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INDIA

I] Answer the followings

1. Between which latitudes and longitudes does India extend?

Ans: India is located in the northern and eastern hemispheres and extends from 60N

(Indira point) 970E longitudes.

2. Which are the three parallel ranges of the northern mountains?

Ans: a) The greater Himalaya‟s or Himadri

b) The lesser Himalaya‟s or Himachal

and c) The outer Himalaya‟s or Sivaliks

3. Where do the Western and Eastern Ghats meet?

Ans: The Western and Eastern Ghats meet in the Nilagiri hills.

4. Which are the islands groups of India?

Ans: Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands.

II] Answer the following in two or three sentences

1. Why is India called a Sub-continent?

Ans: India is called a sub-continent because of varied relief, features climate, natural

vegetation and diversity among the people.

2. How were the Northern plains formed?

Ans: The North Indian Plain is formed from the alluvium brought down by the rivers.

The alluvial soil has made the plain very fertile and agriculture is the main

occupation of the people.

3. How were the Siwaliks formed?

Ans: These ranges are formed from the deposition of materials brought down by the

rivers, which rise in the Himalayas and flow through these ranges.

4. Why are the mountains passes important?

Ans: They provide good transport facility and also attract tourists.

5. Mention any four benefits of the Himalayan mountains?

Ans: 1) They stop the monsoon winds and cause rainfall.

2) They are the birth place of many rivers

3) They have plenty of mineral resources.

4) The rivers that flow on their slopes are perennial and are useful for irrigation

and generation of hydro electricity.

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6. Why is the North Indian Plain called “The heart of India”?

Ans: 1) Many perennial rivers flow across the plain.

2) Since the land is almost flat it is very easy to construct irrigation canals and

to have inland navigation.p

3) It has excellent roads and railways which are helpful for the establishment of

many industries.

4) About 40% of the total population of India lives here and it is called “The

Heart of India”.

III] Study the first pair and complete the second:

1. Kerala : Nilagiri :: Maharashtra and Karnataka : Sahyadri

2. Mt.Abu : Aravallis :: Ooty : Nilagiries

3. River Ganges : Gangotri glacier :: River Brahmaputra : Chemayundng glacier

4. Taamilnadu : Lake Pulicat :: Orissa : Lake Chilka

IV] Mention the difference between:

1. The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats

Ans:

2. The Western Coast and the Eastern Coast?

Ans:

WESTERN COAST EASTERN COAST

1. The Western coastal plain lies

between the Western Ghats and

the Arabian Sea and extends from

Gulf of Kachchh in the north to

Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari) in

the South.

1. The Eastern Coastal plain extends

from Kanyakumari to the Gangetic

delta and lies between the Eastern

Ghats and the Bay of Bengal.

2. It is divided into Malabar coast,

Karnataka (canara) coast, Konkan

coast, Gujarat coast and Kachchh

and Kathiawad peninsulas.

2. It consist of the deltas of rivers

Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and

Kaveri

3.The coast is straight and affected

by the South-West monsoon

winds.

3. It is a broad and flat land. There are

some salt water lakes or lagoons.

WESTERN GHATS EASTERN GHATS

1. The Western Ghats are higher 1. The Eastern Ghats are not very high

2. They are continuous 2. They are not continuous

3. They are closer to the sea 3. They are separated by river valleys.

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4. Kandla, Mubai, Nhavasheva,

Marma goa, Karwar, Mangalore

and Kochi are the important ports

on the West coast.

4. The Eastern coast is divided into

Coromandel coast in the South and

Utkal coast in the north.

3. The North Indian Rivers and the South Indian rivers.

Ans:

NORTH INDIAN RIVERS SOUTH INDIAN RIVERS

1. They mostly rise in the

Himalayan Mountains and are

snowfed and rainfed. They are

perennial in character.

1. Most of the South Indian rivers rise

on the Western Ghats

They are three systems in North

India. They are the Indus, the

Ganges and the Brahmaputra.

2. They have water mostly during the

rainy season and partly dry during

summer.

3. Since they flow on the slopes of the

Western Ghats, they have Waterfalls,

which are of great help for the

generation of hydro electricity.

