indian rivers inter-link - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Map of the major rivers, lakes andreservoirs in India.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe Indian Rivers Inter-link is a proposed large-scale civil engineeringproject that aims to link India's rivers by a network of reservoirs andcanals and so reduce persistent floods in some parts and water shortagesin other parts of India.[1][2]

The Inter-link project has been split into three parts: a northernHimalayan rivers inter-link component, a southern Peninsularcomponent and starting 2005, an intrastate rivers linking component.[3]The project is being managed by India's National Water DevelopmentAgency (NWDA), under its Ministry of Water Resources. NWDA hasstudied and prepared reports on 14 inter-link projects for Himalayancomponent, 16 inter-link projects for Peninsular component and 37intrastate river linking projects.[3]

The average rainfall in India is about 4,000 billion cubic meters, butmost of India's rainfall comes over a 4-month period June throughSeptember. Furthermore the rain across the nation is not uniform, theeast and north gets most of the rain, while the west and south get less.[4][5] India also sees years of excessmonsoons and floods, followed by below average or late monsoons with droughts. This geographical and timevariance in availability of natural water versus the year round demand for irrigation, drinking and industrialwater creates a demand-supply gap, that has been worsening with India's rising population.[5]

Proponents of the rivers inter-linking projects claim the answers to India's water problem is to conserve theabundant monsoon water bounty, store it in reservoirs, and deliver this water using rivers inter-linking project to areas and over times when water becomes scarce.[4] Beyond water security, the project is also seen to offerpotential benefits to transport infrastructure through navigation, as well as to broadening income sources in ruralareas through fish farming. Opponents are concerned about knowledge gap on environmental, ecological, socialdisplacement impacts as well as unseen and unknown risks associated with tinkering with nature.[2] Others areconcerned that some projects create international impact and the rights of nations such as Bangladesh must berespected and negotiated.[6]

1 History2 The need3 Plan

3.1 Himalayan component3.2 Peninsular Component3.3 Intra-state inter-linking of rivers

4 International comparisons5 Discussion

5.1 Costs

Indian Rivers Inter-link - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rivers_Inter-link

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5.2 Ecological and environmental issues5.3 Displacement of people and fisheries profession5.4 Poverty and population issues5.5 International issues5.6 Political views

6 See also7 External links8 References

British colonial eraThe Inter-linking of Rivers in India proposal has a long history. During the British colonial rule, for example,the 19th century engineer Arthur Cotton proposed the plan to interlink major Indian rivers in order to hastenimport and export of goods from its colony in South Asia, as well as to address water shortages and droughts insoutheastern India, now Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.[7]

Post independenceIn the 1970s, K.L. Rao,[8] a former irrigation minister proposed National Water Grid. He was concerned aboutthe severe shortages of water in the South and repetitive flooding in the North every year. He suggested that theBrahmaputra and Ganga basins are water surplus areas, and central and south India as water deficit areas. Heproposed that surplus water be diverted to areas of deficit. When Rao made the proposal, several inter-basintransfer projects had already been successfully implemented in India, and Rao suggested that the success bescaled up.[8]

In 1980, Indias Ministry of Water Resources came out with a report entitled National Perspectives for WaterResources Development. This report split the water development project in two parts the Himalayan andPeninsular components. Congress Party came to power and it abandoned the plan. In 1982, India financed andset up a committee of nominated experts, through National Water Development Agency (NWDA)[1] tocomplete detailed studies, surveys and investigations in respect of reservoirs, canals and all aspects of feasibilityof inter-linking Peninsular rivers and related water resource management. NWDA has produced many reportsover 30 years, from 1982 through 2013.[1] However, the projects were not pursued.The river inter-linking idea was revived in 1999, after a new political alliance formed the central government,but this time with a major strategic shift. The proposal was modified to intra-basin development as opposed tointer-basin water transfer.[9]

21st centuryBy 2004, a different political alliance led by Congress Party was in power, and it resurrected its opposition tothe project concept and plans. Social activists campaigned that the project may be disastrous in terms of cost,potential environmental and ecological damage, water table and unseen dangers inherent with tinkering withnature. The central government of India, from 2005 through 2013, instituted a number of committees, rejected anumber of reports, and financed a series of feasibility and impact studies, each with changing environmentallaw and standards.[9][10]


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Drought affected area farm lands inKarnataka.

