Volume - III, Issue - 3

RNI No. : MPMUL/2012/58335

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December 2014

Dayananda KeppetigodaPsychology, Srilanka

Dr. Renalde HuysamenPsychology & Criminology, University of Orange, South Africa

Dr. Roy van den Brink-BudgenU.K.

Dr. Prakash DeshpandeDirector, International Institute of Management Studies, Pune

Dr. R. Ganapathi Asst. Prof., Directorate of Distance Education, Karaikudi. (TN)

Dr. Padma Shankar, Former Principal at Shri Shasun Jain College, Chennai

Dr. Md. Motiur RahmanQassim University, Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Dr. Veena Tewari NandiMajan College, University College, Muscat, Oman

Prof. B. P. SapkotaSociology, Chairperson, Sundar Nepal Sanstha, Nepal

Dr. Sanjay JainHOD, Pol. Science Dept., Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Indore

Dr. Avtaar RahiAssociate Professor, Government College of Education, Bhiwani

Dr. Reshmi Manna, Faculty, IBS, Gurgaon

Prof. Dr. Yashpal SinghDirector, K.L.S.Institute of Engg. & Technology, Chandok, Bijnor, U.P.

Dr. Abha HolkarPhilosophy, D.A.V.V., Indore

Dr. D. P. PandeyTechnical Assistant, Archaeology Department of M. P., IndoreDr. Rajani JairamProf. & Dean, Student WelfareJain University, BangaloreDr. Varsha SurveyAsst. Prof. History, D.A.V.V., M. S. D. Girls College, Indore

Dr. Arun Kumar BeharaProf. of English, Sri Sathyasai Institute,Banglore

Dr. R. B. SharmaSalman Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Dr. N. HariharanProf. & Head Fin & Accounts,Academy for Development of Education and Research, Pune

Dr. Sanjay RaneProf. Govt. Girls P. G. College, Khandwa

Dr. Bhavesh VanpariaProfessor, Tolani Institute of Management Studies, Bhuj

Prof. Lokanath SuarG. M. Law College, Puri, Odisha

Dr. Parmeshwar Gangawat Asst. Prof. English, Jaipur National University, Jaipur

Volume - III, Issue - 3

31 December 2014

Price - INR 60.00

International Journal of Social Science & ManagementCirculation in more than 85 countries

All rights reserved

RNI No. : MPMUL/2012/58335

Postal Regn. No. : MP/IDC/1481/2014-16

ContentsS No. Particulars Page No.

English1. Dream of Education for the Poor : A Life Long Suffering 1 - 6

Prakash C Bhattarai, Nepal

2. Analysis trend in the Activity Ratios of Cement 7 - 10Industry for the Period 2002-03 to 2011-12Dr. V. D. Naik, Surat, Ankit D. Patel, Sabargam

3. The Role of Raw Material Management in Production Operations 11 - 16Manufacturing Units of Pimpari - Chinchwad Industrial AreaProf. Kalidas Jagannath Kale, Pune

4. Francis Bacon’s prose style vis-à-vis and Bertrand Russell’s prose style 17 - 19Sai Kripa Prateek, Dr Arun K Behera, (English), Bangalore

5. Role of Total Quality Management in Indian Textile Industry - 20 - 25A Case Study - Naresh Boora, Warangal

6. Housing Conditions of Urban Muslims in Kausa Mumbra District 26 - 29Thane, Maharashtra - Haider-e-Karrar, Mumbai

7. Constitution Building in Tajikistan - Lalji Pal, New Delhi 30 - 34

8. Decolonizing and Restructuring English Education in India 35 - 36K. Anand Vardhan, Dr. Arun K Behera, Bangalore

9. Economic Reforms in India Since 1991 37 - 39Prof. (Dr.) Vijay Grewal, Indore (M.P.)

10. Recognition of Indian Linguists’ Contribution by the West 40 - 43Dr. Sushil Kumar, Panipat

11. Importance of English in India at present 44 - 45Dr. Arun K Behera, C. Anirudh, Bangalore

12. Citizenship in a Globalizing World: Opportunities and Challenges 46 - 48Dr. Valte, New Delhi

13. A Sociological Study of the Social Status of Pardhi Samaj In 49 - 53Yavatmal District - Sunil Wankhade, Darwha (MH)

14. Consumer Decision making styles in Indian Organised Retail 54 - 57Industry - Dr. R. Nagaraja, Shivamogga, Girish S., Bengaluru

15. Brutus-The Tragic Hero in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar 58 - 59Dr. Arun K Behera, K Anand Vardhan, Bangalore

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Abstract :

In the modern world, formal education is considered as one of the important aspects of human personality. For poor, it is an important means to raise their social status. When the students from the lower class stratum get higher education, they do not only qualify for better salaried jobs, but also raise the economic level of their family. Therefore, the poor develop a strong dream of education in order to rise to the upper strata in the society. However, the journey of achieving the education is not easy for the poor mass of people. There are several problems they must first face before they can succeed. In some cases, they devote their life while the dream of education still remains unachievable. In this context, my ethnographic case study analyses a poor woman Sumnima who passed several ups and downs to achieve her education in order to raise her stratum in the society. However, the dream of education has always become the means of suffering for her.

Key words : Ethnography, Education of the Poor, Life Long Suffering, Educational Reform

Education for Social Life :

Human being has to fight with nature to ensure his own existence, and in this process, they need their own abilities and powers (Agrawal, 2001). Education is an important way to boost up ability and power within the individuals. In addition, education also helps in transforming culture.

There is another important importance of education in regard to enrich financial ability. The higher educated persons get higher income than those of uneducated or lower educated. Education’s role in enhancing earning is unquestionable. The rate of return of education is also high. Whether it is primary, secondary or tertiary, there is a role of education in regard to enhance the earning capacity of an individual. “Research studies reveal that primary education has a high rate of return but people also say that without quality higher education, no quality primary education can be offered. In this way, a country needs both quality school education and higher education for enhancing earning capacity of the citizens of the country” (Khaniya, 2007, p.8). This may be a reason why the formal

education became one of the important wealth for a person in a modern society.

Louis Althusser, a French philosopher, has described a need of education in a capitalist society by Marxian perspective. He believes that education reflects the relation of production and serves the interests of the capitalist ruling class. “For the ruling class to survive and prosper, the reproduction of labor power is essential, which should be technically efficient and obedient. The role of education in capitalist society is the reproduction of such obedient work forces. In addition, education not only transmits a general ruling class ideology, which justifies and legitimates the capitalist system, it also reproduces the attitudes and behaviors required by the major groups in the division of labor” (Haralambos & Heald, 2004, p. 180). His view concerns that education teaches workers to accept and submit to their exploitation, it teaches the ‘agents of exploitation and repression’, the managers, administrators and politicians, how to practice their crafts and rule the work force as agents of the ruling class. This Marxian explanation is widely criticized as only a preliminary framework has been outlined and the explanation is not supported by evidences. If we accept the explanation, we must understand that the agents of those capitalists get higher value in the society than those of working class people. They do not only have the higher position in the society but also have the better salaried job. This might be a reason why poor devote their much effort to achieve education.

Education as the Means of Sufferings for the Lower Class :

There is a dream of poor people to achieve the dream of education for many reasons. The most important reason is: education promotes their status and enhances the financial ability of their family. “When the students from the lower class stratum get higher education, they do not only qualify for better salaried jobs, but also raise the economic level of their family” (Haralambos & Heald, 2004, p. 223).

It is a fact that the modern system of education has opened the door for all without any discrimination of caste, sex, religion etc and the system has also brought various courses of study.

Dream of Education for the Poor : A Life Long Suffering

Prakash C Bhattarai, Res. ScholarKathmandu University School of Education, Nepal

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But there are varieties in educational institutions with respect to the standard and quality of education. In Nepalese context, the students from the upper class join the well-equipped schools, which is not possible for the lower class students. In other words, the facilities of education leading to higher levels of occupations and professions like medicine, engineering, management, social development etc are limited and on the other hand, because of the high cost and several factors governing admission to such subjects, only a few resourceful people can join these courses. Even though some opportunities for free education are said to be provided, and additional incentives are given to the needy people. In fact, various studies have shown that the opportunities of education are neither equal nor open to all.

There is dichotomy between resources of poor and their desires. The poor want to develop their financial ability by the means of education and it is not easy to achieve their educational dream as the education is beyond their reach. Moreover, the journey of achieving the education is not easy for the poor mass of people. There are several problems to be faced for them. In many cases, they devote their whole life in sufferings to achieve the dream of education; however, the dream of education is still hard to achieve.

My case study analyses a poor woman Sumnima who passed several ups and downs to achieve education. However, the dream of education has always become the means of suffering for her.

Case Introduction :

This is a study of a poor woman named Sumnima who is currently working in Israel. She has no house to live in. Her daughter Rabina is a boarding student in Kathmandu, Nepal and is in the care of her brother and his family who live in Koteshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal. Everything seems okay now. However, the picture inside the reality is different.

Sumnima, who was born in Assam, India, later migrated to Nepal due to ethnic conflict. Her family had to run away from the local indigenous people who regarded Nepalese as minority group. When she reached the Terai region of Nepal, her family faced several challenges of poverty. But she had a strong desire to achieve education since she wanted to raise her social strata particularly financial ability by means of education. Later she went to Kathmandu to study. Meanwhile, she also

worked in a hotel and tried to realize her dream of being well educated. Later on, she got an opportunity to go to Hong Kong in order to earn money. She went to Hong Kong, planning to invest the hard-earned money in her education after her return back to Nepal. In Hong Kong, she met Mr. Chaudhary from Mumbai, India and married him in the hope of being able to stay long in Hong Kong and fulfill her educational dream. In the meantime, China took over Hongkong and she, along with her husband and her six month-old daughter, left Hongkong and went to Delhi in her spouse’s house. After the birth of the baby, she gave up her aim of achieving education, but decided that her daughter should not be deprived of the education that always eluded her. Unfortunately, her husband fell into the drinking habit, and she could not give very good education to her daughter in India. She left India along with her daughter and stayed in Nepal. She worked in a hotel as a waiter but, with her meager income, was unable to provide for her daughter’s education. In order to improve her financial situation to invest the education of her daughter, she borrowed money from her brother and went to Israel where she is earning NRS 70,000 per month and is paying about NRS 30,000 for the study of her daughter who studies in a private school of Kathmandu. She may not return from Israel until her daughter completes her graduation.

Processes and Methods Used in Research

In this study, in addition to direct observation, several rounds of interviews and interaction with Sumnima were carried out, aiming to gather her views on how her dream of education always gave her pain. Further, the manner in which poverty has been affecting her living conditions was analyzed based on her relevant key words, phrases, and narrations.

The researcher's wife knows Sumnima since long, because they born in the same village in Assam and Sumnima still visit my home whenever she comes from Israel for her holidays. So, though the researcher has already had some background information on Sumnima and her family, social ties have helped to enter in interactions easily and explore more about her. Furthermore, the foregoing information and knowledge about Sumnima’s past have made it possible to explore in-depth her individual being and cultural conditions from an insider's perspective, maintaining ethical standards with

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the culture and context.

For the purpose of data analysis, the researcher transcribed all the data that he generated from the participants. The transcribed data was edited with original record and 'member checking' was employed to ensure credibility of the study. Out from the transcribed data, codes were generated and the codes were categorized to seek meanings. Then, the researcher drew the research finding and linked some components of the phenomenon and show their connections and inter-connections with the themes found in literatures and with the researcher's personal reflections. In order to improve credibility of the information, rigorous interactions were done in different settings for crosschecking the information and avoiding inconsistencies.

Presentation, Interpretation and Analysis

In the process of data analysis, as described above, some themes were developed. The themes are analyzed with reflections as follows.

Sumnima’s Childhood in Assam :

Sumnima is a daughter of Brahmin parents following Hindu religion. Her forefathers had their habitats in southern part of Assam and their occupation was agriculture. Because of the ethnic conflict in Assam at that time, staying there became increasingly difficult. After their relative’s death in the crisis, it was almost impossible to live there. They decided to migrate towards Nepal, where they had some relatives, with some property. Finally they decided to live in the remote part of Bara district, Nepal near a dense forest. When Sumnima was born, her mother had nearly died. She was the second child of her parents and later, her mother gave birth to another three children.

Sumnima passed her childhood full of misery and distress. Her village was undeveloped and there was no access to electricity, roads, bridges, hospitals, educational institutions and other facilities. Most of the people were uneducated and were suffering from different kinds of problems.

Environment as a Determinant of a Person’s Future :

As explained above, Sumnima was from remote uneducated society of Bara, Nepal where majority of the people were almost illiterate, and where one had to walk 1.5 hours to reach the school. Her father had a dream of educating his male children. However, they thought that a girl’s

“fate” is determined by her duty at home or “within the four walls”. Sumnima had gone to school at the age of 7 and studied up to grade 7. “Poverty has pulled out many students from school for work and/ or compelled them never to enroll” (Acharya, 2007, p. 56). This might be a reason why Sumnima had to discontinue her education to manage households, to take care of her siblings and to do other domestic chores. She had strong desire to continue her study for her social promotion, but her desires weren’t fulfilled because of the domestic/social environment.

All girl children of the society were facing the same problems; no one could convince their parents to continue school- as a result of which their education always came to a premature end. There simply was no environment for study, especially for girl children. In addition, there existed a prevalent notion that girls should not be allowed to go for higher studies, because then they would associate with boys, and the possibility of elopement (poila jane) was never far away. There was also a saying that if females are educated, they will become witches (boksi).

Patriarchal Environment :

Women in underdeveloped regions are bound to suffer discrimination since birth. Parents become happy if they get a son and think that the son will bring prestige and honor to the family, whereas a daughter is often considered as ‘only another mouth to feed’. From a very young age, Sumnima had to perform many household activities such as washing, cleaning, cooking, caring of younger siblings whereas her brother, without any hesitation, had the freedom to play and study.

They forbade her to go to school because they wanted her to grow up, marry and go to live her husband’s house. In our society, women have been victims of the traditional concept of being ‘deficient’ and ‘second-to-man’ since ancient times. The split perception of our culture views women as passive, second, other, weak and so forth. Throughout history, men have had greater power in both private and public spheres. In Nepalese society, marriage is viewed to be compulsory for women and Sumnima’s parents had also tried to force her into marriage at a very young age as her all of friends had already gone in their husband’s house.

Struggle to Fulfill the Dream of Education :

Sumnima rejected the marriage proposal of her parents and ran towards Kathmandu, where her

3

brother was attending college, and where she hoped to fulfill her dream of obtaining education. “Where gender based discrimination, caste based discrimination, poverty and armed conflict come into play, family disorganization is likely to occur, when families are disorganized and/ or dysfunctional, the incidence of child abandonment and abuse, the migration of children for work and children’s involvement in harmful activities are likely to occur” (Acharya, 2007, p. 52). Although there were no cases of abuses and harmful activities, she was compelled to join her brother in Kathmandu to fulfill her quest of education. However, it was not easy even for her brother to study in Kathmandu. He used to take tuition classes for school children in order to eke out an income just sufficient for his survival.

To study in a place like Kathmandu wasn’t as easy as Sumnima thought when she was in Bara district. She had nearly tired of asking for jobs in various parts of Kathmandu when she got a job in a hotel as a steward with the help of her brother. Sumnima spent three or more years in Kathmandu. At the end of the third year, she decided to continue her study in one of the government schools of Kathmandu, Nepal in order to fulfill her dream of education. She also studied there for three years, and just when SLC examination was quite close, she got an opportunity to go to Hong Kong. It was an option called ghitigunta in which some Nepalese used to go to Hong Kong to purchase certain expensive goods, carry back all those that were permitted by the Government of Nepal. By this one could earn around NRS 15,000 in a round trip of Hong Kong.

She did not intend to go Hong Kong at first, but her brother advised her not to miss the opportunity, since she could achieve her dream of education after a year too when she would have adequate money. She also thought it could be a wonderful opportunity for her to achieve her dream of education, but it only became another step of failure of her dream because she decided to go there while her SLC was approaching. When she went to Hong Kong, she met one of her friends who used to work in Hong Kong overstaying after the expiry of his visa. As he had a very good income status, she thought it was wonderful opportunity for her to earn and decided to overstay in Hong Kong.

It was a great challenge to stay illegally in Hong Kong but her dream of education compelled her to do so. She was very innocent and ignorant and

thought that she could earn money and study there. But, in reality, she stayed for three years and faced numerous problems. Sumnima was physically and mentally insecure in that place. Being a maid in a house, she had to suffer different kinds of physical and mental problems. In the course of time, she met an Indian restaurant worker, Mr. Chaudhary who proposed her for marriage. She was almost 10 years his junior. However, in order to live a secure life and to achieve the dream of education, Sumnima had no other option but to become ready for marriage.

Challenges after Marriage :

Even after marriage, Sumnima had not given up her dream of education. That is why she did not want to have a baby right after marriage, but Mr. Chaudhary forced her to do so as he liked babies a lot. At first, she did not accept this idea, however, when Mr. Chaudhary requested her a lot, she agreed. After her daughter was born, however, she gave up her dream of gaining higher education and decided to make her daughter educated.

Everything was going well. In the meantime, when China took over Hong Kong, many Indian workers returned to India for certain formalities of visa procedure. Sumnima’s family also flew away to India where her husband started a small business. When Sumnima reached India, she realized that her marriage with an Indian man itself was a great challenge in an Indian society. Although she came from a Brahmin family of Nepal, she was treated differently. She observed that although Indian society has a concept of unity in diversity, no one in her family was fully prepared to accept that kind of situation. Every member of the family thought that her cast and ethnicity was lower than theirs. It took a long time for Mr. Chaudhary’s family to accept Sumnima as a daughter-in-law.

But Sumnima’s chain of grief wasn’t over yet. Her husband became drunkard and careless towards them because of his big loss in business. He started to torture Sumnima and her daughter physically and mentally. She adjusted and tried to improve the situation but when the education of her own daughter started to suffer, Sumnima couldn’t just stay and be a dumb spectator to all these happenings, and took a serious decision to leave Mr. Chaudhary and return back to Nepal where she could educate her child.

Back in Nepal, a country where unemployment

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constitutes one of the major problems, she found it quite difficult to find a job. She again joined her brother’s house. She searched for a job for many days but couldn’t get any. Everywhere she was asked for her educational qualification and experience as an employee. Her experience of manual work in Hong Kong could not help her to find the right job option in Nepal. Once she got a job in a hotel but the salary was not sufficient for her sustenance, and for the education of her daughter. As her dream of education remained unfulfilled, she developed an aim to educate her only child at any cost.

Quest for Education :

To fulfill the dream of her only one child, Sumnima once again came up with a courageous decision. She found Israel the right destination in terms of income. She asked her brothers for some money. As one of her brothers was employed in UN mission in Canada by then, she did not have difficulty in borrowing money from him. With the help of Manpower Company, she fled to Israel. It was very hard for her to go to Israel as she did not want to leave her only daughter. However, she had no option than to leave her behind for her education.

She has been working in Israel as a house maid for two years. The job of house maid is not easy. She has full responsibility of the house chores including washing clothes and caring for old couples. If she is one minute late in serving tea to the old couples, they become angry with her. It is very hard for her to live without her beloved daughter. Every evening she weeps in front of the image of god for her daughter’s sound health and education. Though her dream to make her daughter educated seems to be fulfilled, life isn’t so easy for Sumnima and her daughter. She can only see her daughter once in every two years. She has lost a lot of things in her life but she is happy with this one success- her daughter is learning very hardly. She often remembers her deprived situation of childhood and wants to give her daughter all possible foundations of success; she does not feel any pains even to pay Rs. 30,000 per month for her daughter’s tuition, boarding and other necessary expenses in the private school of Kathmandu. Even she cannot return from Israel until her daughter- currently studying in grade seven- completes her graduation, she feels proud that her dream will be realized one day.

Problems of Ethnicity and Search of Identity :

Sumnima’s daughter is now facing a number of problems based on ethnic identity. Being a daughter of an Indian father and Nepali mother, she is experiencing numerous troubles. She was brought up in India and her skill of speaking Nepali language is poor. She can understand Nepali but cannot speak it, and so she always hesitates to make friends with Nepali children. There was a citizenship problem too in the past, but Nepal government just passed the law whereby a child can get citizenship from his/her mother’s status. Her daughter faces difficulty even to learn the course contents too for several reasons such as language, culture, environment etc. Sumnima fears that perhaps she will face a challenge in her marriage, particularly in terms of the caste, ethnicity etc. of her daughter’s partner. On the other hand, her daughter is suffering from the problems of identity and ethnicity. Her daughter is called madheshi in her maternal house; they behave as if she is inferior to other children. In fact, Sumnima’s daughter is experiencing diaspora and nostalgia together in the sense that she has passed her childhood in India and is inclined towards Indian culture, but she is missing her own culture and country. Now the eternal question of identity- ‘who am I?’- is extremely bothering to the daughter of Sumnima.

A life long suffering

In the case of Sumnima, she had a strong dream to achieve the good social strata. For her education of grade seven, she knew the values of education to raise her status in society. “The major source of change is the globalization of the capitalist economy and its restructuring, which makes extraordinary demands on education” (Mojab & Gorman, 2001). For this reason, she developed a strong ambition to achieve education by any means. However, the socio-cultural and economic environment was not in her support. The parents are not in the position to keep her in the school for their poverty. “Parents temptation towards monetary benefits also denies children their rights” (Acharya, 2007, p. 52). However, she wanted to achieve her educational dream by any means and left home for Kathmandu.

“People may originally make their move as the result of family quarrels, as in particular, conflict between generations-another example of how migration may be interpreted as a strategy of avoidance” (Gardener & Osella, 2004, p. xxxvii). This is a fact that she never quarreled to her parents directly, but moving against their

5

decision was hidden struggle for her rights of education. Her struggle to achieve education got existence till the birth of her daughter since she experienced “a community of men and women possessing vitality, courage, sensitiveness and intelligence, in the highest degree that education can produce, would be very different from anything that has hitherto existed” (Bertrand, 2007, p. 37). She is now in Israel and still working hard to educate her only child. It is hard to predict when her saga of sufferings would end.

In fact, education is only a way to raise the status for poor mass of people and therefore, they use their optimum efforts to achieve the ambition of education. However, the journey of achieving the education is not easy for them. They should face several ups and downs before they succeed. In some cases, they devote their life while the dream of education still remains unachievable. This explanation can be presented in the following diagram.

Conclusion :

Man has to fight with nature to ensure his own existence, and in this process, he needs his physical abilities and powers. Education is one of the important factors that can supply such abilities and powers. In addition, the cultural elements are passed on from generation to generation. Education has played a great role in such transmission of culture since the time immemorial.

In the modern world, formal education is regarded as one of the important aspects of human personality. For poor, it is an important means to raise their social status. When the students from the lower class stratum get higher education, they do not only qualify for better salaried jobs, but also raise the economic level of their family. Therefore, the poor develop a strong dream of education in order to rise to the upper

strata in the society. However, the journey of achieving the education is not easy for the poor mass of people. There are several problems they must first face before they can succeed. In some cases, they devote their life while the dream of education still remains unachievable.

In this context, the actors and agencies of education in Nepal need to honestly appraise the strengths and weaknesses of the current educational system in its attempt to include all children even poor under its program. Without this, the promise of fair and equal education system that provides quality education for all its children, and leads to the growth of economic and social opportunities and ‘development capabilities’, will remain a distant dream for the great majority of the people and the life-long sufferings of the poor in the name of achieving education will never end.

References :

1. Abraham, M.F. (2005). Modern sociological theory: An introduction. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

2. Acharya, S. (2007). Social inclusion: Gender and equity in education swaps in South Asia, Nepal case study. Kathmandu: UNICEF.

3. Agrawal, J.C. (2001). Theory and principals of education: Philosophical and sociological bases of education, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi:

4. Bertrand, R. (2007). Education and good life. S. P. Ruhela (Editor and Reviser). New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers.

5. Boyd, W. & King, E. (1972). The history of western education. New York: Barnes & Noble Books.

6. Gardner, K. & Ossella, F. (2004). Migration, modernity and social transformation in South Asia: An introduction. In F. Osella & K. Gardner (Eds.). Migration, modernity and social transformation in South Asia. New Delhi: Sage.