CLIMATE OF INDIA


1. Mention the factors which influence the climate of India?

Ans: The climate of India has been influenced by its position, size, relief features and

the Monsoon winds. The monsoon winds are the main factors that determine the

climate of India.

2. Why does temperature decreases during the winter season?

Ans: India gets oblique rays of the sun and the temperature decreases.

3. From which winds do the Western Ghats get rainfall? How?

Ans: The Western Ghats get the rainfall from the south west monsoon winds. The

Arabian Sea branch strikes the Western Ghats and causes heavy rainfall to the

Western side of the Western Ghats.

4. Rainfall occurs in few places in India during summer? Give reasons.

Ans: Rainfall occurs in few places due to local heating and convection currents.

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5. “Indian agriculture is gamble with the monsoon”, why?

Ans: The South West monsoons control the agriculture of India, which is the main

occupation of the people. When the monsoons are heavy there are floods, they

also cause destruction to life and property. Hence, it is said that, “Indian

agriculture is gamble with the monsoon”.

II] Study the first pair and complete the second:

1. Winter: December to February :: Rainy season: June to September

2. Very heavy rainfall: Mausynram in Meghalaya plat ran :: Very low rainfall :

Royli in Rajasthan.

III] Fill in the blanks:

1. Tropical monsoon type of climate is found in a greater part of India found in a

greater part of India

2. North East winds bring rain to the Coromandel Coast.

3. In India Mausynram is the place with highest rainfall.

4. Pre monsoon rain in Kerala is known as Mango showers.

NATURAL VEGETATION AND ANIMAL LIFE


1. Where are the evergreen forests found in India?

Ans: 1) In India most of these forests are found on the Western Side of the Western

Ghats, in the North-Eastern hills and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

2) The semi-evergreen forests are found in the less heavy rainfall area of the

Western Ghats, Orissa and West Bengal.

2. Name the animals and birds found only in India?

Ans: a) India has some rare animals which are not found in any other part of the

world, eg. Swamp deer, Chausina (four horn antelope), Kashmir Stag, Black

buck and Neelgai. The spotted deer of India is very beautiful.

b) The falcon (hawk), geese, Mynahs, Parrots, pigeons, Cranes, hornbills,

Sunbirds and Kingfisher are found in forests and marshy lands. The Peacock is

our national bird.

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3. When was the national forest policy formed? Mention its three fold plan?

Ans: The Central Government has formed a National forest Policy in 1952. It has

three fold plan namely,

1) Nationalization of forest operations

2) Protection and operation of wildlife environment and social forestry.

3) Commercialization of industrial forest operation.

II] Give reasons for the followings

1. Tropical evergreen forests are very dense.

Ans: The heavy rainfall, high temperature and humidity are responsible for the

growth of these dense forests.

2. The forests in the Ganges delta are called Sunderbans.

Ans: In the Ganges delta, there are plenty of Sundari trees and hence the forests are

known as „Sunderbans‟.

3. Forests are very important to us.

Ans: Forests are very important natural resources. They provide raw materials to

industries such as timber, bamboo, cane, gum, medicinal plants, shrubs etc.

They provide fodder to animals.

4. Forests are being depleted.

Ans: Forests are depleted due to large scale cutting of trees for industrial

development, cultivation of crops, over-grazing by animals, construction of

railways and roadways, irrigation and power projects.

5. Social forestry is gaining importance.

Ans: Social forestry aims at not only providing enough firewood, fodder and other

forests products but also to meet the requirements of ecological balance.

II] Study the first pair and complete the second:

1. Lion : Gir forest :: Tiger : Sundarbans

2. Mahogany : Evergreen forests :: Date Palm : Desert vegetation

III] Fill in the blanks:

1. The deciduous forests shed their leaves at the beginning of summer season in

India.

2. Spotted Deer of India is very beautiful

3. The National Bird of India is Peacock.

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OUR RESOURCES


1. Name the different resources available for economic development?

Ans: The resources available for economic development are water resource, forest

resource, land resource and human resource.

2. What are the uses of water?

Ans: Water is needed for irrigation, generation of power, industries, domestic use,

navigation, fisheries and recreational purposes.