Indian regions in blue were inundatedwith floods for 6 weeks of havocstarting with the first week of Julyduring the 2007 South Asian floods.Between 1953 to 2011, floods inIndia have caused varying amounts ofdamage from year to year; overall,the flood-related cumulative loss hasbeen 213000 crore(US$34 billion).[12]

In February 2012, while disposing a Public Interest Litigation (PIL)lodged in the year 2002, Supreme Court (SC) refused to give anydirection for implementation of Rivers Interlinking Project. SC statedthat it involves policy decisions which are part of legislative competenceof state and central governments. However, SC directed the Ministry ofWater Resources to constitute an experts committee to pursue the matterwith the governments as no party had pleaded against theimplementation of Rivers Interlinking Project.[11]

Drought, floods and shortage of drinking waterIndia receives about 4,000 cubic kilometers of rain annually, or about 1million gallons of fresh water per person every year.[2] However, theprecipitation pattern in India varies dramatically across distance andover calendar months. Much of the precipitation in India, about 85%, isreceived during summer months through monsoons in the Himalayancatchments of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) basin. Thenortheastern region of the country receives heavy precipitation, incomparison with the northwestern, western and southern parts. Theuncertainty of start date of monsoons, sometimes marked by prolongeddry spells and fluctuations in seasonal and annual rainfall is a seriousproblem for the country.[1] The nation sees cycles of drought years andflood years, with large parts of west and south experiencing moredeficits and large variations, resulting in immense hardship particularlythe poorest farmers and rural populations. Lack of irrigation waterregionally leads to crop failures and farmer suicides. Despite abundantrains during JulySeptember, some regions in other seasons seeshortages of drinking water. Some years, the problem temporarilybecomes too much rainfall, and weeks of havoc from floods.[12] Thisexcess-scarcity regional disparity and flood-drought cycles have createdthe need for water resources management. Rivers inter-linking is oneproposal to address that need.[1][2]

Population and food securityPopulation increase in India is the other driver of need for river inter-linking. India's population growth rate hasbeen falling, but still continues to increase by about 10 to 15 million people every year. The resulting demandfor food must be satisfied with higher yields and better crop security, both of which require adequate irrigationof about 140 million hectares of land.[1] Currently, just a fraction of that land is irrigated, and most irrigationrelies on monsoon. River inter-linking is claimed to be a possible means of assured and better irrigation formore farmers, and thus better food security for a growing population.[1]

NavigationIndia needs infrastructure for logistics and movement of freight. Using connected rivers as navigation is acleaner, low carbon footprint form of transport infrastructure, particularly for ores and food grains.[1]


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India's worsening water problem satellite evidence of criticalgroundwater levels. The blue andpurple regions have greatest levels ofgroundwater depletion. Courtesy Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA,United States (2010).

Current reserves and loss in groundwater levelIndia currently stores only 30 days of rainfall, while developed nationsstrategically store 900 days worth of water demand in arid areas riverbasins and reservoirs. Indias dam reservoirs store only 200 cubic metersper person. India also relies excessively on groundwater, which accountsfor over 50 percent of irrigated area with 20 million tube wells installed.About 15 percent of Indias food is being produced using rapidlydepleting groundwater. The end of the era of massive expansion ingroundwater use is going to demand greater reliance on surface watersupply systems. Proponents of the project suggest India's water situationis already critical, and it needs sustainable development andmanagement of surface water and groundwater usage.[13]

