Structure and The Present scenario

INDIAN POWER SYSTEM

By Soumyadeep Ganguly , Roll-41

GENERATION

PRESENT SCENERIO IN THE INDIAN POWER SECTOR

Installed Generation capacity : 2,07,006.04 MW

Supply Demand gap : 8.8%

Per capita power consumption : 733 kWhr

Captive generation : 34,444.12 MW

PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTION (kWh) BY DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

According to data provided by the World bank

Austra

lia

China

Russian

Fed

arat

ion

Indi

a

Unite

d St

ates

Unite

d Kin

gdom

Germ

any

Fran

ce

11113

2631

6133

733

12914

56926779

7468

PERCENTAGE OF DIFF. SOURCE OF GENERATION

Coal57%

117833 MWGas

9%18903 MW

Oil1%

1,199

Hydro19%

39291 MW

Neuclear2%

4780 MW

Renewable energy 12%

20,556 MW

Source: CEA website

ENERGY RESOURCE MAP IN INDIA

NR

WR

SR

ER

NER

Ennore

Kudankulam

Kayamkulam

Partabpur

Talcher/Ib Valley

Vindhyachal

Korba

LEGEND

Coal

Hydro

Lignite

Coastal

Nuclear

Vizag

Simhadri

Kaiga

Tarapur

Mangalore

Krishnapatnam

RAPP

SIKKIM

CHICKEN NECK

Cuddalore

SRI LANKACOLOMBO

NEPALBHUTAN

DESHBANGLA

South Madras

Pipavav

Generation Load-Centre

Kolkata

Bhubaneswar

Patna

Lucknow

Delhi

Mumbai

Chennai

Bangalore

Bhopal

Guwahati

Jammu

Ludhiana

Jaipur

Gandhinagar

Indore

Raipur

Thiruvananthapuram

Kozhikode

Hyderabad

Hydro

Coal

• Hydro potential in North east and upper part of Northern Region

• Coal reserves mainly in Eastern Region

• Distribution of energy resources and consumption centers are extremely unbalanced

• Necessitate power transfer over long distances

Renewable Energy Sources

Solar

Solar Thermal

Solar Photovoltai

c

Wind OTE Biomass Geothermal Small Hydro Wave Energy

Tidal Energy

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN INDIA

Programs/Systems

Estimated Potential

Estimated Achievement

Percentage

Solar P.V 50 MW/sq.km 30 MW/sq.km 60

Biomass Power

16881 MW 1045 MW 6.2

Wind Power 45595 MW 14464 MW 32

Small Hydro Power(<25 MW)

15,000 MW 3105 MW 20.7

Waste Energy 2700 MW 39.66 MW 1.48

Cogeneration 5000 MW 1742 MW 34.84

Total 20556 MW

POWER SECTOR IS AILING FOR -

• Inadequate power generation capacity

• Lack of optimum utilization of the existing generation capacity

• Inefficient use of electricity by the end consumer;

• Inadequate inter-regional transmission links

• Huge T&D losses (theft)

TRANSMISSION

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSMISSION NETWORK

• During 80’s, NTPC had the jurisdiction of creating HV transmission system along with their super thermal power stations.

• Subsequently, PGCIL was formed out of NTPC in 1992

• Transmission sector opened up for private sector participation with the amendment of the ES Act in 1998

Regional

State

National

1960’s 1980’s 1990’s

Local

1950’s

Evolution of Grid Interconnection in India

• To transfer power from surplus regions to deficit regions

• Utilise maximum resources from diversified regions

• Ensure reliable, economical and quality power

OBJECTIVES OF NATIONAL GRID

The national grid envisaged by Powergrid is a hybrid network comprising of a 765 kV with 400 kV AC and 500 kV HVDC links.

ROURKELA

RAIPURHIRMA

TALCHER

JAIPUR

NER

ER

WR

NR

SR

B'SHARIF

ALLAHABAD

SIPAT

GAZUWAKA

JEYPORECHANDRAPUR

SINGRAULI

VINDHYA-

1000MW

500MW

LUCKNOW

DIHANG

CHICKEN NECK

TEESTA

TIPAIMUKH

BADARPUR

MISA

DAMWE

KATHAL-GURI

LEGEND

765 KV LINES

400 KV LINES

HVDC B/B

HVDC BIPOLE

EXISTING/ X PLAN NATIONAL

ZERDA

HISSAR

BONGAIGAON

DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL GRID

KOLHAPUR

NARENDRA

KAIGA

PONDA

IX PLAN

MARIANI

NORTH

KAHALGAON

RANGANADI

SEONICHEGAON

BHANDARA

DEHGAM

KARAD

LONIKAND

VAPI

GANDHAR/

TALA

BANGLA

BALLABGARH A'PUR(DELHI RING)