3. Mention the different types of irrigation practiced in India?

Ans: The major types of irrigation practiced in India are as follows:

1) Well Irrigation

2) Tank irrigation

3) Canal irrigation

4. Name the different types of wells?

Ans: The different types of wells are open and tube wells.

5. Name the important crops grown in black soil

Ans: Cotton, Wheat, Jawar, Onions, Chillies, Tobacco, Oil seeds, Lemons and grapes

are the important crops grown in this soil.

II] Answer the following briefly

1. Why is irrigation important in India?

Ans: Irrigation is very important in India as agriculture is the main occupation of the

people and rainfall in insufficient.

2. What are the problems with regard to tank irrigation?

Ans: 1) Tanks mostly depends on rain water. They are filled with water only during

the rainy season and become dry during summer when water is most needed.

2) Silt accumulates in tanks and desilting becomes necessary. In Karnataka

desilting of tanks has to be carried out regularly.

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3. What are the aims of multipurpose river valley projects?

Ans: 1) They provide water for irrigation

2) They help to generate hydro electric power

3) They control floods

4) They prevent soil erosion

5) They help to develop inland fisheries

6) They provide inland navigation

7) They provide water for industries

8) They provide recreation facilities and water for domestic and

9) They also help afforestation in India there are 162 major and 240 medium

size and 74 small size river valley projects.

4. State the importance and distribution of Alluvial soil.

Ans: 1) Alluvial soil is more widespread than other soils. It is spread over 7.7 lakh

sq.km of area in Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Punjab,

Haryana and Assam.

2) Alluvial soil is very useful for agriculture since it is very fertile. The soil is

rich in potash and lime but poor in nitrogen and humus. The important crops

grown in this soil are wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton and jute. The soil is also

very suitable for jute.

5. How does the water get polluted?

Ans: Very often industrial waste is discharges into rivers and seas. This causes

pollution of water.

III] Give reasons for the following:

1. Well irrigation is largely practiced today in India.

Ans: 1) It provides water to large areas of cultivated land. It is most suitable for

Indian agriculture because this system of irrigation can be adopted even in areas

where rainfall is scanty.

2) For the construction of wells, huge capital and technology are not required.

3) Irrigation is possible throughout the year.

2. River Damodar was called the „Sorrow of Bengal‟.

Ans: Its floods caused a lot of destruction in West Bengal it was called the “Sorrow

of Bengal”.

3. Peninsula rivers are ideal for the generation of hydro electricity.

Ans: This region gets heavy rainfall and it has rugged relief. The plateaus of

peninsula India also have favourable relief and wherever water is sufficient,

hydro electric power is generated.

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4. The mountain soil is suitable for plantation crops.

Ans: Mountain soil contains plenty of decayed organic matter and is suitable for

plantation crops like tea, fruits, and vegetables.

5. Soil erosion is one of the main problems of our country.

Ans: Soil erosion is one of the main problems of our country. Soil erosion is on the

increase in recent years. Soil erosion results in the loss of fertility of the soil

since it is washed away by floods. The river bed has accumulated silt deposits.

6. Human resource is the greatest resource of a country.

Ans: The people of a country are its greatest resource. All material resources are

exploited by human beings for their existence. Human resource is required for

the judicious exploitation of natural resource and to achieve economic

development of a nation.

IV] Mention the difference between:

1. Well irrigation and canal irrigation.

Ans:

WELL IRRIGATION CANAL IRRIGATION

1. There are two types of wells.

They are open wells and tube

wells.

1. Canal irrigation is mostly practiced

in North India where perennial rivers

flows

2. It accounts for 51.2% of the

total irrigated area in India.

2. India has the longest network of

irrigation canals in the world.

3. Well irrigation is mostly

practiced in the North Indian

plains and the eastern coastal

plains. Uttar Pradesh accounts for

28.6% of the total well irrigated

area.

3. 39% of the total irrigated area is

covered by canal irrigation.

4. It provides water to large areas

of cultivated land. It is most

suitable for Indian agriculture

because this system of irrigation

can be adopted even in areas

where rainfall is scanty.

4. There are two types of canals. They

are non-perennial/inundation canal and

perennial canals.

