INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

2

Urban Growth and Stormwater:

Regional Workshop on “ Urban Water Management”, Dec 20-21, 2013, at IHC, New Delhi

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Indian Cities Considered: classification

Sr. No. City Population as per 2011 Census

Classifications

1. Roorkee 2.38 Lakhs Class-I (City)

2. Delhi 1.9 Crores Class-I (Mega Cities)

3. Chennai 70.9 Lakhs Class-I (Mega Cities)

4. Mumbai 1.84 Crores Class-I (Mega Cities)

5. Chandigarh 10.6 Lakhs Class-I (Mega Cities)

6. Varanasi 12 Lakhs Class-I (Mega Cities)

An urban centre with less than one lakh population is called a town while that with more than one lakh is called a city. Cities having population varying from one to five million are called metropolitan cities while those with more than five million are known as mega cities.

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Study/pilot area: Roorkee Town (India)

●Medium size town comprising of Roorkee municipal board and Roorkee cantonment board.

● 29° 51" N latitude, 77° 63" E longitude located on right bank of Solani River.

●Elevation 274 meters above the msl.

●Population of 24535 (Census 1951), 2.38 Lakh (Census 2011).

●Coldest months December- January, Warmest months May-June

●Major precipitation during 15th Jun to 15th September.

●Annual average rainfall is near 110 cm.

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Base map of Study Area:

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESMENT OF STORMWATER IN A PILOT URBAN AREA AND MANAGEMENT OF STORMWATER

QUALITY

Objective:

7

Methodology:

8

Stormwater runoff collection procedure

9

Description of study drains

S No. Name of

drain(s)

Total drainage

area (Km2)

Description of land use type

1 C.B.R.I. 0.323 Purely residential type

2 Adarsh

Nagar

0.345 Residential type along with highway

3 IIT Roorkee 2.325 Mixed with high percentage of residential type

4 Industrial

area

0.134 Purely industrial type

5 B.T.Ganj 4.362 Mixed residential and Commercial type with high

percentage of paved surface

6 Ramnagar 2.516 Mixed residential and commercial type

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Characteristics of Urban stormwater runoff

●For monitoring and analysis study area divided after survey.

LAND USE TYPES SOURCE AREAS

Residential area Road

Open area

Commercial area Road

Open area

Industrial area Road

Open area

Highway & Transportation Highway

Activities Bus stand

Petrol pump station

18 stormwater runoff samples were collected on a 15 min. interval during storm event. (2016-2019)

●Physicochemical analysis of rain water and runoff samples for EC, pH, major ions, Nutrients, Organics, TOC, and Metals.

Sr. no.

Date Event timing

1 26/07/2016 3.20 PM-4.10 PM

2 13/08/2016 4 PM- 5.30 PM

3 29/08/2017 5.15 PM- 6.30 PM

4 31/08/2017 9.00 AM-10.30 AM

5 3/09/2018 8.00 AM-11.30 Am

6 7/09/2018 4.15 PM – 5 PM

7 12/09/2019 9.30 AM- 10 AM

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Heavy Metal analysis:

3.4

2.4

8

5.2

3

2.4

6

2.3

9

2.1

3

4.3

9

12.2

04

9.2

02

21.1

9

17.2

3

10.6

2

11.2

3

18.8

5

116

.25

135

.98

766

.25

457

.5

808

.54

433

.25

360

.54

847

.19

594

.86

183

0.3

6

774

.69

266

7.7

1

14

72

194

2.1

3

73.2

6

65.3

3

102

.36

89.7

9

135

.33

121

.13

105

.81

23.9

8

16.5

4

55.8

9

52.8

1

73.6

5

62.3

7

2.1

1

602

.35

164

.73

49

5

328

.75

73

5

450

.75

569

.86

Resid

entia

l land u

se- s

treet ru

noff

Resid

entia

l land u

se- O

pen a

rea ru

noff

Com

merc

ial la

nd u

se- s

treet ru

noff

Com

merc

ial la

nd u

se-O

pen a

rea ru

noff

Industria

l land u

se- s

treet ru

noff

Industria

l land u

se- o

pen a

rea ru

noff

Hig

hw

ay R

unoff

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000A

naly

te

(ppb) Cd

Cr

Cu

Mn

Pb

Ni

Zn

12

Major Ions analysis:

24.9

75

21.7

5

52.0

8

43.6

1

26.6

31.1

3 56.1

9

9.4

23

4.5

9 14.2

6

15.7

5

6.8 8.2

1

16.2

5

10.0

8

8.6

5

28.8

8

42.7

5

7.0

4

7.5

4

29.4

4

10.6

6.2

5

44.5

1

40.1

3

5.7

3

10.2

1

70.2

3

129

94.3

2

184.0

6

330.0

9

86.5

8

115.7

267.5

14.8

5

9.1

5

68.3

9

51

8.7

5 27.1

71.9

9

Re

sid

en

tial la

nd

use

- stre

et ru

no

ff

Re

sid

en

tial la

nd

use

- Op

en

are

a ru

no

ff

Co

mm

erc

ial la

nd

use

- stre

et ru

no

ff

Co

mm

erc

ial la

nd

use

-Op

en

are

a ru

no

ff

Ind

ustria

l lan

d u

se

- stre

et ru

no

ff

Ind

ustria

l lan

d u

se

- op

en

are

a ru

no

ff

Hig

hw

ay R

un

off

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

(mg

/L) Calcium (Ca2+)

