Preah Sihanouk Raja Buddhist

University

English Literature

Group 2 Members:

1.Mr. souert vannak

2. Mr.Hourt Hakly

3. Mrs. Ouch Srey Neath

4. Ms. Ny Pan Mai

5. Ven. Mouch Sokly

India's relations with the world have evolved

considerably since the British colonial period (1757-

1947), when a foreign power monopolized external

relations and defense relations. On independence in

1947, few Indians had experience in making or

conducting foreign policy.

I. INDIA'S FOREIGN RELATIONS

From the late 1920s on, Jawaharlal Nehru, who had

the most long-standing interest in world affairs

among independence leaders formulated the

Congress stance on international issues. As a

member of the interim government in 1946, Nehru

articulated India's approach to the world.

These objectives were closely related to the

determinants of India's foreign relations: the historical

legacy of South Asia; India's geopolitical position and

security requirements; and India's economic needs as a

large developing nation.

From 1947 until the late 1980s, New Delhi's

foreign policy goals enabled it to achieve some

successes in carving out an independent

international role.

India's international influence varied over the years

after independence. Indian prestige and moral

authority were high in the 1950s and facilitated the

acquisition of developmental assistance from both

East and West.

Although the prestige stemmed from India's

nonaligned stance, the nation was unable to prevent

Cold War politics from becoming intertwined with

interstate relations in South Asia

Although India obtained substantial Soviet

military and economic aid, which helped to

strengthen the nation, India's influence was

undercut regionally and internationally by the

perception that its friendship with the Soviet

Union prevented a more forthright condemnation

of the Soviet presence in Afghanistan.

In the 1980s, New Delhi improved relations

with the United States, other developed

countries, and China while continuing close ties

with the Soviet Union.

*Nehru set the pattern for the formation of Indian

foreign policy: a strong personal role for the prime

minister but a weak institutional structure. Nehru

served concurrently as prime minister and minister of

external affairs; he made all major foreign policy

decisions himself

By the 1970s, the Office of the Prime Minister had

become the de facto coordinator and supra ministry of

the Indian government. The enhanced role of the office

strengthened the prime minister's control over foreign

policy making at the expense of the Ministry of

External Affairs.

1.Role of the Prime Minister

The prime minister's control and reliance on personal

advisers in the Office of the Prime Minister was

particularly strong under the tenures of Indira Gandhi

(1966-77 and 1980-84) and her son, Rajiv (1984-89),

who succeeded her, and weaker during the periods of

coalition governments under Morarji (1977-79),

Viswanath Pratap (V.P.) Singh (1989-90), Chandra

Shekhar (1990-91), and P.V. Narasimha Rao (starting

in June 1991).

Members of the Indian Foreign Service are

recruited through annual written and oral

competitive examinations and come from a great

variety of regional, economic, and social

backgrounds. The Foreign Service Training

Institute provides a wide range of courses for

foreign service officers, including a basic

professional course, a comprehensive course in

diplomacy and international relations for foreign

service recruits, a refresher course for commercial

representatives, and foreign language training.

The Ministry of External Affairs is the governmental

body most concerned with foreign affairs, with

responsibility for some aspects of foreign policy

making, actual implementation of policy, and daily

conduct of international relations.

The ministry's duties include providing timely

information and analysis to the prime minister and

minister of external affairs, recommending specific

measures when necessary, planning policy for the

future, and maintaining communications with foreign

missions in New Delhi.

2. Ministry of External Affairs

The ministry also has functional divisions dealing

with external publicity, protocol, consular affairs,

Indians abroad, the United Nations (UN) and other

international organizations, and international

conferences. Two of the eighteen specialized

divisions and units of the ministry are of special

note.

The Policy Planning and Research Division

conducts research and prepares briefs and

background papers for top policy makers and

ministry officials

*In 1990 the division established the Economic

Coordination Unit to assess the impact on India

of the Persian Gulf crisis arising from Iraq's

invasion of Kuwait, changes in Eastern Europe

and the Soviet Union, and formation of a single

market in the European Economic Community

(after 1993 the European Union), as well as to

promote foreign investment.

*The Ministry of External Affairs had a budget of

Rs8.8 billion (for value of the rupee--see Glossary)

for fiscal year (FY--see Glossary) 1994. The largest

single expense was the maintenance of missions

abroad: Rs3.8 billion, or close to 44 percent of the

ministry's expenditures.

*Foreign aid totaled Rs1.3 billion, or 15.1 percent of

the ministry's expenditures. The single largest

recipient--as in most previous years--was Bhutan

(Rs690 million), whose government operations and

development are heavily subsidized by India.

