India & The Indian Ocean India & The Indian Ocean Basin Basin

451 to 1600 C.E.451 to 1600 C.E.

Classical India Classical India Recap Recap: Two occurrences where India: Two occurrences where India

was unified into a single state:was unified into a single state:

1) 1) The Mauryan Empire:The Mauryan Empire: The first rulers to bring most of India The first rulers to bring most of India together politically were the Mauryans, who created an together politically were the Mauryans, who created an empire lasting from 324 to 184 B.C.E. Mauryan India was empire lasting from 324 to 184 B.C.E. Mauryan India was characterized by a strong military and an extensive trade characterized by a strong military and an extensive trade network, which stretched all the way to Mesopotamia and network, which stretched all the way to Mesopotamia and the eastern parts of the Roman Empire. A key good was the eastern parts of the Roman Empire. A key good was cotton. cotton.

The best known of the Mauryan emperors was Ashoka. A The best known of the Mauryan emperors was Ashoka. A great warrior as a youth, Ashoka became sickened by war great warrior as a youth, Ashoka became sickened by war after one of his greatest victories. He converted to after one of his greatest victories. He converted to Buddhism after meeting Buddha, and became an advocate of Buddhism after meeting Buddha, and became an advocate of peace and tolerance. He spread those ideals throughout peace and tolerance. He spread those ideals throughout India by means of his Rock and Pillar Acts. These acts…….. India by means of his Rock and Pillar Acts. These acts…….. He encouraged trade with China, especially for it’s silk and He encouraged trade with China, especially for it’s silk and opened trade routes to the north. Ashoka was admired for opened trade routes to the north. Ashoka was admired for his justice and wisdom, and he remains famous for his his justice and wisdom, and he remains famous for his efforts to create harmony between Buddhists, Hindus, and efforts to create harmony between Buddhists, Hindus, and the followers of India’s other religions.the followers of India’s other religions.

2) 2) The Gupta Empire:The Gupta Empire: In 184 B.C.E., The Mauryan Empire In 184 B.C.E., The Mauryan Empire collapsed, du to attacks by outside enemies. For the next collapsed, du to attacks by outside enemies. For the next 500 years, India reverted to a state of political disunity. 500 years, India reverted to a state of political disunity. Not until 320 C.E. did another large empire rise up: The Not until 320 C.E. did another large empire rise up: The Gupta Empire, which lasted until 550 C.E. and controlled Gupta Empire, which lasted until 550 C.E. and controlled most of northern and central India. The Gupta Empire was most of northern and central India. The Gupta Empire was smaller and less centralized than the Mauryan, but it smaller and less centralized than the Mauryan, but it thrived culturally and economically. Although the Gupta thrived culturally and economically. Although the Gupta rulers were Hindu, they practiced religious toleration. rulers were Hindu, they practiced religious toleration. Gupta India traded with china, Southeast Asia, and even Gupta India traded with china, Southeast Asia, and even the eastern Mediterranean. Gupta scholars created the the eastern Mediterranean. Gupta scholars created the decimal system used today, along with the concept of decimal system used today, along with the concept of pipi and zero.and zero.

Like the Mauryan, the Gupta emperors fell as a result of Like the Mauryan, the Gupta emperors fell as a result of outside pressure, especially from the White Hun attacks on outside pressure, especially from the White Hun attacks on the northwestern frontier. From then until after 1000 C.E., the northwestern frontier. From then until after 1000 C.E., India would remain decentralized. Then Muslim invaders India would remain decentralized. Then Muslim invaders would begin to move into the subcontinent, doing much to would begin to move into the subcontinent, doing much to shape Indian politics and culture after 1000 C.E.shape Indian politics and culture after 1000 C.E.

Postclassical IndiaPostclassical India

Though politically disunited, India remained Though politically disunited, India remained a coherent and distant society as a result a coherent and distant society as a result of the caste system and the Hindu religion of the caste system and the Hindu religion values throughout the subcontinent during values throughout the subcontinent during this era.this era.

In the 7In the 7thth century Islam also began to century Islam also began to attract popular following in India, & after attract popular following in India, & after the 11the 11thth century Islam deeply influenced century Islam deeply influenced Indian society alongside the caste system Indian society alongside the caste system and Hinduism. and Hinduism.

