indian power sector-initiatives to smart grid
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Indian Power Sector-Initiatives to Smart GridTRANSCRIPT
I n d i a n Powe r S e c to r – I n i t i a t ive s to S m a r t G r i d
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
Dr. N M PindoriyaAssistant Professor | Electrical EngineeringIIT Gandhinagar, Gujarat, IndiaEmail: [email protected]
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Electric Power Supply System
Dis
trib
uti
on
su
bsta
tio
n
Residential users
Bulk
Generation
HV Transmission Lines
(765 kV, 400 kV, 220
kV, 132kV )
Generating
Substation
Transmission
Substation
Commercial &
industrial users
(33 & 11 kV)
Where does our electricity
come from ?
Generation Transmission Distribution Consumption
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Energy Resources for Electricity Generation
Nonrenewable Energy
Resources
Fossil Fuels: Coal, oil (petroleum), and natural gas
Nuclear Fuels: Elements with unstable nuclei, such as uranium
Renewable Energy
Resources
Hydropower: The force of moving water from streams, rivers or storage reservoirs
Wind: The force of moving air
Solar: The radiant energy from the sun
Biomass: Plant material (including wood) or organic waste
Ocean: The mechanical energy of ocean tides, currents, and waves, and the sun’s heat energy stored in the ocean
Geothermal: The natural heat in the earth
Nonrenewable Energy
Resources
Fossil Fuels: Coal, oil (petroleum), and natural gas
Nuclear Fuels: Elements with unstable nuclei, such as uranium
Renewable Energy
Resources
Hydropower: The force of moving water from streams, rivers or storage reservoirs
Wind: The force of moving air
Solar: The radiant energy from the sun
Biomass: Plant material (including wood) or organic waste
Ocean: The mechanical energy of ocean tides, currents, and waves, and the sun’s heat energy stored in the ocean
Geothermal: The natural heat in the earth
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Electricity Generation Mix: Present Status
Fuel GW (as on 31/5/2013)
Thermal 153.19
Hydro 39.62
Nuclear 4.78
RES(MNRE) 27.54
Total 225
Growth of RE:
major share by
the private
sector
Total Thermal
68%
Hydro 18%
Nuclear2%
RES(MNRE)
12%
Source: http://www.cea.nic.in
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
Thermal Hydro Nuclear RES
31/3/1997
31/3/2002
31/3/2007
31/3/2012
31/3/2013
Ins
tall
ed
ca
pa
cit
y (
GW
)
86
105
132
200
224
Total
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
40.77
29.73
29.49
Private sectorState sector
Central sector
Top Players in the Power Sector
State level corporationsPSU (Central
and State)
Private
Sector
0
10
20
30
40
50
State sector Central sector Private sector
% a
ge
sh
are
Electricity Market Players
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Resources Potential (MW)
Wind Power 49,130
Small Hydro Power 15,000
Biomass and Waste 30,000
Solar power 20-30 MW/ sq. km (50000 Approx.)
Source wise breakup
Small Hydro Power
17%
Biomass Power
19%
Cogeneration bagasse
6%
Waste to Energy
3%
Wind Power55%
8%
14%
7%
12%
11%4%7%
9%
4%
24%
AP
Gujarat
J&K
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
UP
Others
State wise breakup
Potential of Renewable Power in India
Source : MNRE, India
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Projection: 49,130 MW at 2% land availabilityGoal of 20 GW by 2022
Potential of Wind and Solar Power in India
Source: www.cwet.tn.nic.in/
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
For example: in Gujarat (MGVCL, PGVCL, DGVCL, UGVCL four
DISCOMS and one controlling body GUVNL, and one generation
company GSEC) and private DISCOMS : Torrent power
Distribution Companies (DISCOMS)
State Level
Regional Level (5)
National Level (1) NLDC
NRLDC
SLDC SLDC
ERLDC NERLDC WRLDC SRLDC
SLDC SLDC
3 levels of grid management systems (national, regional
and state), using SCADA
Grid Management is being looked after by POSOCO
Power Grid Operation in India
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Indian Wholesale Market (Bilateral contracts)
STOA
Indian PXs (Day-ahead
market)
Real-time balancing
market
UI mechanism
DISCOMS
Open access
consumers
CPPs
NTPCNHPC
NPCIL
IPPs
Reliance
Adani
TATA
DISCOMS
Open access
consumers
DISCOMsRetails/large
consumers
State Gens.
Traders
CPPs
DISCO
MS
System operation
Injections/drawals
adjustment
One day in advance Day of operation
Indian Wholesale Market (Bilateral contracts)
LTOA
Year aheadYears ahead
Electricity Market Operation: Segments
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Independent System Operator (ISO)
Generator Companies (GenCos)
Transmission Companies (TransCos)
Distribution Companies
(DisCos)Retailer Customer
Electricity Regulatory
Different Entities in Electricity Market
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
5.264.79
4.18
4.96
3.47 3.57
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Price of electricity transacted through traders
Price of electricity transacted through PXs
Rs
./k
Wh
26.72 27.7
35.84
610
15
7
16 16
25.8 28.1 27.8
65.91
81.56
94.51
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Volume of electricity transacted through traders
Voume of electrcity transaction between DISCOMS
Volume of electricity transacted through PXs
Volume of electricity transacted through UI
Total short term transactions
BU
s
Short Term Transactions
Source: http://www.cercind.gov.in/
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Falling electricity prices at the exchange
IEX Transactions
Source: www.iexindia.com
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Under NAPCC, one of the missions is targeted at increasing the
contribution of RE to the grid to 15% by 2020.
Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO): EA 2003 empowers the
SERCs to set targets for DISCOMs to purchase certain % age
(between 1% and 15%) of their total power requirement from RES
RPO and REC Mechanism : Promote RE Generators
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
NR
WR
SR
ER NER
MW
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
• Renewable Energy Certificate (REC): Market based instrument
– Provides evidence that a generator has produced a certain quantum of power from a RE resource which has been consumed
– Effects the environmental attributes of the source of generation
• REC mechanism is expected to overcome geographical constraints and provide flexibility to achieve RPO compliance.
• Create competition among different RE technologies
RPO and REC Mechanism : Promote RE Generators
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
Au
g,
20
11
Se
p,
20
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Oc
t, 2
01
1
No
v,
20
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De
c,
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Ja
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20
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y,
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g,
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v,
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c,
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20
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b,
20
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3
Ap
r, 2
01
3
Ma
y,
20
13
Ju
ne
, 2
01
3
REC Issued REC Redeemed
Opening Balance Closing Balance
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Cost of electricity
through RE
generation
Cost equivalent
to conventional
resources
Cost for
“GREEN”
Attributes
Feed-in-Tariff (FiT)
Sale of electricity to
obligated entities(DISCOMs, CPPs,
OA consumers) at
preferential tariff
REC Option
Unbundling of REC from
electrical energy
Sale of electricity to
obligated entities at
price ≤ average price
Electricity
Electricity
sale at
market price
REC (Solar and
non-solar)
Green attributes
Sale of REC at PXs
Solar PV
• 12-15 Rs/kWh
for first 12 years
• 3-5 Rs/kWh for
next 13 years
Solar
Thermal
• 9-11 Rs/kWh for
first 12 years
• 3 -4 Rs/kWh for
next 13 years
Wind 3-5 Rs/kWh
Renewable Energy Trading
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
REC Trading: Experience so far
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
RE
C (
No
n-S
ola
r)
IEX Non-Solar
PXIL Non-Solar
IEX Solar
PXIL Solar
RE
C (
So
lar)
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
REC Trading: Experience so far
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
No
n-S
ola
r
Sola
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No
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May '11June '11July '11Aug '11Sep '11Oct '11Nov '11Dec '11Jan '12Feb '12Mar '12Apr '12May '12June '12July '12Aug'12Sep '12Oct '12Nov '12Dec '12Jan '13Feb '13March '13Apr '13May '13June '13
IEX
PXIL
Rs
/RE
C
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Smart grid is the integration of Information & Communication
Technology (ICT), through which dynamic two-way digital
communication is possible, into at all levels of power grid.
It encompasses a broad set of applications, including
software, hardware and technologies that enable utilities to
integrate, interface with, and intelligently control innovations.
Source of this image: Smart Grid Communication: Its
Challenges and Opportunities, IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON SMART GRID, VOL. 4, NO. 1, MARCH 2013
two-way information and
communication network between
the energy suppliers and their
customers
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
n L
ay
er
Po
we
r L
ay
er
LANUtilities
network
Ap
pli
ca
tio
n L
ay
er
AMI
DR
Grid optimization
Distributed generation
and storage
Smart charging & V2G
Future applications & services
WANBackhaul network between
FAN and utilities
Ce
llu
lar
(2G
/3G
)
Pri
va
te
wir
ele
ss
Sa
tell
ite
BP
L
WiM
ax
FAN/AMIMissing link in end-end n/w; now
being deployed at scale
RF
Me
sh
RF
po
int-
mu
ltip
oin
t
WiM
ax
Fib
er
BP
L/P
LC
HANNetwork linking loads &
appliances for utility & cons.
WiF
i
Zig
Be
e
Ho
me
Plu
g
Glo
wP
AN
Z-W
av
e
N/W Gateway Smart Meter
Generation Transmission Substation Distribution Residential/com
mercial/industrial
consumers
Distributed
resources
& storage
SCADA
/DMS
Utility T&D Infrastructure Customer
Smart Grid Framework
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Smart Grid Framework
Building additional layers of automation, communication and IT systemsto transform it to a smarter grid
Applications or building blocks of a smart grid
SCADA with Energy Management Systems (EMS) and Distribution ManagementSystems (DMS)
Enterprise IT network covering all substations and field offices with reliablecommunication systems
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) – mapping of electrical network assets andconsumers on geospatial maps,
modernization of the substations with modern switchgear and numerical relays,
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) with two way communication and MDMS
Electronic billing systems and customer care systems,
Distribution Automation and Substation Automation Systems
Outage Management Systems (OMS),
Wide Area Measurement and Control Systems,
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)/Asset Management Systems,
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
• Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) & Smart Meters
AMI/AMR Technology
integration of many technologies that provides an intelligent
connection between the grid, consumers and their loads, and
generation and storage resources
Smart metering
HAN /LAN
Integrated (wide-area)
communication network
Operational gateways
MDMS
Smart Grid: Enabling Technologies
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Smart Grid: Enabling Technologies
• Smart Meters
enable consumers to monitor and
manage their power use practically
in real time and thus conserve
energy.
utilities benefit from better grid
load planning and lower cost and
gain detailed insight into network
dynamics.