Besides the Office of the Prime Minister and the

Ministry of External Affairs, there are other government

agencies that have foreign policy-making roles. In

theory, the ministers of defense, commerce, and finance

provide input to foreign policy decisions discussed in

cabinet meetings, but their influence in practical terms is

overshadowed by the predominant position of the prime

minister and his advisers

3. Others governmental organization

*Only a limited role in foreign policy making is

provided for India's bicameral Parliament (see The

Legislature, ch. 8). Negotiated treaties and

international agreements become legally binding

on the state but are not part of domestic law unless

passed by an act of Parliament, which also has no

say in the appointment of diplomats and other

government representatives dealing with foreign

affairs.

II. Indian Military

The armed forces succeeded the military

of British India following India's

independence in 1947.

After World War II, many of the wartime

troops were discharged and units

disbanded. The reduced armed forces were

partitioned between India and Pakistan.

The Indian Armed Forces have participated in

several United Nations peacekeeping

operations and are presently the second largest

contributor of troops to the peacekeeping force.

The Army of India between 1903 and 1947

consisted of the Indian Army and the British

Army in India.

He also merged the Three Armies of the three

presidencies into a unified force and forming

higher level formations, brigading Indian and

British units.

1. The Indian Army was "the force recruited

locally and permanently based in India,

together with its expatriate British officers

2. The British Army in India consisted of British

Army units posted to India for a tour of duty,

and which would then be posted to other

parts of the Empire or back to the United

Kingdom.

3. The Indian Army and the British Army in

India were grouped together as the Army of

India.

1. The Indian Armed ForcesThe Indian Armed Forces are the military

forces of the Republic of India.

It consists of three professional uniformed

services: the Indian Army, Indian Navy,

and Indian Air Force.

Additionally, the Indian Armed

Forces are supported by Indian Coast

Guard and paramilitary

organisations (Assam Rifles,

and Special Frontier Force) and

various inter-service commands and

institutions such as the Strategic

Forces Command, the Andaman and

Nicobar Command and the Integrated

Defence Staff.

The President of India is the Supreme

Commander of the Indian Armed Forces.

The Indian Armed Forces are under the

management of the Ministry of Defence

(MoD) of the Government of India.

With strength of over 1.4 million active

personnel, it is world's 3rd largest military

force and has the world's largest volunteer army.

2. The Indian Air Force (IAF)It is the air arm of the Indian armed forces. It is

the world's fourth largest air force. Its primary

responsibility is to secure Indian airspace and to

conduct aerial warfare during a conflict.

It was officially established on 8 October 1932

as an auxiliary air force of the British Empireand

the prefix Royal was added in 1945 in recognition

of its services during World War II.

After India became independent from the United

Kingdom in 1947, the Royal Indian Air Force

served the Dominion of India, with the prefix

being dropped when India became a republic in

1950.

1. Sectors of Indian Economy (Ny Pan mai)

In any society, economy is classified into different sectors or components. A group of certain economic activities forms different sectors. The economic activities are the outcome of the production of good and services. In India, there are mainly three different sectors of the economy - primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector.

2.Major Contributors to the Indian Economy

Three major sectors contribute to the Indian economy

and the GDP of the country. These are: (i) agriculture

- which includes crops, milk, animal husbandry,

fishing, forestry and some other activities. (ii)

industry - which includes several manufacturing sub-

sectors, and (iii) services - which includes retail,

construction, software, communication, IT, banking,

healthcare and other economic activities.

3. Agriculture

Industry - Industry contributes about 26% of the GDP

and 22% of the total workforce in India is associated

with industry sector. There are many sub-sectors in

industry which generate revenue for this sector such

as petroleum, engineering, pharmaceuticals, mining,

textile and many more.

In agriculture production, India ranks second in the

world. Agriculture and related activities accounts for

about 18% of the total GDP and also employ

approximately 50% of the total workforce of the country.

The agriculture sector's contribution to the economy has

been increasing with every financial year

4.Industry

Industry contributes about 26% of the GDP and

22% of the total workforce in India is associated

with industry sector. There are many sub-sectors in

industry which generate revenue for this sector

such as petroleum, engineering, pharmaceuticals,

mining, textile and many more. Read More...

5.Challenges before Indian economy:

Population explosion: The rising population is eating

into the success of India. According to 2011 census, the

population of India has crossed one billion and is

growing at a rate of 2.11% approximately.