. See Physical therapyPubis

fractures of, 843, 844fright, VD of, 322f–323fV25M-DLO of, 324f–325f

Puncturesdiagnosis of, 437in sole, 1209in tarsus, 914fultrasound of, 372, 373f

Push-off lameness, detection of, 169, 170fPVC splint, 900, 900f

Quadriceps musclefemoris, 65fruptured, 823

Quadrisol® (Vedaprofen), 977Quarter clips, 505fQuarter cracks, 534–35, 534fQuarter horses

cortical stress fracture in, 621ffatigue fracture in, 897, 897fflexural deformities in, 1147f–1148f,

1150fmare, abaxial sesamoid fracture in,

598fas racehorses

conformation of, 1047–48, 1048ffractures in, 1053images of, 1049finjuries in, in metacarpophalangeal

joint, 1050–51, 1051fintroduction to, 1047, 1047flameness examination in, 1049–50proximal suspensory desmitis in, 1051tendinitis in, 1051training of, 1048

shoeing of, 1048yearling, deformity in, 86f

Quarters, 525–27, 526f–527fQuittor, 514–15, 515f

Racehorsescondylar stress fracture in, 628flameness in, 113f, 1030–31pelvic fracture in, 1036poorly performing, 1097Quarter horse, conditions in, 1050–53,

1051f–1053fStandardbred, conditions in, 1041–45,

1042f–1045fthird metacarpal condyle of, 897f,

1034fThoroughbred, conditions in

in cannon bone, 1032–34, 1034fin fetlock joint, 1031–32of foot, 1031, 1031frisk factors for, 1029–30sesamoid bone fracture in, 1033fstifle injuries in, 1035–36studies of, 1029tarsal injuries in, 1035tendon/ligament injuries in, 1036–37,

1037fRadial nerve, paralysis of, 705–707,

706fRadiation safety, 378–80, 378f–380fRadiocarpal joint

effusion of, 129finjection site for, 192f

Radiofrequency coils, 417f, 418Radiography

farriery and, 1203–1207, 1203f–1206ffilm processing for, 211–12film viewing devices for, 211–12,

214ffor laminitis, 544–46, 545flimitations of, 240–41in navicular disease, 481–83, 482fnormal anatomy for, 241of osteomyelitis, 233–34, 233f–234f,

914, 915fof stifle, 801–802, 802f

Radiologyof bones, 227–28contrast examinations in, 221, 221tcortical changes in, 229–31, 234,

237f–239fequipment for, 207–12periosteal reactions from, 228–29principles of, 225safety in, 218–19, 219fof soft tissue

entheses, 227, 227f–228fgas, 226–27, 227fmineralization, 226, 226fthickening, 225, 226f, 233, 234f,

238fof synovial joints, 234–40, 235f–240ftechnique charts for, 219–21, 220f,

220t–221ttypes of, 207

Radioulnar relationships, 30Radius

CrCa of, 290f–291fdistal

carpus, 664fchip fracture of, 1035fflexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal

oblique projection of, 286f–287fflexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal

oblique view of, 282f–283fimages of, 577f, 581f–585f, 675flateromedial projection of, 273f

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Index 1237

OC of, 681–83, 682fplacement of, 624fprinciple of, 904–908, 904f–907f

dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique projection of, 278f–279f

dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique projection of, 280f–281f

dorsopalmar projection of, 276f–277fflexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique

projection of, 284f–285fflexed lateromedial projection of,

274f–275fin foals, 1124ffractures of, 687–92, 687f–692fimaging of, 372fimmobilization of, 900, 901flateromedial projection of, 273fML of, 288f–289f

Rapidity, 95Rare earth intensifying screen and film

combinations, 212tRasp, 1187fRearing, 835tReciprocal apparatus, 50fRectal examination, for hindlimb lameness,

148, 149fRectus femoris muscle, 57f, 61fRed blood cells, labeled, 377Reflective spheres, 155fRefractive artifacts, 355–56, 356fRegional limb perfusions, 1118–19,

1118fRegularity, 95Rehabilitation

client/clinical demand for, 1018future of, 1025introduction to, 1017

Reining horsesevents of, 1068musculoskeletal problems in, 1069pattern in, 1069f

Relaxation, 95Remodeling phase, of healing, 902Reparative phase, of healing, 902Repetition time (RT), 419Respiratory system, problems in, 1097Rest, visual exam at, 112Resting zone, 1123–24Restraints

for intrasynovial anesthesia, 184for perineural anesthesia, 173

Rhabdomyolysisacute, 948exertional

chronic, 948–49management of, 951–54, 952ttypes of, 947–50, 948t

image of, 400fmedications treating, 948t

Rhythm, 95Ribs, spring of, 79Right-to-left lateral projection (Rt-LeL)

of caudal cervical spine, 330f–331fof cranial cervical column, 326f–327fof midcervical spine, 328f–329f

Riskof infection, in surgery, 1115tof navicular disease, 475of Thoroughbred racehorses, 1029–30

Robaxin (Methocarbamol), 959Round ligament, partial tear in, 826–27RT. See Repetition timeRt-LeL. See Right-to-left lateral projectionRyding hoof tester, 121fRyegrass staggers, 1107