7. Haralambos, M. & Heald, R.M. (2004). Sociology themes and perspectives. Cambridge: Oxford University Press.

8. Khaniya, T.R. (2007). New horizons in education in Nepal. Kathmandu: Kishor Khaniya.

9. Mojab, S. & Gorman, R. (2001). The struggle over life-long learning: a Marxist feminist analysis. A Paper Presentation to Annual Meeting of the Adult Education Research Conference, J u n e 1 - 3 , 2 0 0 1 . R e t r i e v e d f r o m www.edst.educ.ebc. ca/aerc/2001

10. Turner, J.H. (2005). The structure of sociological theory. Jaipur: Rawat Publications.

Socio-cultural, economic environment

People from Low Strata Desire and hard efforts to

raise status

Life Long Saga of Suffering

Failure to achieve high

strata

Partially success to achieve high strata

Success to achieve high strata

6

Abstract :

In this study trend analysis is carried out for four activity ratios for the cement industry of India for the period of 2002-03 to 2011-12. These ratios are Inventory Turnover Ratio, Debtors Turnover Ratio, Fixed Assets Turnover ratio and Working capital Turnover Ratio. The Mann-Kendall trend detection test is used to test the goodness of fit of regression equation representing the trend in these activity ratios which are based on a sample of 18 selected companies in cement industry selected by proportional stratified sampling.

Keywords : Trend, Activity ratios

1. Introduction :

A time series may show fluctuations in the increasing and declining direction but there is distinct tendency for it either to increase or decrease in the long run. For example if we observe wholesale price level in India from 1991 to 2011, we shall find that despite short term fluctuation there is a marked tendency in the price to increase. If we observe the series of death rates in India over the last years, we observe distinct tendency for it to fall continuous because of improve health facility, prevention of epidemics, medical research etc. Such long run tendency of a time series to increase or decrease over a period of time is known as trend or secular trend. The trend can be linear or quadratic or any higher degree polynomial depending upon the line of regression which fits well with data is linear, quadratic and higher degree polynomial respectively.

Kaura, M.N and Bala Subramanian (1979) analyzed ten cement units during 1972 to 1977. They have shown that the financial performance of the selected units evidenced by liquidity, profitability and financial structure ratios has declined. The non availability of funds affected the modernization of plants and periodic rehabilitation of the kilns. Besides, the bottlenecks in supply of raw materials and power and non remunerative prices reduced the capacity utilization, profits and cash flows. The profitability and liquidity position in many units were affected adversely because of the inadequate supply of raw materials, railway wagons and power.

Chandrasekaran N (1993) had made an attempt to examine determinants of profitability in cement industry. He identified that profitability was determined by structural, as well as, behavioural variables. He also identified that the other variables which influenced profitability were growth of the firm, capital turnover ratio, management of working capital, inventory turnover ratio etc. Some of the main changes in the cement industry environment during 1980's identified in this study were: from complete control to decontrol, number of new entrants and substantial additions of capacity, changing technology from inefficient wet process to efficient dry process and from conditions of scarcity of cement to near gloat in the market.

Nand Kishore Sharma (2002), in his Study on financial appraisal of cement industry in India, had found that the liquidity position was decreasing, current ratio and quick ratio showed a decreasing trend and also these ratios varied from time to time. On comparing the current ratio and quick ratio of cement industry, six companies were found higher than the industry average and four companies lower than industry average. The solvency position in terms of debt-equity ratio showed a decreasing trend in the first 4 years of study, after that, it registered an increasing trend. The ratio of fixed assets to total debt always showed more than 100 percent which indicated that the claims of outsiders were covered by the fixed assets of the cement companies.

Sudipta Ghosho (2008) has analyzed the liquidity performance of Tata Iron & Steel Company (TISCO). During the selected period of the study, it was found that the liquidity position of the company, on the basis of current ratio as well as quick ratio, was not satisfactory. It indicated that the share of current assets in total assets of the company, on an average, was 29.1 percent during the period of study. It was suggested that to maintain overall control of liquidity position, the company should give special attention to the management of current assets.

2. Methodology :

The study is based mainly on secondary data which is collected from the books, magazine, in-

Analysis trend in the Activity Ratios of CementIndustry for the Period 2002-03 to 2011-12

Dr. V. D. Naik, Principal S. P. B. English Medium Commerce College, Surat

Ankit D. Patel, Asst. Prof.,Ambaba Commerce College, Sabargam

7

house materials and website of concerned company on cement industry. Quantitative approach is used. In this study proportional stratified random sampling technique is used, which means there is equal chance of selection for each unit in a stratum and the representation of strata in the sample is in proportion of size of the strata. Size of the sample is 18 companies from three strata of cement companies listed on BSE /NSE. The three strata are consisted of large-cap, mid-cap and small-cap companies. The study period is taken from 2002-03 to 2011-2012.The main objective of the study is to find out trends in four activity ratios viz. Inventory Turnover Ratio, Debtors Turnover Ratio, Fixed Assets Turnover ratio, Working capital Turnover Ratio. Mann-Kendall trend detection test is used to test the goodness of fit of an equation on the activity ratios of industry (see the tables A-2, A33, A-4 and A-5) for 10 years obtained by weighted means of such ratios of 18 selected companies in cement industry for the respective year. The weight factor used for working out the weighted means is paid-up capitals of respective years of respective company (see the table A-1).

3. Trend Analysis :

In present study four Activity ratios were studied for the cement industry like Inventory Turnover Ratio, Debtors Turnover Ratio, Fixed Assets Turnover ratio, Working capital Turnover Ratio.

3.1. Inventory Turnover Ratio :

In this sub-section composite Inventory Turnover Ratio of the Industry from the Inventory Turnover Ratio of the selected 18 cement companies are obtained for ten years spanning from 2002-03 to 2011-12. These ratios are presented in the following table and the chart.

TABLE NO : 1Year Composite Inventory Estimated Ratio

Turnover Ratio from Ratio (y)the equation (y^)

2002-03 6.398186 7.086342

2003-04 8.286807 8.517561

2004-05 10.16672 9.60841

2005-06 11.29353 10.35889

2006-07 11.98824 10.769

2007-08 10.23053 10.83874

2008-09 9.691914 10.56811

2009-10 9.533253 9.957117

2010-11 7.342163 9.005751

2011-12 9.492601 7.714016

CHART NO : 1

To test the following H related to goodness of fit, 0

the Mann-Kendall trend detection test is applied.

H = There is no trend in series of Composite Inventory 0

Turnover Ratio of the Industry.

H = There is some trend (Liner or Quadratic) in series 1

of Composite Inventory Turnover Ratio of Ind.

From the above trend detection test it was found that there is no linear trend. However, for the 2nd degree polynomial equation for the series, value of R2 value is 0.6000, and p-value is 0.04035. Therefore,it may be concluded tharthe 2nd degree polynomial equation is good fit and therefore there is quadratic trend in this ration during the period of study.

3.2. Debtors Turnover Ratio

In this sub-section composite Debtors Turnover Ratio of Industry from Debtors Turnover Ratio of the selected 18 cement companies are obtained for ten years spanning from 2002 to 2012.

TABLE NO - 2

Year Composite Debtors Estimated Turnover Ratio (y) Ratio from

the equation(y^)

2002-03 44.35491 39.548352003-04 27.58622 30.490052004-05 19.76831 23.251042005-06 16.56361 17.831322006-07 13.02908 14.23092007-08 13.3946 12.449772008-09 12.6161 12.487942009-10 20.73427 14.34542010-11 19.04671 18.022162011-12 19.08133 23.51821

CHART NO : 2

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When the Mann-Kendall trend detection test is applied to test the hypothesis

H = There is no trend in series of Composite 0

Debtors Turnover Ratio of the Industry

H = There is some trend (Liner or Quadratic) in 1

series of Composite Debtors Turnover Ratio of the Industry

it is found that there is no linear trend. However, the fitting of 2nd degree polynomial equation on

2the series yielded the value of R = 0.864 and p-value = 0.000908. Henceit may be concluded that the 2nd degree polynomial equation is good fit and therefore there is quadratic trend in this ration during the period of study.

3.3 Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio

In this subsection composite Fixed Assets Turnover ratio of the Industry from the Fixed Assets Turnover ratio of the selected 18 cement companies are obtained for ten years spanning from 2002-03 to 2011-12 and are presented in the following table and the chart.

TABLE NO : 3

Year Composite Estimated Fixed Assets Ratio from Turnover the Ratio (y) equation (y^)

2002-03 0.73 0.85792003-04 0.83 0.92562004-05 0.96 0.99332005-06 1.22 1.0612006-07 1.39 1.12872007-08 1.33 1.19642008-09 1.14 1.26412009-10 1.28 1.33182010-11 1.21 1.39952011-12 1.53 1.4672

CHART NO : 3

To test the following H0 related to goodness of fit,

the Mann-Kendall trend detection test is applied.

H0 = There is no trend in series of Composite Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio of the Industry.

H1 = There is some trend (Liner or Quadratic) in series of Composite Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio of the Industry.

From the above trend detection we found that there is upward trend. From fitted linear regression line the R2 value is 0.660, and p-value is 0.013, from which we can say that the model is significant.

3.4 Working Capital Turnover Ratio :

In this subsection the composite Working capital Turnover Ratio of the Industry from the Working capital Turnover Ratio of the selected 18 cement companies are obtained for ten years spanning from 2002-03 to 2011-12. These ratios are presented in the following table and the chart.

TABLE NO : 4

Year Composite Working Capital Turnover Ratio (y)

2002-03 4.582003-04 0.082004-05 33.922005-06 29.412006-07 -11.232007-08 -7.392008-09 -3.572009-10 30.032010-11 9.192011-12 30.03

CHART NO - 4.

To test the following H related to goodness of fit 0

for linear as well as quadratic equations the Mann-Kendall trend detection test is applied it is found that neither trend is noticeable in the series.

H = There is no trend in series of Composite 0

9

Working capital Turnover Ratio of the Industry.

H = There is some trend (Liner or Quadratic) in 1

series of Composite Working capital Turnover Ratio of the Industry.

From the above trend detection we found that there is no trend. Working Capital Turnover Ratio as the both equation (Liner or Quadratic) were not good-fit.

4. Conclusion :

- From the Table No :- 1 and Chart No :- 1 it can be seen that so far as Inventory Turnover Ratio is concerned, during the first half of the decade, form 2002-03 to 2007-08, the ratio was rising and then from 2008-09 to 2011-12 the trend of this ratio was downward. It can be also be noticed from the chart no:-1 that the highest Inventory Turnover Ratio during 2007-08 was 10.83 and the overall performance of the industry was good.

- From the Table No :- 2 and Chart No :- 2 we can see that so far as Debtors Turnover Ratio is concern, during the decade there was no linear trend. However, during the first seven years of the decade, form 2002-03 to 2008-09, the ratio was declining and then after from 2008-09 to 2011-12 the trend of this ratio was moving upward. It can be also noted from the chart no:-2 that though there is no linear trend, the quadratic trend is present in Debtors Turnover Ratio. The highest Debtors Turnover Ratio during 2002-03 was 44.35 and lowest Debtors Turnover Ratio during 2008-09 was 12.62. It indicates that the trend of the recovery of debts was downward but satisfactory.

- From the Table No - 3 and Chart No - 3 we can see that so far as Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio is concern, the trend of this ratio was upward during the period of the study. This ratio clearly indicate linear rising trend. It can analyze from the Table 6.3.4.1 during the entire period of the study form 2002-03 to 2011-12 the ratio was Increasing trend. This sign is good because fixed assets were efficiently used in cement industry. It can be also analyzed from the chart no:-6.4.2.1 there is upward trend in Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio. The chart indicates the ratio was continuously rose. The highest Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio during 2011-12 was

1.46 and lowest Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio during 2002-03 was 0.86.

- From the Chart No :- 4 it can be seen that so far as Working Capital Turnover Ratio is concern, there is no trend in the composite Working Capital Turnover Ratio as the both equation (Liner or Quadratic) were not good-fit. Hence, it may be conclude that the management of working capital was not efficient.

References :

1. Kaura M. Namd (1979), Inter Firm Comparison of Financial Performance of Cement Companies of India. ASCI Journal of Management, Vol 19/1, Hyderabad, September.

2. Chandrasekaran N. (1993), Determinants of profitability in Cement Industry, Cement Industry, Vol. 20(4), p.16.

3. Nand Kishore Sharma (2002), Financial Appraisal of Cement Industry in India, The Management Accountant, 36(9), pp. 622-625.

4. Sudipta Ghosho (2008), Liquidity Management : A case study of TISCO Ltd., The Management Accountant, Vol.43 (2), pp. 77-85.

5. "SETA :: Office of Social & Economic Trend Analysis" (2006), Iowa State University (IAstate), web: SETA-TA.

6. "Public Attitudes on Higher Education - A Trend Analysis, 1993 to 2003" (February 2004), John Immerwahr (Senior Research Fe l low) , Pub l i c Agenda (H ighe r Education.org), web: HighEduc.

7. Aravamudhan, V (2012) An analysis of financial performance of cement industry in Tamil Nadu, Published Thesis, pp. 22-38 , December 2012

10

Abstract :

As an industrial nation, India owes its prosperity to the production of goods and to exports. A reliable supply of raw materials – primarily non-energy mineral resources – is needed in order to secure this prosperity. They are needed to develop and grow emerging technologies, but also to achieve our ambitions in terms of climate change goals and to accelerate the transformation of our energy system. India is heavily dependent on imports for these so-called high-technology raw materials. Numerous studies over the past few years have therefore considered what raw material demand tomorrow’s technologies will entail and what supply risks may challenge us. Experience had shown that there is critical operational problem regarding raw material management in manufacturing organisations. This has prompted the desire to embark on a conceptual analysis that will examine the problem and strive to proffer useful suggestions. This paper intends to bring to the fore, the salient issue of inefficiency in the practice of raw material management and its effects on production operations of manufacturing concerns by theoretical review. The paper concludes that, should practitioners become proactive by applying proffered solutions, efficiency will be achieved in management of raw materials and production operations.

Keywords : Raw Material Management, Inventory Management, Production Operation, Manufacturing Organisations.

1. Introduction :

Securing reliable and undistorted access to raw materials is of continuing concern both within the industry and outside industry. As a consequence, the Raw Materials Initiative was instigated to manage responses to raw materials issues at all level. At the heart of this work is defining what are the critical raw materials that have high economic importance to the manufacturing industry combined with high risk associated with their supply.

The importance of raw material to the efficient

operation of a manufacturing organisation cannot be over emphasized; in that the availability of the raw material in the right quality and quantity will determine to a reasonable extent; the availability, quality and quantity of the resulting output.

Raw material management is critical to the overall performance of any manufacturing concern. Beside demand and other forces like competitor’s actions and general price index; raw material situation in terms of efficient management and effective planning determines the activity level, the turn-over and the ultimate profit in a given company. The determination of economic order quantity (EOQ), re-order level and minimum/maximum stock levels is important in raw material management in any manufacturing outfit.

The material function is assumed to be organised and operated on an integrated basis and is also presumed to be responsible for material forecasting, planning, inventory control, scrap control and disposal; providing management information regarding purchases and inventories within the framework of the financial policies and norms. A glance at these functions will reveal the intricacies involved in maintaining balanced policies on raw material management.

Material management being the coordination of efforts (planning, controlling, organising, directing) towards achieving efficiency in the procurement, transportation, stocking and utilization of inputs of a manufacturing organisation is therefore central to productive activities and management. Effective and efficient functioning of the material management has direct bearing on the total performance of the organisation. The management of raw material in a manufacturing organization, therefore, deserves attention and critical study in order to achieve uninterrupted production runs and enhanced performance in operations (Khalid, 2008). Besides, holding the right stock level could improve the level of available working capital that could be profitably employed in other areas. These objectives could only be achieved through an integrated approach to material

The Role of Raw Material Management in Production Operations Manufacturing Units of Pimpari - Chinchwad Industrial Area

Prof. Kalidas Jagannath Kale, Anantrao Thopte College, Bhor, Pune

11

management functions by combining planning, procurement and inventory control.

2. Literature Review :

2.1 Relationship Between Inventory & Raw Material :

Inventory refers to the totality of stocks, being held by a business enterprise at a particular time. The following groups of inventory are of concern to managers in manufacturing organisations:

1. Raw material, 2. Work-in-progress or semi finished goods, 3. Finished goods. 4. Other stocks such as: tools, spare parts and production consumables.

Raw materials are component parts from the stock of inventories carried by a manufacturing firm at a given time. Every organisation has inventories of some type and the economics and techniques of inventory management are critical for efficient operation, profitability and survival; especially in a highly competitive environment (Kros, Falasca & Nadler, 2006).

Inventory control is the science-based art of controlling the amount of stock held in various forms within a business (Lewis, 1970). Inventory control is a method of recording and reporting the movement of raw materials within a company: from material stock room, through any of the manufacturing processes to the finished product stage. According to Sharif (2011) inventory management basically aims at providing both internal and external customers with the required service levels in terms of quality, quantity and order fill rate, to ascertain present and future requirements for all types of inventory to avoid overstocking while avoiding bottlenecks in production and to keep costs to a minimum.

2.2 Classification of Inventory Management System :

The use of inventory management system in raw material management practice is imperative today; given the dynamic nature of operations in the frequently changing world of business. Mantho (1994) classified Inventory Management computer based activities into three broad areas:

• Inventory record keeping: due to the availability of computers at a reasonable price, SMEs has found it appropriate to automate their inventory records through computerization.

• Inventory decision-making: many models can be integrated into computer based inventory systems.

• Material requirement planning (MRP) system: MRP is an Inventory Management (IM) information system concerned with getting the right materials to the right place at the right time.

However, modern Inventory Management systems are more challenging because of several variables. According to Sharif (2011), in a fluid IM environment; these factors include high inflation rates at certain periods, low availability of traditional materials, high costs of labour leading to less making and more buying, increasing numbers of suppliers entering the procurement market and rapid development of micro-processors and software in decision-making support systems. In addition, new technologyl innovations lead to the development of substitutes (for example, smart materials replacing steel and aluminum), which add to the challenges for IM (Mohanty, 1985).

2.3 Important Elements in Raw Material Management :

Purchasing and inventory control are the key elements for efficient material management. Decisions on how much to buy and when to buy cannot be viewed in isolation; as is being done in many quarters. The provision of safety stock on the other hand is a kind of insurance and is largely influenced by the lead time required to procure the materials. It is obvious that any improvement in the lead time would necessitate a decrease in the volume of safety stock and thereby reduce overall capital lockup in inventory (Saeed, 2008).

Another important issue in material management is the matter of maintaining good systems and procedures and this calls for strict discipline in the documentation. This implies that all related paper- work are completed in time so as to generate the basic data and compile timely and reliable information for planning, follow-up and control. This seems mandatory, be it manual or computerized system. The success of the system calls for cooperation and understanding of all that are concerned for providing timely, the necessary data; in order to ensure that the information processed for action reflects the realities of the situation. According to Nasiri, Davoudpour and Karimi (2010) resource planning and timely

12

information for decision, action and control is possible today with the support of a computer system with the relevant application package and software. An integrated material management system with electronic data processing support avoids many of the common volume data in a short time span and checking the actual against the preset norms, so as to take quick preventive and/or corrective actions.

2.4 Conceptual Framework :

In a work of this nature, a conceptual analysis of relevant studies on the problem under consideration is desirable; given the universal perception and the enormity of the challenges that raw material management had posed to manufacturers (Marcello, Andrea & Montanari, 2004).

Material Management Problem : Aged and Global

Providing a clue to what material management problem was, Dear (1989) gave the following assertions: that the most common reason by far for a manager, becoming interested in inventory is when he finds out he has more of it than he should have. He went further that in a spare part operation, management became interested in the first place because the combined branch stock, holding was in excess of budget. Overstocking as identified above is not the only problem in material management. Under-stocking could lead to a bigger problem as analyzed by the same writer. “How do managers react? – They order those in charge to reduce stock, with the result that ordering on suppliers is cut back drastically. The situation quickly changes from one of adequate cover of moving lines with a considerable excess of non moving stock to one of very inadequate cover of moving lines with a considerable excess of non moving stock” (Dear,1989). In his analysis of problems relating to material management, Dear observed that management formulates inventory policies that are not applicable in their areas of operations. Therefore, he advised: “Inventory control should be systematic, i.e. they are based on an objective set of rules or guidelines that are in accord with the company objectives”.

Another notable contributor on the subject of consideration is Simeon (1990) who gave credence to the enormity of raw material

management problem when he wrote: “for batch manufacturing companies, stock control is a major factor in managing production efficiency and on-time delivery, not to mention the havoc it can play with cash flow”. He went further to assert that delay in meeting customers’ order could be the result of poor management of materials.

Macbeth (1989) believes that adequate staff development programmes must focus upon purchasing as tasks and responsibilities and the way in which good supply performance helps to sharpen the competitive edge.

Rajeev (2008) made a study of forty small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bangalore, India and observed that even in an inventory intensive manufacturing industry sector, Inventory Management (nay, material management) practices were poor. He went further that the use of formal practices for managing inventories was also inadequate. According to him, poor material management practices were characterized by a lack of an integrated approach in the form of the absence of links between physical stock and accounting system. A lack of appreciation for Inventory Management (IM) among the entrepreneurs and the lack of qualified staff were the two major factors contributing to low Inventory Management practices (Muhammad, Razi& Tarn, 2003). This situation was complicated further by other factors such as constraints on working capital, a lack of progress in the area of HRD and the organizational characteristics of the SMEs (Baker, 2007). The use of a formal inventory, ordering policy, such as a fixed quantity ordering or fixed period ordering policy was not observed in the SMEs. Instead, a random policy was followed by the SMEs for material procurement. The study also identified the use of rule of thumb for IM, a low importance given to forecasting and random ordering for material procurement, low level use of computers and a low level of importance given to purchasing and variable lead-time.

The inventory management (IM) practices of small and medium scale enterprises in Finland and Greece were studied by Chikan and Whybark, (1990) to identify the experiences of managers concerning IM. In Finland, 15 case studies of IM were undertaken, including examining the role of IM in corporate planning,

13

inventory decision-making and performance measurement. The findings revealed that IM decisions are made at the operational level with minimal guidance from the top. Furthermore, the lack of accurate, real-time and suitable aggregate information on material flows and stock levels prevented these enterprises from setting precise quantitative goals for IM. Furthermore, financial pressures were identified as forcing the enterprises to reduce their inventories, which eventually led to internal as well as external stock outs (Chikan&Whybark, 1990).

Given the fore-goings, it is clear that the problem of material management is an age long and people had; over the years attempted to seek solution. The solution offered by Townsend (1992) is in what he termed “the standard requisition concept” which he said could be achieved through:

• Determination of order quantity and stock level, to be controlled and managed;

• Anticipation of workloads. This enables a realistic level of planning to be completed to prevent a stock-out situation.

Dear (1989) suggests “an adaptive method of forecasting” by setting safety stocks in terms of a desired service (stock) level under management control using one of the adaptive available algorithms.

Todd (1990) asserted that the problem started with the implementation of material management systems. He believes that material management will be successful if its implementation is one, which is designed to provide the real benefit. As an antidote to the problems of implementation, he prescribed the following rules:

• The implementation should be considered as a tac t ica l and s t ra tegic bus iness improvement.

• Implementation should concentrate on the people not the systems.

• Determine a long-term vision of the future to provide a focus for real business benefits.

• The project must have a full time project manager reporting to a multi-disciplined executive management.

• An educational plan must be constructed in line with software and computer system

plans.

• Before the system goes to leave, the base data must be audited and achieve an acceptable level of accuracy.

He concluded: don’t under-estimate the amount of education needed.including that of those who “ought to know”.

2.5 Nature of Raw Material Management Problem in The Pimpari - Chinchwad Manufacturing Sector :

There are critical problems associated with raw material management in manufacturing organizations in Pimpari-Chinchwad Industrial area.These are rarely given adequate attention due to the inability of people involved to trace the problems with raw material management.

An empirical study traced the following p r o b l e m s o f i n e f f i c i e n c y i n r a w material/inventory management in Pimpari-Chinchwad Industrial area.

1. The inefficient use of production time, labour and other resources due to delays or incessant short down and interruptions during production have become an inherent part of operations in many manufacturing organization in Pimpari-Chinchwad Industrial area.. This often led to inability to meet customers’ order and eventual loss of market shares. Lower capacity utilization and loss of revenue as a consequence of these problems led to closure of many manufacturing firms in the country.

2. The poor liquidity position of many manufacturing concerns in Pimpari-Chinchwad Industrial area.is a matter of concern to many shareholders and stakeholders alike. To hold too much stock than necessary will lead to capital lockup in inventory of raw materials. The materials held idle in stores have values attached to them; and the likelihood is that the organization will never regain the money in them if they become obsolete and useless.

