India and AfricaIndia and Africa

1945-20001945-2000

IndiaIndia

►No longer a British colony after WWIINo longer a British colony after WWII► India is divided by a India is divided by a PartitionPartition to to

separate Hindus and Muslims due to separate Hindus and Muslims due to civil warcivil war

►Hindus get India and Muslims get Hindus get India and Muslims get Pakistan (new nation)Pakistan (new nation)

► Indian independence was led by the non-violent Indian independence was led by the non-violent protest of Mahatma Gandhiprotest of Mahatma Gandhi

►New Prime Minister of India was Jawaharlal NehruNew Prime Minister of India was Jawaharlal Nehru►He adopted British political model – parliamentaryHe adopted British political model – parliamentary►Economic model was based on British SocialismEconomic model was based on British Socialism►Taken together it is know as democratic socialismTaken together it is know as democratic socialism►Foreign Policy was anti-colonialism and antiracismForeign Policy was anti-colonialism and antiracism

Taj Mahal – Agra, IndiaTaj Mahal – Agra, India

India & PakistanIndia & Pakistan

►Violence between the two nations Violence between the two nations continues even todaycontinues even today

►They fight over the region named They fight over the region named KashmirKashmir

► It is a problem for the world, b/c both It is a problem for the world, b/c both are now nuclear powersare now nuclear powers

►By 2035 India will be the most By 2035 India will be the most populated nation on Earthpopulated nation on Earth

Independence movement in Independence movement in AfricaAfrica

Pan- Africanism – a concept of continental unity that transcended national boundariesAfricans were to think of themselves as “African” rather Than an association with their country.

European Colonialism – with end of WWII many EuropeanCountries come to see self-determination for Africa as important

Ghana, AfricaGhana, Africa

►Was a British colony pre WWIIWas a British colony pre WWII► Kwame Nkrumah led the people to Kwame Nkrumah led the people to

independence thru strikes & boycotts in independence thru strikes & boycotts in 19571957

►Nkrumah is named president of Ghana for Nkrumah is named president of Ghana for life and worked to create education, roads, life and worked to create education, roads, hospitals, etc.hospitals, etc.

► Programs cost too much money and the Programs cost too much money and the military took over in 1966military took over in 1966

► Power in Ghana goes back and forth b/t Power in Ghana goes back and forth b/t military and political powers to this daymilitary and political powers to this day

Ghana’s Independence Arch – Ghana’s Independence Arch – Accra, GhanaAccra, Ghana

Kenya, AfricaKenya, Africa

►Gains independence from Britain in Gains independence from Britain in 1963 by way of war1963 by way of war

► Jomo Kenyatta becomes PresidentJomo Kenyatta becomes President►He failed to unite the various ethnic He failed to unite the various ethnic

groups and so did his successorgroups and so did his successor►Many are hungry and homeless today Many are hungry and homeless today

Mount Kenya Mount Kenya

Algeria, AfricaAlgeria, Africa

►Gains independence from France in 1962 Gains independence from France in 1962 through a warthrough a war

►Ahmed Ben Bella becomes first President Ahmed Ben Bella becomes first President ►1965-1968 they try to modernize the 1965-1968 they try to modernize the

nation – but are unsuccessfulnation – but are unsuccessful►1990 – Islamic fundamentalists want to 1990 – Islamic fundamentalists want to

make Algeria a Muslim nation but the old make Algeria a Muslim nation but the old leaders would not give up powerleaders would not give up power

►Civil war erupted and continues to this Civil war erupted and continues to this dayday

Sahara Desert - AlgeriaSahara Desert - Algeria

Congo, AfricaCongo, Africa

►Granted freedom by Belgium in 1960 – civil Granted freedom by Belgium in 1960 – civil war raged until 1965war raged until 1965

►Mobutu Sese Seko rules as a dictator from Mobutu Sese Seko rules as a dictator from 1965 until 1997 when he lost a civil war1965 until 1997 when he lost a civil war

► Seko called the nation ZaireSeko called the nation Zaire► 1997 – Laurent Kabila takes over and 1997 – Laurent Kabila takes over and

promises democracy – renames nation promises democracy – renames nation Democratic Republic of the CongoDemocratic Republic of the Congo

►Democracy never came – by 2000 civil war Democracy never came – by 2000 civil war breaks out again and continues off and onbreaks out again and continues off and on

