India’s economy improved in 2015, with forecasts pre-dicting annual GDP growth of 7.0–7.5%. Exportsslumped, however, with the global economic slowdown.

In September, 12 men linked to an Islamist militant groupwere convicted of crimes relating to the 2006 bombing ofcommuter trains in Mumbai that killed more than 180 peo-ple and injured 800. One suspect was acquitted. An intenseheat wave over much of the country midyear killed an esti-mated 2,500 people, especially in Telangana and AndhraPradesh states. Severe flooding in southeastern Chennai inNovember and December caused some 280 deaths.

DemographyPopulation (2015): 1,299,490,000.Density (2015)6: persons per sq mi 1,062.9, persons per sq km410.4.

Sex distribution (2011): male51.54%; female 48.46%.

Population projection: (2020)1,371,350,000; (2030) 1,496,062,000.

Major cities (urban agglomerations;2011): Mumbai (Bombay)12,442,373 (18,394,912); Delhi11,034,555 (16,349,831); Kolkata(Calcutta) 4,496,694 (14,057,991);Chennai (Madras) 4,646,732 (8,653,521); Bangalore(Bengaluru) 8,443,675 (8,520,435); Hyderabad 6,731,790(7,677,018); Ahmadabad 5,577,940 (6,357,693); Pune (Poona)3,124,458 (5,057,709); Surat 4,467,797 (4,591,246); Jaipur3,046,163 (3,046,163); Kanpur 2,765,348 (2,920,496); Lucknow2,817,105 (2,902,920); Nagpur 2,405,665 (2,497,870);Ghaziabad 1,648,643 (2,375,820); Indore 1,964,086(2,170,295); Coimbatore 1,050,721 (2,136,916); Patna1,684,222 (2,049,156); Bhopal 1,798,218 (1,886,100);Vadodara 1,670,806 (1,822,221); Agra 1,585,704(1,760,285); New Delhi9 302,36310.

Castes/tribes (2001): number of Scheduled Castes (for-merly referred to as “Untouchables”) 166,635,700;number of Scheduled Tribes (aboriginal peoples)84,326,240.

Households (2001). Total number of households (2011)246,692,667. Average household size (2011) 4.9. Typeof household: permanent 51.8%; semipermanent 30.0%; tempo-rary 18.2%. Average number of rooms per household 2.2; 1 room38.4%, 2 rooms 30.0%, 3 rooms 14.3%, 4 rooms 7.5%, 5 rooms2.9%, 6 or more rooms 3.7%, unspecified number of rooms 3.2%.

Urban-rural (2012):

India

Official name: Bharat (Hindi); Republic of India(English).

Form of government: multiparty federal republicwith two legislative houses (Council of States[2451]; House of the People [5452]).

Head of state: President Pranab Mukherjee.Head of government: Prime Minister NarendraModi.

Capital: New Delhi.Official languages: Hindi; English.Official religion: none.Monetary unit: Indian rupee (`3); valuation(Sept. 1, 2015) 1 U.S.$ = `66.25; 1 £ = `101.53.

Area and population area population

2011States4 Capitals sq mi sq km census5

Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad 61,855 160,205 49,386,799Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar 32,333 83,743 1,383,727Assam Dispur 30,285 78,438 31,205,576Bihar Patna 36,356 94,163 104,099,452Chhattisgarh Raipur 52,198 135,191 25,545,198Goa Panaji 1,429 3,702 1,458,545Gujarat Gandhinagar 75,685 196,024 60,439,692Haryana Chandigarh 17,070 44,212 25,351,462Himachal Pradesh Shimla 21,495 55,673 6,864,602Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar 39,146 101,387 12,541,302Jharkhand Ranchi 30,778 79,714 32,988,134Karnataka Bangalore (Bengaluru) 74,051 191,791 61,095,297Kerala Thiruvananthapuram

(Trivandrum) 15,005 38,863 33,406,061Madhya Pradesh Bhopal 119,014 308,245 72,626,809Maharashtra Mumbai (Bombay) 118,809 307,713 112,374,333Manipur Imphal 8,621 22,327 2,855,794Meghalaya Shillong 8,660 22,429 2,966,889Mizoram Aizawl 8,139 21,081 1,097,206Nagaland Kohima 6,401 16,579 1,978,502Orissa (Odisha) Bhubaneshwar 60,119 155,707 41,974,218Punjab Chandigarh 19,445 50,362 27,743,338Rajasthan Jaipur 132,139 342,239 68,548,437Sikkim Gangtok 2,740 7,096 610,577Tamil Nadu Chennai (Madras) 50,216 130,058 72,147,030Telangana Hyderabad 44,340 114,840 35,193,978Tripura Agartala 4,049 10,486 3,673,917Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 93,022 240,928 199,812,341Uttarakhand Dehra Dun 20,650 53,483 10,086,292West Bengal Kolkata (Calcutta) 34,267 88,752 91,276,115