Sacroiliac jointanatomical specimen of, 847f, 851fdelayed phase imaging of, 393–94,

393f–394finjection into, 201f, 852–53, 853flocation of, 69fnerve blocks in, 200–201, 201fpain in, 1045radioactive imaging of, in disease, 408,

410f–411fsoreness in, 152thermography of, 474

Sacroiliac regionclinical signs in, 848–49diagnosis in, 849–51, 850f–852fdiseases of, 847location of, 69pain in, 1080–81prognosis for, 853treatment of, 852–53ultrasound of, 850f

Sacrumfractures of, 845images of, 67f, 68, 69fradioactive imaging of, 393f

Saddleback pain from, 107fit of

dynamic examination of, 1111–12introduction to, 1109poor, clinical signs of, 1109static examination of, 1109–11,

1110f–1111fthermography for, 474withers in, 1110f–1111f

pads, static examination of, 1111region, acupuncture points in, 1011

Safetyin nuclear medicine, 378–80, 379f–380fradiation, 378–80, 378f–380fin radiology, 218–19, 219f

Sagittal fractures, 745–47, 746fof talus, 748

Salter-Harris fractures, 691–92, 692f, 1127f

type II, 817fSand cracks, 534–35, 534fSarapin, 973Sartorius muscle, 57fScalping, 103fScapula

fractures of, 721–23, 721f–723fML of, 292f–293fpalpation of, 132–33, 133fradioactive imaging of, 393fradiographic uptake in, 406

Scapulohumeral joint (shoulder joint) (SHJ)craniolateral approach to, 193flexor muscles of, 35lateral approach to, 193ligaments of, 32–35luxation of, 717–18, 717fML of, 292f–293fnerve blocks in, 193, 194fOA of, 715–16OCDs of, 1162–63, 1162fOC of, 712–15, 713f–715fstructures of, 35

Sciatic nerve, 60Scintigraphy. See Nuclear medicineSCLs. See Subchondral cystic lesionsScoliosis, 864Screen-film system, 212t

for conventional radiography, 211Screws

in arthrodesis, 613fcancellous, 905, 905f, 906fcortical, 696fDHS, 908fixation of, 904f–905fthrough hoof wall, 506f, 529flag, for fractures, 999–1000, 1005fplacement of, 907fin tibia, 907f

SDF. See Superficial digital flexorSDFT. See Superficial digital flexor tendonSE. See Pin echoSecond metacarpal bone

dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique view of, 271f

dorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view of, 270f

dorsopalmar view of, 269fflexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique

projection of, 284f–285f, 286f–287f

Second metatarsal boneD45L-PIMO of, 296f–297f, 306f–307fD45M-PILO of, 298f–299fDPI of, 294f–295f, 304f–305f

Semimembranous muscle, 57fSemitendinosus muscle, 57f, 60f

atrophy of, 137fSensor-based lameness evaluation system,

156–57, 157fSensory integration, 1024fSeptic arthritis

in foals, 1172imaging of, 425fradiograph of, 236f, 237of shoulder, 913fin young draft horses, 1089

Septic conditions, treatment of, 1115–16, 1116f

Serratus ventralis muscle, 70fSesamoid bone

fractures ofcomminuted, 600fprognosis of, 604proximal, 597–604, 598f–601f, 895fin racehorse, 1033ftreatment of, 602–603

proximaldiagnosis of, 440, 441fdorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique

view of, 260f–261fdorsoproximal-palmarodistal

projection of, 258f–259fflexed lateromedial projection of,

256f–257ffractures of, 597–604, 598f–601f, 895finjuries of, 1043, 1167, 1168flateromedial projection of, 254f–255flateroproximal-distomedial oblique

view of, 264f–265fosteomyelitis of, 606–607, 606f–607f

Sesamoidean bone, 14farticular abaxial fracture of, 598f–599f,

601fcomminuted fracture of, 600fdigital pressure applied to, 125f

Sesamoidean ligamentsattachments of, 14fpalpation of, 123ftypes of, 13f

Sesamoiditischaracteristics of, 604–605, 605fclinical signs of, 605diagnosis of, 605–606etiology of, 605

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1238 Index

Sesamoiditis—continuedprognosis of, 606radiologic uptake in, 403ftreatment of, 606

Sheared heelsclinical signs of, 526fetiology of, 525–26shoeing of, 518f, 1201–3, 1201f–1202ftreatment of, 527, 527f

Shin hitting, 103fShin splints, 621–25, 621f–625fShivering, 769–70Shivers

in draft horses, 1088–89etiology of, 1107

SHJ. See Scapulohumeral jointShock absorption, 987–88Shoeing

breakover in, 1196fcorrective, 986–87, 987f, 988tlameness and, 112in laminitis, 549–52, 550f–552fmovement and, 105natural balance, 1215–17, 1216f–1217fin navicular disease, 484–86, 485f–486f,

993fin pleasure horses, 1063fprinciples of, 992–95, 993f–994ffor protection, 992in Quarter horses, 1048of sheared heels, 519f, 1201–3,

