indianoil corporation limited_final

8/12/2019 Indianoil Corporation Limited_final

1/42


2/42

2 | P a g e

solvents, elastomers and fibres such as nylon and polyesters. Petroleum fossil fuels are

burned in internal combustion engines to provide power for ships, automobiles, aircraft

engines, lawn mowers, chainsaws, and other machines. Different boiling points allow the

hydrocarbons to be separated by distillation. Since the lighter liquid products are in great

demand for use in internal combustion engines, a modern refinery will convert heavyhydrocarbons and lighter gaseous elements into these higher value products.Once separated

and purified of any contaminants and impurities, the fuel or lubricant can be sold without

further processing. Smaller molecules such as isobutane and propylene or butylene can be

recombined to meet specific octane requirements by processes such as alkylation, or less

commonly, dimerization. Octane grade of gasoline can also be improved by catalytic

reforming, which involves removing hydrogen from hydrocarbons producing compounds

with higher octane ratings such asaromatics. Intermediate products such as gas oils can even

be reprocessed to break a heavy, long-chained oil into a lighter short-chained one, by various

forms of cracking such as fluid catalytic cracking, thermal cracking, and hydrocracking. The

final step in gasoline production is the blending of fuels with different octane ratings, vapour

pressures, and other properties to meet product specifications. Oil refineries are large scale

plants, processing about a hundred thousand to several hundred thousand barrels of crude oil

a day. Because of the high capacity, many of the units operate continuously, as opposed to

processing in batches, at steady state or nearly steady state for months to years. The high

capacity also makes process optimization and advanced process control very desirable.

Flow diagram of a typical refinery

The following image is a schematic flow diagram of a typical oil refinery that depicts the

various unit processes and the flow of intermediate product streams that occurs between the

inlet crude oil feedstock and the final end products. The diagram depicts only one of the

literally hundreds of different oil refinery configurations. The diagram also does not include

any of the usual refinery facilities providing utilities such as steam, cooling water, and

electric power as well as storage tanks for crude oil feedstock and for intermediate products

and end products.


3/42

3 | P a g e


4/42


5/42

5 | P a g e

The refinery has been trying to upgrade as well improve its quality from time to time. It has

the distinction of being producing green needle coke in India which has a very high import

value. The refinery has excelled in every field including environmental concern and new

innovations. The refinery has adopted the concept of Total Productive Maintenance

(TPM), a Japanese concept which refers to a maintenance process developed for improving

by making process more reliable and less wasteful.

Department :FIRE AND SAFETY DEPARTMENT

Date:05/06/2013

Day: Wednesday

Activities :On that particular day we have come across with this department, where the

personals of that department taught us the following things.

Q1.What is fire safety?

Ans.We were taught about Safety, Health and Environment (S, H&E) efficiency as of prime

importance in todays industrial ventures and also the value of life and property which

necessitates precautionary measures that have to be taken care of by the employees in the

refinery. They also talked about the responsibility of ensuring the safety of the entire refinery

and keeping it accident free. They also taught us about how an industrial fire occurs which

basically comprises of 3 elements; that are Fuel, Oxygen and Heat, so that we can avoid

atleast one elment to avoid fire.

Q2.What are the different symbols used in IOCL for fire safety?


6/42

6 | P a g e

Ans. There we have come across a new term i.e. the fire triangle or combustion triangle

whichis a simple model for understanding the ingredients necessary for most fires. The

triangle illustrates a fire requires three elements: heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent (usually

oxygen). The fire is prevented or extinguished by removing any one of them. A fire naturally

occurs when the elements are combined in the right mixture.

Another symbol which is also used to represent the basic elements of fire is the fire

tetrahedron whichis an addition to the fire triangle. It adds the requirement for the presence of

the chemical reaction which is the process of fire. The fire engineer also told us abuout that

combustion is the chemical reaction that feeds a fire more heat and allows it to continue.

When the fire involves burning metals like lithium, magnesium, titanium it becomes even

more important to consider the energy release. The metals react faster with water than with

oxygen and thereby more energy is released. Putting water on such a fire results in the fire

getting hotter or even explodes because the metals react with water which in an exothermic

reaction.

Q3.What are the Common causes of fire in a Refinery?

Ans.The common causes of fire and preventive measures, that we are listing below and it is

the responsibility of the employees as well as the trainees of the refinery to strictly abide by

the safety rules and to prevent fire accidents.

These are as follows :


7/42


8/42

8 | P a g e

All the vehicles transporting petroleum products from the refinery must be fitted only

with those types of spark arrestors which are duly approved by the Chief Controller of

Explosives.

Q6.What are the different types of PPE used in IOCL?

Ans.They also instructed us to wear the Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) at work places

which is a must for safety. The PPE's generally used at work places are: 1) Helmet,2) Shoes

3) Gas-masks, 4)Gloves.

Department :MECHANICAL WORKSHOP/SKILL DEVELOPMENT

CENTRE.

Introduction :The mechanical workshop section of the industry is one of the most vital

part which is liable for proper working and maintenance of the machines used in the sector.The responsibility of the workshop lies not only in checking the parts for defects but also for

repairing and sending it to the respective departments within a stipulated time so as to ensure

that the departmental work do not suffer from any setback or any job is not delayed. After the

workshop prepares a certain job, it is checked by the inspection department before

dispatching the same for use.

Major sections of the workshop are:

Machine Section

Welding Section Compressor Section

Pump Section

Valve Section

Heat Exchanger

Date:06/06/2013

Day: Thursday

Activities:We have come across with the Machine and Welding section of the workshop

on that day.The workshop consists of a number of machineries and devices:

Lathe machine,

Boring machine -> 1) Vertical. 2) Horizontal,

Nut splitting and flange splitting machine,

Grinding machine,

Shaping machine,

Vertical milling machine,

Pump and motor for alignment training,

Pressing machine,

Pressure testing bench .


9/42


10/42

10 | P a g e

The main parts of a Reciprocating Compressor are : 1. Piston, 2. Connecting Rod, 3.

Crankshaft, 4. Piston Rings, 5. Suction Line, 6. Discharge Line, 7. Spring -Loaded Suction, 8.

Discharge Valves.

Q3.On which factors Performance of a compressor depends ?