The National perspective plan envisions about 150 million acre feet(MAF) (185 billion cubic metres) of water storage along with building inter-links.[14] These storages and theinterlinks will add nearly 170 million acre feet of water for beneficial uses in India, enabling irrigation over anadditional area of 35 million hectares, generation of 40,000 MW capacity hydro power, flood control and otherbenefits.The total surface water available to India is nearly 1440 million acre feet (1776 billion cubic meters) of whichonly 220 million acre feet was being used in the year 1979. The rest is neither utilized nor managed, and itcauses disastrous floods year after year. Up to 1979, India had built over 600 storage dams with an aggregatecapacity of 171 billion cubic meters. These small storages hardly enable a seventh of the water available in thecountry to be utilized beneficially to its fullest potential.[14] From India-wide perspective, at least 946 billioncubic meters of water flow annually could be utilized in India, power generation capacity added and perennialinland navigation could be provided. Also some benefits of flood control would be achieved. The project claimsthat the development of the rivers of the sub-continent, each state of India, as well as its international neighborsstand to gain by way of additional irrigation, hydro power generation, navigation and flood control.[14] Theproject may also contribute to food security to the anticipated population peak of India.[14]

The Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna is a major international drainage basin which carries more than 1,000 millionacre feet out of total 1440 million acre feet in India. Water is a scarce commodity and several basins such asCauvery, Yamuna, Sutlej, Ravi and other smaller inter-State/intra-State rivers are short of water. 99 districts ofthe country are classified as drought prone, an area of about 40 million hectare is prone to recurring floods.[14]The inter-link project is expected to help reduce the scale of this suffering and associated losses.The National Perspective Plan comprised, starting 1980s, of two main components:

Himalayan Rivers Development, and1. Peninsular Rivers Development2.

An intrastate component was added in 2005.

Himalayan componentHimalayan Rivers Development envisages construction of storage reservoirs on the main Ganga and the


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Map of the Ganges (orange), Brahmaputra (violet), andMeghna (green) drainage basins.

Brahmaputra and their principal tributaries in Indiaand Nepal along with inter-linking canal system totransfer surplus flows of the eastern tributaries ofthe Ganga to the West apart from linking of themain Brahmaputra with the Ganga.[14] Apart fromproviding irrigation to an additional area of about22 million hectares the generation of about 30million kilowatt of hydro-power, it will providesubstantial flood control in the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin. The Scheme will benefit notonly the States in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin,but also Nepal and Bangladesh, assuming riverflow management treaties are successfullynegotiated.[14]

The Himalayan component would consist of a series of dams built along the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers inIndia, Nepal and Bhutan for the purposes of storage. Canals would be built to transfer surplus water from theeastern tributaries of the Ganga to the west. This is expected to contribute to flood control measures in theGanga and Brahmaputra river basins. It could also provide excess water for the Farakka Barrage to flush out thesilt at the port of Kolkata.Fourteen (14) inter-links under consideration for Himalayan component are as follows, with feasibility studystatus identified:[15]

GhagharaYamuna link (Feasibility studycomplete)SardaYamuna link (Feasibility study complete)YamunaRajasthan link (Feasibility studycomplete)RajasthanSabarmati link (Feasibility studycomplete)KosiGhaghara linkKosiMechi linkManasSankoshTistaGanga linkJogighopaTistaFarakka link

GangaDamodarSubernarekha link (Feasibilitystudy complete)SubernarekhaMahanadi link (Feasibility studycomplete)FarakkaSunderbans link (Feasibility studycomplete)GandakGanga link (Feasibility study complete)ChunarSone Barrage link (Feasibility studycomplete)Sone damSouthern tributaries of Ganga link

Peninsular ComponentThis Scheme is divided in four major parts.

Interlinking of Mahanadi-Godavari-Krishna-Pennar-Cauvery,1. Interlinking of West Flowing Rivers, North of Bombay and South of Tapi,2. Inter-linking of Ken with Chambal and3. Diversion of some water from West Flowing Rivers4.

This component will irrigate an additional 25 million hectares by surface waters, 10 million hectares byincreased use of ground waters and generate hydro power, apart from benefits of improved flood control andregional navigation.[14]


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Rivers Inter-Link, Himalayan and Peninsular Components