1201f–1202fshoe types for, 993ffor support, 992surfaces and, 1075–76

Shoe pullers, 1281, 1282fShoes

bar, 1194, 1194fstraight, 1202f

clipped, 529fclog, 551fColleoni rolling, 994fegg-bar, 485f, 486, 550, 550f, 1194fextensions of, 1191four-point rail, 550, 550ffull bar, 504fglue-on, 1197–98, 1198fhalf-round, 1191fheart bar, 550, 550finner margin of, 1191fmaterials of, 1189–91Natural Balance®, 1217fpatten, 993f, 1087f, 1192tplacement of, 1195–97, 1196f–1197fremoval of, 1181–82, 1181f–1182f,

1181tSigafoos Series II, 552, 552fsize of, 1189–91steel, with quarter clips, 1193studs in, 1192tTennessee navicular, 993fwith trailers, 1194ftypes of, 993fwedged front, 1062f–1063fwide-web, 1190fwooden, 551f

Short tau inversion recovery (STIR), 420, 420f

medullary, hyperintensity, 432Shoulder

angle of, 80fatrophy of, 133fblood vessels in, 37delayed phase radioactive imaging of,

390, 392f

flexion test for, 145, 145fimaging of, 370f, 374finjection sites for, 194finjuries of, in foals, 1167–69, 1169flateral aspect of, 34flymphatic drainage in, 37medial view of, 31fmuscles of, 35–36

joint ligaments and, 32–35right, 33f

nerves in, 37osseus cysts in, 710fpalpation of, 132–33, 133fpoint of, 79fradiographic uptake in, 406septic arthritis in, 913fstructures of, 30, 32f

Shoulder joint. See Scapulohumeral jointSickle hocks, 89fSidebone, in draft horses, 1085Siemens Symphony 1.5-tesla

image of, 416fprotocols for, 422t

Sigafoos Series II shoe, 552, 552fSignaling pathways, in cartilage

breakdown, 883fSignal intensity

of blood, 426for injuries, 424for MRI, 420tof synovial fluid, 426

Signalmentlameness and, 112, 1095of performance horses, 1095

Sinography, 221–22, 222fSkeletal system

abnormalities in, 240–41axial

alignment of, 76fcomponents of, 66–68, 67fflexion tests for, 836f–837fpain in, 1079–80in pleasure horses, 1064

external fixation in, 583f, 586immature, in exercise, 894, 894fnuclear medicine evaluation of, 386–87,

387fSkin preparation, for anesthesia, 173SL. See Suspensory ligament (interosseus

medius muscle)Slab fractures

images of, 405f, 674f–675fof tarsal bones, 745–47, 746fof third carpal bone, 1035fof third tarsal bone, 745–47, 746f

Sliding plate, on hindlimb, 1069fSmall loop knives, 1208tSnaffle bits, 1101fSoft tissue

of carpus, damage to, 678–79, 679finjuries of

in foot, 494–98, 496f–497fVersa Tron shockwave for, 1065f

mobilization of, 1020phase

radioactive imaging of, 386, 388fshowing disease, 397, 397f

radiolabeling of, 377–78fradiology of

entheses, 227, 227f–228fgas, 226–27, 227fmineralization, 226, 226fthickening, 225, 226f, 233, 234f, 238f

remodeling of, 354, 355fSole

anatomy of, 3, 6fbruising of, 516–17, 516f–517f, 1207–8,

1208fhorn of, 9fpain in, 1077puncture wound in, 1209

Soleus muscle, 53fSpavin test, 146fSpeedy cutting, 103fSpinal cord

compression of, 1175mobilization of, thoracolumbar extension

of, 1014, 1014fSpinalis muscle, 70fSpine

biomechanics of, 833–37, 834t–835t, 836f–837f

delayed phase imaging of, 394–96, 395f–396f

mobility of, 834tradioactive imaging of, 384, 384f

in disease, 408, 411, 411f–412f, 413Spinous processes

dorsalimpingement of, 854–55palpation of, 142fscintigraphic imaging of, 855f

fractures of, 856–57, 857fSplenius muscle, 70fSplint bones, fractures of, 124, 640–44,

640f–643f, 679fSplinting. See also Immobilization methods

bandage, 612fKimzey, 612fin laminitis, 553, 554fPVC, 900, 900fin radial fracture, 690fof sesamoid bone fractures, 602Thomas, 771ffor tibia, 770–71in ulnar fracture, 695f

Splints, 637–40, 638f–639fshin, 621–25, 621f–625f

Spondylosisdiagnosis/treatment of, 863–64,

863f–864fthoracic vertebrae with, 863f

Spring of rib, 79SSL. See Straight sesamoidean ligamentStance, 98, 101f

duration of, measurement of, 166fStandardbred horses

apical sesamoid fracture in, 599fcondylar stress fracture in, 629fimaging values for, 354as racehorses

carpal injuries in, 1043–44, 1044ffoot problems in, 1041lameness exam for, 1039–41, 1040fMC/MT injuries in, 1043Pastern injuries in, 1041–42proximal sesamoid bone injuries in,

1043sport of, 1039stifle injuries in, 1045tarsal injuries in, 1044

Standing horses, manipulations of, 1105Standing under

from behind, 89f, 90in front, 87, 87f

Stand-off pads, 358Staphylococcus spp., 913Stationary force plate

development of, 171example of, 154f

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Index 1239

mechanics of, 171–72Stay apparatus

of pelvic limb, 64, 65f, 66of thoracic limb, 37, 38f

Steel shoes, with quarter clips, 1193Step, 95

duration of, measurement of, 167fSternomandibularis muscles, 70f, 71Stiffness, 95Stifle (genu)

caudal aspect of, 54–55, 55fdeep dissection of, 56f

cranial aspect of, 52, 53fdorsal view of, 51fflexion test for, 146, 147ffractures of, intra-articular, 804–6,