Ans. They mentioned about different factors on which performance of a compressor depends:

1. Discharge flow, 2. Discharge pressure, 3. Discharge temperature, 4. Suction pressure, 5.

Suction temperature, 6. Main bearing temperature, 7. Packing temperature, 8. Lube oil

pressure, 9. Lube oil temperature, 10. Rod drop, 11.Frame vibration.

Compressor Valve:

There is a separate part in the compressor section for repairing the compressor valve. The

personals of the section told us what are the different parts of a valve, how it works etc.

Q4.What are the common cause of failure of a compressor valve?

Ans. Thecommon causes of failure of a compressor valve are: 1. High Impact Velocity On

The Guard, 2. High Impact Velocity On The Seat, 3. Wear, 4. Corrosion, 5. Application

Conditions.

Pump section:

Here we learnedabout the following things:


11/42

11 | P a g e

Q5. What are the different types of compressor used in the refinery?

Ans. In the IOCL refinery Guwahati, both Positive displacement and Roto-dynamic pumps

are used.

Displacement type: The positive displacement type of pumps operate by forcing a fixedvolume of fluid from the inlet suction side of the pump to discharge side of the pump by

trapping a required amount of fluid in a fixed volume and subsequently forcing the trapped

volume to the discharge point of the pump. The positive displacement pumps are generally

larger and tend to be operated at hydraulic systems at pressure of about 5000 psi. This also

provides a fixed displacement per revolution within the mechanical limitations. The positive

displacement type of pumps are also called as constant flow types of pumps as the pumps

can deliver at the same flow rate at constant rpm irrespective of the discharge pressure. But

these pumps must not be operated at a closed valve on discharge side of pump because it does

not have any shut off head like a centrifugal pump.

Roto-dynamic pumps: In this type of pumps, the energy is continuously added to the fluid to

increase the fluid velocities within the device. The kinetic energy of the fluid is being

continuously increased by increasing the flow velocity and the increased kinetic energy is

then used to impart pressure energy to the fluid. The value of the potential energy of the fluid

is increased by decreasing the value of the velocity as it tends to leave the pump by the

discharge pipe. The change of energy from kinetic to pressure helps in producing the

pumping effect.

Q6.What are the main structural parts of a pump?

Ans.The main parts of a pump are: 1. Pump suction, 2. Impeller/piston (depending on type),

3. Pump discharge,4. Casing, 5.Shaft, 6.Mechanical seal, 7.Gland plate 8.Pump bearings

Q7.What are the different types of impeller used in a centrifugal pump?

Ans.There are basically three types of impeller used in a centrifugal pump. They are:

Open Impeller: The vanes are cast free on both sides.

Semi-Open Impeller: The vanes are free on one side andenclosed on the other. Enclosed Impeller: The vanes are located between the twodiscs, all in a single casting.

Fig: Reciprocating pumpFig: Centrifugal pump


12/42

12 | P a g e

Q8.What are the basic considerations of pump selection?

Ans.The following points are considered during the selection of a new pump:

Best output, long trouble free life and low maintenance,

Temperature, density, viscosity, chemical effect, wear and tear of working fluid on

parts of pump,

Total head, capacity, NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head), suction connection, method

of operating and location,

Availability of spare parts,

Interchangeable spares.

Q9.What is a Mechanical Seal?

Ans.A mechanical seal is a device which helps join systems or mechanisms together by

preventing leakage (e.g. in a plumbing system) containing pressure or excludingcontamination .sometimes a seal is also referred to as packing. They were developed to

overcome the disadvantages of compression packing or gland packing. Use of mechanical

seals reduces leakage level to minimum (~95-100%).All mechanical seals are constructed of

three basic sets of parts:

A set of primary seal faces: one rotary and one stationary, a seal ring and insert,

A set of secondary seals known as shaft packing and insert mountings such as O-

rings, Wedges and V- rings,

Mechanical seal hardware including glands rings, collar compression rings and

bellows.

Q10.How a Mechanical Seal works?

Ans.The personals of the pump section demonstrate us how a Mechanical Seal works. It

works as described in the following-


13/42

13 | P a g e

Fig. Cutaway view of a mechanical seal drawn on CAD software

The primary seal is achieved by two very flat, lapped faces which create a difficult leakage

path perpendicular to the shaft. Rubbing contact between these two flat mating surfaces

minimizes leakage. As in all seals, one face is held stationary in housing and the other face is

fixed to, and rotates with, the shaft. One of the faces is usually a non-galling material such ascarbongraphite. The other is usually a relatively hard material like silicon-carbide.

Dissimilar materials are usually used for the stationary insert and the rotating seal ring face in

order to prevent adhesion of the faces. The softer usually has the smaller mating surface and

is commonly called the wear nose. There are four main sealing points within an end face

mechanical seal. The primary seal is at the seal face, Point A. The leakage path at Point B is

blocked by an O-ring, a V-ring or a wedge. Leakage paths at Points C and D are blocked by

gasket or O-rings.The faces in atypical mechanical seal are lubricated with a boundary layer

of gas or liquid between the faces. In designing seals for the desired leakage, seal life and

energy consumption; the designer must consider how the faces are to be lubricated and select

from a numbers of modes of seal face lubrication.

Q11.What are the different types of bearings used?

Ans.Bearings are used in rotating parts of machineries. The bearings are used to attain free

frictionless movement at the ends so that the losses in the machines are reduced. The bearing

contacts the rotating parts with stationary part of the machine.They showed us the following

different types of bearings:-

Roller: in this type, the outer as well inner parts are separate which has the cage

holding the roller and the outer ring moving independently. This can take more load

than ball bearings under normal conditions. Roller bearing can be of different types

depending on shape of the rollers which are being used. Cylindrical

Taper

Needle

Spherical

Ball: The rotating parts move smoothly over some steel balls fitted onto the cage of

the bearing. They are of different types depending on type of load it can bear

Deep groove,

Angular contact,

Self-aligning

Journal: The inner surface of a journal bearing are covered with a white layer metal

covers which being soft gives a fine finishing causing much lesser frictional lossproblem. The journal bearing is of two types: These are: 1. Slip, 2. Split.


14/42

14 | P a g e

Date:08/06/2013

Day: Saturday

Activities: On that day we have visited the Valve and Heat Exchanger section of theworkshopwhere the personals of that department taught us the following things:

Heat Exchanger section:

In this section we learn the following things:

Q12.What is the application of a heat exchanger in an oil refinery?