The main part of the project would send waterfrom the eastern part of India to the south andwest.[14] The southern development project (PhaseI) would consist of four main parts. First, theMahanadi, Godavari. Krishna and Kaveri riverswould all be inter-linked by canals. Reservoirs anddams would be built along the course of theserivers. These would be used to transfer surpluswater from the Mahanadi and Godavari rivers tothe south of India. Under Phase II, some rivers thatflow west to the north of Mumbai and the south ofTapi would be inter-linked. The water wouldsupply additional drinking water needs of Mumbaiand provide irrigation in the coastal areas ofMaharashtra. In Phase 3, the Ken and Chambalrivers would be inter-linked to serve regional waterneeds of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. OverPhase 4, a number of west-flowing rivers in theWestern Ghats, would be inter-linked for irrigationpurposes to east flowing rivers such as Cauvery and Krishna.The inter-links under consideration for Peninsular component are as follows, with respective status of feasibilitystudies:[16][17]

AlmattiPennar Link (Feasibility studycomplete)(Part I)BedtiVarada Link (Part IV)DamangangaPinjal Link (Feasibility studycomplete) (Part II)InchampalliNagarjunasagar Link (Feasibilitystudy complete) (Part I)InchampalliPulichintala Link (Feasibility studycomplete) (Part I)KattalaiVaigaiGundar Link (Feasibility studycomplete) (Part IV)KenBetwa Link (Feasibility study complete)(Part III)MahanadiGodavari Link (Feasibility studycomplete) (Part I)

NagarjunasagarSomasila Link (Feasibilitystudy complete) (Part I)NetravatiHemavati Link (Part IV)PambaAnchankovilVaippar Link (Feasibilitystudy complete) (Part IV)ParTapiNarmada Link (Feasibility studycomplete) (Part II)ParbatiKalisindhChambal Link (Feasibilitystudy complete) (Part III)PolavaramVijayawada Link (Feasibility studycomplete) (Part I)SomasilaGrand Anicut Link (Feasibility studycomplete) (Part I)SrisailamPennar Link (Feasibility studycomplete) (Part I)

Intra-state inter-linking of riversIndia approved and commissioned NDWA in June 2005 to identify and complete feasibility studies ofintra-State projects that would inter-link rivers within that state.[18] The Governments of Nagaland, Meghalaya,Kerala, Punjab, Delhi, Sikkim, Haryana, Union Territories of Puducherry, Andaman & Nicobar islands, Daman& Diu and Lakshadweep responded that they have no intrastate river connecting proposals. Govt. of Puducherryproposed Pennaiyar Sankarabarani link (even though it is not an intrastate project). The States Government ofBihar proposed 6 inter-linking projects, Maharashtra 20 projects, Gujarat 1 project, Orissa 3 projects, Rajasthan


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RhineMainDanubeCanal

Illinois Waterway

TennesseeTombigbeeWaterway

Gulf IntracoastalWaterway

Comparative rivers inter-link

2 projects, Jharkhand 3 projects and Tamil Nadu proposed 1 inter-linking proposal between rivers inside theirrespective territories.[18] Since 2005, NDWA completed feasibility studies on the projects, found 1 projectinfeasible, 20 projects as feasible, 1 project was withdrawn by Government of Maharashtra, and others are stillunder study.[19]

The Indian Rivers Inter-link project is similar in scope andtechnical challenges as other major global river inter-linkprojects, such as:

RhineMainDanube Canal completed in 1992, andalso called the Europa Canal, it inter-links the Mainriver to the Danube river, thus connecting North Seaand Atlantic Ocean to the Black Sea. It provides anavigable artery between the Rhine delta at Rotterdamin the Netherlands to the Danube Delta in easternRomania.[20] It is 171 km long, has the summit altitude(between the Hilpoltstein and Bachhausen locks) is 406m above sea level, the highest point on Earth reachableby ships from the sea. In 2010, the inter-link providednavigation for 5.2 million tonnes of goods, mostlyfood, agriculture, ores and fertilizers, reducing the needfor 250,000 truck trips per year.[21] The canal is also a source for irrigation, industrial water and powergeneration plants.[22]

1.

Illinois Waterway system consists of 541 kilometers of interlink that connects a system of rivers, lakes,and canals to provide a shipping connection from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico via theMississippi River. It provides a navigation route; primary cargoes are coal to powerplants, chemicals andpetroleum upstream, and agriculture produce downstream primarily for export.[23] The Illinois waterwayis the principal source of industrial and municipal services water needs along its way; it serves thepetroleum refining, pulp and paper processing, metal works, fermentation and distillation, and agriculturalproducts industries.[24]

2.