In many manufacturing concerns in Pimpari-Chinchwad Industrial area, there is inadequate provision of good quality manpower in stock maintenance and material management. This is, indeed, a serious issue since employees are those charged with the responsibility of monitoring

14

progress and reporting impending insufficiency. They are to ensure that stocks are properly kept and protected against fire and other disaster or loss. The “people” are to ensure efficient use of warehouse facilities and space; keep proper and adequate records (Akindipe, 2005).

2.6 Towards Efficiency in Material Management :

Despite that the Pimpari-Chinchwad Industrial area situation is slightly different from that of the rest of the world, particularly the advanced economies where business organisations are IT compliance; within a different socio-cultural and more literate environment, the same suggestions could be applicable in similar circumstances. To this end, the following recommendations are proffered specifically to ensure efficiency in the practice of raw material management in Pimpari-Chinchwad Industrial area and other parts of the globe:

1. It is recommended that manufacturing organisations should always determine the minimum level of stock to carry. This is to ensure that stock-out or sudden unavailability is forestalled. With the removal of stock-out, other bones, such as loss of production time, low capacity utilization, and inability to meet production targets will be removed.

2. That manufacturing organisations makes raw material plans and schedules such that arrival of raw material and other inventories is programmed to ensure that there is no delay between requisition time and the time of supply. This will prevent production operations from being disrupted and as such low capacity utilization and inability to meet production targets will be addressed.

3. All slow-moving stock items should be identified; their time of need noted to ensure that the maintenance of such item stops immediately. All obsolete items should be sold to recoup capital lock up in them. Acquisition of obsolete items could be removed by being aware of trends in the technological and business environments. Overstocking could be forestalled by having clear definition of maximum stock level. An adherence to recommendations on slow-moving stock, obsolete items and over-stocking would ensure that tied-up fund that could be useful as working capital is available. In this way, liquidity

positions of manufacturing organisations will be better.

4. Employment of stack illiterates as store workers should be stopped as it results in problems such as misplacement and dislocation of vital documents, files and stock items. In areas where higher stock management education is not required, (like stock keeping and records) employee should be given adequate orientation and training. There should also be trained and retraining of employees to ensure that they are kept abreast of developments in the field.

5. The use of electronic data processing devices will go a long way in removing the problem of inability to use inventory models. Lack of knowledge of the use of quantitative values to produce information is the major hindrance in the model application by store personnel.

3. Hypothesis

H1: The level of stock in SMEs will achieving efficiency in the practice of raw material management.

H2: planning flexibility in SMEs helps positively to improve their overall performance.

4. Research Methodology :

Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with executives of the SMEs in the Pimpari-Chinchwadindustrial area. The sampling frame consists of randomly selected 50 manufacturing SMEsemploying less than 200 employees. Structured interview were conducted and findings are noted down. Major focus of interview was on the raw material handling, stocking level, performance and relative impact in their production facilities and planning schedules.

5. Observations and Findings :

Some of the interesting observations are:

1. SMEs working for automobile giants face more problems in stock maintenance and developing production capacities.

2. Poor handling of construction materials affects the overall performance of construction projects in terms of time, budget (cost),quality and productivity.

3. The wastage of materials should also be minimised during process in order to avoid

15

loss of profit for companies.

4. There is a need to develop new approaches to materials management in fast-track operation in order to improve the efficacy of the production process.

5. The potential of IT applications provides a basis for developing an effective framework to support theimprovement of materials management for such projects.

6. Conclusion :

Although the situation being experienced in the practice of raw material/inventory management today is to say the least, disheartening; given the poor level of computerization, the degree of inability in the use of models for inventory decision making, the involvement of illiterates and non experts in the management of raw materials and inventory; the prospects for improvement are evident.

This, however, is hinged on the preparedness of managers of manufacturing organisations to be responsive to suggestions from within the business and the academic communities and take steps towards achieving efficiency in the practice of raw material management. Having this done, the prevailing problems of incessant stoppage of production, low level of capacity utilization, inability to meet production targets, poor liquidity and other identified problems will be addressed.

4. References :

1. Akindipe, S. O. (2005). Raw materials management and inventory control in manufacturing organization. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Ado-Ekiti, Pimpari-Chinchwad Industrial area..

2. Chikan, A. & Whybark, (1990). Cross-national comparison of production and inven to ry management p rac t i ces . Engineering Costs and Production Economics, (19), 149-56.

3. Dear, A. (1989). Improvement in management and control of inventory, purchasing and supply management. Journal of the Institute of Purchasing & Supply Management, 1(5), 15-19.

4. Khalid, S. (2008). Trend forecasting for stability in supply chains. Journal of

Business Research (61), 1113–1124.

5. Kros, J. F., Falasca, M. & Nadler, S. S. (2006). Impact of just-in-time inventory systems on OEM suppliers. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 106 (2), 224-241.

6. Rajeev, N. (2008). Inventory management in small and medium enterprises: A study of machine tool enterprises in Bangalore. Management Research News, 31( 9), 659-669. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.5, No. 3, September 2014

7. Macbeth, D. (1989). Not purchasing but supply chain management. Purchasing & supply management. Journal of the Institute of Purchasing & Supply 1(9), 11-20.

8. Mantho, V. (1994). Concepts and applications of inventory management in northern Greece. International Journal of Production Economics, (35), 149-52.

9. Marcello, B., Andrea G. & Roberto, M. (2004). Multi-attribute classification method for spare parts inventory management. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 10(1), 55-65.

10. Mohanty, R. P. (1985). Inventory problems under multiple constraints: some studies. Engineering Costs and Production Economics, ( 9), 355-92.67.

11. Nasiri, G. R., Davoudpour, H. & Karimi, B. (2010). The impact of integrated analysis on supply chain management: A coordinated approach for inventory control policy. S u p p l y C h a i n M a n a g e m e n t : A n International Journal, 15(4), 277 – 289.

12. Sharif, (2011). A comparison of purchase and inventory management system of two educational institutes. IEOM (163), 1056-1066.

13. Simon, Mallin. (1990). Fast & effective stock management, purchasing & supply management. Journal of the Institute of Purchasing & Supply Management, 6 (9), 3-8

14. Todd, R. (1990). Implementing a material management system logistics: Purchasing & supply management. Journal of the Institute of Purchasing & Supply, 1(4), 7-21.

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Abstract :

Attempts have been made in this paper to analyze the prose style of Sir Francis Bacon with that of Nobel Prize winning essayist Bertrand Russell, both of whom have left significant impact on the academia. Though almost 300 years separate them, it is interesting to find some stark similarities in their works, viz. Brevity, Incisiveness, Force and Versatility. In spite of all this, the uniqueness of both these masters of prose is conspicuous.

Key Words : Francis Bacon, Bertrand Russell, prose style, brevity, incisiveness, force, versatility

Introduction :

The process of thinking comprises of three stages: comparing, evaluating and deciding. ‘Comparison’ which was initially established and made popular as a beneficial and profitable process of the mind, for the self, has become an obsession for mankind. Now there is no end to this comparison. It has got ingrained into man’s system to such an extent that man has become subservient to this habit. (Some say that is another process, which could and I believe shall surely prove to be a great debating topic, which I shall not indulge in) Being a human myself, I am no exception. So here is this humble, who shall make the reader embark on a journey, where an attempt to compare the prose style of two illustrious thinkers- sir Francis Bacon and Bertrand Russell.

12 Basic Principles of a Good Prose Style

As literature came into being, it burgeoned in the form of poetry. However poetry being the most technical in its nature, saw an offshoot- prose. Prose writings contained many types: historical, fictional, oratorical, and biographical and many more. There are twelve basic principles of a good prose style:

Write in active voice :

1. Avoid nominalizations2. Mention parallel ideas in parallel

grammatical form

3. Place the emphatic words at the end of the sentence

4. Express statements in positive form5. Vary sentence patterns6. Avoid over-using word modifiers7. Prune deadwood8. Avoid redundancy9. Use metaphors for illustration10. Choose your words carefully

i) Connotationii) Toneiii) Level of Formalityiv) Intensityv) Level of Abstractionvi) Soundvii) Rhythmviii) Repetition

11. Clarify the logical relationship between your ideas

i) Additionii) Comparisoniii) Contrastiv) Placev) Purposevi) Resultvii) Summaryviii) Time

Sir Francis Bacon’s Prose Style :

Born in London in 1561, Sir Francis Bacon studied in Cambridge and later entered the parliament. During his stint as a parliamentarian, he repeatedly sought to win favor at Queen Elizabeth’s court, but without success. In the meantime, he began writing essays and kept up the scientific researches he kept up as a student. When the queen died, he advanced rapidly until in 1618, when he was made the Lord Chancellor of England. He published Norum Organum in 1620. He died in 1626.His contributions towards philosophy; English and science are highly appreciated. In this work of his, Bacon has evolved a way of logic deemed superior to the stereotypical ways of syllogism.

His style, in Norum Organum, was opposite to that of Shakespeare’s. In Shakespeare’s works,

Francis Bacon’s prose style vis-à-vis and Bertrand Russell’s prose style

Sai Kripa Prateek,Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Bangalore

Dr Arun K Behera, (English),Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Bangalore

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we find the entire spectrum of emotions ever known to man. But the best part of his style was that he could write the whole lot of emotions immaculately, and also be a spectator to these emotions. He would never be party to the emotions he had penned down.

Unlike Shakespeare, Bacon was one with his writings. He would be the common man from the perspective of whom he would write, himself being a part of it.

Salient Features in Bacon’s works :

The salient features which one can find in his works are :

1. Brevity: thoughts of great depth have been penned down by Bacon in senesce brevity. Aphorisms cannot be replaced, but apart from those, there are marvelous statements regarding keen observation, which have earned him a lot of acclaim even from the critics. His scrupulous mentions of the way of the other systems of philosophy have withered away, and the systems of Aristotle and Plato have surfaced. To put it in his words, “But in the times which followed, when on the inundation of the barbarians into the Roman Empire, humans had suffered a shipwreck, then the systems of Aristotle and Plato, like the less solid material, floated on the waves of time and were preserved.”1

2. Clarity: the clarity in thought leads to analytical clarity. Sometimes, owing to clarity, writers may end up propagating and demonstrating, and thereby imposing their ideas on others. But Bacon is an exception. His style is altogether suggestive, thereby sowing the idea in the reader’s mind, which shall blossom on brooding over it. He says, “It is not possible to run a course aright when the goal itself has not been rightly placed. Now the future and lawful goal of science is none other than this: human life be endowed with new discoveries and powers. But of this the great majority have no feeling but are merely hireling and professorial: except when it occasionally happens that some workman of acuter wit and covetous of honour applies himself to a new invention, which he mostly does at the expense of his fortunes.”2

3. Incisiveness: one of the most prominent features of Bacon was his incisiveness. Truth shone bright in his writings, by way of the crisp,

clear-cut style which he employed in his works; it was shown in his prose that he was a champion of optimum and accurate usage of words, staying within the grammatical and syntactical barriers. He talks rightly about the difference between ‘idols’ and ‘ideals’. “There is a great difference between the idols of human mind and the ideals of the divine, i.e. to say, between the empty dogmas, and the true signatures and marks set upon the works of creation as they are found in nature.”3

4. Force: Just as the shoot is the visible part of the tree, which has roots at its base; the shoot of force and strength emerged from the root of conviction and belief in one’s thinking incisive be nature. Bacon’s force can be witnessed in all his aphorisms spanning ten volumes. He after all, is the father of empiricism.

5. Versatility: In this regard, nothing much need be said, for to be able to encompass so many topics of the world, articulating it into ten volumes is remarkable.

Bertrand Russell’s Prose Style :

Bertrand Russell was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, socialist, pacifist and a social critic. Born in Wales, on 18th May, 1852, he spent a whole lot of time in England. Early 1900s saw him revolt against British idealism. He died on the 2nd of Feb in the year 1920.

Russell revolutionized not only the content, but also the mode of expression. His style is appreciated worldwide, though sometimes it becomes difficult for the reader to grasp. It appeals to the head rather than the heart. His usage of words is very plaintive and is bejewelled to carry more than one meaning. He understood that complexity would lead to ambiguity. Being a Reformer writer, Russell’s strength lay not in esoteric works but in intangible prose. He was also known for his terseness e.g. ‘Knowledge is a matter of degree’. Irony is a principal instrument employed by him. Russell uses wit and humour. In Outline of Philosophy Russell uses sarcasm, wherein he says, “In order to evaluate the new systems regarding the atom, the old ones have to be discarded and start afresh with as little respect as possible for the systems of the past.”4 His writings are chaste with a rationalistic approach to life. Social inclusion is found in his works, for

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philosophy on the fundamentals of life spanning all the possible topics ever known to man, shall remain the same for the entire lot of people who qualify to be categorized as human beings.

Salient Features in Russell’s works :

Sir Bertrand Russell’s prose pieces have the following features:

1. Compactness: The Reformation was a period when the systems of belief, the ideologies, and the philosophies underwent a major change. To introduce an entirely new concept into someone’s mind, two ways can be resorted to. They are:

a. Impose the systems on him. Then there shall arise, submissiveness due to conformity

b. Sow the seed of that thought into the listener. Show the benefits to him and allow him to imbibe him. From this shall arise a anew wisdom, which would not be fleeting in nature.

However to ensure the latter method’s impeccable execution, it is mandatory that the facts are stated clearly and convincingly. Russell was an epitome of clarity. However to achieve clarity, elaboration is a must. Russell thus differed from Bacon in this regard.

2. Incisiveness: In ‘Outline of Philosophy’, Russell expounds on the most complex, intricate and controversial details of quantum mechanics (relativity, the structure of the atom, causal laws of physics).5 Great amount of trenchantliness is a pre-requisite to do so.

3. Strength: Reformers present the facts plaintively to evaluate the highs and lows of it themselves and accept the concept by will and not by force. As a result, strength and force (which does not imply lack in conviction in the contents and thoughts) are not as prominent in his works; however they find their place in his writings.

4. Variety: As a man who had left no stone unturned, Russell has large spectra of prose to his credit ranging from philosophy to politics, to concretized subjects like science.

Conclusion: Through this juxtaposition of Bacon’s and Bertrand’s prose styles, we have similarities as well as contrasts in their oeuvres. People may be separated by 300 odd years, yet literature unites them all. Both Bacon and Russell wrote with brevity, force, variety and

incisiveness. However, as far as clarity is concerned, Bacon showed it more than Russell did.

Reference :

1. Bacon, Francis. 1620. Norum Organum. Book 1. p40.

2. Bacon, Francis. 1620. Norum Organum. Book 1. p44.

3. Bacon, Francis. 1620. Norum Organum. Book 1. p10.

4. Russell, Bertrand.1927. Outline of Philosophy. The Physical World. Ch. 9.

5. Russell, Bertrand.1927. Outline of Philosophy. The Physical World, Ch. 9-13.

6. Waddell, Craig. Basic Prose Style and Mechanics.01.10.2014

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Abstract :

Indian textile industry has significant contribution to the growth of the nation as well employment creation in India. The role of textile industry in the changing era of globalization has been under scanner due to various trends that have been occurring in the textile industry. Further, the effectiveness of production capacity, productivity, quality and social accountability have been recognized as focal point for the success in 21st century. The increasing role of TQM implementation in the transformation of organization and industry has created new array of opportunities and strength. The present paper throws light on the issues pertaining to TQM, importance of TQM in textile industry and role of TQM in textile industry. The study is based on secondary data sources.

Key words : JIT, productivity, quality control

1) Introduction :

In the 1950s, the Japanese asked W. Edwards Deming, an American statistician and management theorist, to help them improve their war torn economy. By implementing Deming's principles of total quality management (TQM), Japan experienced dramatic economic growth. In the 1980s, when the United States began to see a reduction in its own world market share in relation to Japan, American business rediscovered Deming. Quality management experts, Joseph Juran and Philip Crosby, also contributed to the development of TQM theories, models, and tools. TQM is now practiced in business as well as in government, the military, education, and in non-profit organizations including libraries (Jurow & Barnard, 1993).

Total quality Management strives towards the achievement of quality in everything one does. Quality means conformance to customer requirements. In to-days highly competitive economy, business must face the challenge of continually improving the quality of the goods or services. TQM involves everyone in the organization. It aims at standardizing and improving all process in the organization. The function of quality has evolved from more product inspection to an all-encompassing TQM.

It is no longer just a Technical function; it has become a management discipline.

In a manufacturing organization, TQM generally starts by sampling a random selection of the product. The sample is then tested for things that matter to the real customers. The causes of any failures are isolated, secondary measures of the production process are designed, and then the causes of the failure are corrected. The statistical distributions of important measurements are tracked. When parts' measures drift out of the error band, the process is fixed. The error band is usually tighter than the failure band. The production process is thereby fixed before failing parts can be produced.

Study made by Sohal & Terzivski (2000) has revealed that, Total Quality Management (TQM) has been proven as a popular business strategy in many leading manufacturing organizations over the past few years. Effective adoption of TQM has been the central point of success for many large multinational companies. In the era of globalization, a company needs to apply new quality techniques in form of strategic management, quality assurance, quality systems, quality control etc. Further, this approach realizes the manufacturing strategy leading to fulfillment of organization’s corporate strategy (Hsarma & Kodali, 2008). The principle of TQM philosophy would increase a firm’s The TQM philosophy aims to improve on product and service performance, conformity and delivery, while at the same time focusing primarily on the customer.

Quality management is becoming increasingly important to the leadership and management of all organizations. It is necessary to identify Quality Management as a distinct discipline of management and lay down universally understood and accepted rules for this discipline. Different authors have given various definitions of Total Quality Management (TQM). Oakland (2003) defined it as an approach involving whole organization for understanding each activity of each individual at each management layer. This argument is supported by Escrig (2004) who considers TQM as a strategic action that focuses on managing the total organization to provide products or services that satisfy their customer

Role of Total Quality Management in Indian Textile Industry - A Case Study

Naresh Boora, Research Scholar,Kakatiya University, Warangal

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needs by utilizing all resources. However, Yang (2006) defined TQM as an integrated management philosophy that includes several factors such as continuous improvement, processes, customer satisfaction, employee’s participation, bench marking, and suppliers.

Berry (1991) defined TQM process as a total corporate focus on meeting customer’s needs and significantly reducing costs resulting from poor quality by implementing new management system and corporate culture. The fundamentals of TQM have been described by many authors and encompass elements such as management commitment, employee’s involvement, supplier partnership, continuous improvement etc. TQM is a way of managing an enterprise towards achieving business excellence (Dahlgaard etal., 1998). In short, TQM is management of quality, in way that members satisfy internal & external customer needs by using strategic planning including all functional areas to achieve strategic goals.

2) Textile Industry in India - An Overview :

Indian textile industry has historic recognition in the world due its great evolution and wide spread usage in the world. The textile industry is one of the largest industries in India which is providing employment to majority of the Indians after agriculture industry. It is the second largest employer in the world and in fact over 35 million in the country are working for Indian textile industry. It occupies over 11% of exports during April-July, 101 as per the Ministry of Textile. The evidences of Indian textile were found during Harappan Civilization.

India, perhaps the only country that has maximum contribution in textiles to the world right from the era of Indus Valley Civilization till today. The earliest cotton textiles, found at the site of Indus Valley excavations can be reliably dated to 3000 B.C. Harappan not only grew cotton but also devised methods of ginning, spinning and weaving it into cloth. Cotton fabrics were the main export items by Harappans to Mesopotamia, which were carried in ships. India was probably the first among all countries that perfected the art of weaving silk with gold brocades’ and fine Muslim fabric with dyeing and printing in an indigenous way. Till the middle ages, Europe depended on India for her supply of gorgeous silk textiles. So efficient was Indian Khadi and Handlom industry before the industrial revolution that even the rising machine industry could not compete with it. Indian textile

goods could be sold in the British market at much lower prices than those made there. In order to protect her industry, laws were passed prohibiting wearing of Indian ‘calico’. Even today, India’s handlooms and spinning wheel contribute largest varieties of design.

3) Structure, Growth & Production Pattern of Textile Industry in India :

A) Structure :

The industry has witnessed a phenomenal change in its structure during the last two decades. It has accommodated man-made textile sector on the one hand and is characterized by both organized and unorganized units with preponderance towards small-scale sector. The installed spin league, yarn production (both spun and filament), output of cloth and its per capita availability also increase the export. The number of cotton/man-made fibre textile mills (which comprise the cotton yarn, blended yarn and other man-made fibre yarn manufacturing units and composite units) rose from about 700 in the beginning of 1980s to 1416 by the end of 1990s. There are three types of spun yarn viz. cotton, yarn, blended yarn and 100% non-cotton yarn. The production details of these three types of yarn show that the dominant share in the spun yarn production is that of cotton yarn which accounts for about 75 to 85 percent of the total spun yarn production during the last two decades; out of the remaining about 15 to 25% is in form of blend and 100% non-cotton.

B) Growth :

The growth has been very significant in the case of spinning mills, which rose from 400 to 1148 during the same period, with the spinning capacity, increasing from 21 million spindles to about 31 million spindles. A notable feature of the new units coming up in recent years has been the tendency to set up Export Oriented Units(EOUs) mainly for production of yarns. The spinning units are mostly set up in the state of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh followed by Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. The salient feature is that of late a large number of small scale spinning units have come up particularly in and around Coimbatore in Tamilnadu.

C) Production :

As far as production is concerned the most important aspect is the raw material. In the growth of textile industry of India, cotton has played a dominant role. Cotton is still the predominant fibre used in textile sector

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accounting for about 80 percent of the total fibre consumption. The production data of the last 15 years show that cotton production rose from about 78 lakh bales in 80-81 to 135 lakh bales in 92-03. Cotton production declined to 121.5 lakh bales in 93094 due to climatic and other reasons. In 1994-95 the production again increased to 130 lakh bales. So the cotton production has been fluctuating from year to year. India has the largest cotton average in the world. Man made fibre is another major raw material of present period. The man-made fibre and yarn industry comprises of fibres and filaments of both cellulosic and non-cellulosic origin, generally called rayon and synthetic fibre/yarn respectively. While rayon is regenerated fiber wholly or mainly of cellulosic origin, synthetic fibers are produced from polymeric materials.

4) Textile Industry to the Economy :

One of the very few industries largely helped to the growth of economy is the Indian textile industry. Presently it constitutes 4% of India’s GDP, 12% of the industrial production and 10.5% of total exports of goods. 35 million people directly and 45 million people indirectly associated with textile industry in India. Textile production estimated at US $85 Billion in 2012: US $51 billion worth goods for domestic market and US $34 billion for exports.

The growth drivers of Indian textile industry are:

a) Strong and diverse raw material base

b) Strong presence in entire textile value chain – vertically and horizontally integrated – from fibers to fashion.

c) Unique blend of tradition and technology.

d) Globally competitive spinning industry.

e) Flexible production systems and strong entrepreneurial skills in finished products

f) Diverse design base.

Figure 1 : Indian Textile Industry structure

5) Statistics on Exports & Imports of Major Textile Items :

A) Exports of Major Textile Items :

From the analysis on the statistics presented in table no.1, it is observed that, India has achieved exceeding compound annual growth rate from 2005-06 to 2011-12 period. During this period, 31.6% of the growth has been achieved. Next, it is followed by Fibre & Fibre waste with a value of 792 million US$ to US $5401. In year category, Indian textile industry has achieved 12.5% of growth. Whereas when it comes to fabrics, 92% of growth has been achieved. In Apparel/RMG and Made Ups, it has achieved 6.8% and 7.5% respectively. In Carpets and other textile including floor coverings, it has achieved 4.1% of growth.