Ans.Inan Oil Refinery,the various application of a heat exchangerare:

Intercoolers and preheaters,

Condensers and boilers,

Evaporators,

Regenerators,

Oil coolers.

Q13.What are the different types of heat exchangers?

Ans.They have mentioned about the following different types of heat exchangers:

Shell and tube heat exchanger,

Plate heat exchanger,

Adiabatic wheel heat exchanger,

Plate fin heat exchanger, Pillow plate heat exchanger,

Fluid heat exchangers,

Waste heat recovery units,

Dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger,

Phase-change heat exchangers,

Direct contact heat exchangers,

HVAC air coils,

Spiral heat exchangers.

Q14.Which type of heat exchanger is most commonly used in a refinery?

Ans.A shell and tube heat exchanger is the most common type of heat exchanger used in anoil refinery. It is suited for high-pressure application. It consists of a shell (a large pressure

vessel) with a bundle of tubes inside it. One fluid runs through the tubes and another fluid

flows over the tubes (through the shell) to transfer heat between the two fluids.


15/42

15 | P a g e

Fig: A shell and tube heat exchanger

Valve Section:

In this section we learn the following things-

Q15.What is a mechanical valve?

Ans. They gave us a brief description about mechanical valve. A mechanical valve is a

device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid by opening, closing, or partially

obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically pipe fittings, but are usually

discussed as a separate category. Valves are used in a variety of contexts, including

industrial, commercial, residential, and transport. The refinery uses valves in almost each

section for the above mentioned purpose. Valves can be operated manually as in by hand,

lever or pedal else it can be operated as automatically by the change in pressure, volume etc.

which moves a diaphragm or piston ultimately actuating action inside the valve.

Q16.What are the different components of a valve?

Ans.Theytold us about the following components of a valve:


16/42

16 | P a g e

Bonnet: A bonnet acts as a cover on the valve body. It is commonly semi-

permanently screwed into the valve body or bolted onto it. During manufacture of the

valve, the internal parts are put into the body and then the bonnet is attached to hold

everything together inside. Many ball valves do not have bonnets since the valve body

is put together in a different style, such as being screwed together at the middle of the

valve body. Ports: They are passages that allow fluid to pass through the valve. Ports are

obstructed by the valve member or disc to control flow. Valves most commonly have

2 ports, but may have as many as 20. The valve is almost always connected at its ports

to pipes or other components. Connection methods include threading, compression

fittings, glue, cement, flanges, or welding.

Handle or actuator: A handle is used to manually control a valve from outside the

valve body. Automatically controlled valves often do not have handles, but some may

have a handle for manually overriding an automatic control, such as a stop-check

valve. An actuatoris a mechanism or device to automatically or remotely control a

valve from outside the body. Some valves have neither handle nor actuator because

they automatically control themselves from inside; for example, check valves andrelief valves might have neither.

Disc: A disc or valve member is a movable obstruction inside the stationary body that

adjustably restricts flow through the valve. Although traditionally disc-shaped, discs

come in various shapes. Depending on the type of valve, a disc can move linearly

inside a valve, or rotate on the stem. A ball is a round valve member with one or more

paths between ports passing through it. By rotating the ball, flow can be directed

between different ports. Ball valves use spherical rotors with a cylindrical hole drilled

as a fluid passage.

Seat: The seatis the interior surface of the body which contacts the disc to form a

leak-tight seal. In discs that move linearly or swing on a hinge the disc comes into

contact with the seat only when the valve is shut. In disks that rotate, the seat is

always in contact with the disk, but the area of contact changes as the disc is turned.

The seat always remains stationary relative to the body.

Stem: The stemtransmits motion from the handle or controlling device to the disc.

The stem typically passes through the bonnet when present. In some cases, the stem

and the disc can be combined in one piece, or the stem and the handle are combined in

one piece.The motion transmitted by the stem may be a linear force, a rotational

torque, or some combination. Packing is often used between the stem and the bonnet

to maintain a seal. Some valves have no external control and do not need a stem as in

most check valves. Valves whose disc is between the seat and the stem and where the

stem moves in a direction into the valve to shut it are normally-seated orfront seated.Valves whose seat is between the disc and the stem and where the stem moves in a

direction out of the valve to shut it are reverse-seated or back seated. These terms

don't apply to valves with no stem or valves using rotors.

Gaskets: The seals or packing used to prevent the escape of a gas or fluids from

valves.

Spring: Many valves have a spring for spring-loading, to normally shift the disc into

some position by default but allow control to reposition the disc. Relief valves

commonly use a spring to keep the valve shut, but allow excessive pressure to force

the valve open against the spring-loading. Coil springs are normally used. Typical

spring materials include zinc plated steel, stainless steel etc.

Trim: The internal elements of a valve are collectively referred to as a valve's trim.


17/42

17 | P a g e

Q17.What are the different types of valve used?

Ans.They have mentioned about the following different types of valves:

1. Gate valve: These valves are ones which open by lifting a round or rectangular

gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid. The distinct feature of a gate valve is the

sealing surfaces between the gate and seats are planar, so gate valves are often used

when a straight-line flow of fluid and minimum restriction is desired. The gate faces

can form a wedge shape or they can be parallel. On opening the gate valve, the flow

path is enlarged in a highly nonlinear manner with respect to percentage of opening.

This means that flow rate does not change evenly with stem travel. Also, a partially

open gate disk tends to vibrate from the fluid flow. Most of the flow change occurs

near shutoff with a relatively high fluid velocity causing disk and seat wear and

eventual leakage if used to regulate flow. Typical gate valves are designed to be fully

opened or closed.

Fig. Gate Valve

2. Butterfly valve:This is a valve which can be used for isolating or regulating flow.

The closing mechanism takes the form of a disk. Butterfly valves are generally

favoured because they are lower in cost to other valve designs as well as being lighter

in weight, meaning less support is required. The disc is positioned in the centre of thepipe, passing through the disc is a rod connected to an actuator on the outside of the

valve. Rotating the actuator turns the disc either parallel or perpendicular to the flow.

Unlike a ball valve, the disc is always present within the flow; therefore a pressure

drop is always induced in the flow, regardless of valve position. When the valve is

closed, the disc is turned so that it completely blocks off the passageway. When the

valve is fully open, the disc is rotated a quarter turn so that it allows an almost

unrestricted passage of the fluid. The valve may also be opened incrementally to

throttle flow.