BANGALORE

KOZHIKODE

COCHIN

KAYAMKULAM

TRIVANDRUM

PUGALUR

KAYATHAR

KARAIKUDI

CUDDALORE

SOUTH CHENNAI

KRISHNAPATNAM

CHITTOOR

VIJAYAWADA

SINGARPET

PIPAVAV

LIMBDI

KISHENPUR

DULHASTI

WAGOORA

MOGA

URI

BHUTAN

RAMAGUNDAM

SATLUJRAVI

JULLANDHAR

DESH

VARANASI/UNNAO

M'BAD

PURNEA

KORBA

NAGDA

SILIGURI/BIRPARA

TEHRI

MEERUT

BHIWADI

BINA

SATNA

MALANPURSHIROHI

KAWAS

AMRAVATI

AKOLA

AGRA

SIRSI

CHAL

JETPURAMRELI

BOISARTARAPUR

PADGHE

DHABOL

KOYNA

BARH

G'PUR

HOSURMYSORE

KUDANKULAM

M'PUR

KARANPURA

MAITHON

JAMSHEDPUR

PARLI

WARDA

BEARILLY

SALEM GRID

XI PLAN

765 KV LINES IN X PLAN. TO BE CHARGED AT 400KV INITIALLY

TO BE CHARGED AT 765 KV UNDER NATIONAL GRID

CHEAP HYDRO POWER FROM THE NORTH-EAST

AND PIT HEAD THERMAL POWER FROM THE EAST

ENTERS THE RING AND EXITS TO POWER STARVED

REGIONS

765 KV RING MAIN SYSTEM

THE POWER ‘HIGHWAY’

RESTRUCTURING THE POWER SYSTEM

INDIAN ELECTRICITY ACT 2003:

An Act related to the laws of generation, transmission, distribution, trading ,use of electricity and whose primary features are:

1. Generation has been delicensed

2. Transmission and distribution to be licensed

3. Transmission utility at the central and state level to be a government company 4. Open access in transmission. 5. The state government required to unbundle State Electricity boards (such as GENCOS,TRANSCOS,DISCOS). 6. Setting up State electricity regulatory commission (SERC) made mandatory

Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Single Management

INITIAL SET-UP

Govt. owned Transmission Genco

3

Genco1

Genco2

Disco1

Disco2

Disco3

RESTRUCTURED SET UP AFTER DEREGULATION

FEATURES OF DEREGULATED POWER SYSTEM

A DISCO has the freedom to have contract with any GENCO for transaction of power.

A DISCO may have contract with a GENCO in any other control area.

All the transactions have to be cleared through an impartial entity called Independent system operator (ISO).

The ISO has to control a no. of Ancillary services most important of which is Automatic Generation control (AGC).

DISCO1 DISCO2

GENCO1 GENCO2

DISCO3 DISCO3

GENCO3 GENCO4

Area 1 Area 2

Tie Line

SCHEMATIC OF A TWO AREA SYSTEM IN A RESTRUCTURED POWER SYSTEM

DISCO PARTICIPATION MATRIX

It is a representation of various combinations of DISCO-GENCO contracts in practice

DISCO1 DISCO2 DISCO3 DISCO4

GENCO1 cpf11 cpf12 cpf13 cpf14

GENCO2 cpf21 cpf22 cpf23 cpf24

GENCO3 cpf31 cpf32 cpf33 cpf34

GENCO4 cpf41 cpf42 cpf43 cpf44

cpf : Contract Participation Factor

Contract Participation factor is a fraction of the load demanded by the J th DISCO from all the GENCOS.

Hence 4

∑ cpfji = 1 pu

i=1

Example

For the 1st DISCO the cpfs are cpf11=0.3 pu ,cpf21=0.3 pu, cpf31=0.4 ,cpf41=0.0

So that cpf11+cpf21+cpf31+cpf41=1.0 pu

Failure to comply with these contracts may cause damage to the system health as severe as Grid Failure.

SCHEMATIC OF THE AGC BLOCK DIAGRAM UNDER RESTRUCTURED SCENERIO:

RESPONSES OF THE AGC SCHEME UNDER LOAD DISTEURBANCE:

ISSUES OF DEREGULATION

• Determining the charges based on the category of Open access users.

• Difficulty in persuading a monopolist to give up its monopoly privileges.

• Conflicting interests in the regulatory framework.

•The removal of cross subsidy surcharge

• Impact of open access on poor consumers.

LOAD DISPATCH CENTRES

• The control of the grid is planned to be done at 3 levels of hierarchy namely NLDC, RLDC and SLDC.

• Each level of hierarchy has definite roles and responsibilities

• Economy and Efficiency of National Grid• Scheduling and dispatch of electricity over the inter-regional links• Monitoring of operations and grid security of National Grid• Restoration of synchronous operation of National Grid• Trans-national exchange of power

NLDC

Supervision

RLDCSupervision & control

Inter Regional Links

Accounting

Coordinate

ROLE OF NLDC

• Real time operation , control & contingency analysis

• Generation scheduling/ re-scheduling• Restoration • Metering & data collection • Compiling & furnishing of operation data• Operation of ancillary services

RLDC

Exclusive functions

ROLE OF RLDC

ROLE OF SLDC

SLDC – Apex body in a State

Power System

State

• Optimum scheduling and dispatch • Keep accounts of electricity

transmitted• Activities of

Real-time operation

• Exercise supervision and controlLicensee,

generating company, generating station,

sub-station and any other

concerned person

CONCLUSION

Electricity reform process in India is already in action although in a slow Pace, several state electricity boards are being unbundled into three separate corporations namely Gencos, Transcos and Discos. The distribution company has option to purchase power from any generation utility through the existing transmission network We can say that open access and de-regulation make the power system more reliable, efficient and flexible. The open access market can improve the Indian power industry and Indian economy also if the issues of the open access are properly addressed

THANK YOU