Table 1: Compound annual growth rate of textile industry

Type of Textile 2005-06 2011-12 % CAGR 2006 - 12

Fibre & Fibre waste 792 5401 31.6%

Yarn 2270 5193 12.5%

Fabrics 2505 4640 9.2

Apparel/RMG 8643 13710 6.8%

Made ups 2385 3948 7.5

Carpets and other 1289 1705 4.1% textile including floor coverings

Grand Total 17885 34597 9.9%

B) STATISTICS ON IMPORTS OF MAJOR TEXTILE ITEMS (US $Million)

Table 2: Imports statistics of Textile Industry in India

Type of Textile 2005-06 2011-12 % CAGR 2006-12

Fibre & Fibre waste 676 1280 9.5

Yarn 457 947 11.0

Fabrics 889 1152 3.6

Apparel/RMG 57 318 27.8

Madeups 107 393 20.4

Carpets and other 482 1040 11.6 textile including floor coverings

Grand Total 2679 5130 9.7%

6) Problem of the Study :

The Textile Industry occupies a vital place in the Indian economy and contributes substantially to its exports earnings. Textiles exports represent nearly 30 per cent of the country's total exports. It has a high weight age of over 20 per cent in the

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National production. It provides direct employment to over 15 million persons in the mill, power loom and handloom sectors. India is the world’s second largest producer of textiles after China. Despite this achievement, India has witnessed one of the few nations where people are highly habituated to use western brands through imports. Further, the fluctuating demand and lack of satisfaction by the customers on quality of textile brand made in India has questioned the quality standards of Indian textiles. In view of this current scenario, the present paper is a comprehensive collection of facts and information collected from various secondary data sources. The study investigates the importance of Total Quality Management (TQM) for Indian Textile firms with special attention on the role of TQM in Indian textile firms. Further, the study also makes an attempt the areas which hold the key for TQM and the initiatives of government in the implementation of TQM in Indian Textile firms.

7) Importance of TQM in Textile Firms :

It has been observed that, Total Quality Management will act as an effective tool cum agent which not only holds the unnecessary expenses to the textile firms, but also add more value to the manufacturing and the processing activities of textile. Some of the areas, where TQM is expected to vital role is observed and presented below.

i) Fiber Forming - Statistical process control and process improvement efforts are strong in the man-made fiber industry. This industry conducts much metrics-based analysis. Leading companies are starting to form extensive partnerships with customers who employ team concepts. Such tools as QFD are used to enhance these partnerships. The leading companies also are becoming flatter organizations that emphasize a team concept of managing, instead of a hierarchical one. Decision-making in these organizations is given to an empowered operational level of employees.

ii) Spinning - In yarn facilities that have more advanced TQM systems, the development of the associates through education and training for such things as technical certification, statistical process and quality control, and team development, occur on a frequent basis. This training and education is provided both within the company and by outside sources such as a community college. In these facilities, elaborate

process improvement programs based on employee involvement have been established. Natural work teams and process improvement teams are used to conduct the process improvements. Customer partnerships and satisfaction surveys are also employed.

iii) Knitting - In some plants in the knitting industry, employees are empowered through training in statistical process control and just -in-t ime manufac tur ing , to improve the manufacturing process. Process simplification is conducted through quality audits that identify problems and critical path decisions. Other plants have developed process improvement teams to conduct work in the process area. As in yarn, customer partnerships are also a trend.

iv) Weaving - In the weaving industry, there are companies that employ statistical process control and value-added analysis. Teams are used in these companies to aid in customer service and quality. A specific example of customer focus is one company's development of a 48-hour customer service program to help eliminate, in person, any problems that arise within their products. This company also employs teams to build partnerships with customers.

v) Dyeing and Finishing - The use of statistical process control and value-added analysis is also employed in this industry of the textile value-added chain. Work-flow and cycle- time analysis is employed in companies more advanced in their TQM system. Cross- functional teams in areas of customer service and quality improvement are also used.

vi) Apparel - In advanced apparel companies, natural work teams that employ quality improvement tools and measurements are in use. In such advanced companies, partnerships with customers and customer satisfaction surveys aid in improving customer focus. The empowerment of employees is increased in these plants by restructuring the organization from I a hierarchical form to a flatter, team-based form.

8) Role of TQM in Indian Textiles :

The establishment of TQM in the manufacturing activities of textile firms is expected to result in improving the quality of output, maintenance of low cost manufacturing process, better inventory and upgraded distribution. Effective implementation of total quality management will result in elimination of unnecessary processes and items during and after manufacturing process. The activities of the personnel can be

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pre fixed to business oriented work. The maintenance of man-machinery will be improving. Further, the warehousing, inventory and stock levels can be controlled through effective incorporation of Just-in-time manufacturing. The material handling which is one of the major worrying areas in Supply chain management of Textile industry. This problem can be effectively resolved through TQM. Further, eco-parameters maintenance, re-utilization of steam, heat, auxiliaries from effluents can also be improved. These impacts ultimately give quality product at optimum cost which helps in capturing market share considerably.

Further, TQM will have an effective role in the processing of cloth by textile firms right from Singeing to Mercerizing by passing the stages of Desizing, Scouring, Bleaching. These are specified in the following table.

Table 3: Role of TQM in various stages of manufacturing

Stage Parameters

Process control Quality control

Singeing Burner position, flame height, Pilling test flame intensity, speed

Desizing Enzyme concentration, wet pick-up, Whiteness, whiteness PH, time of reaction, residual retention, fabric Cl2, H2)2 in drain strength

Scouring Steam pressure, time of boiling, Absorbency, fat and caustic alkalinity in process and wax content, fluidity, in effluent scouring loss.

Mercer- Concentration of caustic, Speed of Degree of mercerizing izing the mercerization machine, dwell (Barium activity no.),

time, pick-up, temperature of merce luster %, width rizing liquor, residual alkalinity shrinkage, residual

alkali, fabric strength.

10) Role of Government in the Imple-mentation of Total Quality Management:

The Government of India has announced a series of liberalization measures keeping in view of the competitive global markets. Further, unification of the European markets has in its wake brought the demand for demonstrable quality both in the products and service by the exporting country. This has forced the Indian manufactures to change their approach towards supplying the quality product/service at a competitive rate. Apart from the competitive market, the consumers have started demanding better and consistent quality of the product, which led to the shift the product loyalty from one manufacturer to the other. Due to the open buyers market, the consumers are having more options available with them for selecting quality product at much

competitive price. The only way left out to bring down the cost and to generate more yields with competitive quality products is to adopt the systems based approach ISO 9001;2008 Quality systems. Further with more emphasis of the environmental compliance and ethical sourcing has led to the adherence to the requirements of the standards such as the ISO 14000, SA 8000 etc.

Textiles Committee which is is being introduced by Government of India through Textiles Committee Act, 1963 has made a significant contribution in implementation of Total Quality Management in the textile sector. Further, in order to ensure the quality of textiles and textile machinery both for internal consumption and export purposes has strengthened by the introduction and implementation of TQM.

Textile Committee has initiated consultancy services to the aspiring textile units in the country for ISO-9000 quality management systems, ISO-14000 Environmental Management Systems, SA-8000( Social Accountability Management Systems), OHSAS 18000 (Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series), Codes compliances, such as SEDEX, BSCI, CTPAT etc to the aspiring textile units on chargeable basis. Further, in the last 3 years, 27 units have been rendered the services from Textile Committee. Further, the total textile companies which have taken services for TQM has crossed 628 units as on March, 2012. Further, Textile committee has conducted training programs for the personnel representing for various textile companies. The summarized statistics is given below.

Table 4 : TQM training for Indian textile firms

No. Type of training No. of No. of programmes personnel

trained

1 Awareness on ISO 9000 12 262

2 Statistical Process Control 11 151

3 Internal Quality Audit 17 207

4 Training on ISO 14000 2 37

5 Awareness & other related 5 84programmes on SA-8000

6 Awareness & other related 1 22programmes on OHSAS

7 Quality awareness programmes 2 74

TOTAL 50 837

Source: Textile Committee Annual report, 2011-12

Apart from the detraining services, Textile committee has also been engaged for Certification courses for Small & Medium

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Entrepreneurs(SMEs), advertising through magazines, providing Grant in –aid for Handloom.

11) Conclusion :

Total Quality management is one of the proven management techniques for leading the manufacturing process of the organization to next level which mainly targets on success of quality and control. TQM can be considered as a unifying and collective vision on continuous performance improvement wi thin a l l organizational settings and impacts. The commitment to continuously improve one’s efficiency and quality makes it possible to turn vision and mission into an international marketing strategy. With regard to India, textile industry has remained which is one of the largest industries not only for employee creation but also major source of exports. Role of TQM for Textile has proven effective due to significant changes that have been taking place in the textile firms. From the study, it is clearly observed that TQM and its guiding principles continuously improve the performance in processing and result in quality product. Right from deciding about Product quality cycle to executing the product quality decisions and implementation of plans for future success in terms of quality and elimination of waste, TQM is expected to play critical role. Further, in various areas of manufacturing, TQM has shown its importance by improving the processing, maintenance, control, material handling and reutilization of resources. Finally, it is to conclude that, there is a desperate need for utilization and creation of more advanced techniques for improving the overall quality of productivity by textile firms.

References :

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17. Source retrieved from http://www.citiindia.com /textile-industry/indian-textiles-overview.html

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Abstract :

In present scenario house has become a dream for majority of the urban people particularly socio economically backward Muslims. Most of the urban areas are overcrowded and become center of homeless people. The situation is worst in Kausa-Mumbra where about 89% people belong to minority communities and majority of them live in unauthorized multi storied and depilated buildings. Keeping in mind the burning housing problem in urban areas particularly among Muslims, this area has been selected to find out the ground realities of housing conditions. Sample survey of 350 households have been made by taking various appropriate and suitable indicators pertaining to housing conditions i.e. number of family member in a house, ownership of house, material used in a house, uses of house and ventilation. The study shows that majority of the people have their own houses but most of them are unauthorized and depilated condition. About 50% houses have less than five peoples because of nuclear family concept. More than 91% houses are made with bricks and concretes that too unauthorized and inferior quality of materials. In this area Only less than 10% are living in Jhuggi-Jhopdi because most of the people are living in multi storied unauthorized structures. The study also shows that most of the houses are used for residential purpose and less than 15% are used for commercial cum residential purpose. Most of the houses have ventilation facilities.

Key words : Houses, Ventilation, Jhuggi-Jhopdi, Ownership, Rented house, Family, Ghettos.

Introduction :

Most Muslims tend to live in ghettos because of fear of riots and discrimination in the housing market. In urban Maharashtra 90% of them live in Muslim area, 8% live in mixed area, 2% live in areas that have just a few Muslim families Banks are reluctant to give members of the minority community, housing loans and declared Muslim localities as negative areas. Housing is the greatest problem in urban areas for all the people

particularly minorities. Muslim communities are confined in a particular locality and such areas are discriminated and neglected on various grounds. Majority of the people in such areas are deprived of basic requirements and lagging behind as compare to other communities in relation to socio-economic development. Mumbra-Kausa which is dominant by Muslim community have been selected to find out the housing conditions particularly Muslims. House has become a dream for majority of the urban people particularly Muslims. In present scenario house has become a dream for majority of the urban people particularly socio economically backward Muslims. Most of the urban areas are overcrowded and become center of homeless people. The situation is worst in Kausa-Mumbra where about 89% people belong to minority communities and majority of them live in unauthorized multi storied and depilated buildings. Keeping in mind the burning housing problem in urban areas particularly among Muslims this area has been selected to find out the ground realities of housing conditions. Sample survey of 350 households have been made by taking various appropriate and suitable indicators pertaining to housing conditions i.e. number of family member in a house, ownership of house, material used in a house, uses of house and ventilation. The study shows that majority of the people have their own houses but most of them are unauthorized and depilated condition. About 50% houses have less than five peoples because of nuclear family concept. More than 91% houses are made with bricks and concretes that too unauthorized and inferior quality of materials. In this area Only less than 10% are living in Jhuggi-Jhopdi because most of the people are living in multi storied unauthorized structures. The study also shows that most of the houses are used for residential purpose and less than 15% are used for commercial cum residential purpose. Most of the houses have ventilation facilities.

Study area :

Mumbra/Kausa, twin cities of Thane suburs is located on the western coast of India about 28 km

Housing Conditions of Urban Muslims in Kausa Mumbra District Thane, Maharashtra

Haider-e-Karrar, Principal,Burhani College of Commerce & Arts, Mumbai

26

away from Mumbai North East on National highway no. 4 which is surrounded with Parsik hill in the west and Ulhas river in the north. Maharashtra's biggest Railway Tunnel (Parsik Turel) Buddha Statue also here. It lies in between 19°10'2" North latitude 73°2'3" East longitude.

Objectives :

The practical utility of a research is enhanced manifolds when the objectives of the study are clearly identified. The main objective of the study is to analyse the sample data pertaining to housing conditions of Muslims and to find out the ground realities of housing conditions of Kausa Mumbra. Furthermore, on the basis of findings, suggestions are to be made for overall improvement of the housing condition of study area.

Problem of Study Area :

All these provide an important area of in fact, the research-based studies on housing condition of Muslims population in India are very few, which are published in recent past, our knowledge in this field of study is very limited and inadequate. Therefore, the present case study has been undertaken to find out the ground realities of housing conditions of Muslims which is based on 350 households sample survey. It is being carried out to understand the housing condition of Muslims by selecting suitable indicators. This micro level study on urban Muslims housing have great significance, as it assesses the existential and live reality of Muslims lives in the study region.

Research Methodology :

In the present study data is based on 350 households sample pertaining to housing condition has been collected through questionnaire. Information related to Mumbra Kausa has been collected through secondary sources i.e TMC and other appropriate bodies. Random stratified sampling has been used to find out the information related to housing condition with the help of suitable indicators and the same has been anlysed with the help of bars and diagrams to show the housing condition of the study area.

Housing condition :

Housing condition reflects the standard of living in any area. Living in satisfactory housing

conditions is one of the most important aspects of human lives. it is essential to meet basic needs, such as shelter, but it is not just a question of four walls and a roof. it should offer a place to sleep and rest where people feel safe and have privacy and personal space; somewhere they can raise a family. All of these elements help make a house a home. In order to know the housing conditions of Muslims in Mumbra-Kausa few suitable variables have been selected of housing condition like ownership of house, material used in house, uses of house etc.

No of Family member live in a house

Te study shows that about in 50 percent houses having less than five people, 37 percent houses have 6 to 10 people and 13 percent houses have about 10-15 people (Table 1). It means 50 percent houses accommodate the less than five of a family which means in these houses people are living comfortably but remaining 50 percent population are not living comfortably (Figure 1). More in space in houses is due to concept of nuclear family and larger space in unauthorized structure.

Table 1: No of Family member live in a house

< - 5 5 – 10 > 10

50% 37% 13%

Fig. 1

Ownership of house

House is very essential element of the life. If the people have their own house they are very relaxed in their life. Whole life passed without any stress of housing.

Table 2: Ownership of house

Own House Rented House

80 % 20 %

study reveals that 80 percent people are living in

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their own house and 20 percent people in rented house and very few of them don’t have house either on rental or ownership. They live with their relatives, in mosque, shop and so on. Most of them have their own house but that too in unauthorized structure without having ownership documents from appropriate authorities (table 2)

Fig.2

Material used in House

The study also shows that 91percent houses are made of brick and concrete, 7.5 percent houses are made of mud and 1.5 percent houses are made of Patra and tin and dry grass. Though these houses are made of brick and concrete is ill legal structure with very inferior quality of material which has resulted collapse of buildings (table 3).

Table 3: Material used in house

Brick and Mud and Jhuggi Concrete Thached Jhopdi

91% 7.5% 1.5%

Fig.3

Use of houses

House is generally use for residential purpose that is used for sleeping, cooking and other proposes. Study shows that 86 percent houses are used for residential purpose, 10% houses are used for both Purposes residential cum commercial and only 4 percent houses are used for only commercial purposes. Most of the houses are unauthorized and in multistoried building so that generally they are used for residential purpose

Table 4: Use of houses

Residential Commercial Residential + commercial

86% 10% 4%

Fig.4

Ventilation :

Ventilation complies not only the replacement of vitiated air by suppressed by fresh outdoor air but also control of the quality of incoming air with regards to its temperature, humidity and purity.

Table 5: Ventilation

Non-Ventilated Ventilated

40% 60%

The analysis reveals that 60 percent houses are ventilated and 40 houses are not ventilated. Non ventilation of house may cause many respiratory and infectious diseases. In the study area houses are large and spacious due to unauthorized and cheapest rate so that most of the houses have better ventilation facilities as compare to slum areas.

Fig.5Conclusion :

Muslims of Mumbra Kausa are most marginalized community with poor development infrastructural facilities. They also deprived of basic requirement of life that is housing. Poverty and insecurity among the Muslims forced them to

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live in such ill legal depilated structure. It is a hub of unauthorized structure which has come up mostly on public land due to nexus between politician and local authorities. They provide residential space on a very cheaper rate which attracted poor people to live in such structures by playing with their live.

Suggestions and recommendations :

Though Kausa-Mumbra is located very close to Thane and Mumbai yet people of this area are far behind in respect of socio economic development with their counterpart. The researcher is in opinion for following suggestion for over all development of this marginalized community of Kausa Mumbra, particularly in respect of housing condition.

1. Construction of unauthorized structures is to be totally banned and defaulters are to be dealt with strictly.

2. Multistoried unauthorized structures are to be audited and accordingly proper action to be initiated.

3. Enquiry is to be constituted to find out the main culprits of these unauthorized structures and strict action to be initiated under the law to set examples for others.

4. Clustered development may be initiated to accommodate the deprived and marginalized people of these structures.

5. Banks reluctant attitude for declaring Muslim localities areas as negative loan for providing loan such biased attitude of the bank to be dealt firmly.

6. An investigation is to be carried out to find out potential landslides areas on Mumbra highway bypass and accordingly the preventive methods are to be adopted to save the lives and properties of the people living in the vicinity.

Bibliography :

1. Ahmad, A. (1993). Social Geography, Rawat Publication, New Delhi.

2. Ahmed, F. A. (1966). Grievances of Indian Muslim: Report to the Prime Minister.

3. "Distance from Mumbra to domestic airport at Mumbai". Distances Between. Retrieved 9 April 2013.

4. "Lesson from Mumbra". Hindustan Times. 24 November 2011.

5. "Mumbra Local Station Information". Mumbra Life. Retrieved 9 April 2013.

6. "Thane building collapse: Mumbra tragedy fallout of illegal construction boom". Indian Express. 9 April 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.

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Abstract :

This article explains about the Constitution Building in Tajikistan during the regime of Tsarist and Soviet period. The study looks upon the various kinds of constitutional development that added up to the final shaping of the constitution. The Tajikistan’s constitution developed with special focus on the principles of democracy, secularism and unitary nature of state. Under this refined set up, political, economic and socio-cultural rights and obligations were equally made available to the people. The study further seeks to draw the main characteristics, principles and objectives of the Tajikistan’s Constitution, especially the legal framework provided for the role and functions of President, Parliament, Judiciary, political parties, and the Media. In this study historical, descriptive and analytical method were used.

Keywords : Constitutional Development, Rights, Political Parties, Media.

Introduction :

Constitution is described as a set of documents which explains relationship between institutions and the citizen. Constitution provides a set of rules for the government to function. It is the main source of power, law making and gives direction to the law enforcement and disputes settlement. Anderson (1997) explained that constitution set directions and support in the process of political change especially from Soviet period to liberal democratic system. Jacobsohn (2006) examines how the constitutional commitments of different regimes shape their development in different ways. He further connects political development to questions of constitutional identity. Constitutional identity is a change that transforms a polity or development of regime a set of constitutional foundation and values. Constitutional development in Tajikistan evolved through debate and discussion-academician, writers and experts on each and every articles of the constitutional draft. Many suggestions, proposals and changes were adopted in the process of constitutional building. For the understanding of the Constitutional development in Tajikistan, it is necessary to make a brief

historical survey of the Constitutional development since the establishment of the Tsarist Russia and Soviet rule in the region.

Constitutional Building under the Tsarist Regime and Soviet Period :

During the Tsarist period, Tajikistan was Russian colonies and has autocratic government. Before the Soviet era all the Central Asian states-Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan had any sort of constitutional setup. It was at the Revolution of 1905 certain modification of autocracy was made. One significant modification is the introduction of elected body. This make marked the beginning of constitutionalism as legislative powers. On 13th January 1924, during the New Economic Policy period, the Federal Constitution was established. Under the new constitution power was delegated only to the Union, and each Republic retained the right to separate. The Union was given absolute discretionary power in international matters, together with control of economic planning, the budget, the armed forces, transport, the judiciary, and the basic principles of law virtually in every field. There was no bill of rights was in the Constitution of 1924. Many changes and modification were further incorporated under the new constitution adopted in 1936. Universal suffrage replaced a system of restricted suffrage, direct elections replaced the earlier system of indirect elections, a bi-cameral Supreme Soviet replaced the old system of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), and the Constitution contained an open recognition of the special role of the Communist party. The Constitution of 1936 was known as Stalin Constitution contains two important points of distinction from the earlier one: First the socio-economic basis of the state was defined by the constitution which reflected in the establishment of socialist society in the USSR. Second, it provides broader democracy, i.e. electoral system, besides incorporating other institutions in the Constitution.

The Constitution of 1977 defined the USSR as a Socialist State of the working people of the nations of the USSR. This Constitution ensured

Constitution Building in Tajikistan

Lalji Pal, Ph. D. Senior Research Fellow,School of International Studies, J. N. U., New Delhi

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equal rights for both women and men, health protection to all its citizens, the education, old age and disability maintenance was guaranteed. In fact it was considered to be the first Constitution in the world which provided the right to housing to their citizens. The Constitution gave the right to all the Soviet citizens to take part in the public affairs under the following Articles 35, 42, 43, 48. Besides this, there are provisions for federal, self-determination and the voluntary association of equal Soviet Socialist Republics was enshrined under Article 70 . In practice, the 1977 Constitution of the USSR was more unitary than federal and it stood for a centralised, rather than decentralised institutional structure. Thereafter, the constitutional developments of Tajikistan began to follow drastic change under the G o r v a c h e v ’s p o l i c y o f P e r e s t r o i k a (Restructuring) and Glasnost (openness). However in the words of Anderson (1997), differences persist in regarding the process and methods in adopting the Constitution in the Republic.

Nature and Objectives of the Constitution of Tajikistan :

After the disintegration of USSR, Tajikistan emerged as an independent Republic in 1991, and the Constitution of Tajikistan adopted in November 1994 separately. Since then, two major amendments were carried out after the adaptation of the Constitution in September 1999 and June 2003, it amended the following Articles - 28, 63, 65, 69, 71, 72, 80, 82, 85, 86, 98, 99. The Tajik’s political system in the new Constitution was given proper mileage in terms of role and functions. The country was considered to be supreme in all matters with secular credential as the interference of religious role was contained. Similarly, provision for people’s right for all round development was taken care of as Freedom, equality and liberal democratic right was protected by the Constitution. The country has adopted unitary type of governments with single chamber of National Assembly. The new Constitution gives the people social, cultural, and political rights, and civil liberties which were earlier denied during the erstwhile Soviet Communist regime. The Constitution of Tajikistan also envisaged liberal democratic political system by granting maximum power to the President. The concepts like - separation of powers, independent and powerful Judiciary,

periodic elections, independent media and professional bureaucracy began to play effective role under the new Constitution.

Constitutional Rights of the People in Tajikistan

The 1994 Constitution of Tajikistan provides to the citizens economic, political and socio- cultural rights. Some of the rights and obligations as given in the Constitution of Tajikistan are as follows:

(i). Freedom and Equality: Freedom and Equality is core value of the Constitution of Tajikistan. These values are fundamental to all for developing his personality. In Article (15, 18, 19) detailed about the equality and Freedom of individual across the any biasness like nationality, race, sex, language, religious beliefs, political persuasion, social status, knowledge and property.

(ii). Right to life: Constitution of Tajikistan also has provision to protect the life of every individual from any calamity created by human being as well as nature. Even without a legal basis, no one can be arrested and kept in custody. And also no one can be adjudged guilty of a crime excepted by sentence of a court in accordance with the law. Tajik citizen has the right to move and choose their place of residence from one region to another or can leave and return to republic with their choice in Article 19 20, 21, 22, 26 of the Constitution of Tajikistan.

(iii).Right to Religious Freedom: Constitution of Tajikistan has provision of religious freedom for his citizen. Article (31) has explained the right to freedom of profess or not to profess any religion and to take part in religious ceremonies. The Constitution of Tajikistan also has provision to each the right independently to determine her or his religious preference and to practice any religion alone or in association with others.

(iv).Right to Privacy: Constitution of Tajikistan has the provision of right to privacy of correspondence, telegraphic, telephone conversations, and other communications are forbidden, except in cases anticipated by law. The collection, keeping, dissemination of information about the private life of a person without permission to do is forbidden. There is also provision to governmental organs, social associations, and officials are obligated to provide each person with the possibility of

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receiving and becoming acquainted with documents that affect her or his rights and interests, except in cases anticipated by law in Article 23, 25, Constitution of Tajikistan.