Fig.Butterfly valve

3. Globe valve: A globe valveis a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline,

consisting of a movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a generallyspherical body.This has an opening that forms a seat onto which a movable plug can


18/42

18 | P a g e

be screwed in to close (or shut) the valve. The plug is also called a disc. In globe

valves, the plug is connected to a stem which is operated by screw action in manual

valves. Automated globe valves have a smooth stem rather than threaded and are

opened and closed by an actuator assembly. Globe valves are used for applications

requiring throttling and frequent operation.

Fig.Globe Valve

4. Ball valve: A ball valve is a valve with a spherical disc, the part of the valve which

controls the flow through it. The sphere has a hole, or port, through the middle so that

when the port is in line with both ends of the valve, flow will occur. When the valve is

closed, the hole is perpendicular to the ends of the valve, and flow is blocked. They

do not offer the fine control that may be necessary in throttling applications but are

sometimes used for this purpose. Ball valves are used extensively in industrial

applications because they are very versatile, supporting pressures up to 1000 bars and

temperatures up to 200C. Sizes typically range from 0.5 cm to 30 cm. They are easy

to repair and operate.

Fig.Ball Valve

5. Non return valve: A check valve or a non-return valve is a mechanical device, a

valve, which normally allows fluid to flow through it in only one direction. The check

valves are two-port valves with the two openings in the body, one for fluid to enter

and the other for fluid to leave. The cracking pressure which is the minimum

upstream pressure at which the valve will operate has to be checked so that a check

valve is specified for a specific cracking pressure.


19/42

19 | P a g e

Fig.Non-Return Valve

6. Pressure safety valve: A safety valve is a valve mechanism for the automatic release

of a substance from a boiler, pressure vessel, or other system when the pressure or

temperature exceeds preset limits. The pressure safety valve finds uses in the

petroleum refining, petrochemical, chemical manufacturing, natural gas processing,power generation.

Fig. Pressure Safety Valve

PSV can be of many types:

Relief Valve: automatic system that is actuated by static pressure in a liquid-

filled vessel. It specifically opens proportionally with increasing pressure.

Safety Valve: automatic system that relieves the static pressure on a gas. It

usually opens completely, accompanied by a popping sound.

Pilot-Operated Safety Relief Valve: automatic system that relieves by

remote command from a pilot on which the static pressure (from equipment to

protect) is connected.

Low pressure safety valve: automatic system that relieves static pressure on a

gas. Used when difference between vessel pressure and the ambient

atmospheric pressure is small.

Vacuum pressure safety valve: automatic system that relieves static pressure

on a gas. Used when the pressure difference between the vessel pressure and

the ambient pressure is small, negative and near the atmospheric pressure.


20/42

20 | P a g e

Date: 09/06/2013

Day: Sunday

Activity:No activity.

Department :THERMAL POWER STATION

Thermal power stationis a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is

heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After

it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it

was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal

power stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the term energy

centrebecause such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electricity. Some thermal

power plants also deliver heat energy for industrial purposes, for district heating, or for

desalination of water as well as delivering electrical power. A large part of human CO2

emissions comes from fossil fuelled thermal power plants; efforts to reduce these outputs are

various and widespread.

Fig. ARankine cycle with a two-stage steam turbine and a single feed water heater.


21/42

21 | P a g e

Salient features: Fuel used to generate steam is Low Sulphur Heavy Stock(LSHS).

Pressure of the boiler is 37 kg/cm2.

Various capacities of the boilers are 20 metric tonnes per hour ,40 metric tonnes per

hour, maximum capacity being 60 metric tonnes per hour.

Super-heated steam which is generated is at a temperature of 400- 500C.

Date:10/06/2013

Day: Monday

Activities :On that particular day we met MrDubey who is the incharge of TPS. He gave

us a brief description about the Thermal Power Station unit of Guwahati Refinery.

The Thermal Power Station meets Guwahati Refinery's needs with three steam Turbo-Generators operating in complete online mode. Assam State Electricity Board (ASEB) grid

connection is also available for nonessential loads and standby supply in TPS.

The TPS has five boilers, two Romanian made (BLR3 and BLR4) of 20 tones/hr capacity

each, one IJT made (BLR5) with 40 tones/hr and two Thermax made boilers (BLR6 and

BLR7) of 50 tones/hr capacity each. Steam generated from these boilers is also used as

process steam apart from power generation.

Powering all units of the refinery and providing steam of DM water are main needs of a

process industry. TPS is the heart of the refinery and main contributor to successful operation

of the refinery. The TPS consists of following units:

De-Mineralization plant(D/M plant),

De-aerator,

Boilers,

Steam turbines,

Generators,

Cooling towers.

A. De-Mineralization plant:The DM plant deals with the de mineralization of waterto make it fit for use in the refinery by removing all mineral and waste components as a

way of purification through the ion exchange process.

Q1.Why do we need D/M water?

Ans. 1.To increase heat thermal capacity,

2. To reduce scaling ,corrosion , carry-over, foaming,

3. To reduce the hardness of water.

Q2.What are the different parts of D/M plant?

Ans: 1.Pressure filter :i. Dual Medium Filter(DMF),ii.Activated Carbon Filter(ACF).2. Strong Acid Cation(SAC).


22/42

22 | P a g e

3. De-Gasser(DG).

4. Strong Base Cation(SBC).

5.Mixed Bed(MB)

SWF: Water Tank,

DMF: Dual Media Filter,

SAC: Strong Acid Cation,

SDG: Degas Water Pump,

SBA: Strong Base Anion,

MB: Mixed Bed,

SDM: Status for DM water transfer.

Q3.Explain the process involve in D/M plant?

Ans. The impure water is first filtered in the dual media filter to remove the solid impurities

like mud etc. Impurities present are then transferred to the SEF tank where it gets drained out.

The filtered water is then transferred to the Strong Acid Cation chamber where it is reacted

with an acid cation (H+) to remove the minerals like sodium etc. and to form hydrogen and

carbon dioxide (reversible H2CO3). This compound is pumped to a Strong Base Anion

chamber for form water and impurity compound. The product is further fed into the Mixed

Bed which contains both anion and cation beds for more final purification. The de-

mineralized water is then fed into a boiler and o other parts of the refinery where it might be

needed. The DM plant uses 3 units working together. The main reactions involved are: R-H + NaCl R-Na + HCl

R-OH + HCl RCl + H2O

Note: R is the resin

Q4. List out the different mechanical component used in D/M plant with specification?