Congo River – Congo River – Democratic Republic of Democratic Republic of

CongoCongo

Nigeria, AfricaNigeria, Africa

► Africa’s most populous nation and one of the richest Africa’s most populous nation and one of the richest ► Civil war between three major ethnic and religious Civil war between three major ethnic and religious

groups occurred on and off between 1970 and 1998groups occurred on and off between 1970 and 1998► 2000 – first free election in the nation2000 – first free election in the nation► Govt. is trying to create reforms and to boost their Govt. is trying to create reforms and to boost their

economy with oil profitseconomy with oil profits► In 2001, they asked for the US to forgive their $30 In 2001, they asked for the US to forgive their $30

billion debt so they could concentrate on rebuilding billion debt so they could concentrate on rebuilding their own nationtheir own nation

► Civil unrest still exists here between Muslims, Civil unrest still exists here between Muslims, Christians, and AnimistsChristians, and Animists

Nigerian National Mosque – Nigerian National Mosque – Abuja, NigeriaAbuja, Nigeria

South Africa, AfricaSouth Africa, Africa

►a former British and Dutch colonya former British and Dutch colony►a small white minority ruled over a large a small white minority ruled over a large

black majorityblack majority►1948 – apartheid laws are passed to 1948 – apartheid laws are passed to

separate the racesseparate the races►1977-1986 – violence between races 1977-1986 – violence between races

grew to an emergency level – 600 grew to an emergency level – 600 students were killed in 1977 for students were killed in 1977 for protesting racial school policiesprotesting racial school policies

South Africa, AfricaSouth Africa, Africa

►1980s – many nations stop trade with 1980s – many nations stop trade with South Africa due to the racial laws thereSouth Africa due to the racial laws there

►the nation is banned from the Olympicsthe nation is banned from the Olympics►1989 – new president F.W. de Clerk is 1989 – new president F.W. de Clerk is

elected and brings changeelected and brings change►racial laws are eliminated and free racial laws are eliminated and free

elections open to all races happen in 1994elections open to all races happen in 1994►Nelson Mandela (a black civil rights leader Nelson Mandela (a black civil rights leader

is elected) but resigns in 1999is elected) but resigns in 1999

Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela

South Africa, AfricaSouth Africa, Africa

►1996 – new constitution with Bill of 1996 – new constitution with Bill of Rights like that of the USRights like that of the US

►problems today include some of the problems today include some of the world’s highest murder and rape rates, world’s highest murder and rape rates, 40% unemployment, 60% poverty, and 40% unemployment, 60% poverty, and the AIDS epidemicthe AIDS epidemic

Table Rock – Table Rock – Cape Town, South AfricaCape Town, South Africa

Cape Town, South Africa Cape Town, South Africa

Apartheid in South AfricaApartheid in South Africa

► apartheid is the complete separation of racesapartheid is the complete separation of races► 1959 – blacks were sent to live in “homelands” 1959 – blacks were sent to live in “homelands”

or reserves away from whitesor reserves away from whites► blacks made up 75% of population but only got blacks made up 75% of population but only got

13% of the nation’s land13% of the nation’s land► govt. created separate schools, hospitals, and govt. created separate schools, hospitals, and

neighborhoodsneighborhoods► it led to the nation being “snubbed” by other it led to the nation being “snubbed” by other

nations of the worldnations of the world► did not end until 1996did not end until 1996

1994 South African Elections1994 South African Elections

Africa Today - DarfurAfrica Today - Darfur

►Civil War rages in the nation of SudanCivil War rages in the nation of Sudan►Corrupt govt. officials are making no Corrupt govt. officials are making no

real effort to stop the violencereal effort to stop the violence► Jinjaweed group constantly attacks Jinjaweed group constantly attacks

villages all over the nation in order to villages all over the nation in order to get rid of one ethic groupget rid of one ethic group

►There are now over 2 million people There are now over 2 million people turned into refugees in Darfur, Sudan.turned into refugees in Darfur, Sudan.

Darfur, Sudan - AfricaDarfur, Sudan - Africa

Africa TodayAfrica Today

► main problems includemain problems include hungerhunger povertypoverty AIDSAIDS civil war & ethnic warcivil war & ethnic war

► 315 million people – that’s 50% of the population of 315 million people – that’s 50% of the population of Africa survive on less than one dollar a day ($365 per Africa survive on less than one dollar a day ($365 per year)year)

► 1 in 5 people in Africa have electricity1 in 5 people in Africa have electricity► 15 out of 1000 have a phone line15 out of 1000 have a phone line► 7 or 8 people out of 1000 have the Internet7 or 8 people out of 1000 have the Internet

Africa TodayAfrica Today

Africa TodayAfrica Today

Africa TodayAfrica Today

►184 million people (33%) of people in 184 million people (33%) of people in Africa suffer from malnutritionAfrica suffer from malnutrition

►300 million Africans do not have 300 million Africans do not have access to safe wateraccess to safe water

►Less than 50% of Africa’s population Less than 50% of Africa’s population has access to hospitals or doctorshas access to hospitals or doctors

Africa TodayAfrica Today