(v). Right to Association and Participate in Public life: Every citizen has the right to participate in the formation of political parties, trade unions, and other social associations. Thus constitution has provision for multi-party system in country (Article 28). Article (29) has provision to the right to participate in lawful meetings, protests, demonstrations, and marches. Thus freedom of opposed any policy of government are allow in country. This can be also provided basis for opposition which is necessary of democracy. Article (40) of Constitution of Tajikistan has provision of the right to freedom to participate in the socio-cultural life of society, artistic, scientific, and technical creation. Cultural and spiritual valuables are protected by the government and intellectual property is under the protection of the law. After the age of 18 years, citizen has the right to elect and to be elected. Elections and referenda are carried out on the basis of general, equal, and direct voting rights by secret ballot in Article 27.

(vii)Freedom of Speech and Press: The Constitution of Tajikistan provides and guaranteed the freedoms of speech and the press. The right to freedom is precondition for development of democracy. The governmental censorship and prosecution for criticism are forbidden. Only listed information can be considered as secrets of the state which is determined by law (Article 30). Article 32 of constitution has provision to private property and the right to inherit. No one has the right to deprive the citizens from his property rights; even with permission of owner cannot seizure of property. Only for social needs government is allowed with on the grounds provided by law and with the assent of the owner and full compensation for the value of the property.

(ix).Right to Employment: In Tajikistan each person has the right to choose a profession and job. Government has provision to social protection against unemployment. Minimum working wage is measurement for salaries and should not be lower than minimum wage decided by government. Any kind of biasness and limitation in employment relations is forbidden.

Equal work is equally compensated. No one may be subjected to forced labour. The use of the labour of women and minors in heavy and in dangerous work conditions is forbidden in Article 35.

(x). Right to Education, Family, Housing and Health Care: Education is instrument of development as well as better life. In Tajikistan every person has the right to education. Basic education is obligatory by constitution, free high school in Article 41. In Tajikistan each person has the right to start a family. From the Soviet period both have equal rights in the event of abrogation of a marriage. In other word polygamy is forbidden in country by constitution. Government has provision for the special protection of mothers and children. The government takes care to protect old age, orphans and the disabled and have responsibility of their upbringing and education in Article 33, 34. Constitution of Tajikistan has provision of right to housing for every citizen of country. This right is ensured through the provision of governmental, social, cooperative, and individual housing construction (Article 36). In constitution has the right to relaxation, the provision of an annual paid vacation, weekly days of rest, and other conditions anticipated by law is allowed (Article 37). Article (38) has the right to health care. It is ensured through free medical assistance in governmental health care. Other forms of medical assistance to be provided are determined by law. The Constitution does not make any provision for special rights for the minorities of the Republic. Human rights in the Republic are under the protect ion of the Constitution of the Republic.

Political Institutions in Tajikistan :

(i). President - The Constitution of the Republic established the presidential form of government in the Republic. The President of the Republic of Tajikistan is the head of state and of the executive authority (Government). The executive machinery is structured to have governor (Mir) in Tajikistan. The governor is appointed by the President, through whom the President exercises direct control over the region and regional assemblies. However, the appointment of the Mir by President is required to be confined by the local assembly. The President of the country is also Commander-in-chief with all military forces

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for the Republic of Tajikistan. All the high officials are appointed by the President. He has the ultimate authority over law-making and veto power as the guarantor of the Constitution. The power structure of these states is based on the principle of separation of power. The national assembly or parliament has the powers of law-making and the right to elect and recall the President and other officials as recommended by the President. The structure of the Government for the Republic in Tajikistan consists of ministries and state committees. The executive power at the local level is implemented by the representative of the President Chairman of oblast, city in Article 78. After independence Tajikistan suffered by civil war, which give a chance to government for increasing consolidation of power in hand of president. The presidential election of 2006 was started consolidation of power at the expense of its opponents and moving toward authoritarian direction. President justified his actions by promoting idea that public discourse and active citizen participation was threats to post civil war stability. Unlike other Central Asian countries, in Tajikistan’s case, individual command has predominance over the political system then government political power influence over the citizen.

(ii). Parliament - Parliament is the highest representative and legislative body of the Republic of Tajikistan. According to Article (49), the Constitution has powers of adopting, amending, interpreting the constitution and laws, determining the directions of domestic and foreign policies, forming the Central Elections and Referenda Commission, introducing and drafting the legislation and other important governmental and social issues for popular discussion, giving consent to the formation and abolition of ministries and governmental committees, approving decrees of the President pertaining to the appointment or dismissal of the prime minister and other members of the government, chair of the national bank and her or his assistants, judges of the constitutional court, the supreme court, and the high economic court, procurator general and her or his assistants, approving the socio-economic program and giving consent to the provision of economic assistance to other states, ratifying and denouncing international treaties, approving

decrees of the president concerning martial law and states of emergency, exercising other powers determined by the constitution and laws in the Constitution of Tajikistan .

(iii). Judiciary - Before the Soviet Union, Adat and Islamic legal tradition was basis of judicial system. Judicial power was vested on Quzi Kalon (supreme judge) and Quziho (Judges), administered the justice accordance with Sharia law. In Bolshevik Revolution 1924, most of Quzi court were abolished and created new courts by the Decree of Tajik Revolutionary Committee. The law provided the independence of judiciary and public in the court system through the institutions of people’s assessors. But in practice all powers are centralized in hand of communist party. The court of USSR was empowered to supervise administration of all court of Soviet Union. In Tajikistan the judicial power is independent. Judiciary protects the rights of individuals, the state interest, and legality and justice. The judicial process in Tajikistan has exercised on the basis of the principle of the adversarial nature and equality of parties. Hearings are open in all courts, except anticipated by law. There is provision of language of proceedings is depends on the majority of the people or in state language with the services of an interpreter in Article 88, Constitution of Tajikistan.

(iv). Political Parties - Political parties are the mirror of the socio-political structure of the country. Political parties are primary channels for political recruitment and engaged in electoral competition with one or more other parties to capture public office. In the Constitution of Tajikistan Article (1), citizens have right to associate into political parties. Articles, (9) structure of the political parties are found under the regulation provided in the charter of constitution at the level of district city and region. In Tajikistan there are six legally registered Parties as manifestation of democracy. However, the fact that one of these parties operates as an umbrella for the solidarity group of the men who has been in charge of Tajikistan for many years. It is the evidence of the government’s authority to provide stability in the country. As this ambiguity of ‘peace’ which characterizes the Tajik peace.

(v). Media - According to Article (30) there are provisions that each person is guaranteed of the

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freedom of speech and the press, as well as right to use information media. Governmental censorship and persecution for criticism are forbidden. The policies of Glasnost provided ample opportunity for freedom of expression to the channels of mass media. The media programme provides many opportunities for co-operation and dialogue between government and other. The mass media became use full dissenting voices, once old system of censorship sticks.

Conclusion :

The constitutional development of Tajikistan developed from autocratic rule of the Tsarist Russia to unlimited autocracy of Tsar. The Soviet period was considered to be the period of rule of law, rights and obligations. The Constitution of 1924, Constitution of 1936 and Constitution of 1977 and with Gorvachev’s policy add up to the process of constitutional development of Tajikistan. The inclusion of liberal, democratic, secular and unitary type of government has many provisions for Tajikistan’s citizen. For instance, the Constitution of 1994 provided enough provisions for people’s rights with obligations. The President and Prime Minister began to play active role in legislation and executive process. Pluralist credentials were provided in Tajikistan’s constitution. The Constitution also has provision of freedom of speech, multiparty system with organisation or association, pressure group, non-government organisations and even the media were given space to function.

References :

1. Anderson, John, (1997) “Constitutional Development in Central Asia”, Central Asian Survey, 16 (3), 301-320.

2. Jacobsohn , Gary Je ff r ey, (2006) “Constitutional Identity”, Review of Politics, 68 (3), 361-397.

3. Badan, Phool, Dynamics of Political Development in Central Asia, Delhi: Lancers Books (2001).

4. Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe (1994). (http://amcu.gki.tj/eng/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=45&Itemid=73)

5. A n d e r s o n , J o h n , “ C o n s t i t u t i o n a l Development in Central Asia”, Central Asian Survey, 16 (3), 301-320 (1997).

6. Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan,

Dushanbe (1994). (http://amcu.gki.tj/eng/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=45&Itemid=73)

7. Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe (1994). (http://amcu.gki.tj/eng/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=45&Itemid=73)

8. Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe (1994). (http://amcu.gki.tj/eng/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=45&Itemid=73)

9. Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe (1994). (http://amcu.gki.tj/eng/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=45&Itemid=73)

10. Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe (1994). (http://amcu.gki.tj/eng/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=45&Itemid=73)

11. T h e E u r o p a Wo r l d Ye a r B o o k , Khazakhastan-Zimbabe, London and New York: Routledge, (2), 4420 (2012).

12. Castiglione D., (1996) “The Political Theory of the Constitution”, in R. Ballamy and D. Cas t ig l ione , Cons t i tu t iona l i sm in Transformation: European and Theoretical Perspective, A Special Issue of Political Studies, 44 (3), 417.

13. Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe (1994). (http://amcu.gki.tj/eng/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=45&Itemid=73)

14. SDC and OSCE, (2008) Judicial Reform Index for Tajikistan, American Bar Association, Washington DC.

15. Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe (1994). (http://amcu.gki.tj/eng/ index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=45&Itemid=73)

16. Heathershaw, John, (2007) “Peace Building as Practice: Discourses From Post- Conflict Tajikistan”, International Peacekeeping, 14(2), 1-27.

17. Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe (1994). (http://amcu.gki.tj/eng index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=45&Itemid=73)

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Abstract :

We have, in this paper, tried to discuss how colonization, thanks to Macaulay’s Minute has impacted the educational system in India over the past few centuries and the need to restructure the English education in India. It has been observed that introduction of Indian writings in English in addition to the original English writings to a large extent can help us learn English well.

Key Words : Decolonization, English language, Macaulay’s Minute, Indian writings in English

Introduction :

India is a country with a long history in English speaking. But, the story of how English came to India is still contested a issue and an ideological debate in modern India. Still a remarkable moment exists in the Indian colonial history where a shift was witnessed in Indian education system. Yes, it was the celebrated Minute of Thomas Macaulay that declared: “To make the natives of this country good English scholars and that to this end, our efforts ought to be directed.” Macaulay thought that introducing English education in India would create: “a class of people, Indian in blood, and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals and in intellect.”

Education System under the Colonial Rule :

What was then thought of as a means to promote and ensure better governance, education, commerce and culture went on to shape the country’s future. The foreign language was no longer foreign. With that minute, English entered the Indian education system with such vigour that was never seen before and there was no looking back. Time passes, India achieved its independence, but wait! The shadow of the colonial rule, still lingers upon our educational system and especially, English.

The end of colonial rule did not mark the end of colonial influence upon Indian English studies. Though the country was free to its own will, its education system existed under colonization and

its effects were felt the most on English studies. For a practical example, take the case of an average Indian student and his confusion when for the first time he encounters a poem like Ode to the West Wind or, takes it to a higher level with the works of John Dryden, his attack on Thomas Shadwell.

Role of Teachers :

The teacher has to take the extra effort of giving a detai led background; be i t pol i t ical , demographical, and historical or any other, depending on the case. In the case that the teacher is unable to do this, the true, deeper meaning of the poem is lost to the students. This is not the case for modern students of general English, who already have an understanding of European history, geography and customs. What is required is not just blind decolonization but also the restructuring the curriculum in such a way that it addresses the current needs of a global culture.

Decolonization :

Decolonization should ensure that the language moves closer to the emotions and sentiments of the country. The impact of Tagore’s Where the mind is without fear is more than that of If by Rudyard Kipling to the Indian students. For an Indian ear, the melodies of sitar appeal more than that of a western guitar. To this extent Indian writings in English must be included in the text books so as to make the language more familiar to the students that were till recently under the colonial shade. Removal of colonial writings will certainly help, but to a certain extent.

Pitch for introducing Indian writings in English :

What is archaic and redundant in its context and content can be done away with. However, it must be ensured that in pursuit of decolonization, the language is not deprived of its quality and richness. There’s no dearth of authors of high language standards when it comes to Indian writings in English. The works of R.K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand, Raja Rao, Anita Desai and

Decolonizing and Restructuring English Education in India

K. Anand Vardhan,Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Bangalore

Dr. Arun K Behera, (English),Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Bangalore

35

Tagore among others are being included in the current curriculum as a measure towards decolonization. However as mentioned above, there is no harm done if some English writings are retained as far as they are not too colonial in their purpose and content.

Whereas decolonization helps in making the text more familiar to the Indian student, restructuring the framework helps in giving it a more global approach which meets the needs of the present world. Globalization has re defined the country’s outlook. It gas turned its cities into hubs of various cultures and the common thread that holds them together is English. The language studies should help in developing broad, outward approach and the indication of global literature is a move towards this goal. The framework should ensure proper financial and technological assistance to schools and colleges as well as innovative teaching methodologies and techniques.

Role of Language in inculcating values :

A careful section of texts and modes of instructions must be ensured so as to meet each age group’s requirements, be it the four aspects of language, i.e. listening, speaking, reading and writing, or creative and imaginative aspects as well. The role of teachers, technology and infrastructure is quite important in this regard. Also, languages are considered to be the means to inculcate values and ethics into the young minds. Already, some of the books from NCERT and CBSE have altered their policies and framework in favor of these ideas. The progress, however, seems to be slow especially in the higher rungs.

Conclusion :

English today is the language of the world. It is no longer the oppressors tongue, but very much a part of this world culture. In fact, it’s the third largest spoken language in the world according to Ethnolog 2009. And for a country like India, with 1,635 languages, English is its associate official language. The youth of this nation see themselves in the future where English is the say. Therefore, the need is felt, more than ever, to have this language and its studies, re designed to suit the current scenario.

Reference :

1. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/ pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_minute_education_1835.html

2. http://www.ethnologue.com/16.

3. Crystal, David. 2004. English as a global language. Cambridge: university press.

4. Graddol, David. 2010. English next India. British Council.

5. Iyengar, Srinivasa K.R. 1973. Indian writing in English. Bangalore: Asia Publishing House.

36

Abstract :

Economic reforms have an important impact on Indian economy. There is many changes in Indian economy, after adopted the policy of LPG. Developed nations show their interest in Indian market and try to invest in Indian economy to achieve profit and for extend their market. Therefore Indian economy comes on track which loose in decade of 1980's. Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization came in behaviour after the economic reforms. Foreign investors started the investment in many sectors. Many of the Public enterprise's power transfer to private sector. Indian economy opened for all foreign investors and MNC's.

Keywords : Economic Reforms, Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization, Indian economy, Foreign Capital

Introduction :

The Indian economy, which is passing through transitional period, has come out from the crisis of 1990-91 which was the result of high inflation rate of 17 percent, high fiscal deficit of Rs. 44.632 crore and trade deficit of Rs. 10,645 crore. That was the time when the second most powerful country of the world the U.S.S.R. had disintegrated and 15 new independent nations had emerged out of it ; the forces of U.S.A., U.K., France and Saudi Arab were in confrontation with Iraq to teach her a lesson because she had dared to capture Kuwait unlawfully : the communism was dying in Eastern Europe and in erstwhile U.S.S.R. : Central economies were opening up to free market forces and competition ; the multinationals of developed countries rank in the grip of low growth rate and high unemployment rate, were searching the possibilities of high return on their investment in new market and fields of third world countries. The condition of the Indian economy was so poor that the Reserve Bank of India had to mortgage 47.5 metric ton gold with the Bank of England to obtain required foreign exchange to meet the requirements of import liabilities. In such complex and critical situations, a multidimensional and broad based programme of economic reforms and liberalization was started. The immediate task was to save the nation from a relentless slide into the abyss of falling production, soaring inflation and deepening poverty and the falling credit in

the comity of nations. India dealt swiftly with the immediate crisis and also worked towards a broader objective of shifting the economy on to a path of rapid, employment generating growth. The aim of all this way to raise India to her rightful place in the international community.

Economy Reforms and Liberalization :

The policies of economics reforms and liberalization were related to fiscal reforms, financial and banking reforms, industrial reforms, taxation reforms, foreign exchange reforms, capital market reforms, public sector undertaking reforms and infrastructural reforms. With the aim of increasing efficiency of resources a n d i m p r o v e m e n t i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l competitiveness of India, structural reform policies became decisive in providing permanent solution of the crisis of balance of payment. Promotion of efficiency through broad domestic competition, bringing domestic manufactures in a position to import at the reasonable rates of duties, promoting foreign investment and technology helped in integrating Indian economy with global economy.

Fiscal discipline was an important factor in the direction of stabilization of budgetary deficit which had been increasing in the last few years. The Government had to borrow to fill this gap. It inflated the fiscal deficit which ultimately resulted in an increase in the interest liabilities of the government. The fiscal deficit was Rs. 44,632 crore during the year 1990-91 which was 8.3 percent of Gross Domestic Product. Reduction in non-plan expenditure and sum of other fiscal measures helped to bring down the fiscal deficit at the level of 2.5 percent of G.D.P. in the Budget for 2008-09. It is now targetted to be 5.7% of GDP in budget figure for 2014-15.

Globalization :

Globalization has many meaning depending on the context and on the person who is talking about. Brainbant says that the process of globalization not only includes opening up of world trade, development of advanced means of communication internationalization of financial markets, growing importance of MNC's population migration and more generally increased mobility of persons, goods, capital, data and ideas but also infections, diseases and population.

Economic Reforms in India Since 1991Prof. (Dr.) Vijay Grewal, Asst. Prof. (Comm.)Shri Vaishnav College of Commerce, Indore (M.P.)

37

In context to India, this implies opening up the economy to foreign direct investment by providing facility to foreign companies to invest different fields of economic activities in India, removing constraints and obstacles to the entry of MNC's in India, allowing Indian companies to enter into foreign collaborations. When Indian economy way in deep crisis in 1991, Foreign currency reserves had plummeted to almost 1 billion, inflation had roared to an annual rate of 17 percent, fiscal deficit was very high, foreign investors and NRI's had lost confidence in Indian economy then globalization strategy applied and included the followings.

New Industrial Policy :

New Industrial Policy has paved way for domestic and foreign private investors to invest more and more in India under open business environment. Licensing was abolished for all industries except five important industries; diversification and capacity expansion of large companies was simplified; the public sector has remained limited to just 3 industries and those too of strategic significance; foreign equity limit in high priority industries had been raised from 40 percent to 51%; in special circumstances 100 percent foreign equity was also allowed and automatic sanctions were allowed to foreign technological agreements. The disinvestment policy with regard to public sector undertakings was yet another plank of economic liberalization which gave a new lease of life to stick enterprises and a broad encouragement to private entrepreneurs.

SEBI and Capital Market :

A high powered statutory body Securities and Exchange Board of India - SEBI, has been set up to control and regulate the functioning of primary and secondary market of securities. Foreign institutional investors were allowed to operate in Indian capital market. Indian companies were also allowed to raise capital through Euro Issues.

Taxation :

In view of Chelliah Committee's recommend-ations, significant changes were made in the personal income tax, corporation tax, excise and custom duties. Personal income tax was restricted with lower tax rates, fewer slabs and a higher exemption limits. The taxation of corporate bodies was revamped. Import duties and excise duties were lowered significantly so as to make the domestic companies more competitive.

Banking Sector :

The banking sector has been made more

transparent and responsible by improving its accounting system : making provision for their effective supervision and by helping those banks which were under severe resource crunch.

Performance of corporate sector after 1991 :

Opening up the economy to foreign competition has also faced considerable restricting of the private corporate sector via. Consolidation, mergers and acquisition as many business houses are concentrating on their core competencies and existing from unrelated and diversified fields.

Table provides information on the performance of the corporate sector in the post liberalized period. As is clear from the table, the average rate of growth of sales was 14.0 percent per annum during 1990's (1990-91 to 1999-2000) and 14.2 percent per annum during the period 2000-01 to 2006-07. Gross profits increased at an overage rate of 12.5 percent per annum during 1990's and 20.04 percent per annum during 2000-01 to 2006-07. The performance of the corporate sector in 2007-08 showed some deterioration vis-a-vis 2006-07. For instance growth rate in sales and net profits during this year declared to 18.3 percent and 26.2 from 26.2 percent and 45.2 percent respectively in 2006-07. Growth in gross profit of the corporate sector also decelerated from 41.9 percent in 2006-07 to 22.8 percent in 2007-08.

Private Sector - The private sector growing rapidly after economic reforms in 1991. India used the strategy of mixed economy and private sector giving good contribution in India's development. The private entrepreneur is guided by the profit motive. He is responsible for the introduction of new commodities, new technique of production, assembling the necessary plant and equipment labour forces and management and organizing them into a going concern. In the new economic reform that has emerged after the announcement of the new industrial policy in 1991, private sector has been assigned the dominant role in industrial development.

Foreign capital :

A very essential element of globalization in India has been to facilitate an easy inflow of foreign capital in the economy. The government specified a list of high priority industries in which equity participation of foreign investors even to the percent of 51 percent could be permitted without prior approval of the government.

Disinvestment :

In under to make the process of globalization smooth, privatization and liberalization policies

38

are moving as well. Most of the public sector undertaking have been sold to private sector.

Devaluation :

The Indian rupee was devalued by 18 percent on 1st and 3rd July, 1991 with the aim of strengthening the viability of external payment position i.e. to ensure that exchange rate movements maintain a reasonable incentive for export promotion and encourage efficient import substitution activities, and at the same time, to stem the flight of capital from India and discourage flow of remittances from abroad through illegal channels.

Far-reaching changes were announced in trade policies. The main objective of these policies were to strengthen export promotion measures, abolition of import licensing to a large extent, providing high quality world standard machines and raw mater ia l to br ing domest ic manufacturers at world level and making them highly competitive in the international market.

Foreign Exchange :

To eliminate the weakness of foreign exchange market ; to control the black marketing and smuggling of foreign exchange, to allow the foreign exchange earner to convert their foreign exchange earnings at market determined exchange rate and to provide the easy availability of foreign exchange to the importers and other India going abroad. Indian rupee was made fully convertible on balance of payments current account. Besides capital goods, import of silver and gold was also simplified.

Impact of Economy Reforms on India :

The results of economic reforms and liberalization have been very encouraging. The annual growth rate of gross domestic product reached the record level of 10.26 percent in 2014-15. Thereafter it has been estimated to be 5.7 percent in the year 2014-15 and 6.7 percent in 2015-16. The industrial growth rate reached its record level of 11% in 2006-07. The annual growth rate of gross domestic product in 1991-92 was less than even one percent. The Indian industries have achieved technological development through moderanization and this has led to increase in their competitiveness. From 1991 to March 2011 foreign direct investment has been secured to the line of about 58.261 billion dollar. The foreign direct investment has taken place primarily in priority sectors like electricity, communication, road construction etc. The successes in the foreign sector are specially

noteworthy. The deficit of the current account of balance of payments in 2013-14 was only 1.4 percent of gross domestic product. There has been substantial improvements in the exports structures also. The banks which had been running in loss so far are now showing profits. The capital market now stands totally globalized. The Mumbai Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchange and the Delhi Stock Exchange are now carrying on their business on the computers. There has been a virtual revolution in the field of communications and information technology.

Conclusion :

These indicate testify that Indian economy has come out of the crisis. It has transformed itself into an economy showing strong growth in agricultural and industrial output, a strong revival of domestic investment, a steady increase in foreign direct investment, renewed growth of employment and comfortable foreign direct investment. We are now heading towards the phenomenon of globally competitive economy and we have registered good credibility at home and abroad. We have now entered into the 21st century with a few hope and confidence witnessing our economy pulsating with new life thanks to the varied economic reforms undertaken.