805f–806fimaging of, 374finjuries of, 1081–82

in foals, 1169in Standardbred horses, 1045in Thoroughbred racehorse, 1035–36

lateral aspect of, 52, 53f, 54deep dissection of, 54f

medial aspect of, 55–56deep dissection of, 57f

MRI of, 447–48, 447fOA of, 238fOC of, 239fpalpation of, 137–39, 137f–139fradiographic uptake in, 406–7, 410fradiography of, 801–2, 802fSCLs of, 801–4, 802f–803fsoreness of, 153tests for, 138

Stifle joint (femoropatellar joint, femorotibial joint)

CaCr of, 318f–319fcharacteristics of, 783delayed phase radioactive imaging of,

390, 392fdistal patella fragmentation with,

792–93, 793feffusion of, 137f, 783–84, 783ffractures of, 789–90, 790f

with patellar fracture, 790–92, 791f–792f

inflammation of, 783–84, 783finjection sites for, 197f–199fintra-articular fractures of, 789–90,

790fL45Ca-CrMO of, 314f–315fLM of, 312f–313f, 800–1

flexed, 316f–317fmovements of, 58nerve blocks in, 196–99, 197f–199fOA of, 812, 812fOCDs of, 785–89, 786f–788f, 1156,

1156t, 1157fosteochondral fragmentation in, 1000,

1006fstructures of, 56–58

STIR. See Short tau inversion recoveryStraight bar shoes, 1202fStraight limbs, 91Straight sesamoidean ligament (SSL), injury

of, imaging of, 353fStreptococcus bovis, 536Stress fractures

corticalpalmar subchondral nondisplaced,

628f–629fin Quarter horse, 621f

imaging of, 229f–230fof MC, 625

radiographic uptake in, 404f–406fof tibia, 780, 1036, 1036f, 1053upper limb, in Standardbred racehorses,

1045, 1045fStride

caudal phase of, 111fcharacter of, 111cranial phase of, 111flength of, 95, 99, 101phases of, 98reduced, 835ttiming of, measurement of, 166,

166f–167fStringhalt

Australian, 768in draft horses, 1088etiology of, 768, 1107treatment of, 768–69, 769f

Studs, in shoes, 1192tSubchondral bone

changes in, 236, 236fdefects in, of elbow, 698–99, 699fimaging of, 438–39, 439f, 563finnervation of, 878primary disease of, 886–87, 886f

Subchondral bone cyst. See Subchondral cystic lesions

Subchondral cystic lesions (SCLs), 363characteristics of, 893–94, 893f–894fclinical signs of, 512of distal phalanx, 511–12, 512fof elbow, 698–99, 699fetiology of, 512of fetlock, 609–10, 610fnuclear scintigraphy for, 802OCDs and, 1163prognosis of, 512, 610of stifle, 801–4, 802f–803fsurgery for, 610ultrasound for, 803, 803f

Subluxationdorsal, 570of elbow joint, 697–98of patella, 798–99, 799fof PIP, 568–71, 570f–571fof tarsal joint, 753–54, 753f–754f

Subperiosteal callus, on third metacarpal bone, 622f

Superficial digital flexor (SDF), musclelocation of, 65frupture of, 764–65, 765ftendinitis in, 136f

Superficial digital flexor tendinitischaracteristics of, 649–50, 650fclinical signs of, 650–51, 651fetiology of, 650prevention of, 654rehabilitation in, 653–54treatment of, 651–53, 651f–653f

Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT)abnormalities in, etiology of, 591abnormalities of, treatment of, 593branch injuries to, 591, 591fdesmitis of, of accessory ligament,

683–84desmotomy of, 1152in event horses, 1081in jumping horses, 1081lateral displacement of, 136floading of, 931fluxation of, from calcaneus, 758–59,

758fMRI diagnosis of, 442regions of, 348fstructures of, 13f

ultrasound of, 341f–345f, 349f–351f, 592, 592f

view of, 26fSuperficial peroneal nerve, 53fSuppleness, 95Supporting limb lameness, characteristics

of, 110Suppurative process, 408f, 410fSupracondyloid fossa, attachment in, 50fSupraglenoid tubercle, fractures of,

723–24, 724fSuprascapular nerve injury (SWEENY),

718–20, 719f–720fin draft horses, 1087

Supraspinatus muscle, atrophy of, 719fSupraspinous ligament injuries

clinical signs of, 856diagnosis of, 856, 856f

Surfacesselection of, for exam, 115–16track, lameness related to, 1048

Surgery. See also Arthroscopyfor asynchronous physeal growth,

1141–43for capped hock, 767, 767fCT indications for, 458–59cunean tenectomy, 731–32, 732fdrilling in, of tarsometatarsal/distal

intertarsal joints, 732–34, 733ffor flexural deformities, 1151–53for humerus fracture, 704indications for, 996–97infection risk in, 1115tfor navicular disease, 487–88, 488ffor OA, in PIP, 563–65, 564ffor OCDs, 788–89, 1000, 1003, 1005osteochondral fragmentation, removal

and, 997–1007, 998f–1007fpostoperative care from, 676preparation for, 1114–15for scapular fracture, 722, 723ffor SCLs, 610for SWEENY, 720ftechniques for, 996–97for tendinitis, 652–53