5. For the construction of wells

huge capital and technology are

not required.

5. Uttar Pradesh has the largest network

of irrigation canals in India.

6.Irrigation is possible throughout

the year

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2. Forests and Fallow land.

Ans:

FORESTS FALLOW LAND

1. India has about 687.5 lakh

hectares of land under forests. The

amount of land under forests

varies from state to state.

1. It is cultivated land but not put to use

either because of shortage of water or

poor soil.

2. Arunachal Pradesh and

Andaman & Nicobar islands have

90% of the land under forests.

2. Large tracts of land which were

cultivated in the past are now

abandoned due to soil deficiency or

water shortage.

3. Haryana has the lowest area

under forest. Reckless cutting

down of forests has reduced the

area under forest.

3.

3. Red Soil and Laterite Soil

Ans:

RED SOIL LATERITE SOIL

1. Red soil is formed due to the

disintegration of crystalline rocks.

It is red in colour due to the

change of iron content into iron

oxides.

1. Laterite soil is formed in the regions

where the rainfall is heavy and the

temperature is very high. It is not very

fertile.

2. It is deficient in organic matter,

phosphorous and lime

2. It lacks nitrogen and salts.

3. This soil is spread over an area

of almost 5.18 lakh sq.km

3. About 2.48 lakh sq.km of area in

India has this type of soil.

4. This soil is good for the cultivation

of coffee, tea and other plantation

crops.

4. Perennial and Non-perennial CANAL.

Ans:

PERENNIAL CANAL NON-PERENNIAL CANAL

1. Dams are constructed across the

rivers in case of perennial canal.

1. Canals taken out directly from the

rivers are called non-perennial canal.

2. The water is stored in reservoir

and provided for agriculture

through canals.

2. These canals are filled with water

only during the rainy seasons and dry

up during the summer season.

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V] Explain the following statements in 5-6 lines:

1. There is unity amidst diversity in India.

Ans: 1) India is a secular nation and we find unity amidst diversity. Different races

and tribes have intermingled. Hence Jawaharlal Nehru called it the melting pot.

2) The people of India speak different languages.

3) We find many religions in India. India is the home of Hindus, Muslims,

Chiritians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Zoroastrians and others.

4) India is a secular country and all are equal before the law and enjoy equal

freedom.

2. Explain the role of HRD in the development of Human resources.

Ans: 1) The main purpose of Human Resource Development is to increase social

welfare and labour productivity.

2) A new ministry in the central Government called Ministry for Human

Resource development (HRD) was formed in 1985 to nuture and utilize the

human resource properly and work for its all round development. It has five

departments for this purpose. They are:

i) Education

ii) Culture

iii) Arts

iv) Youth welfare and sports

v) Women‟s welfare. If all the resources are used judicious by then

economic

development is possible.

AGRICULTURE


1. Name the different types of agriculture followed in India?

Ans: The important types of agriculture practiced in India are:

1) Subsistence farming

2) Commercial farming

3) Mixed farming and

4) Plantation farming

2. What is mixed farming?

Ans: 1) Mixed farming is the raising of crops and rearing of cattle, poultry, bee

keeping, sericulture etc., on the same land.

2) The main characteristics of this type of farming are q) growing of a wide

variety of crops. b) Use of scientific methods of agriculture and c) Requirement

of sufficient capital.

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3. Name the important crops grown in India.

Ans: Paddy, Wheat, Jawar, Sugarcane, Cotton, Tea and Coffee.

4. Name the geographical requirements for the cultivation of wheat.

Ans: 1) It is mainly a Rabi crop of India. It is one of the oldest crops introduced in

India from West Asia.

2) It require 100C to 15

0C temperature and 50 to 70cm of rainfall. Wheat grown

well in black cotton soil and clayey soil.

5. Which are the important commercial crops of India?

Ans: Commercial crops mainly consists of fibre crops, beverage crops, sugarcane,

tobacco and oil-seeds.

6. What is the importance of pulses?

Ans: They are rich in protein. They are leguminous and maintain the fertility of the

soil. Therefore they are grown along with other crops and as part of crop

rotation.