Reference :1. S.K. Mishra and V.K. Puri, (2011) - Indian

economy, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai2. K.L. Gupta and Harvinder Kaur, (2004) - New

Indian Economy and Reforms, Deep and Deep Publishers, New Delhi

3. Chanchal Kumar Sharma, (2011) - A Discursive Dominance Theory of economic reforms sustainability.

4. Lawrence Klein, R. and T. Palanivel, (2000) - Economic Reforms and Growth Prospectus in India available at - ideas.repec.org

5. Pranab Mukherjee, (2000) - "India's Economic Reforms : The Second phase", available at - pib.nic.in

6. Sandeep Shastri, (2000) - "Economic Reforms and the Restructuring of the Public Sector in India"

7. Raja J. Chelliah, (1999) - Economic Reform strategy for the next decate

8. Monteque Singh Ahluwalia, (2002) - Economic Reforms in India since 1991

9. Various Issue of Economic Survey10. Various Issue of Economic and Political Weekly 11. www.economywatch.com

39

Abstract :

What Saussure, Bloomfield, Chomsky, Fillmore, Firth and Halliday have proposed in the nineteenth and twentieth century, had been proposed by Panini, Patanjali, Katayana and Bhartrhari many centuries ago in India. During 2500 years’ history of human thought, none have surpassed the Indians in the field of linguistic study. ‘It was in India’, says Bloomfield, ‘that arose a baby of knowledge which was destined to revolutionize European ideas about language. It was the Indian grammar that ‘presented to European eyes, for the first time, a complete and accurate description of a language, based not upon the theory but upon observation.’ Indian linguistic studies are the oldest and most valuable. Whereas the ancient Greek and the Roman linguistic studies were speculative and philosophical, the Indians were the first to have initiated descriptive and analytic studies of language based on observation. The Indians were the first to classify the difference between voiced and voiceless sounds, to emphasize the role of vocal organs in the production of speech, to say that the sentence was the basic unit of language, to remark that language without meaning was like the dry wood which needed fire to burn, and to establish and specify linguistic universal. Indian theories of semantics and advances in etymology and morphology are the best in the world, and everyone in the east and the west owes to them something or the other in the field of phonetics. The Indians established the excellent standards of economy and precision in the description of linguistic phenomenon as stated by Bloomfield ,that the Indians were the first in the history of human thought who ‘worked out a systematic arrangement of grammar and lexicon.’ This paper seeks to find the role of the Indian Linguists more meticulously in linguistics.

Key Words : Lexicon, Speculative, Surpass

Introduction : Language is the essence of life and plays a pivotal role in realizing it completely. The increasingly important position, it has got in the present age, demands studies of high notch to have more insight. Language , before the advent of ‘Linguistics”, was never considered befitting for an independent subject. Though Western

linguists are believed to be pioneer in this field, yet the situation, if supervised meticulously adding the available data, is bit different. The Indian Linguists, with available proofs, were the real pioneers in many fields and their maximum rules were redefined or dwelled on by the Western linguists. This paper investigates the contribution of Indian linguists with fresh piece of information to bring to light the contribution, which will definitely bring a new fillip in the respective area. To bring this idea at the fore, a lot of new research -adding or defining the available one- has done. This paper is purely related to the Indian linguistics’ touched or untouched linguistic rules so far, and unfolds their connection to the famous Western linguistic thoughts.

The three worlds would be completely enveloped in blinding darkness if not illumined to its complete extent by the light called word -Dandin, 7th Century BCE.

The central focus of language studies in India is, of course, Sanskrit. As a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, Sanskrit has played an outsized role in India’s linguistic development. Sanskrit has travelled as far as Indonesia, Japan, and Afghanistan on the backs of Hindu and Buddhist religious emissaries. The language’s name for itself, sask ta vak, means “perfect speech “and its users genuinely believed that Sanskrit was indeed perfect with ‘Mlecchaavyaktesabde’(Great emphasis on correct speech).

An epoch changing point in the Modern Linguistics was the discovery of Sanskrit by William Jones in 1786, and he said addressing the Royal Asiat ic Society: The Sanskr i t language…..Whatever be its antiquity, is of wonderful structure, more perfect than Greek, more copious than Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and in the grammar, than could have been produced by accident; so strong that no philologist could examine Sanskrit, Greek and Latin without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which perhaps, no longer exists.The enthusiasm that stirred the hearts of

Recognition of Indian Linguists’ Contribution by the West

Dr. Sushil Kumar, Asst. Prof., (English)Panipat Institute of Engineering & Technology, Panipat

40

those first pioneers into the realm of India’s sacred language and India’s ancient lore, still throbs in the veins of their followers to-day and will quicken the pulse-beat of inspired workers for generations to come.

J.R. Firth, a distinguished linguist of England, has aptly said: Without the Indian grammarians and phoneticians whom he (Sir William Jones) introduced and recommended to us, it is difficult to imagine our nineteenth century school of phonetics .W.S. Allen remarks: In their recognition of the voicing process, the Indian phoneticians make one of their greatest single contributions. In the words of R.H. Robins: The Indian tradition of linguistic scholarship, devoted to the Sanskrit language, was of a very high order, and its influence on Western linguistic was profound, and is by no means over. Unlike the Greek and Latin grammarians and their medieval successors, Indian linguistics exhibited great interest and masterly competence in the phonetic analysis and descriptions of their speech, and the development of the phonetic and phonological levels of linguistics analysis in the last hundred years or so. Robins further observes: The work of Indian linguistics scholars is distinguished historically by two features, the excellence of their phonetic description of Sanskrit, both as regards its accuracy and the systematic terms in which they stated it, and their ability to carry formal analysis below the word in terms corresponding to the modern morpheme.

The contribution of Sanskrit is indeed of immense value. Sanskrit linguistics formally must have begun the day the Indian ‘rishis’and ‘munis’ began to understand and interpret clearly the Vedic speech. The ancient Indians first turned to the study of their language for religious reasons to ensure that no corruption or modification should creep into the sacred texts of the Vedas when they were sung or recited. The germs of this interest may be traced in the Rig-Veda, which dedicates two entire hymns to speech (X.71and X.125). It mentions three stages in the development of language: (1) inarticulate speech (2) primitive speech and (3) language proper. The inarticulate speech was the hissing of serpents, or the humming of insects, the notes of birds, and the sound made by other animals. The primitive articulation of speech were first employed by men in imparting names to objects, thus leading to the third stage, that is, language proper, which “

was created by wise, as men cleanse corn flour in a cribble.”(.17, 1.). There is an another well-known hymn in the Rigveda(IV,58,3)in which speech, according to Patanjali’s interpretation (in the introduction to his Mahabhasya),is compared to a bull, the sounds of which are attributed to three human organs-‘ the lungs ,the throat, and the head.’

Aitareya Brahmana attributes speech toIndra, and compares it to the Ocean on account of its inexhaustible nature and the very idea was used by Ferdinand de Saussure and Chomsky by ‘Langue’‘Competence’ terms respectively.The taste grew during the period of the AitraeyaArnaaka,which describes various sounds in terms of different objects in nature. It compares the consonants to nights, and vowels to the days (II, 2, 1), presumably owing to the superior perceptibility of the latter in normal speech. Furthermore, the consonants are compared to the body and the vowels to the soul, and fricative to the breath (II, 2, 1). At another place in the AitareyaArnayaka, the plosives are said to be a form of the earth, the fricatives of the atmosphere, and the vowels of the firmament (III, 2, 5).Yet in other passage, the fricatives are compared to breath,plosives to bones, vowels to the marrow, and semi-vowels to flesh and blood.

‘Samhita’ was interpreted as the interval between two syllables, the interval by which the accent or the quantity of two syllables was distinguished. The Samhhita-text of the vedic hymns was reduced to the Padaform.In this period of the study the Pada-text rules of phonetic combination (sandhi), and the formation of compounds, Samasa were studied elaborately. The father of Pada-text was Shakalya. In the Pada-text, Mantaras were divided into Pada and Shabdas.

The Pratisakhyas are the first treaties on phonetics and formal grammar. They provide a scientific classification of Sanskrit sounds and the Ganas(the lists of words remarkable for grammaticality in any way). These Prastisakhyas are: the Rig Pratisakhya on the Rigvedam the TetariyaPratisakhyaon the Krihna-Yajurveda, the Vijasny-Pratisakhya on the Shukla-Yajurveda, the Rig-Tantra-Vyakarnha on the Sam-Veda, and the Atharva-Partisakhya on the Atharva-Veda.

‘Shiksha’ implied “general phonetics” while “Pratisakhya” signified “applied phonetics”. It was the grammatical form of the words which

41

constituted the basis for the phonetic observation of the RigPratisakhya. The object of the treatise is to describe the characteristic features of the four parts of speech-the noun, the verb, the affix, and the participle. One main feature of the Pratisakhyas was their treatment not of a language of ‘priests which had to be drilled into a proper recital of the sacred texts’ (as supposed by some Western scholars), but of a living language used and spoken by the people those days. No definite historical dates of these Pratisakhyas are available .By and large, scholars say that they belong to 800-500B.C. They seem to be older than Panini.

The oldest linguistic treatise preserved in India is the Nirukta(explanation)ofYaska(fifth century B.C.). It offers brief explanations of the Rig Vedic words which have already become obscure. Though the writers of theBrahamanas had already established themselves as etymologists, yet Yaska was the first methodical and scientifically minded etymologist. He hinted at the idea to be developed by later grammarians that words were ultimately to be traced to a number of roots. He considered the words listed in the Nighantu.

Panini is the best known one of the Indian linguists and lived around 500B.C. ,and has m e n t i o n e d t h e n a m e s o f A i p i s h a l i , Kashyap,Gargya.Chakrvarnam,Galav,Shaktayan,Senak,Sphotyn and Bhardwaj. They were his predecessors and contemporaries. But it was Panini, who struck out a new and original path. The whole of his work depends on the Sivasutras where the Praytacharas( the technology he is going to adopt ) are set forth. By his masterly analysis, he arrived at the fundamental conception of roots-which are a set of monosyllabic consonants, each a concept, and each expressing an action. He recognized the sentence, the basic unit of language. His Asthadhayi is the first formal grammar in the history of letters. . His theory of morphological analysis was more advanced than any equivalent Western theory before the mid-20thcentury, and his analysis of noun compounds still forms the basis of modern linguistic theories of compounding, which have borrowed Sanskrit terms such as bahuvrihi and dvandva .Panini’s grammar has been called by Bloomfield ‘One of t h e g r e a t e s t m o n u m e n t s o f h u m a n intelligence’.Panini's comprehensive and

scientific theory of grammar is conventionally taken to mark the end of the period of Vedic Sanskrit, introducing the period of Classical Sanskrit with the concepts of the phoneme, the morpheme and the root. It is not speculative or philosophical like the grammars of the Greeks and the Romans. It is descriptive and analytic and treats phonology and morphology in great detail. It makes very brief statements about linguistics phenomena. The underlying philosophy of the Paniniya system is the assumptions such as dhatu(base, latterly constituent).Panini is known for his Sanskrit grammar, particularly for his formulation of the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology, syntax and semantics. The main characteristic of Panini’s grammar is its startling economy and brevity. It describes, with the minutest detail, every inflection, derivation, and composition, and every syntactic usage of Sanskrit. The concept of the zero elements in the morphological structure of a word is attributed to Panini. He recognized the existence of grammatical categories which may have only zero realization at the phonological or orthographic level. Maximum findings of his were either interpreted or presented in ditto by Western linguist in nineteenth and twentieth century. Prem Singh, in his foreword to the reprint edition of the German translation of Pa?ini's Grammar in 1998, concluded that the "effect Panini's work had on Indo-European linguistics shows itself in various studies”. Applauding the constructive attribution of Panini in linguistic sphere, the founding father of American structuralism, Leonard Bloomfield, wrote a paper in 1927, titled "On some rules of Panini”.

Patanjali claims shabdapramaNah –that the evidentiary value of words is inherent in them and not derived externally. The word-meaning association is natural. The argument he gives is that people do not make an effort to manufacture words. This is similar to the argument in the early part of Plato’s Cratylus.In the words of Gray,“WithPatanjali (2nd Century B.C.) Indian linguistic science reached its definite form, for all latter Indian treaties on the subject are little more than further commentaries on his work. The system thus established is extremely detailed as to phonology ( including accent) and morphology; syntax it scarcely touches, etymologies are very frequent and these

42

etymological attempts naturally lead to semantic explanations.”

Bhartrhari one of the renowned Indian linguists and author of Vakyapadiya(“Words in a Sentence”) opined : The sentence is the basic unit of communication ;Sentence meaning is primary, and the word meaning is the result of rather artificial analysis ;what the speaker utters and the listener listens is vakyasphota(complete meaningful sentence).Bhartrhari’s idea of the unity of signifier-signified ,was later redefined by Saussure with some minor changes.

Phonological and phonetic study of words as isolates and words as part of sentences (also morphemes as part of words); the technical term sandhi i.e. ``joining together'' is now accepted in Western linguistics.

Relation between perceived utterance (spoken or written) and meaningful articulated language is a concept presented to the west by the Indian linguists. The respective units of these were dhvani (actual event, or individual realization) and sphota (an abstract, unexpressed, permanent, ``ineffable'' entity). The scheme is reflected today in the distinction between phonetics and phonology - the latter relates upwards to grammar and lexis.

Correct diagnosis of the activity of buccal cavity, lungs and nasal cavity in voicing (first seen in the West only in the 17th C and even then it was ignored). The Sanskrit alphabet is devised on segmental (?) phonemic lines.

Verb was the core of a sentence and other words stood in relation to it, e.g. as agent and object. This conceptual framework to understand syntactic relationships is close to that of today's generative grammar.

A rule system for grammatical word formation: the rules have to be applied in set order, like the rules of generative grammars. Indian grammatical rules for word compounding, like tatpurusha (``his servant'' - attributive compound, eg. ̀ `doorknob'' and ̀ `blackberry'') and bahuvrihi ( ``(possessing) much rice'' - exocentric compound, eg. ``turnkey'' and ``humpback'') have passed into general currency.

To conclude, we can say that the Indians were really pioneers in explaining or touching many fields which later paved the way for the Western

linguist to come up with articulation. The difference between voiced and voiceless, importance of buccal cavity in the pronunciation of sounds, declaring the sentence was the basic unit of a language, highlighting the importance of meaning in a language, stressing the importance of order of a language –all lead to the genuine share of genius Indian linguists to the west. Panini’ analysis of noun compounds still forms the basis of modern linguistic theories of compounding, which have borrowed Sanskrit terms such as bahuvrihi and dvandva.The Indian theories in semantics, etymology and morphology are touchstones and still holds the capacity to be the best in their respective areas. The renowned western linguists like W.H Allen, RH Robbins, JR Firth have spoken volume in favor of the system and order introduced by the Indian linguists.

References :

1. Robins,R.H. .A Short History of Linguistics. London : Longman.2nd Edn.,1979.

2. LouisH. Gray .Foundations of Language. New York: Macmillan,1958.

3. Verma S K .An Introductory Text Book of Linguistics and Phoetics. Bareilly : Students Store.7th Edition,2008.

4. Syal Pushpinder and DV Jindal .An Introduction to Linguistics: Language, Grammar and Semantics. Delhi: PHI Learning Limited.Second Edition,2007.

5. Verma S.K. Linguistics, OUP, Delhi,

6. Bhartrhari, Vakyapadiya.Chaukhamba. Varansi, 1974.

7. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/patanjali

8. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:India

43

Abstract :

The present paper attempts to find out the

importance English enjoys in India in the present

scenario. It tries to examine the back drop in

which English [just one of around 6000

languages of the world and 780 in India alone]1

assumes such a significant stature. It deals with

the status of English at present: it is the generally

accepted language of the graduates; it is the

window of opportunities; it improves our

languages; it acts as a link among various fields

etc. Moreover it is a powerful integrating factor

that has compensated for the great language

divide existing in our country.

Key words : English, language, speakers,

colonization, importance, employability, link,

tongue

Introduction :

Since the evolution of intellect, man has found

the need for communication. He has always felt

that a medium of communication had to be

evolved. Thus came into being- the language.

There are around 6000 languages in the world.

Each of them evolved to suit the different races of

man and their requirements. Some are used by

millions of people while others are used only by a

few. One language that has a global presence is

English. English which began in the fifth century

A.D. with the migration of certain Germanic

tribes from the continent to Britain soon spread

around the world, thanks to colonization. After

many British colonies gained independence, they

had developed a hostile attitude towards the

‘tongue of the oppressors’ and did everything

possible to wipe out their language. But this point

of view is gradually changing. English as a

language is gaining wider acceptance with

passing time. In the modern times, globalization

has fuelled the spread of English across the

planet. English unites people from different

races, backgrounds and religious communities

making it a global language.

Currently there are around 1200 million speakers

of English2 around the world, which accounts for

roughly a sixth of its population. So what

relevance does this language have with respect to

a country like India? India has around 230 million

speakers of English3, which constitutes about

18% of our populace. Colonization has resulted

in English being one of the most spoken

languages in India besides conferring on it the

status of the associate official language. As India

moves towards becoming a global economy, she

has understood the need for the English language.

This is one of the main reasons for the growth of

English in India. Let us list out a few points to

illustrate the importance of English in India.

Language of Employability :

Today’s college going students prefer to pursue

their graduation in institutions in those institutes

where the medium of instruction is English.

English is seen as a prerequisite to commanding

respect in the society. Students have also realized

that English can increase their employability.

They know that if they can speak in English, they

will be able to communicate with a greater

populace. English has the capacity to unite the

entire country what the 22 scheduled languages

recognized by the Constitution of India do not

have. The youth of the country truly understand

the potential of English with special reference to

India.

Window of Opportunities :

India has immense capacity. We are the youngest

nation in the world because the youth comprise

the largest share in the demographics of the

population of the country. We, as a nation, have

understood the need to raise our country to the

level it commanded in the glorious past.

Changing political scenario, rapid globalization

Importance of English in India at present

Dr. Arun K Behera, (English),Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Bangalore

C. Anirudh, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Bangalore

44

and many other factors have contributed to the

above mentioned sentiment. The youth feel that

English provides an opportunity to bring India

closer to the world. As we move towards a more

interlinked and interdependent global economy,

English will play a pivotal role on transforming

India into a developed nation by opening up

opportunities in trade, research etc. to name a few.

How do we improve our Languages ?

We see that very often we come across situations

where we fail to find words in our mother tongues

that adequately describe our emotions. We are

often at a loss of words. It has been observed that

the Indian languages have borrowed extensively

from English to fill the voids. This has been found

beneficial today by many because they are able to

communicate exactly what they want to and are

understood just the way they should be. In this

manner we have seen the emergence of modified

languages like Hinglish (Hindi + English),

Manglish (Malayalam +English), Spanglish

(Spanish+English) to name a few4. Therefore

English has in a way improved our languages.

Link among various Fields :

Over the years English has brought together

different nations of the world enabling better

coordination in fields like research, defense,

trade, drugs, software, etc. New advancements

have taken place not only in one nation but the

entire planet as a whole. The world has become a

global village. So the benefits of discoveries,

breakthroughs in one part of the planet flows onto

the other parts as well. This has made the world

progress towards a happier and more peaceful

future.

Conclusion :

India being one of the fastest growing economies,

it cannot afford to ignore the powerful integrating

influence of the English language. It must not be

forgotten that English is one of the many factors,

which has helped India develop into a

superpower. Similarly English can unleash the

immense potential of the country. So with this

unifying global language on the tongue of the

young and the powerful Indians, development

and progress will no more remain a distant dream.

Reference :

1. Crystal, David. 2003. The Cambridge

Encyclopedia of Language. (2nded).

Cambridge University Press.

2. Crystal, David. 2010. A Little Book of

Language. Hyderabad: Orient Black Swan.

3. Crystal, David. 2003. English as a Global

Language. (2nded). Cambridge University

Press.

4. Behera, A.K. 2011. The World of

Portmanteau Words. Chennai: Vijay Nicole

Imprints Pvt Ltd.

45

Abstract :

Citizenship in the 21st century has become more vibrant and challenging. First, it has opened up new avenues for social science research dealing with rights, equality and liberty, and second, it has compelled the State to accommodate individual in regard to their allegiance as a citizen. Starting from Greek City State to the liberal approach in the 21st century the concept of citizenship has undergone drastic change especially with the advent of Globalisation. The concept now began to accommodate the individual rights in the post-modern multicultural society. One thing is sure, the role of the State in dealing with the issue is not going to diminish but it is going to be a major challenge – frequent influx of people, inequality between States, fear of anti-national activities, diminishing concept of sovereignty due to technological infringement, protecting cultural ethos etc - add up the list for the state to tackle and accommodate.

Keywords : Citizenship, Globalisation, State, Multicultural.

Introduction :

The term “citizenship” refers to an identity between a person and a city, state or nation and their right to work, live and participate politically in a particular geographic area. When combined with the term “global”, it typically defines a person who places their identity with a “global community” above their identity as a citizen of a particular nation or place. The idea is that one’s identity transcends geography or political borders and those responsibilities or rights are or can be derived from membership in broader class “humanity” (Ronald C., 2012). Generally, citizenship is a membership status, which contains a package of rights, duties and obligations, in relations to equality, justice, and autonomy (Faulks, 2000).

However, the concept of citizenship is as old as human civilization. The concept can be traced back to the time of Greek City States, where the idea of citizenship exists in the City-State. This was followed by the Roman concept of

citizenship in which they started to practice dual citizenship, meaning one can be a citizen of Rome and also the citizen of the conquered territories. This again transformed with the process of acculturization and human process in terms of nation-states and the idea of sovereignty. In other words, the 19th century citizenship envisaged under the auspicious of French Revolution where citizen was the subjects of one nation, this further got transformed into more sophisticated in the light of the 21st century. In short, the movement of citizenship evolved from the particular to the universal as the purpose of exclusion appears increasingly irrational and incongruent with the emergence of liberal approach in which it became more inclusive in nature (Turner, 1986). The Encyclopedia Britannica clearly defined the concept of citizenship as a relationship between an individual and a state in which an individual owes allegiance to that state and is in turn entitled to its protection.

Opportunities :

What prompt the Global Citizenship? Can be look upon with evolving phase of time. The world is changing faster than most of us can keep up with. Technology is one of those driving force of change. This means the characteristics of globalization i.e. free flow of people, technology, goods and services and capital acts as a corner stone for development and restricting anyone of these characteristics means providing a thumbing block for development and advancement. The interconnectivity of people also increased manifold due to the dependency in global economy as trade was not restricted to local confinement in a globalizing world. In other words, in our interdependent world, global citizenship encourages us to recognize our responsibilities towards each other, and learn from each other. Different social groups found the concept of citizenship as the most conceptualized viewpoint with regard to individual rights and freedom and extensively used it as the major tool to demand their rights and equality. Some of the few opportunities are

Citizenship in a Globalizing World: Opportunities and Challenges

Dr. Valte, Asst. Prof., (Political Science)Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi

46

summarized below.

Flexible solution with legitimacy :

Citizenship provides legitimate identity. The granting of citizenship itself denotes the relevance and significance of its uses. Marshall (1992) portrayed citizenship as part of an evolutionary process towards a more rational, just and well-governed society in liberal setup. As it is often use as nationality concept, providing legitimate right becomes necessary and therefore granting citizenship streamline the purpose of legitimacy. The global citizenship thus accommodates the diverse nature of human progress in terms of free flow of people by providing flexibility and accommodating diverse social and political dimensions.

Helps in recognizing rights and duties :

Citizenship deals with human and the society at large in a State. Giddens (1984) speaks about the dual structure in understanding citizenship. According to Giddens, dual structure exists as the society and individual are dependent. Therefore, global citizenship helps us to recognize this dual responsibility towards each other and the wider world. The vibrant and egalitarian nature of multicultural society can function effectively only when there is recognition of individual rights. The concept of this recognition further helps in adjusting the global rights and duties.

Policy and planning :

Global citizenship strengthens the numerous factors instigating the policies in particular country vis-à-vis the flow of people. The behaviours and management in various programmes of one particular localized place is linked with the global outlook. This helps in framing policies in different areas – ranging from social, political and economic spheres. For instance ecologist had pointed out about the need to balance human rights with greater obligation so as to accommodate the flow of people and take care about the environmental issues as well (Heater, 1990). The policy analysis includes broad agenda needed for governance and human progress. Therefore, enhancing environmental sustainability, building a leading human rights program, addressing global health and education issues through social innovation becomes part and partial for the state to take care about. Global

citizenship also provides new dimension by imparting either practical or through formal education to clear many misinformation and stereotyped views about other countries. Through proper learning and teaching, it can promote flexibility and adaptability of different countries to accommodate others (Ibid).

Challenges :

In spite of all the advancement due to technological development, when it comes to evaluating the societies in different parts of the world, there exists a gulf between the developed and developing countries. This handicap acts as the greatest challenge for a nation to adhere its policy of citizenship. Some of the major challenges are as follows.