Islamic & Hindu KingdomsIslamic & Hindu Kingdoms

The Gupta dynasty rulers resisted nomadic The Gupta dynasty rulers resisted nomadic invaders pressures and preserved order invaders pressures and preserved order throughout much of the Indian subcontinent throughout much of the Indian subcontinent until 451 C.E. when the White Huns from until 451 C.E. when the White Huns from central Asia invaded and disrupted the central Asia invaded and disrupted the Gupta administration.Gupta administration.

By the mid-sixth century the Gupta state By the mid-sixth century the Gupta state had collapsed, and political authority had collapsed, and political authority quickly dissolved to invaders.quickly dissolved to invaders.

1616thth century, a Turkish people known as the century, a Turkish people known as the Mughals extended their authority and their Mughals extended their authority and their empire to most of the subcontinent, further empire to most of the subcontinent, further politically dividing the land.politically dividing the land.

OverviewOverview Northern and Southern India followed Northern and Southern India followed

different political trajectories after fall of different political trajectories after fall of the Gupta empire.the Gupta empire.

Local states in the south contested for Local states in the south contested for power and territory, and northern India power and territory, and northern India became a region of continuous tension and became a region of continuous tension and sporadic wars.sporadic wars.

Nomadic Turkish-speaking peoples from Nomadic Turkish-speaking peoples from central Asia frequently took advantage and central Asia frequently took advantage and forced their way into India. forced their way into India.

Eventually, they became completely Eventually, they became completely absorbed into Indian Society. (Caste absorbed into Indian Society. (Caste System- Jati)System- Jati)

Introduction of Islam to Introduction of Islam to Northern IndiaNorthern India

Merchants:Merchants: Muslim merchants took their faith Muslim merchants took their faith to coastal regions in both northern and to coastal regions in both northern and southern India. Muslim Merchants & their southern India. Muslim Merchants & their descendants dominated trade and descendants dominated trade and transportation networks between India and transportation networks between India and western lands from the 7western lands from the 7thth to 15 to 15thth centuries. centuries.

Muslim merchants formed small Muslim merchants formed small communities in all the major coastal cities communities in all the major coastal cities in India where they played prominent roles in India where they played prominent roles in Indian businesses, commercial life, in Indian businesses, commercial life, married local women and found places for married local women and found places for themselves within Indian society.themselves within Indian society.

Introduction of Islam to Introduction of Islam to Northern IndiaNorthern India

Military:Military: In 711, an expedition conquered In 711, an expedition conquered Sind: incorporated it as a province of the Sind: incorporated it as a province of the expanding Umayyad empire.expanding Umayyad empire.

Mid-century, Sind passed into the hands of Mid-century, Sind passed into the hands of the Abbasid caliphs. Though apart of the the Abbasid caliphs. Though apart of the Islamic world, Much of its population Islamic world, Much of its population remained Hindu and Buddhist. remained Hindu and Buddhist.

Fighting between Arab administrators Fighting between Arab administrators offered opportunities for local elites to offered opportunities for local elites to reassert Hindu authority over much of Sind, reassert Hindu authority over much of Sind, yet the region remained under the yet the region remained under the jurisdiction of the caliphs until the collapse jurisdiction of the caliphs until the collapse of the Abbasid dynasty in 1258.of the Abbasid dynasty in 1258.

Introduction of Islam to Introduction of Islam to Northern IndiaNorthern India

MigrationMigration & invasions of Turkish-speaking & invasions of Turkish-speaking people from central Asiapeople from central Asia. 10. 10thth Century, Century, several Turkish groups had become several Turkish groups had become acquainted with Islam through their acquainted with Islam through their dealings with the Abbasids and converted to dealings with the Abbasids and converted to the faith.the faith.

Some of these Muslim Turks entered the Some of these Muslim Turks entered the Abbasid realm as mercenary soldiers or Abbasid realm as mercenary soldiers or migrated into Ghazni (Afghanistan), where migrated into Ghazni (Afghanistan), where they established a Muslim state.they established a Muslim state.

Mahmud of Ghazni, leader of Turks in Mahmud of Ghazni, leader of Turks in Afghanistan, mounted seventeen Afghanistan, mounted seventeen raiding expeditions into India between raiding expeditions into India between 1001 and 1027 C.E.1001 and 1027 C.E.