Surpass®, 961Suspension, 95Suspensory apparatus

of fetlock, 39traumatic rupture of, 611–13, 612f–613f

Suspensory ligament (interosseus medius muscle) (SL)

anatomy of, 65fattachments of, 645fbone injury at, nuclear scintigraphy of,

646fbranch injuries, diagnosis of, 440, 441fdegeneration of, 648–49, 648fdesmitis of

characteristics of, 644etiology of, 644, 645fimages of, 233f, 405f, 645f–646ftreatment of, 647–48

imaging of, 353f, 647navicular, desmotomy, 488palpation of, 126, 127f, 645fpressure test for, 128fultrasound of, 341f–343f, 346, 347f

SWEENY. See Suprascapular nerve injurySwelling, in carpus, 668–71, 669f–670fSwing, 99, 101fSwinging limb lameness, characteristics of,

110Symmetry

characteristics of, 111

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1240 Index

Symmetry—continuedof head/neck, 1105in work evaluation, 151

Symphysial tendon, 62fSynovial effusion, of femoropatellar OCDs,

1157fSynovial fistula, 671Synovial fluid

arthroscopy evaluation of, 460–62, 462fsignal intensity of, 426ultrasound of, 360, 361f

Synovial hernia, 671Synovial joints

distention of, identification of, 122fdrainage for, 1116–17, 1117flavage for, 1116–17, 1117fradiology of, 234–40, 235f–240f

Synovial membrane, function of, 872–73, 872f–873f

Synovial osteochondroma, in hindlimb, 800Synovial pad fibrotic proliferation, 999Synovial sheath, 365

infection of, 368Synovitis, 360, 812, 812f

arthroscopy evaluation of, 460–62, 461f–462f

characteristics of, 879–80diagnosis of, 1082of distal tarsal joint, 726–37, 728f–733f,

736fimportance of, 880–81in pleasure horses, 1064

Synoviumgeneral anatomy of, 365ultrasound of, 360

Systemic/parenteral medications, for musculoskeletal diseases, 957–59

Tack, movement with, 107Tail fixed, 835tTail on detector (TOD), 394fTail pull, 1106fTalocalcaneal osteoarthritis (TO), 754,

754fTalus

comminuted fractures of, 748D45L-PIMO of, 306f–307fD45M-PILO of, 308f–309fDPI of, 304f–305fflexed DPI of, 310f–311fflexed LM of, 300f–301fLM of, 300f–301fsagittal fractures of, 748

Taraxacum officinael, 768Tarsal joint (hock joint)

bones of, ossification of, 1139bone spavin in, 726–37, 728f–733f, 736fcapsule of, 49components of, 48distal

enlargement of, 134, 135flaser treatment of, 729–30, 730fsynovitis of, 726–37, 728f–733f, 736ftest for, 134f

dorsal view of, 48fflexion test for, 145–46, 146ffour spaces in, 194injection sites for, 195fluxation of, 753–54, 753f–754fnerve blocks in, 194–96, 195f–196fOA of, 726–37, 728f–733f, 736fossification of, incomplete, 892subluxation of, 753–54, 753f–754f

Tarsal sheathswelling of, 134, 135f

tenosynovitis of, 758–61, 759f–760fultrasound of, 367

Tarsal valgus, 92Tarsocrural collateral ligament, desmitis/

instability/rupture, 755–56, 755f–756f

Tarsocrural effusion. See Bog spavinTarsocrural joint, 195, 994, 1006f

effusion of, 133fimaging of, 360fintra-articular fractures of, 747–49,

748f–749fmovements of, 49, 50fOCDs of, 740–43, 741f–742f, 1158,

1159f, 1160, 1161tTarsometatarsal (TMT), 194–96

injection site for, 196fjoint, drilling of, 732–34, 733f

Tarsus (hock)angles of, 89f, 90–91bone cysts of, acquired, 744–45, 745fbones of, 43cow, with base wide, 91f, 92D45L-PIMO of, 306f–307fD45M-PILO of, 308f–309fdelayed phase radioactive imaging of,

390, 391fdorsal aspect of, 43, 51fdorsal dissection of, 44fDPI of, 304f–305f

flexed, 310f–311fflexed LM of, 302f–303fimmobilization methods for, 895injuries of

in foals, 1167, 1167fin Standardbred racehorses, 1044in Thoroughbred racehorses, 1035

lameness of, 725, 1053lateral aspect of, 43, 46fLM of, 300f–301flower, OA of, 1078, 1087–88medial aspect of, 43–44, 47fmedial dissection of, 45MRI of, 446–47, 446f–447f, 725, 726fwith osteophyte, 730fpalpation of, 133–34, 134fplanar aspect of, 47punctures in, 914radiographic exam of, routine, 725radiographic uptake in, 406, 407f–408fsickle, 89fsore, at work, 153trauma to, 133f