7. Where are coffee and tea grown in India?

Ans: Assam is the largest producer of tea in India. West Bengal, Kerala, Tamilnadu

and Karnataka also produce tea. Darjeeling (West Bengal) tea is world famous.

Karnataka is the largest producer of coffee in India. The southern parts

of the Western Ghats of Karnataka are well suited for the cultivation of coffee.

Coffee is also grown in Tamilnadu and Kerala.

8. Mention the main jute growing areas in India?

Ans: West Bengal is the largest producer of jute in India. The other states are Assam,

Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa and Tripura.

9. What are the geographical conditions required for the growth of paddy.

Ans: 1) It is a tropical crop and required 250C temperature and 100 to 200cm of

rainfall.

2) Fertile alluvial soil and clayey soil are suitable for the cultivation of paddy.

3) It requires standing water till the crop is ready for harvesting hence flat land

is required.

10. What are the geographical conditions require for the growth of beverage crops?

Ans: 1) Both tea and coffee required somewhat similar climate and soil conditions.

2) They require hot and humid climate with 150C to 30

0C temperature.

3) Coffee requires 150 to 200cm of rainfall and shade of trees.

4) Tea requires 200 to 250cm of rainfall and shade of trees is not required.

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II] Match the following with words from below :

(Paddy, Wheat, Coffee, Oil-seeds, cotton, jute, Sericulture)

1. Used in the production of industries lubricants – Oil seeds.

2. Needs the shade of a tree for growth – Coffee

3. Gives more yield in black soil – Cotton

4. Winter on Rabi crop – Wheat

5. Uses mulberry leaves – Sericulture

6. India stands second in its production – Paddy

7. Grows well in the deltas of rivers – Jute.

III] Give reasons

1. Different types of agriculture are practiced in different parts of the country.

Ans: The main reasons for practicing different types of agriculture in India are the

different types of landforms, climate, soil, market, technology, capital and

labour.

2. Sugarcane is the main commercial crop of India.

Ans: Sugarcane is used as a raw material in the production of sugar, joggery, alcohol

and in paper industry.

3. Jute is grown in the Ganges Delta.

Ans: It is best grown in light sandy deltaic soil. It requires a large quantity of water

and a large supply of cheap labour.

4. India is the second largest producer of paddy in the world.

Ans: In recent years there has been great increase both in yield and production of

paddy because of the use of hybrid seeds, improved methods of cultivation and

irrigation.

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MINERAL AND POWER RESOURCES


1. Name the mineral resources of India?

Ans: India has a large deposits of iron ore, manganese ore and bauxite ore. India has

a virtual monopoly over mica. India is self sufficient in coal but coking coal is

limited. India has small deposits of Zinc, copper, lead and gold.

2. Name the iron ore deposits of Chattisgarh.

Ans: Raipur, Durg and Bastar districts of Chattisgarh are noted for iron ore

production.

3. What is the importance of mica?

Ans: Mica has some special qualities the important among them are insulation and

elasticity. So it is very useful in electrical industry.

4. In which state is geo thermal energy best harnessed?

Ans: Himachal Pradesh.

5. What are the uses of copper?

Ans: Copper is a very good conductor of heat. It is used in electrical industry. Copper

was used by the people of early civilizations for household utensils.

I] Answer in 3-4 sentences.

1. Name the important power resources. What is their importance?

Ans: Power resources are among the most important natural resources are very

essential for the economic development of a country. Coal, petroleum, natural

gas, Hydroelectric power and nuclear power are some of the important power

resources.

2. Mention the uses of manganese are and the areas where it is mined in India.

Ans: Manganese ore is an important ferro-alloy, which is smelted with iron ore to

produce steel. The hardness of steel depends on the quantity of manganese ore

used in its production. Manganese ore is also used in chemical industry,

electrical industry and production of varnishes.

Orissa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra are the important

manganese ore producing states of India.

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3. Mention the development of hydro-electric power in India

Ans: Andhra Pradesh leads in the production of hydro electric power in India. The

first successful power project was started on river Cauvery at Shivana

Samudram in 1902 in Karnataka. Later Tata Hydro electric power station was

started in the Western Ghats in Maharashtra. Pokara project was the first hydro-

electric project in Tamilnadu. Mandi power house project was the first project

in the Himachal Pradesh.