Spread of Islam--

Mahmud plundered the wealth Mahmud plundered the wealth stored in the many well-endowed stored in the many well-endowed temples, demolished hundred of temples, demolished hundred of sites associated with Hindu or sites associated with Hindu or Buddhist faiths and established Buddhist faiths and established mosques or Islamic shrines in mosques or Islamic shrines in their place.their place.

Not interested in Not interested in conquering India, In the conquering India, In the late 12late 12thth Century, Mahmud Century, Mahmud successors mounted a successors mounted a systematic campaign to systematic campaign to conquer Northern Indiaconquer Northern India

and place it under Islamic and place it under Islamic rule.rule.

By the early 13By the early 13thth Century, Century, they had conquered most they had conquered most of the Hindu kingdoms in of the Hindu kingdoms in Northern India and Northern India and established an Islamic established an Islamic state known as the state known as the sultanate of Delhi.sultanate of Delhi.Adhai-din ka Jhonpra

The sultans established and ruled the Delhi Sultanate from The sultans established and ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1206 to 1526.1206 to 1526.

Politically, the Delhi Sultanate will expand, but will Politically, the Delhi Sultanate will expand, but will eventually shrink due to southern regions breaking away eventually shrink due to southern regions breaking away and becoming independent statesand becoming independent states. (Some Muslim, Some Hindu). (Some Muslim, Some Hindu)

1398, the Central Asian warlord Timur attacked and 1398, the Central Asian warlord Timur attacked and captured Delhi. After a year of plundering, the city was in captured Delhi. After a year of plundering, the city was in ruins and Timur departed. The sultanate barely survived.ruins and Timur departed. The sultanate barely survived.

The sultans of Delhi was amongst The sultans of Delhi was amongst the most powerful in the Islamic the most powerful in the Islamic world, yet the authority of the world, yet the authority of the sultans did not extend beyond sultans did not extend beyond Delhi.Delhi.• Raided the Deccan region, but could Raided the Deccan region, but could

not overcome Hindu resistancenot overcome Hindu resistance• No permanent bureaucracyNo permanent bureaucracy• Northern India: Imposed very little Northern India: Imposed very little

Islamic political or military authority Islamic political or military authority on a land populated mostly of Hinduson a land populated mostly of Hindus

• Discord amongst the sultan’s court: Discord amongst the sultan’s court: 19 of the 35 Sultans of Delhi were 19 of the 35 Sultans of Delhi were assassinated.assassinated.

Nevertheless, the sultans of Delhi Nevertheless, the sultans of Delhi sponsored Islam and helped to sponsored Islam and helped to establish a secure place for the establish a secure place for the faith and culture within India. faith and culture within India. (Art , Literature & Architecture)(Art , Literature & Architecture)

Production and Trade in the Indian Ocean BasinProduction and Trade in the Indian Ocean BasinAgriculture in the Monsoon WorldAgriculture in the Monsoon World Because of the rhythms of the monsoons, Because of the rhythms of the monsoons,

irrigation was essential for the maintenance of irrigation was essential for the maintenance of an agricultural society.an agricultural society.

Spring & Summer:Spring & Summer: Warm, moist winds from the Warm, moist winds from the southwest bring most of India’s rainfall.southwest bring most of India’s rainfall.

Autumn & Winter:Autumn & Winter: Cool and very dry winds blow Cool and very dry winds blow from the northeastfrom the northeast

Indian lands required a good watering by the Indian lands required a good watering by the southern monsoon, supplemented by irrigation southern monsoon, supplemented by irrigation during the dry months.during the dry months.

Light rain during the spring and summer Light rain during the spring and summer months or short supplies of water for irrigation months or short supplies of water for irrigation led to drought & famine.led to drought & famine.

Dams, reservoirs, canals, wells, and tunnels Dams, reservoirs, canals, wells, and tunnels appeared throughout the south. Reservoirs appeared throughout the south. Reservoirs would catch the rains of the spring and would catch the rains of the spring and summer months and store it until the dry summer months and store it until the dry season.season.

Increase in Population Increase in Population increased productivity, increased productivity,

caused India’s caused India’s population to grow population to grow steadily steadily

Resulting in the Resulting in the concentration of people concentration of people in cities. in cities.

During the 14During the 14thth century, century, Delhi had a population Delhi had a population of about 400,000of about 400,000

22ndnd only to Cairo among only to Cairo among Muslim cities.Muslim cities.

..