99mTc-labeled red blood cells (99mTcRBCs), 377

99mTcRBCs. See 99mTc-labeled red blood cells

TCM. See Traditional Chinese medicineTE. See Echo timeTeam roping horses

complaints of, 1095–96events of, 1066, 1067fmusculoskeletal injuries in, 1066

Technetium-99m, production of, 377Tellington-Jones, Linda, 1013Tempo, 95Tendinitis

common calcaneal, 763–64, 763fin DDFT, 430–31, 430f–431f, 654–55,

655fin endurance horse, 1061, 1061fin flexor tendons, 129fgastrocnemius, 763–64, 763fin pleasure horses, 1065prevention of, 932f

in Quarter horse racehorses, 1051radiologic uptake in, 403fsuperficial deep flexor, 649–54, 650f–

653f, 1037, 1037fin superficial digital flexor muscle, 136fsurgical management of, 652–53tendinosis v., 425–26ultrasound of, 651f, 652f

Tendinosis, tendinitis v., 425–26Tendons. See also Specific tendon i.e.

Flexor tendonsbiomarkers for, 934biomechanics of, 930, 930fblood supply to, 929cellular components of, 927–28, 928fconnective tissue associated with,

929–30, 930fdegeneration of, mechanisms of, 932–33endoscopy evaluation of, 465functions of, 930growth factors for, 927hierarchy of, 927finjuries of, 930–31, 931f

with exercise/age, 931–32, 932fhealing from, 933–34, 933tmonitoring of, 934in racehorses, 1036–37, 1037f

lacerations of, 657–59, 657f–658f, 935–37, 937f

molecular composition of, 928–29, 929fstructure of, 927tenoscopy evaluation of, 462–65,

463f–464fthermography of, 469–70, 471fultrasound evaluation of, 339, 352, 933t,

934, 935f–936fpathology of, 352, 353f, 354

Tendonography, 225Tendon sheath

diagnosis of, 442, 442fdigital

effusion of, 123ftenosynovitis, 650f

nerve blocks of, 190–91, 190frupture of, 669, 670fswelling of, 617ftenoscopy of, 617ftenosynovitis of, 618–19, 619f, 650f

Tenectomycunean, 731–32, 732flateral digital extensor myo-, 769f

Tennessee navicular shoe, 993fTenocyte, 927Tenoscopy

of DDFT, 592, 592fof DFTS, 617fuse of, 462–65, 463f–464f

Tenosynovitisof DFTS, 618–19, 619fof digital tendon sheath, 650fidiopathic, 367–68of tarsal sheath, 759–62, 760f–761fultrasound of, 368–69, 368f

Tenotomy, of DDFT, 553–55, 554f, 1152Tension band wires, 908fTensor fasciae latae muscle, 60f, 65fTetracyclines, 959Therapeutic touch, 1013Therapeutic trimming, 986–87, 987fThermography

of back problems, 471–73, 472fin endurance horse, 1061fof foot, 468instrumentation for, 466of joint disease, 468–69, 469f

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Index 1241

of ligaments, 470–71, 471fof long bone injuries, 468–69, 469fof muscles, 471principles of, 466–68, 466f–468fof sacroiliac joint, 473saddle fit, 473specific applications of, for lameness,

468–73, 469f–472fof tendons, 469–70, 471f

Thickening, soft tissue radiology of, 225, 226f, 233, 234f, 238f

Thighatrophy of, 114fblood supply to, 63–64caudal aspect of, 63cranial aspect of, 63lateral aspect of, 58, 59f–60fmedial aspect of, 61, 62fnerves of, 59–60

Third carpal bone, 1035fThird metacarpal bone (cannon bone)

condyles offracture of, 626–31, 626f–629fhistologic section of, 896fof racehorse, 897f, 1034f

CT of, 453f–454fdiaphyseal angular limb deformities of,

636–37, 637fdisease, 622fdorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique view

of, 260f–261f, 271f, 278f–279fdorsomedial-palmarolateral oblique view

of, 270f, 280f–281fdorsopalmar view of, 269f, 276f–277fdorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique view

of, 266f–267fdorsoproximal-palmarodistal projection

of, 258f–259fflexed dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique

projection of, 286f–287fflexed lateromedial projection of,

274f–275ffractures of, 631–36, 632f–635f, 902fimaging of, 424f

protocol for, 438internal fixation of, 915flateromedial view of, 267f–268f, 273flateroproximal-distomedial oblique view

of, 264f–265flateroproximodorsal-mediodistopalmar

oblique view of, 262f–263fosseus injury to, diagnosis of, 444–45,

445fracehorse injuries in, 1032–34, 1034fsubperiosteal callus on, 622f

Third tarsal boneattachment on, 50fcollapse of, 1136fflexed LM of, 300f–301ffracture of, 399fLM of, 300f–301fslab fractures of, 745–47, 746f

Thomas splint, 771fThoracic facet joint, necropsy specimen of,

860fThoracic limb

bones of, left, lateral view, 5fdigit, 3, 5tfetlock, 3, 5tgrowth plate closure in, 66tof musculoskeletal system, 3, 4tradioactive imaging of, 382stay apparatus of, 37, 38f