4. Which Ore is used for the production of aluminium? Where is it available in

India?

Ans: Bauxite ore is used for the production of aluminium. Bauxite is widely

distributed in India, especially in the laterite rocks of peninsular India and

Meghalaya. Bauxite deposits are found in Orissa, Gujarat, Chattisgarh,

Jharkhand, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu.

5. Mention the deposits of coal in India.

Ans: 1) The Coal fields in India are widely distributed in Damodar river valley,

Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal states

produce 89% of India‟s coal.

2) Chattisgarh has the largest coal deposits.

3) Raniganj coal field is the largest coal field in India.

6. Name the nuclear power stations of India.

Ans: The first nuclear power plant was set up at Tarapur in Maharastra in 1969. The

other nuclear power plants that were set up later are Ranapratap Sagar in

Rajasthan, Kalpakam in Tamil Nadu, Narora in Uttar Pradesh and Surat

(Kakrapur) in Gujarat recently nuclear plants were set up at Kaiga in Karnataka

and Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh.

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INDUSTRIES


1. What are manufacturing industries?

Ans: Industries which are concerned with all the stages of conversion of raw

materials into finished products are called as manufacturing industries.

2. How does industrialization help in the defence of the country?

Ans: We cannot depend on other countries for these arms and ammunition. Industries

manufacture tankers, aeroplanes, explosives, guns, bullets and many other

defence requirements and thus help to strengthen the defence of the country.

3. Which are the two types of manufacturing industries?

Ans: Manufacturing industries are divided into two types on the basis of the raw

materials that they use. They are. 1) Agro based industries 2) Mineral based

industries.

4. Which is the most important Iron and Steel industry under the private sector in

India?

Ans: Tata Iron and Steel industries

5. Name the raw materials required for chemical fertilizer industry?

Ans: The bi-products of coal and oil refineries are used as raw materials in this

industry. Now natural gas is also used as raw material.

6. Which are the important products of jute?

Ans: The main jute products are gunny bags, jute cloth, tarpaulin ropes and cordages

(required for cable industry).

I] Answer in 2-3 sentences

1. How does industrialization help in urbanization?

Ans: Generally industries are located in towns and cities. This enables the towns and

cities to become centers of trade and culture.

2. What were the causes for the decline of cottage industries during the British

period?

Ans: During the British period many of these industries suffered. The industrial

policy of the British and the industrial revolution in England were the main

causes for the decline of our industries.

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3. Which industries in the central Gangetic plain are famous? Why?

Ans: The region produces plenty of raw materials required for agro based industries.

The plain region is suitable for the development of roads and railways. High

density of population has provided market and labour supply.

4. Mention four agro based industries.

Ans: The important agro based industries are cotton, textiles, jute, sugar and paper.

5. Why Mumbai is called the Manchester of India?

Ans: Mumbai has the largest cotton textile mills. It is the main centre of cotton textile

in India. Manchester is the main cotton textile centre in England.

6. What is Chotanagpur plateau called? Why?

Ans: Iron and steel industry is concentrated around the Chotanagpur plateau which is

rich in most of the raw materials required and therefore Chotanagpur plateau is

called the Rhur of India. (Rhur region in Germany is noted for iron and steel

industry.)

7. Why are sugar factories concentrated near sugarcane growing regions?

Ans: Sugar cane which is the raw material for sugar industry is a perishable and

weight losing raw material. The sugar factories are located wherever sugarcane

is grown.

8. Name the raw materials required for paper industry?

Ans: Softwood, bamboo, sabai grass, straw, bagasse soft water and chemicals are the

raw materials required for paper industry.

9. Why are jute factories concentrated in West Bengal?

Ans: The main reasons for this concentration are availability of raw jute, fresh water

cheap water transport, power resources, cheap labour, capital and port facilities.

10. Name the Iron and Steel plants started during the second Five Year Plan.

Ans: During the second Five Year Plan period three big Iron and Steel plants were

established at Bhilai in Madhya Pradesh (now in Chattisgarh) Rorkela in Orissa

and Durgapur in West Bengal.