Ans.The mechanical components used are:

Water pressure filters,

Filter backwash pump (950 rpm),

Degas water pump (2900 rpm ),

Raw water pump ( 2900 rpm),


23/42

23 | P a g e

Regeneration pump (2900 rpm),

Mixed bed blower (1370 rpm),

Service morphine dosing pump,

DM transfer pump ( 2935 rpm),

Effluent transfer pump (2900 rpm),

Acid unloading pump (2880 rpm).

Date:11/06/2013

Day:Tuesday

Activities :On that particular day we learn about deaeator and boilers .

B. DEAERATORS:Deaerators is a device that is widely used for removal of air and other dissolved gas from the

feed water to steam generating boilers.

Q5.What are the effect of dissolve gases in boiler feed water on steam system?

Ans. The presence of dissolved oxygen in feed water causes rapid localized corrosion in

boiler tubes. Carbon dioxide will dissolve in water, resulting in low pH levels and the

production of corrosive carbonic acid. Low pH levels in feed water causes severe acid attack

throughout the boiler system.

Q6.What is DE aeration?

Ans. The removal of dissolved gases from boiler feed water is an essential process in a steam

system. The dissolved gases and low pH levels in the feed water can be controlled or

removed by the addition of chemicals, it is more economical and thermally efficient to

remove these gases mechanically. This mechanical process is known as DE aeration and will

increase the life of a steam system dramatically.

Q7.What are the laws and principle used in deaeration process?

Ans. Henrys law is basically used in deaeration process. According to this law gas solubility

in a solution decreases as the gas partial pressure above the solution decreases. The secondscientific principle that governs DE aeration is the relationship between gas solubility and

temperature. Easily explained, gas solubility in a solution decreases as the temperature of the

solution rises and approaches saturation temperature.

Q8.Explain the process of deaeration?

Ans. The feed water is sprayed in thin films into a steam atmosphere allowing it to become

quickly heated to saturation. Spraying feed water in thin films increases the surface area of

the liquid in contact with the steam, which, in turn, provides more rapid oxygen removal and

lower gas concentrations. This process reduces the solubility of all dissolved gases and

removes it from the feed water. The liberated gases are then vented from the deaerator.


24/42

24 | P a g e

C.

BOILERS:We also learned about boilers which is one of importent component ofThermal Power Station.The boiler is a type of furnace in which the fluid circulates in

tubes heated externally by the fire. Fuel is burned inside the furnace, creating hot gas

which heats water in the steam-generating tubes. In smaller boilers, additional

generating tubes are separate in the furnace, while larger utility boilers rely on the

water-filled tubes that make up the walls of the furnace to generate steam.

The heated water then rises into the steam drum. Here, saturated steam is drawn off

the top of the drum. In some services, the steam will reenter the furnace through a

super- heater to become superheated. Superheated steam is defined as steam that is

heated abovethe boiling point at a given pressure. Superheated steam is a dry gas and

therefore used to drive turbines, since water droplets can severely damage turbine

blades.

Cool water at the bottom of the steam drum returns to the feed-water drum via large-

bore 'down-comer tubes', where it pre-heats the feed-water supply. To increase

economy of the boiler, exhaust gases are also used to pre-heat the air blown into the

furnace and warm the feed-water supply. This type generally gives high steam

production rates, but less storage capacity than the above. Water tube boilers can be

designed to exploit any heat source and are generally preferred in high pressure

applications since the high pressure water/steam is contained within small diameter

pipes which can withstand the pressure with a thinner wall.

The IOCL refinery Noonmatihas 5 boilers. The boilers are 3, 4,5,6,7. Boilers 6 and 7

have a capacity of 50 tonnes. The boiler 5 has a capacity of 40 tonnes and uses single

stage economizer but uses pre heated air. Boiler and 4 have a capacity of 20 tonnes.

The steam produced is nearly 450oC and pressure of 37 kg/cm2. The air inlet is by

forced draught fans. The chimney is 25 meters high and is maintained at nearly

150oC. The boiler unit has also additional equipment and devices as follows:

Economizer,

Steam drum,

Furnace,

Super heater coils, Air Pre-Heater(APH),


25/42

25 | P a g e

Safety valves,

Fly ash collectors,

Flue gas stack,

Phosphate dosing pump,

LP dosing pump,

Morpholine dosing pump, Boiler feed water pump,

F.D. and I.D. suction fan,

C.E.P for STG-4,

A.O.P for STG-3.

Economizers: Economizers are mechanical devices that are used to reduce some energyconsumption else perform useful operation as pre heating fluids. These are an essential part

of any boiler. They are heat exchange devices that heat fluids, usually water, up to but not

normally beyond the boiling point of that fluid, they do so by making use of the enthalpy influid streams that are hot, but not hot enough to be used in a boiler, thereby recovering more

useful enthalpy and improving the boiler's efficiency. It saves energy by using the exhaust

gases from the boiler to preheat the cold water used.

Date: 12/06/2013

Day:Wednesday

Activities:We learned about STEAM TURBINE on that day.


26/42

26 | P a g e

D. STEAM TURBINE:

A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam,

and converts it into rotary motion. To maximize turbine efficiency the steam is expanded,

doing work, in a number of stages. These stages are characterized by how the energy is

extracted from them and are known as either impulse or reaction turbines. Most steam

turbines use a mixture of the reaction and impulse designs: each stage behaves as either one

or the other, but the overall turbine uses both. Typically, higher pressure sections are impulse

type and lower pressure stages are reaction type.

Impulse turbines :An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into high

speed jets. These jets contain significant kinetic energy, which the rotor blades, shaped like

buckets, convert into shaft rotation as the steam jet changes direction. A pressure drop occurs

across only the stationary blades, with a net increase in steam velocity across the stage. As

the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from inlet pressure to the exit pressure

(atmospheric pressure, or more usually, the condenser vacuum). Due to this higher ratio ofexpansion of steam in the nozzle the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity. The

steam leaving the moving blades has a large portion of the maximum velocity of the steam

when leaving the nozzle.