Role of State :

Accommodating and adjusting the individual with a citizenship tag becomes the greatest challenge for the state. In a globalized world, as the free flow of people cannot be restricted, the only solution lies with state to accommodate it. This is because people today identify themselves with the state first and then the individual. Situation arising due to crisis is another factor that affects the role of state. For instance, during crisis due to war or natural disaster, mass migration of refugee takes place, and it becomes the responsibility for the state to deal with it. The emerg ing ro l e o f non -gove rnmen ta l organizations under the aegis of globalization is another factor in which the role of state increased. The logic of implementing multiple citizenship or dual citizenship is one example of the state trying to accommodate this problem. This relaxation helps to overcome the hurdles of law and its procedures that can be otherwise a long legal process (Frey).

Political and transnational issues :

The modern concept of citizenship has been much of a political issue than a social. Due to transnational interaction of different states and transactions of goods and services along with high level of interaction of people, the state needs to carefully plan its political stand in dealing with this issue. As the present state policies becomes decisive in maintaining status quo and accommodating new policies. It becomes very difficult for a state to see and checkmate the

47

movement of all the individuals residing in the state. The concept of sovereignty also does not hold any significance in terms of transnational identity. The challenges, therefore remains very high as it become difficult to find out the intention of the person who comes and resides in other countries.

Tension between local and global issue :

Another major concern that emerged due to globalization is how to safeguard the local cultural values. The internationalization sometimes shrinks the local cultural values. The emergence of multi-cultural society sometimes forced particular society to follow a different culture that might be foreign to them. Different theories of State also argued that in an era of globalization and internalization, financial integration and capital is rapidly becoming obsolete, but at the same time difficult to avoid it completely (Lister & Hay, 2006).

Conclusion :

As the flow of people cuts across the physical national boundaries in a globalizing world, we are no longer just citizens of our respective countries, but citizens in a global community. Citizenship in global context therefore entails a special relationship composed both of rights and obligations between individuals and the state. The idea of citizenship traditionally reserved for the individual state no longer remains static in a globalized world, but accommodates and cater the complex changing environment by providing temporary, multiple, partial and permanent citizenship rights. In short, the concept of citizenship in a globalizing world continues to undergo changes so that it can accommodate the growing trends of multicultural society.

References :

1. Faulks, Keith, Citizenship, (London: Routledge, 2000).

2. Frey, Bruno S., citizenship in a Globalised W o r l d , http://depts.washington.edu/wtohist/Research/documents/Citizenship_in_a_Globalised_World.pdf

3. Giddens, Anthony, The Constitution of Society, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984).

4. Heater, D., Citizenship, (London: Longman, 1990).

5. Israel, Ronald C., “What does it mean to be a Global Citizen?” (Spring/Summer 2012), in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_citizenship?

6. Lis te r, Michae l , and Col in Hay, “Introduction: Theories of State”, in David Marsh, et al, (ed.,), The State, Theories and Issues, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).

7. Marshall, T.H., “Citizenship and Social Class”, in T.H. Marshall and T. Bottomore, Citizenship and Social Class, (London: Pluto Press, 1992).

8. Turner, B., Citizenship and Capitalism, (London: Allen and Unwin, 1986).

48

Abstract :

The 67.7 million people belonging to “Scheduled Tribes” in India are generally considered to be ‘Adivasis’, literally meaning ‘indigenous people’ or ‘original inhabitants’, though the term ‘Scheduled Tribes’(STs) is not conterminous with the term ‘Adivasis’. Scheduled Tribes is an administrative term used for purposes of ‘administering’ certain specific constitutional privileges, protection and benefits for specific sections of peoples considered historically disadvantaged and ‘backward’.

Key Words : Scheduled Tribes(ST), Adivasis, Pardhi Community.

Preamble :

When we talk about ‘Tribal ’(Adiwasi) then a picture comes before us that a person with graceless face and personality, necked person having no contact with society and living in forest area. In Marathi we called it ‘Adiwasi’ means a person who came into existence first. Today unfortunately Tribal is mostly neglected and their existence is denied. Today what we observe artistic skills like dance, music, art, artisans etc. originally discovered by Adiwasi. Now scientifically and technically advanced community has developed and shaped to these arts and being claimed that such arts are developed by advanced community.

Pardhi - A part of Tribal :

Pardhi is a caste belongs to Tribal community. Due to exploitation of Pardhi community since beginning they have lost their social status and dignity. They never came forward against their exploitation as a result their educational, social and cultural development is restricted.

Financial constraint is a basic factor of them due to which they could not be come on path of social development. As per 1981 census Pardhi Community was 95115 in Maharashtra. Out of 4410 used to be resident in Yavatamal district. As per 1991 census the figure of Pardhi Community is 1,96,734 and are living or passing their livelihood as possible as they can.

Present situation of Pardhi in Yavatmal District :

Mostly male or female of Pardhi Samaj have got very strong body structure. Hunting is main

occupation and it is mostly traditional business. In area of Sawar and Pardhi Tanda the small cottages are developed but it is not constructed everywhere. These cottage are not seen in Yavatmal. In ground known as ‘Azad Maidan’, these Pardhi are residing in groups. In summer and rainy season it is very difficult for them to survive under crucial climatic condition. They have to face innumerable difficulties in daily life.

It is also observed that female child or girls are begging. Male child or young boys are not interested in taking education. Due to lack of education, young boys do not get an opportunity of jobs as a result their future remain in question. These people are moving and changing places for begging. If they get labour work then this may be for their livelihood.

In Yavatamal district, these people are mostly found in Kalamb,Mukundpur, Pardhibeda, Ganeshpur, Pardhi tanda,Sawar,Dhamngaon, Anandwadi, Ajanti.

Poverty is main aspect of their life. Superstitions in Pardhi people are mostly observed. Illiteracy, addictions are also there. No common facilities for survival are made available for them. In short, the Pardhi community is mostly negligible from every angle.

Importance of study :

From the olden days to ill today drastic social changes have been taken place. Now a day nobody believes on anything or any event unless it is proved by science and technology. In spite of this the fact remain that there is no change in this advanced technological era on the social, economical, educational and cultural status of Pardhi samaj.

On the other hand, police and well-cultured people are still considering these people as criminals. In spite of having number of developmental schemes of Government, majority of them are far away from its benefits. Then a question came into the mind of researcher why and how still Pardhi Society is away from such benefits ? Why there is no visible change in the social, economical, educational status of Pardhi community?

To study all such factors scientifically and systematically, it felt very essential to study this

A Sociological Study of the Social Status of Pardhi Samaj In Yavatmal District

Sunil Wankhade, (Sociology), Research Scholar, Darwha (MH)

49

genuine issue.

Objectives of study :

1) To study the various aspects of Pardhi Community like personal life, family culture, marriage institution and other social institutions in detail.

2) To study the status of education, social, political and cultural point of view.

3) To study the financial and occupational aspects of Pardhi Community.

4) To study the social status of women of Pardhi Community.

Hypotheses :

1) Personal and family life of Pardhi Community is very hard and troublesome.

2) Majority of people of Pardhi Community people are illiterate.

3) Pardhi Community is under the shadow and watch of other criminals.

4) Financial and occupational status of Pardhi Community is very poor.

5) There is secondary status of women in Pardhi Community.

Research Methodology :

The entire study is absolutely related with social events. Financial, religious, educational aspects are studied. And also the personal life, influential factors of life, family status, such aspects are studied. Their attitude of looking towards their family and lifestyle was also the important issue of study. Therefore considering the extent of problem, the questionnaire was designed and data collected through questionnaire on the basis of personal interview. Details are mentioned below :

a) Sample Selection - A list of Pardhi Community has been prepared and out of 300 samples by Random Sample Method have been selected from Kalamb, Pardhi Tanda, Pardhi Beda, Sawar, Dhamangaon, Mukundpur and Yavatmal area. The information and data have been collected through meetings and interview with through discussion with respondents.

b) Data Collection - As stated above in brief the data collection has been done on the basis of questionnaire designed for the purpose. In addition to this, the information from government reports, news papers, articles, news and internet has been collected and incorporated in the thesis.

c) Research Design - In this design, some questions were put up before the respondents and responses have been collected. The questions

were open and every respondent had an opportunity to describe his views, hence the descriptive research design is used.

Analysis and Interpretation :

In Yavatamal district, data about Pardhi Community in connection with family, education, financial, social, political and mental situation was collected and details are tabulated as below –

Out of 300 respondents 68.34% people are using Marathi language whereas 31.66% are speaking in Adiwasi language. 8% are doing field labor work.82% Pardhi Community do not have agricultural land.

T 1-Age wise classification of Pardhi Community

No. Age Group Total Percentage

1 18 – 25 64 21.33% 2 26 – 35 118 39.33% 3 36 – 45 98 32,66% 4 46 - 55 15 05.00% 5 Above 56 05 01.66%

Total 300 100%

Among the respondents, mostly the respondents are between 26 to 35 age group and performing their duties as head of the family.

T 2-Family status of Pardhi Community

No. Status Number Percentage

1 Joint 108 36.00% 2 Independent 132 44.00% 3 Alone 60 20.00%

Total 300 100%

It is found that 44% are independent families. In this system it is observed that they get always help from other while resolving any matter. Whereas 36% families are joint and the number of age old persons is 20%.To take care of these old people is a matter of great concern of Pardhi Community. Young generation prefer to live separately.

T3- Status of Family members

No. No.of members Total Percentage

1 1 - 3 126 42.00% 2 4 - 6 90 30.00% 3 7 - 9 84 28.00%

Total 300 100%

The above table shows and clarify the number of persons in a family. They are not aware about family planning and its importance. They dislike to undergo any operation about family planning.

50

T 4- Status of head of the family

No. Head of the family Total Percentage

1 Female 18 06.00% 2 Male 282 94.oo%

Total 300 100%

The above table shows that 94% head of the family is male. Where there is female member acting as head, in such families male are found to be suffering from diseases or unable to do any work. It is male dominant community. Mostly male members are leader of the family.

T 5- Addiction Status

No. Type of Addiction Total Percentage

1 Gambling 41 13.66% 2 Tobacco 163 54.34% 3 Wine 91 30.33% 4 No addiction 03 01.00% 5 Other 02 00.67%

Total 300 100%

It is found that addiction in Pardhi Community is found very common. Whether it is male or female , does not matter. But taking alcohol during festival and religious function is commonly found.

T 6-Residential Arrangement

No. Arrangement Total Percentage

1 Own 234 78.00% 2 On rent 18 06.00% 3 With relatives 48 16.00%

Total 300 100%

The above table shows that 78% people have their own residential arrangement. The condition of their home is very poor like small huts developed with available sources in forest. Very few houses are worthy to stay. As it is a movable community hence it is found that temporary arrangements have been made. No arrangement of toilets are found. The condition of houses allotted under government schemes is very poor. It indicates mismanagement in the schemes.

T 7-Educational Status

No. Education Total Percentage

1 Illiterate 171 57.00% 2 Std. 1- 4 60 20.00% 3 Std. 5-10 42 14.00% 4 SSC Passed 17 05.66% 5 HSC Passed 07 00.67% 6 Graduate 03 01.00%

Total 300 100%

Illiteracy is found to be a major problem.57% People found illiterate. Only 1% found to have graduation degree. Most of them have left the education after the primary education course.

Educational Status of Girls

Educational status of girls in Pardhi Community is very poor.68% women are found illiterate. In spite of putting effects for women education, the situation of educational status of women in Pardhi Community is very poor and is matter of great concern.

T 8-Monthly Income Status

No. Monthly Income Total Percentage

1 Rs.0 – 500 168 56.00% 2 Rs.501 -1000 132 44.00% 3 Rs.1001 - 1500 - - 4 Rs.1501 -2000 - - 5 More than above - -

Total 300 100%

Financial constraint is a part of their life.56 % community have monthly income up to Rs.500/- per month whereas 44% community have monthly income between Rs.501 to Rs.1000 per month. It is very critical condition of them as a result it is found that Pardhi Community is turning on unwanted path.

T 9-Table showing their belief on Magical & vow

No. Options Total Percentage

1. Yes 249 83.00% 2. No 51 17.00%

Total 300 100%

It is very commonly found that Pardhi Community believes on magic and vow and also believe on black magic. They believe that it is a power who will help them to solve their all difficulties in life. 83% people are found of this nature.

Specification about Conclusion :

The information and data collected from respondents have been tabulated as above, and the followings are main findings :

1) Pardhi Community is Male dominant nature.2) The status of women is secondary aspect.3) Instead of Adiwasi language, they are using

Marathi language.4) There is preference for separated family life

instead of joint family.5) Residential arrangements is very poor

though 78% have their own houses.

51

6) 57% are illiterate. No due importance is being given to education.

7) Each moment of their life is with sorrow, difficulties, financial constraint.They are passing through very crucial situation in every walks of life.

8) Labour work is basic occupation , most of them are engaged in labour work.

9) Health problems are mostly found.10) Most of them are living under burden of

loans.11) No basic and fundamental facilities for their

survival at their places are made available.12) Drug-addiction is major issue not any of

Male but also of Female.13) Birth rate of girl child is more because there

is dowry system. When marriage of a girl is fixed, in that case, some amount in kind of dowry be given to the father of girl.

14) On the other side, Pardhi Community is of nature to enjoy life and prefer to have joy always in their life.

15) Even today, the general society looks towards them as criminals and hence they may have to suffer from treatment of Police always.

16) Due to illiterate community, people plays found with them.

17) They believe on magic, black magic and vow.

18) Unemployment problem is major issue for them.

19) Did not find any political sense among them.20) 88% population are found to caste votes in

election.21) They are using mobiles.22) No impact of any government scheme is

found to be benefitted for them.23) They are anxiously waiting for medical

facilities through Governmental agencies.24) If any dispute arises, get it resolved amicably

through Panchayat.25) Child – labour, begging, robbery problems

are still there.26) In their villages, any primary educational

facilities are made available, then after completion of primary education, Pardhi Community discontinued their education.

27) Sanitation arrangement at their places is very poor. Facilities of drinking water is not made available for them. No electricity is there.

28) No concrete roads and hospitals are there,

hence mostly rushing towards vaidu or Baba for treatment.

29) Without seeing the face of woman, they go for hunting in the morning as they considered it ill-omened.

30) The change in costumes is found and now preferring to have jeans, T-shirts.

Hypotheses Testing ( accomplishment) :

Hypothesis in the study were designed and tested on the basis of responses received, the result is as follows:-

1) Personal and family life of Pardhi Community is very hard and troublesome. It is proved.

2) Majority of people of Pardhi Community are illiterate. It is proved.

3) Pardhi Community is under the shadow and watch of their criminals. It is not proved.

4) Financial and occupational status of Pardhi Community is very poor. It is proved.

5) There is secondary status of women in Pardhi Community. It is proved.

6) Pardhi Community do not get any advantage from the facilities made available to them.

Recommendations & Suggestions :

For upliftment or development of Pardhi Community, the following recommendations have been made:-

1) For entire Adiwasi Community and specifically for Pardhi Community, education must be made compulsory.

2) There should be consistent and honest efforts to make adiwasi community economical independent.

3) Special efforts need to be put on education of senior citizens or aged persons and more specially for women.

4) Free higher education facilities must be made available for young generation.

5) To make improvised and possible communication and movement facilities in their area from place to place.

6) Consistent and uniform efforts needs to be put for women empowerment.

7) Campaign for drug-deduction programme is necessary. It needs to be consistently conducted.

8) To change our vision to look them as criminals.

9) Other community and social groups should make efforts to bring Pardhi Community in

52

social environment and make them mixed with other community.

10) To direct the police to cooperate for development of Pardhi Community and not to trouble them unnecessary.

11) To encourage mass awareness and educational movement and design such movements in such a way so that they will be benefitted.

12) To seek and get their fundamental rights, the directions and goals of movement for Adiwasi must be decided.

13) To know the exact situation of status of outcome from implementation of various government should develop evaluation scheme.

14) Education curriculum must be redesigned so that it would be beneficial for Adiwasi.

15) Involvement of Adiwasi Community in Competitive education needs to be increased. Necessary guidance must be provided accordingly.

Opinion of wel-educated person of Pardhi Community and Adiwasi Development Officers:

The well-educated persons of Pardhi Community and Adiwasi Development Officers have been interviewed. The researcher was anxious to interview such personality. Their experienced opinion will show a light or ray of hope towards developmental ideas and planning for Adiwasi Community, hence such personalities have been interviewed. The names are as follows.

1) Dr.Prakash Amte, Well-known devoted personality.2) Dr. Kishor Raut, Writer, Thinker, 3) Shri.Nandhkishor Chavan, First Ms.c in Pardhi Communi ty 4 ) Sh r i .Sahadeo Pawar, President,Pardhi Tribe Origination Yavatamal District 5) Shri.Mahindra Gajbhiye, Social Worker 6) Shri.Bhaskar Bosale, Writer, 7) Sri.Sajjansingh Chavan, First IAS.officer in Pardhi Tribe 8) Shri.Parashram Bosale, Nayab Tahasildar 9) Rrof.Subhash Bosale, Professor in Chemistry 10) Adv.Priti Pawar, LL.M, 11.) Sri.Ramesh Pawar, Teacher 12) Sri.Sandip Chavan, Teacher 13) Shri.Dipakkumar Hedau, Tribe Development Officer

The above personalities are well-known to us. They are from social field, Government officers, Professors, Advocate, Teachers etc. Their opinion regarding development of Pardhi Community is as follows :-

1) Proper evaluation of various government schemes for Adiwasi must be done.

2) Special attention must be given towards basic needs of Pardhi Community.

3) Pardhi Community Organization must be build-up strongly.

4) Other community should allow Pardhi Community as a part of them and extent an opportunity to mix with them in any programme.

5) Government should design and conduct special projects for Pardhi Community.

6) To make Pardhi Community free from superstitions is major issue and it needs to be dealt very carefully. Consistent efforts in this directions needs to be put up.

7) Pardhi Community must take initiative for education.

8) Political involvement of Pardhi Community must be increased.

9) Well-educated women should come forward for women development.

10) Young boys and girls must be given preference for education in good schools.

References :

1- vfXugks=h n-g-(1988 vfHkuo ejkBh “kCndks’k Hkkx 3 ] iq.ks-

2- HkkaMkjdj iq-y- (1987 lkekftd la’kks/ku i)rh ]ukxiwj % egk-jkT; fo|kihB xzaFkfufeZrh eaMG izdk’ku-

3- Cksk/kudj lq/khj (2003 lkekftd la’kks/ku i)rh]ukxiwj % Jh-lkbZukFk izdk’ku-

4- MkW-cko.ks yhudqekj (2005 HkVD;kapk HkXu lalkj vkf.k laLd`rh]o/kkZ % lq/khj izdk’ku-

5- MkW-cko.ks yhudqekj (2013 ewGfuoklh vkEgh vkf.k vkEghp mijs dk\]o/kkZ % lq/khj izdk’ku-

6- nkrs ;’koar jked`I.k dosZ fp-x- (1988 egkjkIVª ’kCndks’k] iq.ks-

7- nsoxkodj ’kSystk]nsoxkodj jk-xks-( 2001 vkfne /keZladYiuk vkf.k nsonsork] ukxiwj-

8- xkMxkasaMs xq:ukFk lkekftd vkanksyus-9- xkjs xksfoan (1993 lkekftd dyk] iq.ks % xuHku

izdk’ku-10- xkjs xksfoan (2002 egkjkIVªªkrhy vkfnoklh

tekrh] iq.ks-11- xkjs xksfoan (1976 vkfnoklh iz’u] iq.ks-12- xkjs xksfoan (1976 Hkkjrh; vkfnoklh] iq.ks-13. Gillin and Gillin (1950), Cultural Sociology,

Newyork : The Mac Millan Co.

53

Abstract :

Consumers become so easily affiliated to a particular product / brand that they may refuse to use any other brand. Sensitivity of a consumer, getting attached with the product / brand emotionally due to the influence of the various factors will pose a big challenge for the companies. Many of the products / brands which the consumer use will reflect their self-image. Amidst all these, there are certain products / brands for which the consumers donot have a second thought to leave the existing product / brand. In few cases the consumers may be waiting eagerly for the launch of a foreign product / brand. The reasons may not be visible explicitly but the intentions will be seen across social blogging and enquiries posted on the company websites. It’s all because of the “one-world” scenario and acculturation.In this paper authors attempted to study and present, consumer decision making styles, Consumer Style Inventory, proposed by Sproles and Kendall (1986), in Indian organised retail industry.

Key words : Organised Retail Industry, Consumer Style Inventory, Consumer Decision Making Styles

Introduction :

The opening up of Indian retail industry has changed the way consumers think, behave and make decisions. For the sustained growth of any organisation, the marketers should keep working on identifying and analysing the intrinsic values and reasons stated by the consumers for a positive response to the marketing mix elements. Variances will be developed due to the change in the beliefs, values, social orientation and philosophies of the region. The marketing people should be very careful in understanding the consumers way of life, their disposable income, pattern of spending, restrictions, priorities in life, role and responsibilities, personal space and characteristics, religious practices and sacred rituals.

Consumer Style Inventory :

Authors have found out that there are identifiable differences and similarities in consumer decision making styles across different countries. Consumer Style Inventory (CSI), developed by Sproles and Kendall (1986), is one such attempt

to understand the consumer decision making styles. Although there are some concerns regarding the generalisation of CSI, but it has been accepted as the most tested instrument.

Understanding consumer decision making style is more difficult and even more important for the companies entering new markets. In country a like India, where you get different genre of consumers with different cultural background it’s very important to understand their sentiments before deciding on the marketing mix elements.Eight characteristics of consumer decision making styles in CSI are: (a) Perfectionist and high-quality conscious, (b) Brand conscious, (c) Novelty and fashion conscious, (d) Recreational, (e) Price conscious, (f) Impulsive, (g) Confused by overchoice and (h) Habitual and brand loyal

Indian Retail Industry :

Organised retailing is expanding at about 20 percent per year, Indian organised retail industry contributes around 14-15 percent to the Gross Domestic Product of the country. Indian retail industry’s worth is estimated to be around US$500 billion currently. India has been one among the top five global retail markets, offering immense growth and opportunities for both local and global business houses. Even though more than 90% of Indian retail sector is controlled by unorganised sector, still the growth potential of organised retailing is huge. The idea of convenience stores and super markets are not restricted only to urban cities, it is also slowly penetrating to smaller and rural places. With opening up of the retail market for foreign investment, the growth of industry has increased steeply.

According to the report by Deloitte, the Indian retail industry has expanded by 10.6 percent between 2010 and 2012 and is expected to increase to US$ 750-850 billion by 2015. From the data released by Department of Industry Policy and Promotion, the inflow of FDI in single-brand retail between April 2000 and June 2013 is US$ 96.96 million. To add to the traditional structure of retailing the online space for retailing has been increasing at very fast pace with 65 percent rise in the traffic from the previous year according to a survey by the

Consumer Decision making styles in Indian Organised Retail Industry

Dr. R. Nagaraja, Prof. & HOD, (Management), PES Institute of Technology & Management, Shivamogga

Girish S., Asst. Prof., JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bengaluru

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Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India. The market for online shopping in India is estimated to be ?52,000 crore (US$ 8.19 million).Major global players like Bulgari, Villeroy&Boch AG, Paul Smith, BottegaVeneta, Jimmy Choo, Etro, Armani, Aero group and many others are waiting for the final nod from the authority to enter Indian retail space.

Literature Review :

The earlier studies in field of consumer decision making have characterized decision making styles into three ways: (a) the consumer typology approach – where consumers are categorized into groups related to the retail patterns (Darden & Reynolds, 1971), (b) psychographics / lifestyle approach – identifies the consumers’ personality traits, needs and values, based on which the behavior of the consumer is identified (Wells, 1974) and (c) the consumer characteristics approach – based on the cognitive and affective orientations the consumer decision making styles are analysed (Sproles& Kendall, 1986)

Even though all three approaches identify the basic decision making styles of the consumer in the market place, still the consumers’ orientation, which is explained in consumer characteristics approach is considered to be more detailed and important than other two approaches (Lysonski, Durvasula&Zotos, 1996). It can also be noted that the consumers do not have two different programming for their work situations and for shopping situations (Hofstede, 1980). So by studying their shopping behaviour (decision making style during shopping), we can provide some insight on their general behaviour.

The CSI (Consumer Style Inventory) has already be used to study the consumer decision making styles in US, UK, China, New Zealand, Australia, Singapore, Malaysia and many other countries (Fan & Xiao, 1998; Hafstrom, Chae& Chung, 1992; Hiu, Siu, Wang & Chang, 2001; Lysonski, Durvasula&Zotos, 1996; Mitchell & Bates, 1998; Shim &Gehrt, 1996). This paper focuses on its application in retail space of Bangalore amongst youngsters.