Year Population

600 C.E. 53,000,000

800 C.E. 64,000,000

1000 C.E. 79,000,000

1500 C.E. 105,000,000

Trade and the Silk RoadTrade and the Silk Road

Even after the collapse of the classical Even after the collapse of the classical societies in Persia, China, India, and the societies in Persia, China, India, and the Mediterranean basin, the silk road trade Mediterranean basin, the silk road trade routes survived.routes survived.

New imperial states reestablished order New imperial states reestablished order throughout Eurasia and North Africa in the throughout Eurasia and North Africa in the 66thth Century, people within the eastern Century, people within the eastern hemisphere resumed their crossing of hemisphere resumed their crossing of cultural boundary lines in cultural boundary lines in the interest of trade & communication the interest of trade & communication

Umayyad and Abbasid rulers maintained the roads Umayyad and Abbasid rulers maintained the roads

1)Military Expeditions and 1)Military Expeditions and Invasions.Invasions.Excellent routes for military Excellent routes for military

forces and administrative forces and administrative officials extending from China officials extending from China in the east to the in the east to the Mediterranean in the west.Mediterranean in the west.

2)Muslim merchants 2)Muslim merchants

3)Missionaries - 3)Missionaries - quick and quick and efficient travel: Buddhismefficient travel: Buddhism

4) Migration4) Migration

Indian Ocean Trade NetworkIndian Ocean Trade Network

Extensive Trade Extensive Trade Network linking Network linking East Africa, East Africa, Arabian Arabian Peninsula, India, Peninsula, India, Indonesia, Indonesia, China,& Japan.China,& Japan.

East Africa Gold, Slaves, Ivory, Animal Hides Arabian Peninsula Arabian Horses, Textiles, Carpet,

Glass India Cotton, Spices, Salt, Elephants Indonesia Spices (Cinnamon), Exotic Woods China Silk, Porcelain, Paper Japan Major Source of Silver

Trade in the Indian OceanTrade in the Indian Ocean Promoted more intense cross-cultural Promoted more intense cross-cultural

communications.communications. Maritime trade was built on the political stability, Maritime trade was built on the political stability,

economic expansion, and demographic growtheconomic expansion, and demographic growth Trade in bulk indicated a movement towards economic Trade in bulk indicated a movement towards economic

integration integration Societies of the Indian Ocean basin concentrated on Societies of the Indian Ocean basin concentrated on

cultivating crops or producing goods for export while cultivating crops or producing goods for export while importing foods or goods that they could not produce importing foods or goods that they could not produce

Central location of Indian ports became the principal Central location of Indian ports became the principal clearinghouse of trade in the Indian Ocean basin & clearinghouse of trade in the Indian Ocean basin & became cosmopolitan centers. (Emporiums) became cosmopolitan centers. (Emporiums)

Hindus, Buddhists, Muslims, Jews, & others who Hindus, Buddhists, Muslims, Jews, & others who inhabited the Indian port cities did business w/ inhabited the Indian port cities did business w/ counterparts from all over the Eastern Hemisphere.counterparts from all over the Eastern Hemisphere.

Major Port Cities of Major Port Cities of India Ocean Trade India Ocean Trade

NetworkNetwork::

East Africa- East Africa- MombasaMombasa

Arabian Peninsula- Arabian Peninsula- MeccaMecca

IndiaIndia- Calicut & Gujarati of - Calicut & Gujarati of CambayCambay

* Gujarati: Major Muslim city * Gujarati: Major Muslim city on W. Coast of Indiaon W. Coast of India

China-China- Canton (Guangzhou) Canton (Guangzhou)

HomeworkHomework

Read and study next two slidesRead and study next two slides

Answer Questions on the last three Answer Questions on the last three slides slides

The Meeting of Hindu & Islamic Traditions Worksheet NotesThe Meeting of Hindu & Islamic Traditions Worksheet Notes

Caste and SocietyCaste and Society The changes of the postclassical era brought a series of changes for The changes of the postclassical era brought a series of changes for

the Indian caste system. the Indian caste system.

(Migration, Islamic presence, urbanization, economic development)(Migration, Islamic presence, urbanization, economic development) The caste system has never been an unchangeable structure; The caste system has never been an unchangeable structure;

individuals and groups adjust and adapt it to new circumstances individuals and groups adjust and adapt it to new circumstances creating a more complex system.creating a more complex system.