Reaction turbines :In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form

convergent nozzles. This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the

steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by

the fixed vanes of the stator. It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of

the rotor. The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the

blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam acceleratingthrough the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity

across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work

performed in the driving of the rotor.

Q9.What is the difference between Impulse and Reaction turbine?

Ans. Difference between Impulse and Reaction Turbine:

1) In impulse turbine, there are nozzle and moving blades are in series while there are

fixed blades and moving blades are present in Reaction turbine (No nozzle is present

in reaction turbine).

2)

In impulse turbine pressure falls in nozzle while in reaction turbine in fixed bladeboiler pressure falls.

3)

In impulse turbine velocity (or kinetic energy) of steam increases in nozzle while this

work is to be done by fixed blades in the reaction turbine.

4) Compounding is to be done for impulse turbines to increase their efficiency while no

compounding is necessary in reaction turbine.

5) In impulse turbine pressure drop per stage is more than reaction turbine.

6) The number of stages is required less in impulse turbine while required more in

reaction turbine.

7)

Not much power can be developed in impulse turbine than reaction turbine.

8) Efficiency of impulse turbine is lower than reaction turbine.

9)

Impulse turbine requires less space than reaction turbine.


27/42

27 | P a g e

10)Blade manufacturing of impulse turbine is not difficult as in reaction turbine it is

difficult.

Operation and maintenance:

When warming up a steam turbine for use, the main steam stop valves (after the boiler) have

a bypass line to allow superheated steam to slowly bypass the valve and proceed to heat up

the lines in the system along with the steam turbine. Also, a turning gear is engaged when

there is no steam to the turbine to slowly rotate the turbine to ensure even heating to prevent

uneven expansion. After first rotating the turbine by the turning gear, allowing time for the

rotor to assume a straight plane (no bowing), then the turning gear is disengaged and steam is

admitted to the turbine, first to the astern blades then to the ahead blades slowly rotating the

turbine at 10 to 15 RPM to slowly warm the turbine.

Problems with turbines are now rare and maintenance requirements are relatively small. Any

imbalance of the rotor can lead to vibration, which in extreme cases can lead to a blade letting

go and punching straight through the casing. It is, however, essential that the turbine be

turned with dry steam - that is, superheated steam with a minimal liquid water content. If

water gets into the steam and is blasted onto the blades (moisture carryover), rapid

impingement and erosion of the blades can occur leading to imbalance and catastrophic

failure. Also, water entering the blades will result in the destruction of the thrust bearing for

the turbine shaft. To prevent this, along with controls and baffles in the boilers to ensure high

quality steam, condensate drains are installed in the steam piping leading to the turbine.

The IOCL refinery Noonmatihas three turbines: 3,4,5. Set of each turbine has different power

capacities. The turbine 3 and 4 runs at 9000 rpm and on coupling runs the generator at 3000rpm. It produces 8 MW power. The turbine 5 run at 6500 rpm and on coupling rotates the

generator at 1500 rpm. It develops nearly about 12 MW power. The ratio between the rpm of

generator and turbine varies as the ratio for all 3 pairs so as to maintain the same frequency.

Date:13/06/2013

Day: Thursday

Activities:On that particular we were taught about Condenser and we learned the

following thing:

A condenseris a device or unit used to condense a substance from its gaseous to its liquid

state, typically by cooling it. In so doing, the latent heat is given up by the substance, and will

transfer to the condenser coolant. Condensers are typically heat exchangers which have

various designs and come in many sizes ranging from rather small(hand-held) to very large

industrial-scale units used in plant processes.The primary purpose of a surface condenser is to

condense the exhaust steam from a steam turbine to obtain maximum efficiency and also to

convert the turbine exhaust steam into pure water (referred to as steam condensate) so that it

may be reused in the steam generator or boiler as boiler feed water.The shell is the

condenser's outermost body and contains the heat exchanger tubes.The shell is fabricated

from carbon steel plates and is stiffened as needed to provide rigidity for the shell.Whenrequired by the selected design, intermediate plates are installed to serve as baffle plates that


28/42

28 | P a g e

provide the desired flow path of the condensing steam.The plates also provide support that

help prevent sagging of long tube lengths.

At the bottom of the shell, where the condensate collects, an outlet is installed and is moved

into a hot-well. Condensate is pumped from the outlet or the hot-well for reuse as boiler feed-

water.

Q10. What are the different types of condenser?

Ans.The steam power plants using condenser are of two types:-

1. Open cycle condensing system: The cooling water used in condenser is not re-

circulated again and again but discharged to the downstream side of the river.

2.

Closed cycle condensing system: The cooling water is re-circulated again andagain by passing through the cooling tower.In this refinery this type of condensing

system is used.

Q11.What are the different component of steam condensing plant?

Ans. The different components of steam condensing plants are listed below:

1. Condenser,

2.

Supply of cooling water,

3. Condenser cooling water pump,

4.

Condensate Extraction Pump,5.

Hot-well,

6. Boiler feed Pump,

7. Air extraction pump,

8. Cooling Tower,

9.

Make up water pump.

Q12.What are the advantages of condenser?

Ans. The advantages obtained by incorporating a condenser in steam power plant are

listed below:


29/42

29 | P a g e

1. The condensate steam from the condenser is used as feed water for boiler. Using the

condensate as feed for boiler reduces the cost for power generation as the condensate

is supplied at a higher temperature to the boiler and it reduces the capacity of the feed

water cleaning system.

2. The efficiency of the plant increases by increasing the vacuum in the condenser.

The specific steam consumption of the plant also decreases as the enthalpy drop or work

developed per kg of steam increases with the decrease in back pressure by using condenser.

The use of condenser in steam power plant reduces the overall cost of generation by

increasing the thermal generation of the plant. The efficient condenser plant must be capable

of producing and maintaining a high vacuum with the quantity of cooling water available and

should be designed to operate for prolonged periods without trouble.

Q13.What are the desirable feature of good condensing plant?

Ans.The desirable feature of good condensing plant is:

1. Minimum quantity of circulating water,

2. Minimum cooling surface area per kW capacity,

3. Minimum auxiliary power,

4.

Maximum steam condensed per m of surface area.

Date:14/06/2013

Day:Friday

Activities: On that particular day we went to learn about Cooling Towers.