Magnesium (Mg2+)

Potassium (K+)

Sodium (Na+)

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Chloride (Cl-)

Major Ions Analysis

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Nutrient analysis:

3.8

4

3.5

9

7.1

9

7.4

6

3.9

9

5.6

9

10.5

1

1.3

7

2.1

5

2.8

3.1

6

2.4

1.3

3.3

1

2.8

5

4

8.7

6.1

3

5.7

5

1.6

3

7.4

1

4.8

2

4.0

9

9.0

1

5.2

8

7.5

6

4.6

10.9

5

Re

sid

en

tial la

nd

use

- stre

et ru

no

ff

Re

sid

en

tial la

nd

use

- Op

en

are

a ru

no

ff

Co

mm

erc

ial la

nd

use

- stre

et ru

no

ff

Co

mm

erc

ial la

nd

use

-Op

en

are

a ru

no

ff

Ind

ustria

l lan

d u

se

- stre

et ru

no

ff

Ind

ustria

l lan

d u

se

- op

en

are

a ru

no

ff

Hig

hw

ay R

un

off

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

(mg/L

)

Nitrate (NO3-N)

Phosphorous (PO4-P)

Total Phosphorous (TP)

Total kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)

Nutrients Analysis

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Organics Analysis:

80.2 91.0

9

142.2

104.6

6

97.0

6

136.0

4 162.6

1

133.4

6 162.3

9

259.5

171.3

8

184.5

275.4

1

324.2

4

19.8

1

20.8

1

48.6

4

39.2

4

33.2

6 54.8

4

68.1

5

3.3

1

3.3

6

6.7

1

1.8

1

4.4

1

2.2

8

9.0

5

Resid

entia

l lan

d u

se- s

treet ru

no

ff

Resid

entia

l lan

d u

se- O

pe

n a

rea ru

noff

Com

merc

ial la

nd u

se- s

treet ru

no

ff

Com

merc

ial la

nd u

se-O

pe

n a

rea ru

noff

Indu

stria

l lan

d u

se- s

treet ru

no

ff

Indu

stria

l lan

d u

se- o

pen

are

a ru

no

ff

Hig

hw

ay R

un

off

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350(m

g/L

) Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Chemical Oxygen demand (COD)

Total Organic carbon (TOC)

Oil and grease

Organics Analysis

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Physical Properties analysis:

Re

sid

entia

l land u

se- s

treet ru

noff

Re

sid

entia

l land u

se- O

pen a

rea ru

noff

Co

mm

erc

ial la

nd u

se- s

treet ru

noff

Co

mm

erc

ial la

nd u

se-O

pen a

rea ru

noff

Industria

l land u

se- s

treet ru

noff

Industria

l land u

se- o

pen a

rea ru

noff

Hig

hw

ay R

unoff

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

pH

Specific conductance

Total dissolved solids

Total suspended solids

Physical Properties Analysis

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Runoff-rainfall ratios

• The Runoff-Rainfall quality

ratios indicates high input

of terrestrial surface on the

quality of surface runoff.

• A buildup of solids,

dissolved ions, organics

and heavy metal is clearly

visible, while nutrient

buildup is less.

Residential land use

0

20

40

60

Ca Mg K Na HCO3 Cl

Ru

no

ff-r

ain

fall

rat

ios Street Open area

Commercial land use

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Ca Mg K Na HCO3 Cl

Runoff

-rai

nfa

ll r

atio

s

Industrial land use

0

20

40

60

Ca Mg K Na HCO3 ClR

un

off

-rai

nfa

ll r

atio

s

Highway

0

20

40

60

Ca Mg K Na HCO3 Cl

Runoff

-rai

nfa

ll r

atio

s

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Runoff Quality: major findings

• pH values varied from 7.35 to 8.20, indicating a neutral to sub-alkaline nature.

• Higher pH values observed in industrial streets.

• Higher TDS and TSS value observed in commercial streets.

• High TSS possibly caused by wash off accumulated solids from dry depositions and

losses soil.

• Commercial streets and open areas to be the largest contributors of major ions.

• Nutrient concentration in runoff emanating from all types of land use observed to be

high enough to support a high algal growth in the receiving surface waters.

• Street runoff displayed higher value of BOD, COD ,TOC and oil and grease than

open area runoff

• Industrial and commercial street and open area runoff contains significant

concentration of Cu, Mn, and Zn, while highways the main contributor of Cr and Pb.

• The values of runoff coefficient varied between 0.05 and 0.62 by hydrological

analysis .

Sustainable stormwatermanagement

water

demand

drinking

Rain water harvesting

supply

washing

flushing

irrigation

Storage tanks

From sourceStormwater

management

With the help ofsustainable stormwatermanagement theharvested water can beused for non-potablewater uses.

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