In the absence of a strong central government in India, the caste In the absence of a strong central government in India, the caste system maintained order in local communities by providing guidance system maintained order in local communities by providing guidance on individuals’ roles in society and their relationships with others.on individuals’ roles in society and their relationships with others.

As migrants pursued opportunities in India, they gained recognition As migrants pursued opportunities in India, they gained recognition as distinct groups under the umbrella of the caste system.as distinct groups under the umbrella of the caste system.

The caste system influenced the lives of most people by helping to The caste system influenced the lives of most people by helping to order their work and relationships with other workers. Most identified order their work and relationships with other workers. Most identified with their sub-caste (jati).with their sub-caste (jati).

As merchants and manufactures became important in the larger As merchants and manufactures became important in the larger economy, they organized powerful guilds to represent their interests. economy, they organized powerful guilds to represent their interests. Due to their wealth and contribution to the economic health, Due to their wealth and contribution to the economic health, Merchant guilds held a lot of political and economical influence. Merchant guilds held a lot of political and economical influence.

Guild sub-caste rank depended on the merchants or artisans Guild sub-caste rank depended on the merchants or artisans specialization. (Silk, Cotton, Spice Merchants had their own guilds specialization. (Silk, Cotton, Spice Merchants had their own guilds vs. Iron, Steel, Leather Artisans having their separate guilds.)vs. Iron, Steel, Leather Artisans having their separate guilds.)

The caste system became securely established in southern India as The caste system became securely established in southern India as well. The emergence of merchant & craft guilds in southern regions in well. The emergence of merchant & craft guilds in southern regions in strengthened the caste system since guild members usually strengthened the caste system since guild members usually organized as a sub-caste.organized as a sub-caste.

By the 11By the 11thth Century, caste had become the principle basis of social Century, caste had become the principle basis of social organization in Southern India.organization in Southern India.

Indian cultural landscape underwent a thorough transformation Indian cultural landscape underwent a thorough transformation during the postclassical era as well.during the postclassical era as well.

Buddhism will loose much of their popular following, but won’t Buddhism will loose much of their popular following, but won’t completely disappear.completely disappear.

In 1196 Muslim forces invaded and overran the city of Nalanda; In 1196 Muslim forces invaded and overran the city of Nalanda; looted and torched Buddhist schools, libraries, and shrines where looted and torched Buddhist schools, libraries, and shrines where thousands of Buddhist were either killed or sent into exile.thousands of Buddhist were either killed or sent into exile.

After 1000 C.E., Hindu and Islamic traditions increasingly dominate After 1000 C.E., Hindu and Islamic traditions increasingly dominate the cultural and religious life in India and in some instances will even the cultural and religious life in India and in some instances will even merge. (Architecture, Art, Laws, etc.)merge. (Architecture, Art, Laws, etc.)

Indian Muslim Women vs. Indian Hindu WomenIndian Muslim Women vs. Indian Hindu WomenHindu & Islamic Similarities Hindu & Islamic Differences

Both promised salvation to devout individuals. Hinduism is polytheistic vs. Islam is monotheistic.

Both promised a form of an after-life. Hinduism believed in reincarnation as an after-life.

Islam followed a strict doctrine vs. Hindu’s variety of types of worship.

All followers of Islam were equal vs. the Hindu caste system.

In the 7In the 7thth Century, King Harsha temporarily Century, King Harsha temporarily restored unified rule in most of northern restored unified rule in most of northern India and sought to revive imperial India and sought to revive imperial authority.authority.

HomeworkHomework

Answer the following questions:Answer the following questions:

How old was he when he took the throne in How old was he when he took the throne in the lower Ganges Valley?the lower Ganges Valley?

What was King Harsha’s reputation? List 2 What was King Harsha’s reputation? List 2 of his accomplishments that led to this of his accomplishments that led to this reputation.reputation.

What caused the collapse of Harsha’s What caused the collapse of Harsha’s Kingdom?Kingdom?

HomeworkHomework

What is a monsoon?What is a monsoon? How might monsoons affected a region’s How might monsoons affected a region’s

agriculture?agriculture?

HomeworkHomework

Name the 3M’s of how Islam traveled Name the 3M’s of how Islam traveled into India.into India.

1)M_______ 2) M_______ 3) M________1)M_______ 2) M_______ 3) M________ Out of the 3 routes, explain which Out of the 3 routes, explain which

(you believe)had the greatest impact (you believe)had the greatest impact or influence in Indian Society. or influence in Indian Society.