TennesseeTombigbee Waterway is a 377 kilometer man-made waterway that interlinks the TennesseeRiver to the Black Warrior-Tombigbee River in the United States.[25] The TennesseeTombigbeeWaterway links major coal producing regions to coal consuming regions, and serves as commercialnavigation for coal and timber products. Industries that utilize these natural resources have found theWaterway to be their most cost-efficient mode of transportation.[26] The water from the Tenn-TomWaterway is a major source of industrial water supply, public drinking water supply, and irrigation alongits way.[27]

3.

Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, completed in 1949, interlinks 8 rivers, and is located along the Gulf Coast ofthe United States. It is a navigable inland waterway running approximately 1700 kilometers from Floridato Texas.[28] It is the third busiest waterway in the United States, handling 70 million tonnes of cargo peryear,[29] and a major low cost, ecologically friendly and low carbon footprint way to import, export andtransport raw materials and products for industrial, chemical and petrochemical industries in the UnitedStates.[30] It has also become a significant source for fishing industry as well as for harvesting andshipping shellfish along the coast line of the United States.

4.


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Other completed rivers inter-linking projects include the Marne-Rhine Canal in France,[31][32] and theAll-American Canal and California State Water Project in the United States.[33]

CostsThe rivers inter-linking feasibility reports completed by 2013, suggest the following investment needs andpotential economic impact:

Inter-linkproject

Length(km)

EstimatedCost in the

year 2003 orearlier#

Newirrigationcapacityadded

(hectares)

PotentialElectricitygenerationcapacity

Drinking&

Industrialwateradded(Mm3)

Reference

KrishnaPennarLink 587.2

6599.80 crore(US$1.0 billion) 258,334 42.5 MW 56 [34]

GodavariKrishna Link 299.3

26289 crore(US$4.2 billion) 287,305 70 MW 237 [35]

ParbatiKalisindhChambal

243.7 6114.5 crore(US$970 million) 225,992 17 MW 89 [36]

NagarjunasagarSomasila Link 393

6320.54 crore(US$1.0 billion) 168,017 90 MW 124 [37]

Ken Betwa Link 231.5 1988.74 crore(US$320 million) 47,000 72 MW 2,225 [38]

Srisailam PennarLink 203.6

1580 crore(US$250 million) 187,372 17 MW 49 [39]

DamangangaPinjal Link 42.5

1278 crore(US$200 million) - - 44 [40]

Cauvery-Vaigai-Gundar Link 255.6

2673 crore(US$420 million) 337,717 - 185 [41]

Polavaram-Vijayawada Link 174

1483.91 crore(US$240 million) 314,718 72 MW 664 [42]

MahanadiGodavari Link 827.7

17540.54 crore(US$2.8 billion) 363,959 70 MW 802 [43]

Par TapiNarmada Link 395

6016 crore(US$950 million) 169,000 93 MW 91 [44]

PambaAchankovil

Vaippar Link50.7 1397.91 crore(US$220 million) 91,400 500 MW 150 [45]


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#The cost conversion in US $ is at latest conversion price on the historical cost estimates in Indian rupees

Ecological and environmental issuesSome activists and scholars have, between 2002 and 2008, questioned the merits of Indian rivers inter-linkprojects, and questioned if appropriate study of benefits and risks to environment and ecology has beencompleted so far. Bandyopadhyay et al. claim there are knowledge gaps between the claimed benefits andpotential threats from environment and ecological impact.[2] They also question whether the inter-linkingproject will deliver the benefits of flood control. Vaidyanathan claimed, in 2003, that there are uncertainty andunknowns about operations, how much water will be shifted and when, whether this may cause waterlogging,salinisation and the resulting desertification in the command areas of these projects.[46] Other scholars haveasked whether there are other technologies to address the cycle of droughts and flood havocs, with lessuncertainties about potential environmental and ecological impact.[47]

Displacement of people and fisheries professionWater storage and distributed reservoirs are likely to displace people a rehabilitation process that has attractedconcern of sociologists and political groups. Further, the inter-link would create a path for aquatic ecosystems tomigrate from one river to another, which in turn may affect the livelihoods of people who rely on fishery astheir income. Lakra et al., in their 2011 study, claim[48] large dams, interbasin transfers and water withdrawalfrom rivers is likely to have negative as well as positive impacts on freshwater aquatic ecosystem. As regards tothe impact on fish and aquatic biodiversity, there could be positive as well as negative impacts.