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11. What is the importance of engineering industry to India?

Ans: After independence great progress has been achieved in the engineering

industry. We manufacture machinery required to manufacture many goods,

without depending upon other countries.

i. A heavy engineering plant at Ranchi.

ii. Hindustan Machine tools at Bangalore

iii. Machines required to manufacture cement and chemicals are manufactured

at Vishakapatnam.

12. Consumption of cement is the index of a country‟s progress. How?

Ans: Cement is the most essential commodity for construction work after iron and

steel. For construction of buildings, roads, river valley projects, bridges etc.,

cement is very necessary along with iron. That is why “consumption of cement

is the index for the rate.”

I] Answer in 4-6 sentences

1. What are the facilities available for the development of industries in India?

Ans: 1) India has plenty of natural resources like forests, minerals, power resources,

water resources etc., which are required for industrial development.

2) India has large human resources, which can provide cheap labour. The large

population of India also provides market for industrial products.

3) India is an agricultural country. Agriculture provides raw materials for many

industries and agriculture is the chief market for industrial products.

2. Which are the factors required for the location of industries?

Ans: Certain factors are essential for the location of industries in any region. They

are:

1) Availability of raw materials

2) Power resources

3) Transport and communication facilities.

4) Skilled and unskilled labour

5) Favourable climate

6) Capital

7) Water resources

8) Market and

9) Government policy

All these factors may not be found in one place but a combination of

these factors leads to the location of industries.

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3. Mention the condition of industries in India during the British period.

Ans: i. Cotton textile mill at Bombay at Ahmedabad

ii. A jute mill in Kolkotta

iii. Smelting of iron at Kulti in West Bengal

iv. A paper mill near Kolkatta

v. After the first World War industries like iron and steel, chemicals, sugars,

cement and machine tools were started during the British period.

4. Mention briefly the growth of Iron and Steel industry in India after

Independence?

Ans: 1) After independence during the second Five Year Plan period three big Iron

and Steel plants were established at Bhilai in Madhya Pradesh (now in

Chatishgarh) Rourkela in Orissa and Durgapur in West Bengal.

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

I] Fill in the blanks

1. The foundation for four National Highway was laid by Lord Dalhousie during

the British period.

2. Prime Minister‟s Grameena Sadak Plan intends to convert many unsurfaced

roads into pucca roads.

3. During First Five Year Plan period the construction of a major port was started

at Kandla

4. A new port called Nhava sheva off Bombay (Mumbai), has the latest traffic and

cargo handling equipment.

5. To overcome the problems of Kolkatta port Haldia port was constructed on the

coast of the Bay of Bengal.

6. The International Airport at Amritsar is called Rajsansi

7. The oldest and still existing newspaper of India is Bombay Samachar.

II] Answer the followings

1. Which are the two types of roads?

Ans: Surface or mettalled road and unsurfaced or kuccha roads.

2. Why are surface roads called all season roads?

Ans: The surface roads are made of cement, concrete, bitumen and gravel. They

survive well during all weathers. So they are called all season roads.

3. Which places were connected by the first railway line in India?

Ans: The first railway line was connected Bombay and Thane in 1853.

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4. Give two examples for super fast express trains in India?

Ans: Shatabdi express and Rajadhani express are the superfast express trains in India.

5. Which are the important commodities carried by pipeline.

Ans: Oil, Natural gas and mineral ores are carried by pipeline.

6. Which is the biggest natural port of India?

Ans: Mumbai is the largest natural port of India.

7. Which is the oldest port of India?

Ans: Chennai is the oldest port of India

8. Where was the term “Akashavani” first coined?

Ans: The term “Akashavani” first coined in Mysore.

III] Answer the followings in 2-3 sentences

1. Mention the different means of transport.

Ans: i) Land transport

ii) Water transport

iii) Air transport

iv) Pipeline transport

2. Which are the different types of water transport

Ans: i) Inland water transport

ii) Coastal water transport and

iii) Ocean water transport

3. Which are the different types of roads on the basis of their construction and

maintenance?

Ans: i) National Highway

ii) State Highway

iii) District Highway

iv) Village roads.