Research Methodology :

The research attempts to study the CSI characteristics among the Indian young consumers in organised retail industry.The primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire administered to 300 sample size consisting of college students between the age

group of 20 to 25 years to understand the characteristics of consumer decision making using CSI in Indian retail industry. Secondary data was collected through various research articles in different national and international journals and publications.

Seven factors of CSI were considered to examine the decision making styles of Indian young consumers in organised retail industry, viz., (1) Perfectionist and high-quality conscious, (2) Brand conscious / Price equals Quality, (3) Novelty and fashion conscious, (4) Recreation and Shopping conscious, (5) Impulsiveness, (6) Confused by Overchoice and (7) Habitual / Brand Loyal. The descriptive statistics for each factor are presented in Table 1. The factors are analysed using Chi-square test for the stated hypotheses, results are shown in Table 2.

Table 1Descriptive Statistics

Characteristics No. of Mean Standard StandardItems Deviation Error

Perfectionist and High- 7 2.49 0.70 0.26quality conscious

Brand consciousness 5 2.85 0.38 0.17/ Price equals quality

Novelty and Fashion 5 2.85 0.38 0.17Conscious

Recreation and 4 2.64 0.26 0.13Shopping Conscious

Impulsiveness 5 2.82 0.37 0.16

Confused by Overchoice 4 2.70 0.32 0.16

Habitual / Brand Loyal 4 2.79 0.33 0.17

Results of Chi-Square Analysis and Discussion

The sevencharacteristics of Consumer Style Inventory stated by Sproles and Kendall (1986), are summarized here based on Chi-Square test.

Table 2Chi-Square values

2 Characteristics ÷ Degrees of Level of Critical PCalculated freedom Significance Value Value

Perfectionist and 9.38 6 0.05 12.59 0.15 High-quality conscious

Brand consciousness 4.75 4 0.05 9.49 0.31 / Price equals quality

Novelty and Fashion 4.72 4 0.05 9.49 0.32 Conscious

Recreation and 4.51 3 0.05 7.81 0.21 Shopping Conscious

Impulsiveness 4.85 4 0.05 9.49 0.30

Confused by 4.30 3 0.05 7.81 0.23 Overchoice

Habitual/Brand 3.98 3 0.05 7.81 0.26 Loyal

Characteristic 1 : Perfectionist and high-quality

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conscious

Ho: Young consumers of Bangalorecity are Quality conscious.

2Since calculated value of ÷ is less than critical 2value of ÷ at 5% level of significance for degrees

of freedom 6, the null hypothesis is accepted. Hence it can be concluded that young consumersof Bangalore city are quality conscious.The young consumers would expect to choose from amongst the available best quality products.Also, the young consumers want the perfect product what they are searching, which indicates that consumers do not compromise for quality. Being perfectionist, these consumers shop more carefully and systematically.

Characteristic 2 : Brand conscious / Price equals quality

Ho: Young consumers of Bangalore city are brand conscious.

2Since calculated value of ÷ is less than critical 2value of ÷ at 5% level of significance for degrees

of freedom 4, the null hypothesis is accepted. Hence it can be concluded that young consumers of Bangalore city are brand conscious. The young Indian consumers are more brand conscious than their predecessors and tend to buy those brands which are advertised heavily and have got visibility. The young consumers have influenced the entry and growth of branded products in India. As the young consumers have options to choose from, they expect to get the better quality product for the amount spent.

Characteristic 3 : Novelty and fashion conscious

Ho: Young consumers of Bangalore city are novelty and fashion conscious.

2Since calculated value of ÷ is less than critical 2value of ÷ at 5% level of significance for degrees

of freedom 4, the null hypothesis is accepted. Hence it can be concluded that young consumers of Bangalore city are novelty and fashion conscious.

Characteristic 4 : Recreational

Ho: Young consumers of Bangalore city are considers shopping as recreational activity.

Since calculated value of ?2 is less than critical value of ?2at 5% level of significance for degrees of freedom 3, the null hypothesis is accepted.

Hence it can be concluded that young consumers of Bangalore city consider shopping at organised retail outlet as a recreational activity. Indian young consumers enjoy shopping at organised retails. Results show that they do not consider shopping as a waste of time, because they attach fun to shopping at retails. Also they go for shopping in organised retails to spend their leisure time. They feel excited while going around the shopping arena in organised retail malls.

Characteristic 5 : Impulsive

Ho: Young consumers of Bangalore city are impulsive buyers.

Since calculated value of ?2 is less than critical value of ?2at 5% level of significance for degrees of freedom 4, the null hypothesis is accepted. Hence it can be concluded that young consumers of Bangalore city are impulsive buyers.

Characteristic 6:Confused by overchoice

Ho: Young consumers of Bangalore city are confused by overchoice.

Since calculated value of ?2 is less than critical value of ?2at 5% level of significance for degrees of freedom 3, the null hypothesis is accepted. Hence it can be concluded that young consumers of Bangalore city are confused by over choice. The young consumers feel that the choice available for them is more and because of which they are getting confused before making a choice. Also the bombarding of information about the available brands are adding to their confusion. The young consumers are aware of the available brands and where to shop from, but are facing difficulty in deciding on which one to choose.

Characteristic 7: Habitual and brand loyal

Ho: Young consumers of Bangalore city are habitual and brand loyals.

Since calculated value of ?2 is less than table critical of ?2at 5% level of significance for degrees of freedom 6, the null hypothesis is accepted. Hence it can be concluded that young consumers of Bangalore city are brand loyals.

Limitations of the study:

Despite all possible efforts to make the analysis more comprehensive and scientific, a research of

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the present kind is bound to have certain limitations; researcher humbly submits them at this stage. The present study is an empirical work presented in descriptive manner. Since the objectives of the study; may will be met by this kind of analysis, no attempt has been made to provide comprehensive conceptual analysis. Some of the other limitations of the study are as follows:

1. The investigator is well aware of the limitations of interview method, observation techniques and questionnaire method.

2. Due to time constraint and other supporting factors the study has been limited only to 300 sample size in Bangalore city.

3. Since analysis is based on opinions and attitudes of young consumers, the results at best are near to truth.

4. The statistical tool chosen for analysis is chi-square, which has its own limitations.

Conclusion :

In this study, the researcher has tried to understand decision making style of young consumers in Bangalore city based on Consumer Style Inventory given by Sproles G. B. and Kendall E. L.from the study, it may be concluded that the young consumers of Bengaluru city are brand conscious and give more weightage to quality of the product. Profiling the consumers based on their decision making styles may help the retailers to tailor make the offers.

References :

1. Bakewell, C. & V. Mitchell, (2003) “Generation Y Female Consumer Decision Making Styles,” International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 31(2), 95-106.

2. Bellenger, D. N., & Korgaonkar, P. R. (1980). Profiling the recreational shopper. Journal of Retailing, 56 (3), 77-91. 32.

3. Durvasula, S., Lysonski, S., & Andrews, J.C. (1993), “Cross-Cultural Generalizability of a Scale for Profiling Consumers' Decision-Making Styles”, The Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 27 (1), pp.55-65.

4. Dr. D. Sudharani Ravindran, HariSundar G. Ram & Reji Kumar G. (2009), “Study on Decision Making Styles of Consumers in Malls”, IMS Manthan, Vol. IV, No. 2.

5. Fan, J. X. & Xiao, J. J. (1998). Consumer Decision-Making Styles of Young-Adult

Chinese.Journal of Consumer Affairs 32 (2): 275-294.

6. Hafstrom, J. L., Chae, J. S. & Chung, Y. S. (1992). Consumer Decision-Making Styles:Comparison between United States and Korean Young Consumers. Journal ofConsumer Affairs 26 (1): 146-158.

7. Hiu A, Siu N, Wang C, Chang L. (2001), "An Investigation of Decision-Making Styles of Consumers in China", The Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 35(2), pp.326-345.

8. Lysonski, S., Durvasula, S. & Zotos, Y. (1996). Consumer Decision-Making Styles: AMulti-Country Investigation. European Journal of Marketing 30 (12): 10-21.

9. Lysonski, Steven, and Srinivas Durvasula. "Consumer Decision Making Styles in India: E v o l u t i o n o f M i n d s e t s . " , crossculturalresearch.com.

10. Sproles, G. B. (1985). From Perfectionism to Fadism: Measuring Consumers’ Decision-Making Styles. Proceedings, American Council on Consumer Interests: 79-85.

11. Sproles G. B. & Kendall, E. L. (1986). A Methodology for Profiling Consumers’ Decision-Making Styles. Journal of Consumer Affairs 20 (2): 267-279.

12. Sproles, E. K. & Sproles, G. B. (1990). Consumer Decision-Making Styles as a Function ofIndividual Learning Styles. Journal of Consumer Affairs 24 (1): 134-147.

13. Steven Lysonski & Srinivas Durvasula (2013), Consumer Decision Making Styles in Retailing: Evolution of Mindsets and Psychological Impacts, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 30 (1).

14. Wesley, S., LeHew, M & Woodside, A.G. (2005), “Consumer Decision-Making Styles and Mall Shopping Behavior: Building Theory Using Exploratory Data Analysis and the Comparative Method”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 59 (1), pp.535–548.

57

Abstract :

Attempts have been made in this paper to justify Brutus as a tragic hero in Shakespeare’s play The Julius Caesar. He dominates the landscape so much so that some critics feel the play should rather have been named after him. Of course some of the great traits that Brutus possesses such as patriotism, vision, gentleness, oration, honour and honesty, gullibility, idealism make us consider him a hero. However, the dubious distinction of his being termed ‘a tragic hero’ rests on several grave errors of judgment that Brutus commits.

Key Words : Marcus Brutus, Rome, Julius Caesar, tragic hero, error of judgment, patriotism, gentleness,

Introduction :

“Et tu, Brute!” [III.i.77]

These are the first words that come to one’s mind when Julius Caesar, one of Shakespeare’s great tragedies, is mentioned. Caesar was shocked to see his closest friend, Brutus, backstabbing him deep. But Marcus Brutus later reasons the act saying: “Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loves Rome more.” [III.ii.22-23]

Marcus Brutus, republican by spirit, dear friend of Caesar, gentle natured and above all, a patriot, for whom honor was all, beautifully characterized by Shakespeare, is one of most prominent characters in the play. So much so, that many felt it would have been more appropriate had it been named ‘Brutus’ rather than Julius Caesar.

The way Brutus is presented to the audience, the ideas he expresses, the way he fights an inner battle, the way love for his country which surpasses that for his dearest friend raise him to the level of a hero- a tragic one at that. Some may ask: ‘What makes him stand out?’ Brutus was a patriot but so were the others. He was a philosopher, but so was Cassius. He was an orator, but fact remains that Marc Anthony’s funeral speech turned the very Romans who worshipped him, against Brutus. Yet, he qualifies as a hero.

Patriotism :

The sheer intensity of Brutus’ words in the statement: “Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more” [III,ii,22-23] shows his patriotic fervor that no one in the play seemed to match. He was a true well wisher of Rome, for his very own motto “Peace, Freedom, Liberty” reflects that. Every thought of his- be it political, social or even personal-was considered taking the nation into account before all else. As Wood rightly pointed out: “Antony’s testimony to his patriotism carries greater weight from fact of its being the evidence of an opponent.”[Wood xxx]

“All the conspirators save only heDid that they did in envy of the great CaesarHe only in a general honest thoughtAnd common good to all make of them”[(V, v, 5]

Vision :

Brutus was a visionary. He dreamt of a Rome that was republic in its governance, honest in its ways, just in its deeds and honored in its culture. His ideals were such that could not tolerate “the sufferance of souls, the time’s abuse.”[II,I,6] Such was his conviction of alleviating his fellow Romans from their suffering that he went on to kill the dearest of his friends for it. His way with dignity and honor was such:

“If it be aught toward the general good, Set honor in one eye and death in the other,And I will look on both indifferently.”[I,ii, 85-87]

Gentleness :

For a man with ideas so lofty and deeds so harsh, Brutus had a heart of gold. He was not for killing Caesar but felt was left with no choice:

“O that we then could come by Caesar’s spiritAnd not dismember Caesar! But alas,Caesar must bleed for it.” [II.i.169-71]

He was also a very devoted and loving husband. He compared his dear Portia to “The ruddy drops that visit my sad heart.” Hearing her noble pleadings, he exclaimed: “O ye Gods render me worthy of this noble wife!”

As a master too, he was kind to his servants, especially Lucius, a young lad. His kind words showed his love and affection to that simple servant of his:

“………. Gentle knave good night!I will not do thee so much wrong to wake theeIf thou dost nod, thou breaks’t thy instrument,I’ll take it from thee, and, good boy, good night.” [IV.iii.270-73]

Oration :

Many scholars claim that when it comes to oration, Brutus was nowhere close to Marc Antony. Yet it is seen in the play that one flow of justification eases the minds of the Roman public who till then were overjoyed at Caesar’s recent victories and sang poems in his praise. He manages to convince legions of Caesar’s followers that he had done the right thing by slaying him. This is no easy feat considering that Caesar at that time was the most popular man in all of Rome and was just returning following a string of victories, winning rich accolades where ever he went.

There is certain clarity in the characterization of his speech. The way he pulls forth an image of Caesar as a threat and the way in which he justifies his deeds goes

Brutus-The Tragic Hero in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar

Dr. Arun K Behera, Dept of English,Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Bangalore

K Anand Vardhan,Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Bangalore

58

a long way in proving his merit as an orator. He also clears his name by calling forth a similar treatment unto himself when the need arises. The moment he entered the pulpit, he makes his stance clear by claiming himself to be a lover of Caesar like any other roman and proceeds by further stressing on the reasons for his acts as such:

“There is tears for his love; Joy for his fortuneHonor for his valorAnd death for his ambition.”[III,ii,2]

He ends on the note saying :

“As I slew my best lover for the good of Rome,I have the same dagger for myself,When it shall please my country to need my death.” [III,ii,2]

The confidence, with which he delivers his speech, dispels any doubt from the Roman minds gathered to hear him. Moreover, Brutus’ speech was embedded with deep intentions. Also they were deep reflections of his true thoughts. His speech which was put in the right rhetoric turned the Romans to his side.

Honor and Honesty :

For Brutus, whose family for generations had been honored in Rome, honor preceded everything else, even his own life. This is evident when he says: “As I love the name of honor more than the fear of death.”

His sense of honor and self respect arise from the fact that all his decisions were well grounded. His honor is evident from the following lines:

“When every drop of blood That every roman bears and nobly bears,Is guilty of a several bastardyIf he do break the smallest particleOf any promise that hath passed him.”[II,I,6]

It was his strength of character that helped him move ahead in spite of various tribulations. Brutus’ sense of honor was well suited, for many commended his greatness. Legarius addressed him as “Soul of Rome”. Even when Brutus knew that defeat was the most likely outcome of the battle of Philippi, his reply was:

“Think not, then noble RomanThat ever Brutus will go bound to RomeHe bears too great a mind.”[V,i,6]

If Brutus was so great a character, then why the tragic end, one might ask. Where and what failed his heroism? Cassius rightly points these out to us:

“The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars.But in ourselves.”[I,ii,140-141]

Gullibility :

Quite contrary to the lofty visionary that he was, Brutus was gullible enough to take the things prima facie when they appeared to be in tune with his notions. The false admonitions and exaggerations of Cassius and his colleagues breathed fire to turn his

own fears into strong reason for his role in the conspiracy.

Idealism :

A book lover by nature, Brutus’ thoughts were on a different level compared to the rest of the conspirators. He was an idealist in his mental approach and though his thoughts were rich, the same cannot be said when it came to his actions. He was a philosopher rather than a man of actions, a good theorist, but a bad conspirator. As mentioned earlier, his ideals convinced him that there could be no man greater than the nation itself and that no deed was wrong if it was done for the national good. At times the high set utopian vision of his turned him blind to finer things. That was why he fell prey to the words spoken by the conspirators.

It may be of relevance to cite a few errors of judgment that Brutus commits which cost him dearly:

i) The first and most basic error is that he allows himself to be brought into the conspiracy and misled by Cassius into thinking there are more people in support of their actions than there really are;

ii) The second grave error is that Brutus agrees to let Marc Antony speak at Caesar's funeral thus allowing Antony influence the crowd;

iii) Thirdly, Brutus’ decision to leave the scene after he delivers his speech about Caesar at the funeral allowed Antony to speak to the crowd without any challenge. Here is how Antony inspires the public to turn against the conspirators.

iv) The fourth error of judgment is Brutus’ disagreement with Cassius about how they should approach the battle at Philippi.

Conclusion :

The tragedy of Brutus as a hero lay in his own character. The burden of many a guilt and grief broke him down. Yet, his integrity did not sway till the very end. All said and done, one cannot deny that despite Brutus misplacing his trust and making more than a few bad decisions, his was a character as great, if not greater, than any other in the play.

Reference :

1. Wood, Stanley. 1901. The Oxford and Cambridge edition of Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar. London: G Gill.

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60

esa ek= 6-60 gsDVksehVj is;ty gh miyC/k gks jgk gS A mDr rF;ksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd v/;;u {ks= esa is;ty dh miyC/krk ,oa vko';drk esa yxHkx 13-36 gsDVksehVj ¼&33-0%½ dh deh ikbZ tkrh gS A is;ty dh miyC/krk ,oa vko';drk dk xzkeokj lw{e fo'ys"k.k lkj.kh Ø- 1 esa fd;k x;k gS A mDr lkj.kh ds rF;ksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd v/;;u {ks= ds yxHkx 31-25% xzkeksa esa 35-0 ls 45-0 ,oa 68-75% xzkeksa esa 25-0 ls 30-0% is;ty dh deh ikbZ tkrh gS A

orZeku le; esa tgka ,d vksj v/;;u {ks= is;ty dh miyC/krk dh leL;k ls xzflr gS ogha nwljh vksj 'kq) is;ty dh leL;k ls Hkh xzflr gS A v/;;u {ks= ds yxHkx 44-44% xzkeksa ,oa 24&47% uydwiksa esa ¶yksjkbZM ;qDr ty ik;k tkrk gSA v/;;u {ks= esa ¶yksjkbzM ;qDr ty okys uydwiksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd yxHkx 7-69] 25-27] 4-39] 1-10] o 1-10% uydwiks esa Øe'k% 1-5 ls 2-5] 2-5 ls 5-0] 5-00 ls 7-5 ,oa 7-5 ls 10-0 ,oa 10-0 ihih,e feyhxzke izfr yhVj ls vf/kd ¶yksjkbZM ;qDr ty uydwiksa esa ik;k tkrk gS A ;g rF; v/;;u {ks= ds is;ty dh Hk;kogrk dks iw.kZr% Li"V djrs gSa A

v/;;u {ks= ds yxHkx 6-60 gsDVksehVj is;ty gh miyC/k gS] tcfd yxHkx 19-96 gsDVksehVj is;ty dh vko';drk gS A mDr rF;ksa dks fo'ysf"kr djus ls Li"V gksrk gS fd v/;;u {ks= esa yxHkx 37-50] 25-0 ,oa 37-50 izfr'kr xzkeksa esa is;ty dh miyC/krk ,oa vko';drk esa Øe'k% vR;f/kd rhoz] rhoz ,oa lkekU; Lrj dk varj ik;k tkrk gS A

leL;k,¡ ,oa lq>ko %

iwoZ i`"Bksa ,oa lkj.kh dz-1 ds dkye uacj 3 ls Li"V gksrk gS fd v/;;u {ks= esa u dsoy is;ty dh miyC/krk ,oa vko';drk esa vR;kf/kd deh ikbZ tkrh gS vfirq LoPN is;ty dh miyC/krk dh leL;k Hkh Hk;kog gS A v/;;u {ks= esa is;ty ds :i esa Hkwfexr ty L=ksrksa fo'ks"kdj uydwiksa ,oa dqvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS A v/;;u {ks= ds Hkwfexr ty esa ¼40 QhV xgjkbZ ds ckn½ ¶~yksjkbZM uked rRo dh vf/kdrk ls ekuo LokLF; ij foijhr izHkko iM jgk gSA v/;;u {ks= dh yxHkx 17-42 izfr'kr tula[;k nkar ,oa vfLFk ls lacaf/kr O;kf/k;ksa ls ihfMr gS A Qyksjsfll ls ihfMr tula[;k esa vuqlwfpr tu tkfr lkekU; ,oa vuqlwfpr tkfr oxZ dh tula[;k dk vuqikr dze'k% 49-91] 36-57] ,oa 12-52 izfr'kr ik;k tkrk gS A v/;;u {ks= ds ekuo lalk/ku dk bl rjg dh O;kf/k;ksa ls xzflr gksuk u dsoy lacaf/kr ifjokj] v/;;u {ks= vfirq lekt ,oa ns'k ds fy, Hkh vfgrdj gS A bl leL;k dks iw.kZr% lekIr djus ds fy, fuEu uokpjksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS A

1- QhM caM] QkeZ iksaM dk fuekZ.k dj dqvksa ,oa uydwiksa dks fjpktZ dj u dsoy o"kkZ ty dk leqfpr izca/ku gks ldsxk vfirq is;ty dh leL;k ls Hkh futkr feyus ds lkFk lkFk yxHkx nks djksM :i;s ds jkstxkj ds volj l`ftr gksus ls {ks= dk vkfFkZd i;kZoj.k Hkh lqn`<+ gksxk A

2- ukyk ca/kku] LVkiMse ,oa psdMse ds fuekZ.k ls u dsoy Hkwfexr ty Lrj esa o`f) gksxh vfirq yxHkx :i;s 1-00 djksM dk jkstxkj ds volj Hkh l`ftr gksxsa A

3- v/;;u {ks= esa uydwiksa ds LFkku ij dqvksa ds iz;ksx dks c<kok nsdj rFkk uydwiksa dh vf/kdre xgjkbZ 40 QhV fu/kkZfjr dj 'kq) is;ty dh leL;k ls eqfDr ikbZ tk ldrh gS A

lkj.kh Øekad 1

fuokl iBkj % is;ty miyC/krk] vko';drk o laHkkouk,¡

¼gsDVksehVj esa½ Ø- xzke is;ty miyC/krk varj xSj

miyC/krk vko';drk fu;ksftro"kkZ ty

1 pjxkao 0-33 1-08 &0-7 $52 2 [kSjkuheky 0-49 1-65 &1-16 $68 3 lrigjheky 0-41 1-35 &0-95 $71 4 rkdosyh 0-29 0-96 &0-67 $32 5 >qjdh 0-55 1-58 &1-03 $135 6 iksMh 0-52 1-5 &0-97 $47 7 esa<h 0-88 0-97 &1-08 $57 8 pkSjknknj 0-16 0-04 &0-27 $22 9 eusjh 1-06 3-35 &2-35 $132 10 [kefj;keky 0-28 0-95 &0-66 $29 11 dksgjh 0-21 0-68 &0-48 $27 12 egjk flouh 0-38 0-12 &0-09 $41 13 dksgkuh 0-44 1-47 &1-03 $59 14 eyokjk 0-47 3-15 &0-89 $57 15 ikMjikuh 0-09 0-37 &0-27 $19 16 dVxflouh 0-47 1-18 &0-71 $46

v/;;u {ks= 6-6 19-96 &13-36 $894

L=ksr % ty xzg.k fe'ku fuokl ¼e.Myk e-iz-½ ,oa izkFkfed losZ{k.k

lanHkZ xzaFk %1- vxoz ky] th- Mh- ¼1987½ okVj DokfyVh ,.M bVl~

euS ts eVas ] e/;inz 's k i;k-Z foHkkx Hkkis ky] i-̀ Ø- 21&105

2- VsaHkjs Hkqus'oj ¼2008½ Hkwfexr ty dk i;kZoj.kh; v/;;u] izdk'kd fjlpZ tujy vkQ lks'ky ,aM ykbZQ lkbal vad & 05 i`"B Øekad 232&235]

3- VsaHkjs Hkqus'oj ¼2014½ ty lalk/ku dh miyC/krk ,oa fu;kstu dk Lrj ]izdk'kd fjlpZ Mk;es'kau lksykiwj egkjk’Vª] okY;qe 2] vad 8] i`"B Øekad 1&3

4- oekZ] ,l-,l ¼1992½] okVj esustesaV ,aM bdks MsoyiesaV bu xksj[kiqj ¼m-iz-½ izdk'kd cqp ifCyds'ku bykgkckn i`"B Øekad 278&280

61

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