Poverty and population issuesIndia has a growing population, and large impoverished rural population that relies on monsoon-irrigatedagriculture. Weather uncertainties, and potential climate change induced weather volatilities, raise concerns ofsocial stability and impact of floods and droughts on rural poverty. The population of India is expected to growfurther at a decelerating pace and stabilize around 1.5 billion by 2050, or another 300 million people the sizeof United States compared to the 2011 census. This will increase demand for reliable sources of food andimproved agriculture yields both of which, claims India's National Council of Applied Economic Research,[4]require significantly improve irrigation network than the current state. The average rainfall in India is about4,000 billion cubic metre, of which annual surface water flow in India is estimated at 1,869 billion cubic metre.Of this, for topological and other reasons, only about 690 billion cubic metre of the available surface water canbe utilised for irrigation, industrial, drinking and ground water replenishment purposes. In other words, about1,100 billion cubic metre of water is available, on average, every year for irrigation in India.[4] This amount ofwater is adequate for irrigating 140 million hectares. As of 2007, about 60% of this potential was realizedthrough irrigation network or natural flow of Indian rivers, lakes and adoption of pumps to pull ground waterfor irrigation.80% of the water India receives through its annual rains and surface water flow, happens over a 4-month period June through September.[4][5] This spatial and time variance in availability of natural water versus year rounddemand for irrigation, drinking and industrial water creates a demand-supply gap, that only worsens with India'srising population. Proponents claim the answers to India's water problem is to conserve the abundant monsoonwater bounty, store it in reservoirs, and use this water in areas which have occasional inadequate rainfall, or areknown to be drought-prone or in those times of the year when water supplies become scarce.[4][49]

International issues


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Misra et al. in their 2007 report,[6] claim inter-linking of rivers initially appears to be a costly proposition inecological, geological, hydrological and economical terms, in the long run the net benefits coming from it willfar outweigh these costs or losses. However, they suggest that there is a lack of an international legal frameworkfor the projects India is proposing. In at least some inter-link projects, neighboring countries such as Bangladeshmay be affected, and international concerns for the project must be negotiated.

Political viewsBJP-led NDA government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee had mooted the idea of interlinking of rivers to deal with theproblem of drought and floods afflicting different parts of the country at the same time.[10]

The congress general secretary Rahul Gandhi said in 2009 that the entire idea of interlinking of rivers wasdangerous and that he was opposed to interlinking of rivers as it would have "severe" environmentalimplications. BJP MP Rajiv Pratap Rudy suggested that Gandhi should do some research on the interlinking ofrivers and its benefits and then arrive at a conclusion. Jairam Ramesh, a cabinet minister in former UPAgovernment, said the idea of interlinking India's rivers was a "disaster", putting a question mark on the future ofthe ambitious project.[50]

Karunanidhi, whose DMK has been a key ally of the Congress-led UPA at the Centre, wrote that linking riversat the national level perhaps is the only permanent solution to the water scarcity problem in the country.Karunanidhi said the government should make an assessment of the project's feasibility starting with thesouth-bound rivers. DMK for 2014 general elections added Nationalisation and inter-linking of rivers to itsmanifesto.Kalpasar Project is an irrigation project which envisages storing Narmada River water in an off-shore freshwater reservoir located in Gulf of Khambhat sea for further pumping to arid Sourashtra region for irrigation use.It is one of the preferred project for implementation by the newly elected Prime Minister of India, NarendraModi.[51]

Kalpasar ProjectWater exportElectricity sector inIndia#Solar power

LandreclamationSeven Islandsof BombayFarakkaBarrage

Interstate River WaterDisputes ActKrishna Water DisputesTribunal

Geography ofNepalGeography ofSri LankaGeography ofBangladesh

Major and medium dams & barrages location map in India (http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpapp.html?show=JI00410/)The Guardian's Ravi S Jha writes on the project (http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2013/feb/05/india-river-link-plan-progress-slow)BBC report on the Project (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3050485.stm)BBC Report on Bangladeshi objections (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3148355.stm)