Cooling towersare heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to the

atmosphere. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat

and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or in the case of closed circuit

dry cooling towersrely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air

temperature. Common applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil

refineries, chemical plants, power stations and building cooling. The towers vary in size from

small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures (as in Image 1) that can be up to 200

metres tall and 100 metres in diameter, or rectangular structures (as in Image 2) that can be

over 40 metres tall and 80 metres long. Smaller towers are normally factory-built, while

larger ones are constructed on site. They are often associated with nuclear power plants in

popular culture, although cooling towers are constructed on many types of buildings.

Industrial cooling towers can be used to remove heat from various sources such as machinery

or heated process material. The primary use of large, industrial cooling towers is to remove

the heat absorbed in the circulating cooling water systems used in power plants, petroleum

refineries, petrochemical plants, natural gas processing plants, food processing plants, semi-

conductor plants, and for other industrial facilities such as in condensers of distillation

columns, for cooling liquid in crystallization, etc.


30/42

30 | P a g e

Two types of cooling towers are:-

1. Cross-flow type

2. Counter-flow type

Department:CRUDE DISTILLATION UNIT (CDU).

Date:15/06/2013

Day:Saturday


31/42


32/42

32 | P a g e

Main Constituents of Petroleum hydrocarbons:-

1.

Paraffinic Hydrocarbons (Alkanes),

2. Naphthenic Hydrocarbons (Cyclo-Alkanes),

3.

Benzene Hydrocarbons (Arenes),

4. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons(Olefins),

5.

Oxygen containing compounds: These includesi. Naphthenic Acids, ii. Phenols andiii. Tarasphaltene compounds.

6. Sulphur compounds,

7. Nitrogen compounds,

8.

Mineral substances.

Date: 18/06/2013

Day:Tuesday

Activity:The engineers and the technicians told us about what are processes carried in this

unit.

Q3. Why is the need for desalting?

Ans. The purpose of desalting is to separate the impurities from the crude oil which are

basically mixture of water and dissolved salts (e.g. Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Pottasium

and Iron salts). This mixture of salt and water is known as brine. This brine is associated with

crude oil both as a fine suspension of droplets and also as a more permanent emulsion. They

told us that the impurities in crude oil can be classified as:

i.

Oleophilic,ii. Oleophobic.

These impurities if not separated from crude oil will lead to:

1. Equipment corrosion in the atmospheric distillation unit caused by HCl, which is

liberated due to hydrolysis or dissociation of chloride salts.

2. Increased consumption of ammonia to neutralize HCl.

3. Erosion of crude oil pumps, pipelines and valves by suspended matter through

abrasive.

4.

Plugging of equipment and fouling of heat transfer surfaces.

5. Product degradation like high ash content in fuel oil.

6.

Trace metals in distillates, which act as catalyst poisons.

Department:DELAYED COKER UNIT (DCU)

Date:19/06/2013

Day:Wednesday

Activity:We have gone to the departmenton Wednesday and as it is the first day, so they

started from the basics which includes following.


33/42

33 | P a g e

Q1. What is coker unit?

Ans.they have mention that to us that it is an oil refinery processing unit that converts the

residual oil from the vacuum distillation column or the atmospheric distillation column into

low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases, naphtha, light and heavy gas oils, and petroleum

coke. The process thermally cracks the long chain hydrocarbon molecules in the residual oil

feed into shorter chain molecules. As the unit is big and it have many important equipment,

so they shown the unit from a meter away. They have also mention it as a secondary

processing unit which is designed and installed to process the low value heavy stock to

upgrade it to more valuable lighter and middle distillates with petroleum coke as one of the

products. The feed that they processed in the unit is Reduced Crude oil (RCU) obtained from

the bottom of the main fractionating column of the Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) and the

process is Thermal Cracking. DCU can process feed with high 40 metal, asphaltene and resin

content and in DCU, metals, sulphur, nitrogen normally end up in coke.

Date:20.06.2013

Day:Thursday

Activity:On the second day One of the engineer named R.K.singhania have taken us all to

the main site of DCU and shown us pipe lines through which LPG, gasoline, kerosene ,gas oil

flows. Also he says about another important thing that is

Q2. What is theory of coking?

Ans. He mentioned that during processing of crude oil in the Crude Distillation Unit,

hydrocarbon fractions of different boiling ranges, they separated out. These fractions are

LPG, gasoline, kerosene,gas oil and reduced crude obtained from the fractionating column of

distillation unit. He also mention that the heavier hydrocarbon fraction, obtained as reduced

crude oil (also called long residue) at the bottom of the fractionating column is of less value.

He also tells us that the coking process involves two types of reactions:-

1. Primary reaction.

2. Secondary reaction.

PRIMARY REACTION :In these reactions the heavier hydrocarbon molecules decomposeinto smaller ones. This reaction is known as cracking.

SECONDARY REACTION:In these reactions the smaller reactive molecules combine with

one another to produce heavy tarry metals. This reaction is called polymerization.

Polymerization of heavier reactive molecules takes place in reaction chambers forming coke

in an alternate production time of 24 hours. The coke chamber provides residence time of 24

hours for the cracking and polymerization reaction to take place. For this lengthening of the

time of liquid phase cracking and polymerization, the whole process of cracking is known as

delayed coking.

The two types of chemical reactions that take place during thermal cracking operation may berepresented by the chemical reaction as shown below:-


34/42


35/42

35 | P a g e

They told us that The hydrogen unit consists of desulfurization, pre-reforming and process

gas cooling. To increase the hydrogen content of the process gas shift conversion of

temperature is done in cycles. Purification is done with a Pressure Swing Adsorption

technique to remove H2S gas from nitrogen generator units. The feedstock to the hydrogen

unit is LRU off gas and Straight Run Naphtha (SRN) feed.These feeds can be converted tohydrogen at high thermal efficiency and low capital cost. They told us that LRU off gas is not

used much because of its high diene content.

Q1.Why we need HGU in refinery ?

Ans.

In today's industrial era,the problems of environmental pollution ,global warming are

increasing day by day.

Industries like oil refineries discharge a lot of harmful products to environment. So

they have to be treated before discharge. The sulphur,nitrogen content present in the refinery product are very dangerous. They

are the main causes of acid rain and smog.

The flue gases(CO2,CO,etc)cause green-house effect which in turn creates problem of

global warming.