Thoracic vertebraebones of, 67f, 68

flexion of, 143lateroflexion of, 837fradioactive uptake in, 395f–396f, 412fradiograph of, 859fwith spondylosis, 863f

Thoracolumbar regionkyphosis of, 141fradioactive imaging of, 384f

Thoracolumbar spinal extension mobilization, 1014, 1014f

Thoroughbred horsesarticular basilar fracture in, 600fimaging values for, 354kyphosis in, 864flameness in, 113fracehorses, conditions in, 1029–37,

1031f, 1033f–1034f, 1037fthird metacarpal condyle of, 897f

Thoroughpin, 759–62, 760f–761f3-T magnet, for MRI, 418Thrombosis, of caudal aorta, iliac arteries

or, 845–46Thrush, etiology of, 521Tibia

CaCr of, 318f–319fD45L-PIMO of, 306f–307fD45M-PILO of, 308f–309fDPI of, 304f–305fenostoses of, 780–81, 781fflexed LM of, 300f–301f, 316f–317ffractures of, 770–71, 771f

diaphyseal, 776–80, 777f–779fof distal physis, 776metaphyseal, 776–80, 777f–779fof proximal physis, 774–76, 775fstress, 780, 1036, 1036f, 1053

immobilization methods for, 770–71, 901, 902f

LM of, 300f–301f, 312f–313fpalpation of, 134, 137, 137fradiograph of, 230fscrews in, 907f

Tibial malleoli, fractures of, 748–49Tibial nerve, 55f

block of, 182, 182fneurectomy of, 736–37

Tibial tuberosity, 771–74, 770f–774fTie-down roping

events in, 1067, 1067fmusculoskeletal injuries in, 1067–68poor performance in, 1096

Tiludronate, for navicular disease, 487TMT. See TarsometatarsalTO. See Talocalcaneal osteoarthritisTOD. See Tail on detectorToe

calks, 1195fcracks in, 534–35dragging behind, 835t-in

conformation, 83, 83flameness, 84f

long-, 1199-out conformation, 83, 83f–85f

image of, 141fpigeon-, 83, 83f, 84fpivot, 101frolled, 1192t

Tooth, fracture of, 452fTopical/local therapies, 961–63Top line, curvature of, 77–78, 77fTorso

acceleration of, measurement of, 163, 163f

asymmetry of, 169

human, array coil, 417fvertical movements of, measurement of,

166–71, 166f–170fTrace elements, 981–82Tracers, 382Track surfaces, lameness related to,

1048Traction

devices, 1195in movement, 106

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), examination with, 203–4

Trainingfor dressage, 1073–74of eventing horses, 1075for jumping/hunting, 1074–75lameness problems in, 152movements in, 107of Quarter horse racehorses, 1048surfaces for, 1075–76

Tranquilizers, 948tTransfixation pin-casts, 578f, 920fTransverse metatarsal fracture, 634fTransverse scan planes, 358Trapezius muscle, 70fTraumatic acetabular fractures, 844–45,

845fTraumatic arthritis

characteristics of, 878–79of fetlock joint, 607–9, 608f–609f

Traumatic osteomyelitis, 913–14, 913fTraumatic rupture, of suspensory

apparatus, 611–13, 612f–613fTraumatic wounds, 1113–14, 1113fTravel, 95

defects in, 96bTriamcinolone acetonide, 965, 965tTrigger points, 203Trimming

for ALD, 1140–41barefoot horse, 1188–89, 1214–15before/after drawing of, 1215fexamination for, 986–87, 986fof foot, 1186–88, 1186f–1188fguidelines for, 1183–86, 1183f–1184fnatural balance, 1217fin navicular disease, 484–86,

485f–486fprinciples of, 988t, 995therapeutic, 986–87, 987f

Trochanteric bursa, nerve blocks in, 199

Trochanteric bursitis, 821–22, 822fTrochanteric lameness, 821–22, 822fTrochlear ridge fractures, 748, 748fTrot

beats of, 97fbiomechanics of, 834, 834tcircling at, 115hindlimb contact at, 103fsoreness at, 153

Trunk (barrel)conformation of, 75muscles of, 69–70, 70f

TSE. See Turbo spin echoTuber coxae

fractures, 841–43, 842f–843flocation of, 70f

Tuber sacrales, asymmetric, 851fTumoral calcinosis, 922–23Tumor necrosis factor-, 538, 877, 881fTumors, bone, 916–18, 917fTurbo spin echo (TSE), 419Tying-up syndrome, 400fType II collagen, 873–74

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1242 Index

UFP. See Upward fixation of patellaUlna

CrCa of, 290f–291fin foals, 1124ffractures of, 693–97, 694f–696fML of, 288f–289f

Ulnar nerve, block of, 174, 179, 180fUltrasonography

of acquired bursitis, 370–71advantages of, 365architecture of, 354of articular surfaces, 360–61artifacts from, 354–56, 356fof bicipital bursa, 369–70for bone evaluation, 371–72, 372fof bursa podotrochlearis, 369of bursa synovialis, 369of calcaneal bursa, 371of carpal hygroma, 371, 371fof carpal sheath, 367of DDFT, 341f–345f, 349f–352f

injuries to, 366–67, 366fof foreign bodies, 373–74, 374fof ICL, 341f–343f, 346introduction to, 338of joint capsule, 360, 360fof joint injuries, 356–59labeling of, 348of ligaments, 339, 352

pathology of, 352, 353f, 354limitations of, 354–56of MC, zones for, 340fof menisci, 364, 364fof muscles, 372–73, 372f

evaluation of, 941–42for navicular disease, 483of olecranon bursitis, 370–71of osteoarthritis, 362of osteochondral lesions, 361–62,