Union TerritoriesAndaman and Nicobar

Islands Port Blair 3,185 8,249 380,581Chandigarh Chandigarh 44 114 1,055,450Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa 190 491 343,709Daman and Diu Daman 43 112 243,247Lakshadweep Kavaratti 12 32 64,473Puducherry Puducherry (Pondicherry) (Pondicherry) 185 479 1,247,953

National Capital TerritoryDelhi Delhi 573 1,483 16,787,941TOTAL 1,222,5506, 7 3,166,3916 1,210,854,977

Other principal cities (2011)population population population

Allahabad 1,212,395Amritsar 1,183,549Dhanbad 1,196,214Faridabad 1,414,050Guwahati 962,334Gwalior 1,117,740Howrah (Haora)11 1,077,075Hubli-Dharwad 943,788Jabalpur 1,055,525Jodhpur 1,033,756Kalyan-Dombivali8 1,247,327

Kota 1,001,694

Ludhiana 1,618,879Madurai 1,017,865Meerut 1,305,429Mysuru (Mysore) 893,062Nashik (Nasik) 1,486,053Navi Mumbai 1,120,547Pimpri-Chinchwad12 1,727,692

Raipur 1,010,433Rajkot 1,286,678Ranchi 1,073,427Shambajinagar(Aurangabad) 1,175,116

Sholapur (Solapur) 951,558Srinagar 1,180,570Thane (Thana)8 1,841,488Thiruvanan-thapuram (Trivandrum) 743,691

Tiruchirappalli 1,022,518Varanasi(Benares) 1,198,491

Vasai Virar 1,222,390Vijayawada 1,034,358Vishakhapatnam 1,728,128

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National economyGross national income (GNI; 2014): U.S.$2,035,887,-000,000 (U.S.$1,610 per capita); purchasing power par-ity GNI (U.S.$5,760 per capita).

Budget (2008–09). Revenue: `9,009,530,000,000 (tax rev-enue 51.7%, of which corporate taxes 18.3%, incometax 10.0%, excise taxes 9.8%; capital revenue 37.6%;nontax revenue 10.7%). Expenditures: `9,009,530,-000,000 (current expenditure 89.2%, of which publicdebt payments 21.4%, subsidies 14.3%, defense 8.2%;capital expenditure 10.8%).

Production (in ’000 metric tons except as noted).Agriculture, forestry, fishing (2012): sugarcane 342,382, cereals 287,860 (of which rice 157,900, wheat 86,874, corn [maize] 21,760,millet 12,660, sorghum 7,003), vegetables 105,795 (of which tomatoes 16,826, dry onions 15,930, eggplants 11,896, okra 5,784, gar-lic 1,058), fruits18 74,836 (of which bananas 29,667, mangoes 15,18819, coconuts 10,280, papayas 4,180, lemons and limes 2,108),water buffalo milk 65,140, cow’s milk 57,400, potatoes 42,339, soybeans 12,214, chickpeas 8,220, peanuts (groundnuts) 6,964, cot-ton lint 5,984, hen’s eggs 3,490, pigeon peas 2,860, castor oil seed 2,339, jute 1,960, dry chilies and peppers 1,446, tea 967, natural

rubber 861, tobacco 830, sesame seed 769, ginger 702, sun-flower seed 517, anise, badian, fennel, and coriander 435,safflower seed 150; livestock (number of live animals)210,824,000 cattle, 157,000,000 goats, 112,916,000 water buf-falo, 74,500,000 sheep; roundwood 331,968,549 cu m, ofwhich fuelwood 93%; fisheries production 9,072 (fromaquaculture 46%). Mining and quarrying (2011): iron ore154,00020, 21; bauxite 10,30020; chromite 3,85021; barite1,35022; manganese 1,02020; zinc 71020; lead 12020; copper3720; mica 2.4; silver 203,500 kg; gem diamonds 12,000 carats.Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr;2011–12) 876,900,000,000 (959,565,000,000), by source

Vital statisticsBirth rate per 1,000 population (2012): 20.7(world avg. 19.5).

Death rate per 1,000 population (2012): 7.9(world avg. 8.1).