Photo: Siemens
Ref: white paper on smart Metering
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Smart Grid: Indian Context
Smart grid is defined by the complexities of managing synchronized national grid
power exchanges
open access transactions
diverse generation resources
AT&C loss reduction
demand-side management
System operators: seeking to minimize human interface to
limit the margin for error
National objective: to progressively increase renewable
energy share in the grid, which necessitates real-time
monitoring, forecasting and efficient grid dispatch
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
• India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF)
– A non-profit voluntary consortium of
public and private partnership body
constituted in Sept. 2010
– Objective: to accelerate the
development and implementation of
Smart Grid technologies in the
Indian Power Sector
India Smart Grid Task Force
◦ An inter ministerial group was constituted to help frame Govt. policies
for creating conductive policy framework for accelerated
implementation of Smart Grid
◦ Designed to work with various Govt. agencies to convert the recommendations
made by the ISGF in to policies.
Smart Grid: Institutional framework
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Drivers for smart grids in India
Utilities:• Reduction of T&D losses in all utilities to 15% or below
• Peak load management – multiple options
• Reduction in power purchase cost
• Better asset management
• Increased grid visibility
• Self-healing grid
• Renewable integration
Customers:• Improve reliability of supply to all customers – no power cuts, no more
DG sets and inverters
• Improve quality of supply – no more voltage stabilizers
• User friendly and transparent interface with utilities
• Increased choices for consumers, including green power
Source: Draft on Smart Grid Roadmap for India, ISGF
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Government & Regulators:
• Satisfied customers
• Financially sound utilities
• Tariff neutral system upgrade and modernization
• Reduction in carbon and other pollutant emissions and emission intensity
Drivers for smart grids in India
Source: Draft on Smart Grid Roadmap for India, ISGF
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
”Transform the Indian power sector into a
secure, adaptive, sustainable and digitally enabled
ecosystem by 2027 that provides reliable and quality
energy for all with active participation of stakeholders “
Smart Grid Vision for India
• Integrated technology trials through a set of smart grid pilot projects (14 across
India) by 2015
• Integration of R-APDRP building blocks into future smart grid development
• Availability of an indigenous smart meter by 2014
• National Optical Fibre Networking for better communication for most of S/S 33/11 kV
• Enabling programs and projects in distribution utilities to reduce AT&C losses to
below 15% by 2017, below 12% by 2022, and below 10% by 2027
• Conversion of existing distribution sub-stations to GIS based substations
• Formulation of effective customer outreach and communication programs for active
involvement of consumers (Knowledge portal)
• development of Microgrids, storage options, virtual power plants (VPP), vehicle to
grid (V2G), solar to grid (PV2G), and building to grid (B2G) technologies in order to
manage peak demand, optimal use of installed capacity and reduce load shedding
and black-outs.
Source: Draft on Smart Grid Roadmap for India, ISGF
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Utility Level Functionalities
Load Forecast
Disaster Outage
Management
Power Purchase optimize
Consumer Awareness
Pilot Area Level Functionalities
Naroda
AM
I
Co
ns
um
er
AT
&C
Lo
ss
re
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cti
on
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ak
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DT
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an
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tDeesa
AT
&C
Lo
ss
R
ed
uc
tio
n
AM
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SG Pilot Project - UGVCL
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Illustrative smart home energy management system
Intelligent Energy Management System
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
VGEC-IIT GN Power Distribution Network
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Solar PV Systems – Schematic Arrangement
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
10 kWp Solar PV (Thin-film, CIS) System
Pyranometer
Inverter & Data logger
Thermometer
PV moduleManufacturer : Solar Frontier, JapanType : CIS (SF150-L)Nominal value : 150 Wp
Installation conditionsInclined angle : 25°Orientation : South
Installed by
NTT Facilities, Inc., JapanTotal 64 PV modules (Thin-film, CIS)
(http://www.solar-frontier.com)
PV Inverter (REFUsol 010K)
Data logger (Solar-Log 200)
Pyranometer and Irradiance sensors with module temperature sensor
Ambient temperature sensor
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Load Profile & PV Generation
0
50
100
150
200
250
12:30 AM
2:00 AM
3:30 AM
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8:00 AM
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12:30 PM
2:00 PM
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5:00 PM
6:30 PM
8:00 PM
9:30 PM
11:00 PM
Feb 2012
SPV o/p W/o SPV Actual-Avg kW
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Load Profile & PV Generation
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11:00 PM
March 2012
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Load Profile & PV Generation
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2:00 PM
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8:00 PM
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11:00 PM
April 2012
Dr. N M Pindoriya, IIT Gandhinagar
Thanks for your kind attention !!!
… Any questions ???