362fof PAL, 346fpatient preparation for, 339, 346periarticular structures appearance on,

359, 359f–360fof punctures/lacerations, 372, 373fof sacroiliac region, 850fscan protocol for, 339, 346science of, 338–39of SCLs, 803, 803fof SDFT, 341f–345f, 349f–351f, 592,

592fof SL, 341f–343f, 346, 347fof synovial fluid, 360, 361fof synovium, 360of tarsal sheath, 367of tendinitis, 651f–652fof tendons

evaluation of, 339, 352, 933t, 934, 935f–936f

of pathology, 352, 353f, 354of tenosynovitis, 368–69, 368f

idiopathic, 367–68therapeutic, 962–63

Upper forelimb flexion test, 145, 145fUpper limb

delayed phase radioactive imaging of, 390, 391f–392f

flexion test, 145flong bones in, diagnostic imaging of,

404, 405fstress fracture, 1045, 1045f

Upper motor neuron tracts, 1104Upward fixation of patella (UFP)

clinical signs of, 793, 793fwith coxofemoral luxation, 827, 828fetiology of, 793–94intermittent, 1082treatment of, 793–96

Upward flick, 117Urokinase plasminogen activator, 881f

V25M-DLO. See Ventromedial-dorsolateral oblique projection

ValgusALD, 1138, 1138fcarpal, 85–86, 662f, 1142ftarsal, 92

Varuscarpal, 86, 662f, 1138fetlock, 1140f, 1142f–1143f

Vascular canals, of foot, 251fVascular phase, radioactive imaging of,

386for disease, 396–97, 396f–397f

Vasoconstriction, 537Vastus medialis muscle, 57fVD. See Ventrodorsal projectionVedaprofen (Quadrisol®), 977Venous drainage, of foot, 19, 19fVentrodorsal projection (VD), of pelvis,

322f–323fVentromedial-dorsolateral oblique

projection (V25M-DLO), of pelvis, 324f–325f

Versa Tron shockwave, for soft tissue injuries, 1065f

Vertebral articulations, 68–69Vertebral column, 66–68, 67f

anatomy of, 833biomechanics of, 833–37, 834t–835t,

836f–837fcervical, Rt-LeL of, 326f–327fflexion tests for, 857fmalformation of, 141fpain provocation tests of, 858f

Vertebral facet joint syndrome, arthritis of, 858–62, 859f–861f

Vertebral fracturesdiagnosis of, 857treatment of, 857–58

Vertical movementsamplitude of, 171of torso, measurement of, 166–71,

166f–170fVeterinary control, of endurance horses,

1054–57, 1056fVIBE. See Volumetric interpolated breath-

hold examinationViewing devices, 211–12, 214fVillonodular synovitis, 999Virus, 1107Visual examination

at exercise, 115–16at rest, 112

Vitamin C, 981Vitamin E, 981Vitamins

deficiency of, 943in foals, 1177

for lameness, 981–82Volumetric interpolated breath-hold

examination (VIBE), 428f

Walkbeats of, 96fbiomechanics of, 834, 834tlateral, 835t

Wedged front shoes, 1062f–1063fWedge heel, 989fWedge test, navicular, 148fWeight

bearing, 988–90, 989f–990fbearing cassette holder, 218flameness and, 112

West Nile virus, 1107Whirlbone lameness, 821–22, 822fWhite blood cells, high, in infectious

arthritis, 826White line disease (WLD)

ascending infection of, 518, 519fcharacteristics of, 521–23, 521fetiology of, 1205from keratoma, 538f

Wide behind, 835tWidest part of the foot (WPOTF), 1213–14Wide-web shoe, 1190fWing fracture, 492f

ilial, 841, 842f–843fWinging, 84f, 96bWires, placement of, in quarter crack

repair, 1204fWithers

proportions of, 78in saddle fit, 1110f–1111f

WLD. See White line diseaseWobbler syndrome

clinical signs of, 1174diagnosis of, 1175–77, 1175f–1177fmyelography for, 1176, 1177fprognosis of, 1177–78treatment of, 1177–78

Wooden shoe, 551fWood positioning block, 217fWork

evaluation atprocedure for, 151–52reasons for, 151

performance horses at, 152–53Wounds

healing of, in casts, 635–36puncture

diagnosis of, 437in sole, 1209in tarsus, 914fultrasound of, 372, 373f

traumatic, 1113–14, 1113ftreatment of, 1115–16, 1116f

WPOTF. See Widest part of the foot

X-ray machinesaccessory equipment for, 215cassette holder for, 216fcontrol panel for, 208fequivalent exposures for, 220tHF 100 equine technique chart for, 220fportable, 209, 209fsettings of, 207–8technique chart for, for knee, 221ttimers on, 210–11types of, 208–9, 210fuse of, 207

Zenecarp (Carprofen), 977Zinc, 981

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