4. What are the uses of roads in India?

Ans: i) Roads are feeders to railways.

ii) Roads provide door to door service of goods and services

iii) Roads are very convenient for short distance travel

iv) Roads carry light goods are safer to travel

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5. What is the advantage of pipeline in India?

Ans: i) They rule our transshipment delays and

ii) Rule out losses that occur shifting from one vehicle to another.

6. Why inland water transport losing its importance now a days?

Ans: i) The construction of railways and roads parallel to inland waterways.

ii) The construction of dams across the rivers is responsible for the decline of

inland waterways.

7. What do you mean by STD? What is its importance?

Ans: STD is the abbreviation for Subscribers Trunk Dialing. The system enables the

subscribers to communicate with each other directly within the country.

8. Why is air transport no popular in India?

Ans: i) Air transport is very costly.

ii) Transportation of bulky and heavy goods is difficult

iii) The pressure from other means of transport is great.

9. What is the part played by the radio as a communication media?

Ans: Radio and television plays very important role in mass communication

i) They are of great help in educating and entertaining masses.

ii) They putup a variety of programmes such as news on current affairs,

Kavisammelana, educational programmes, music, drama etc.

ii) Sometimes direct discussion programmes are also arranged with concerned

people on various subjects.

10. What are the programmes launched by the television for the general public?

Ans: Television plays a very important role in mass communication. They are great

help in educating and entertaining masses. They show a variety of programmes

such as entertainment, educational and informative programmes. They also give

information regarding weather, market trends, political and international events.

11. What is dredging? Where is it important?

Ans: Removal of sand and mud from the river floor is called dredging. Dredging is

the main occupation of thousands of people who live on the banks of river

Hoogli.

12. What is E-mail?

Ans: E-mail is an electronic medium which used t send the messages quickly from

one place to another is called E-mail.

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13. What are the main functions of the Border Road Development Authority and

what is its greatest achievement?

Ans: The construction and maintenance of these roads is vested with Border Road

Development Authority. The greatest achievement is construction of a road

from Manali in Himachal Pradesh to Leh in Kashmir. It is the highest

constructed road in the world.

IV] Answer the followings in 4-5 sentences

1. Railways are more useful than road ways. How?

Ans: i) They can be more easily constructed even in forest areas and mountains areas.

ii) They provide cheap transport for agricultural products and help industries.

iii) They are feeder to the railways.

iv) It is possible to provide door to door service.

v) Convenient for short distance travel and to carry light goods.

2. What are the measures taken to renew the Rail Transport?

Ans: i) Steam engines are replaced by diesel engines and many railway tracks are

electrified.

ii) Air condition coaches and sleeper coaches are provided

iii) Automatic signaling and communication systems have been provided.

iv) Single tracks are converted into double tracks to reduce the running time.

Meter gauge railways are converted into broad gauge.

3. What is internet?

Ans: Internet facility connects the computers of the world with each other. Thousands

of universities, government organizations, business centers all over the world

are able to get or exchange information with each other. People are also

benefited by them.

4. What is the importance of newspaper?

Ans: The newspapers cover a variety of subjects. They deal with entertainment,

sports, cultural events, academic pursuits, political trends and general topics

with growing literacy in India, the press has a bright future.

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V] Answer the followings in 8-10 sentences

1. Which are the different types of water transport? What is the need for water

transport to India?

Ans: Water transportations are classified into three types. They are.

i) Inland waterways.

ii) Coastal shipping

iii) Ocean waterways.

The need for water transportation is-

1. 90% of our foreign trade is being carried through water ways.

2. These are the cheapest means of transportation.

3. Heavy goods can be transported at cheap rate.

4. They are useful to inland navigation.

2. Explain the importance of any four ports of east coast of India.

Ans: i) Chennai : It is the oldest port of India. It has an artificial harbour. The port

serves the hinterland in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

ii) Vishakhapatnam: It is deepest land locked and well protected port of Andhra

Pradesh. It serves Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Maharastra.

iii) Paradeep: It is the newly developed port in Orissa, situated in Mahanadi

delta. It serves Orissa and Madhya Pradesh.

iv) Tuticorin: It is newly constructed port in the Southern part of Tamil Nadu.

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