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Economic Impact of Interlinking of Rivers Programme (http://nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/mainlinkfile/File277.pdf)National Water Development Agency official website, Ministry of Water Resources Government ofIndia (http://nwda.gov.in/index.asp?langid=1)Anatomy of Interlinking Rivers in India: A Decision in Doubt, paper by A.C. Shukla and VandanaAsthana (https://www.ideals.uiuc.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/42/Shukla-AsthanaOP.pdf?sequence=1) (http://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=969440) .5,000 !(http://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=970248) ! (http://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=971114)Dr. Abdul Kalam Article about Indian Rivers Inter-link (http://archivenews.blogspot.in/2014/05/dr-abdul-kalam-article-about-indian.html)

National Water Development Agency(http://nwda.gov.in/) Ministry of Water Resources,Govt of India (2014)

1.

Jayanta Bandyopadhyay and Shama Perveen (2003),The Interlinking of Indian Rivers: Some Questions onthe Scientific, Economic and EnvironmentalDimensions of the Proposal (http://www.soas.ac.uk/water/publications/papers/file38403) IIM Calcutta,IISWBM, Kolkata

2.

"National water Development Agency (NWDA)Studies" (http://nwda.gov.in/index1.asp?linkid=9&langid=1). Retrieved 29 August 2012.

3.

Suman Bery, Economic Impact of Interlinking ofRivers Programme (http://www.nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/mainlinkfile/File277.pdf) NCAER,India

4.

IWMI Research Report 83. "Spatial variation in watersupply and demand across river basins of India"(http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub083/RR83.pdf)(PDF). Retrieved 23 August 2012.

5.

Misra et al., Proposed river-linking project of India: aboon or bane to nature (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00254-006-0434-7), EnvironmentalGeology, February 2007, Volume 51, Issue 8, pp1361-1376

6.

Elizabeth Hope and William Digby, General SirArthur Cotton, R. E., K. C. S. I.: His Life and Work(https://books.google.com/books?id=AyoJAQAAIAAJ) at Google Books

7.

A.K. Singh (2003), Interlinking of Rivers in India: APreliminary Assessment, New Delhi

8.

Sharon Gourdji, Carrie Knowlton and Kobi Platt,Indian Inter-linking of Rivers: A PreliminaryEvaluation (http://rivers.snre.umich.edu/ganga/India/RiverLinkingFinal.pdf) M.S. Thesis, University ofMichigan (May 2005)

9.

Koshy & Kanekal, SC revives NDA dream tointerlink rivers (http://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/n20Rh0ciuVHqoZi8oM6IjL/SC-revives-NDA-dream-to-interlink-rivers.html) LiveMint & TheWall Street Journal (Feb 28 2012)

10.

" Paras 62 to 64, WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 668OF 2002 (http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/512200232722012p.txt), THE SUPREMECOURT OF INDIA, CIVIL ORIGINALJURISDICTION, GOVT OF INDIA (2002)

11.

"State wise flood damage statistics in India"(http://www.cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/FFM.2200-2291.27112012.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved2013-01-04.

12.

"Indias water economy bracing for a turbulent future,World Bank report, 2006" (http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/06/25/000333037_20080625020800/Rendered/PDF/443760PUB0IN0W1Box0327398B01PUBLIC1.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 29 May 2014.

13.

National perspectives for water resourcesdevelopment (accessdate 12 June 2014)(http://nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/2175421921.pdf)

14.

Himalayan Component Link Proposal(http://www.nwda.gov.in/index2.asp?slid=110&sublinkid=29&langid=1) NWDA, Govt of India(Accessed: June 2014)

15.


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Summary of Link Proposal (http://www.nwda.gov.in/index3.asp?sslid=283&subsublinkid=83&langid=1)NWDA, Govt of India (Accessed: June 2014)

16.

Feasibility Studies Peninsular components(http://www.nwda.gov.in/index3.asp?sslid=34&subsublinkid=71&langid=1) Govt of India

17.

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