Natural increase rate per 1,000 population(2012): 12.8 (world avg. 11.4).

Life expectancy at birth (2012): male 64.5years; female 68.0 years.

Adult population (ages 15–49) living withHIV (2013): 0.3% (world avg. 0.8%).

Age breakdown (2014):

Linguistic composition (2001)13: Religious affiliation (2005):

Social indicatorsEducational attainment (2001). Percentage of population age 25 andover having: no formal schooling 48.1%; incomplete primary educa-tion 9.0%; complete primary 22.1%; secondary 13.7%; higher 7.1%.

Quality of working life. Agricultural workers in servitude (“debtbondage”) to creditors (early 1990s) 10–20%. Children ages 5–14working as child labourers (2003): 35,000,000 (14% of age group).Percentage of population living below the poverty line (official esti-mate; 2009–10): 37.2%.

Access to services (2005–06)15. Percentage of total (urban, rural)households having access to: electricity for lighting purposes (2011)67.2% (92.7%, 55.3%), kerosene for lighting purposes (2011) 31.4%(6.5%, 43.2%), water closets 24.3% (50.8%, 11.4%), pit latrines7.9% (7.0%, 8.6%), no latrines 55.3% (16.8%, 74.0%), closeddrainage for waste water (2001) 12.5% (34.5%, 3.9%), open drainagefor waste water (2001) 33.9% (43.4%, 30.3%), no drainage for wastewater (2001) 53.6% (22.1%, 65.8%). Type of fuel used for cooking inhouseholds: firewood 54.4% (23.0%, 69.6%), LPG (liquefied petro-leum gas) 24.7% (58.7%, 8.2%), dung 10.6% (2.8%, 14.4%),kerosene 3.2% (8.2%, 0.8%), coal 1.9% (4.3%, 0.8%). Source ofdrinking water: hand pump or tube well 42.8% (21.3%, 53.2%),piped water 24.5% (50.7%, 11.8%), well 9.3% (2.9%, 12.4%), river,canal, spring, public tank, pond, or lake 1.5% (0.8%, 1.8%).

Social participation. Eligible voters participating in April/May 2014national election: 66.4%. Trade union membership (2002)24,601,58916.

Social deviance (2008)17. Offense rate per 100,000 population for:theft 27.8; cruelty by husband 7.1; riots 5.8; molestation of women3.5; murder 2.9; kidnapping/abduction 2.7, of which women/girls 2.0;rape 1.9; robbery 1.8; dowry deaths 0.7; dacoity (gang robbery) 0.4.Rate of suicide per 100,000 population: 10.8.

Material well-being (2005–06)15. Total (urban, rural) households pos-sessing: television receivers (2011) 47.2% (76.7%, 33.4%), scooters,motorcycles, or mopeds 17.2% (30.5%, 10.8%), cars, jeeps, or vans2.7% (6.1%, 1.0%). Households availing banking services (2001)35.5% (49.5%, 30.1%). Agricultural households with access to credit(2008) 48.6%.

Structure of gross domestic product and labour force2008–09 1999–2000

in value % of total labour % of labour`’000,000,000 value force force

Agriculture, forestry, fishing 8,618 17.5 190,940,000 52.6Mining and quarrying 1,254 2.5 2,260,000 0.6Manufacturing 7,804 15.8 40,790,000 11.2Construction 4,370 8.9 14,950,000 4.1Public utilities 795 1.6 1,150,000 0.3Transp. and commun. 12,467 25.3 13,650,000 3.8Trade, restaurants, hotels 37,540,000 10.3Finance, real estate 6,912 14.0 4,620,000 1.3Pub. admin., defense 30,840,000 8.5Services 7,112 14.4 … …Other 26,580,00023 7.323

TOTAL 49,332 100.0 363,330,0007 100.0

}

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National economy (continued)(2012): fossil fuels 82.0%; nuclear 2.8%; hard coal (metrictons; 2011) 540,000,000 ([2011–12] 639,000,000); lignite(metric tons; 2011) 42,300,000 ([2011–12] 42,500,000); crudepetroleum (barrels; 2011) 283,000,000 ([2011–12]1,607,000,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 2011)167,464,000 (122,206,000); natural gas (cu m; 2011) 49,319,000,000 (61,108,000,000).

Population economically active (2008)25: total 466,270,000; participation rates: age 15 and over, male 74.4%; female25.8%; unemployed 4.9%, of which youth (ages 15–24; 2010) 10.3%.

Public debt (external, outstanding; 2013): U.S.$132,109,000,000.Land use as % of total land area (2009): in temporary crops (2007) 44.7%, left fallow 8.4%, in permanent crops3.9%, in pasture 3.5%, forest area 23.0%.

Foreign tradeImports (2013–14): U.S.$450,213,600,000 (crude and refinedpetroleum 36.6%; electronics 7.2%; gold 6.4%; nonelectricalmachinery and apparatus 6.0%; precious stones/semipreciousstones/pearls 5.2%; chemical products 5.0%; transport equip-ment 4.3%; coal/coke 3.6%; iron and steel 2.8%). Major import sources:

Exports (2013–14): U.S.$314,415,700,000 (engineering goods20.4%; refined petroleum products 20.1%; gems and jewelry[significantly diamonds] 13.2%; chemicals and chemical prod-ucts 8.7%; textiles and wearing apparel 8.3%, of whichready-made garments 4.8%; food, beverages, and tobacco7.1%; electronic goods 2.5%; plastic and linoleum 2.0%). Major export destinations:

Education and healthLiteracy (2007): percentage of total population age 15and over literate 66.0%; males literate 76.9%;females literate 54.5%.

Health (200826): physicians27 696,700 (1 per 1,696 per-sons); hospital beds27 482,500 (1 per 2,449 persons);infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2012) 44.0;undernourished population (2006–08) 224,600,000(19% of total population based on the consumptionof a minimum daily requirement of 1,780 calories).

Transport and communicationsTransport. Railroads (2010–11): route length (2007)39,225 mi, 63,126 km; passenger-km 979,000,000,000;metric ton-km cargo 444,515,000,000. Roads (2008): totallength 2,553,577 mi, 4,109,592 km (paved 50%). Vehicles(2009): passenger cars 13,673,611; trucks and buses7,526,529.

1Includes 12 members appointed by the President. 2Includes 2 Anglo-Indiansappointed by the President. 3The first symbol for the rupee was officially approvedin July 2010, and coins and banknotes with the new symbol began being issued inlate 2011. 4Telangana statehood was established in June 2014. 5Populations arefinal results of census. 6Excludes 46,660 sq mi (120,849 sq km) of territory in theKashmir region claimed by India as part of Jammu and Kashmir state but admin-istered by Pakistan or China; inland water constitutes 9.6% of total area of India.7Detail does not add to total given because of rounding. 8Within Mumbai urbanagglomeration. 9Within Delhi urban agglomeration. 102001 census. 11WithinKolkata urban agglomeration. 12Within Pune urban agglomeration. 13Data are forthe scheduled (“officially recognized”) languages of India unless otherwise foot-noted; Hindi (roughly 66%) and English (roughly 33%) are also spoken as linguafrancas. 14Includes many nonscheduled (“not officially recognized”) languages.15Data based on the National Family Health Survey 2005–06, comprising 515,507people in 109,041 households. 16Registered with Ministry of Labour only. 17Crimesreported to National Crime Records Bureau by police authorities of state govern-ments. 18Excludes melons. 19Includes mangosteens and guavas. 20Metal content.21World rank: 4. 22World rank: 2. 23Unemployed. 24End-of-period. 25ILO esti-mates. 26January 1. 27Government hospitals only. 28Subscribers.

Internet resources for further information:• Reserve Bank of India www.rbi.org.in• Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation

mospi.nic.in

MilitaryTotal active duty personnel (November 2014): 1,346,000(army 85.5%, navy 4.3%, air force 9.5%, coast guard0.7%); paramilitary 987,800; reserve 1,155,000.Military expenditure as percentage of GDP (2014):2.2%; per capita expenditure U.S.$37.

Breakdown of 15.2% renewable energy (2012):

Financial aggregates24

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Exchange rate, ` per:U.S. dollar 44.25 39.42 48.46 46.68 44.81 53.26 54.78£ 86.85 78.97 70.64 75.59 70.15 82.35 86.44SDR 66.56 62.29 74.63 73.18 69.01 81.77 84.19

Interest and pricesCentral bank discount (%) 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 9.00Advance (prime) rate (%) 11.2 13.0 13.3 12.2 8.3 10.2 10.6Industrial share prices(2005 = 100) 155.0 216.3 207.7 194.3 252.3 245.6 239.5

Communications units unitsnumber per 1,000 number per 1,000

Medium date in ’000s persons Medium date in ’000s persons

TelephonesCellular 2014 944,00928 74528

Landline 2014 27,000 21

Internet users 2009 61,300 51Broadband 2014 15,74628 1228

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