Q2. How this hydrogen generation unit works?

Ans.The hydrogen generation is based on steam reforming technology of KTI using a mixture

of LN (SRN) and off gas from the LRU as primary feed. For achieving the required feed

flexibility a process reforming step is applied upstream using Kaverners technology. For thepurification of low hydrogen after the shift conversion, pressure swing absorption (PSA)

process is applied to high purity hydrogen product.

The following are the processes by which generation of hydrogen is done:

1. Feed conditioning:The light naphtha is received in a surge drum from its pumped

and LRU off gas and is collected in a knock-out put and then compressed. Both feeds

are mixed after addition of recycled hydrogen; it is vaporized in a steam heat

exchanger. The hydrogen in the operation taken as recycles from the PSA unit.

2.

Feed hydrogenation/hydro desulfurization:LRU off gases content significantamount of olefins in addition to H2S .The light naphtha contains marcaptans as well

as trace amount of heavy metals such as Arsenic, Lead, Vanadium, Copper, which are

catalyst poisons. The olefins are saturated by hydrogen temperature is high enough for

complete conversion of marcaptans to H2S and for the efficient removal of H2S in the

ZnO beds.

Reactions taking place in the steps are:

R=R + H2RH-RH...................... (1) [Olefin saturation]

Hydrogenation of organic sulphur and chlorine compounds to for H2S and HCl:


36/42


37/42

37 | P a g e

They also mention about different fuels, input, product and mechanical devices that are dealt

by HDT and they are as follows:

FUEL:

Crude oil, Motor spirit,

Straight run naphtha (SRN),Aviation turbine fuel (ATF),

Superior kerosene (SKO),

High speed diesel (HSD),

Light diesel oil (LDO),

Low sulphur heavy stock (LSHS).

Input feed:Diesel in the form of SRK II, SRGO, CK-I, CGO.

Products: MSP, Superior kerosene,

Aviation Turbine Fuel.

Mechanical devices: Knock out drums,

Pumps,

Sulfide metering drums,

Feed exchanger,

Heat exchanger, Suction drum,

Gas cooler, Stripper,

Drier, Sand filter,

Forced Draught fan,

Valves.

Date: 23/06/2013Day: Sunday


Department:INDANE MAXIMIZATION UNIT (INDMAX UNIT)

Date: 24/06/2013

Day: Monday


38/42

38 | P a g e

Activity:We have went to a research and development unit known as INDMAX whererecycling of residue is done to get the required fuels.

Function: Residue up gradation to LPG, Light Olefins and High Octane Gasoline.

The personnels has mentioned that Indianoil R&D Centre has developed a patented

technology INDMAX known as Indane Maximization, to produce Liquefied Petroleum Gas

(LPG) from heavy petroleum fractions to the extent of 40 to 65 wt% of feed. The LPG is

highly olefinic (70 wt. % of LPG) rendering the INDMAX process as the best suitable

technology for producing propylene and butylene from heavy petroleum fractions including

residue. Due to very high olefin quantity, the INDMAX LPG has significant petroleum value.

After recycling the residue, the end products that are obtained are:

Gasoline,

LPG,

Total clarified oil, Clarified oil,

High pressure steam,

Dry gas

Fig. Flow Diagram for Fluidized Catalytic Cracking

Date: 25/06/2013

Day: Tuesday.


Department:ISOM UNIT

Date: 26/06/2013


39/42

39 | P a g e

Day: Wednesday

Activity :Since, it is the first day of our visit to ISOM unit of IOCL, the engineers andtechnicians took us with them to show us the different equipments and machineries of that

unit.

The mechanical parts used in ISOM are:

Feed exchanger,

Pumps,

Heat exchanger,

Cooler,

Dryer,

Condenser,

Caustic recycler heater,

Valves.

Date: 27/06/2013

Day: Thursday

Activity:On the second day, they explained the functioning of this unit.

They have told that in the refinery it is a part of the MSQU unit (Motor Spirit Quality Up

gradation) units. The MSQU consists of NSU, NHDT and ISOM. Here the quality of the

motor spirit processed in the distillation plants is improved to meet the given standard by theauthorized organization. It is a unit where the octane number of petrol is increased and where

normal paraffins are separated from a mixed stream of normal paraffins and non-normal

hydrocarbons. Normal paraffins are used as reaction solvents due to their inherent stability.

The feed is of naphtha which is input to reactor, after moving through the reactor it passes to

the NHDT (Naphtha Hydro Treating Unit). Inside the NHDT unit, the feed moves into a

furnace from which it leads to the NHDT reactor. The reactor passes the output to the stripper

column after which it enters the feed dryer section. A part of the feed has the nitrogen dried

by a suitable reaction. The moving feed then goes to the series of reactors.The reactors give

out the products to the stabilizer unit. After passing from the stabilizer, it moves into the

deisohexanizer plant from which a part of impure final output is fed into the NHDT part. The

purest form of output is produced as motor spirit products.

Department:OIL MOVEMENT AND STORAGE (OM&S)

Date: 28/06/2013

Day: Friday


40/42

40 | P a g e

Activity:We have gone to this unit and the personnels have told what is the function of thisunit. It is the unit of the refinery where the storage and movement of the products are

controlled. All the crude products from respective units come to this unit where it is stored in

tanks until it is supplied. In Guwahati Refinery almost all the products are supplied through

pipelines except few such as LPG & ATF which are transported by either roadways or

railways.Generally after the crude is refined the products are stored in tanks which are wellmaintained and inspected at regular intervals so that no contamination or failure takes place.

The tanks where LPG is stored are called Mound Bullet.

Date: 29/06/2013

Day: Saturday


Date: 30/09/2013

Day: Sunday


Department:PLANNING

Date: 01/07/2013

Day: Monday


41/42

41 | P a g e

Activity:We have submitted the report to the planning department.

Date: 02/10/2013

Day: Tuesday


Date:03/10/2013

Day: Wednesday

Activity:We have collected our training certificates.


42/42

CONCLUSION

The main objective of an industrial training program is to expose students to engineering

experience and knowledge which is required in industry and to apply the knowledge taught in

the lecture rooms in real industrial situations. So, during the course of this training, I got anopportunity to relate the experience gained from the training with the knowledge gained from

the lecture rooms and to get a feel of the work environment of such a prestigious

organization.

In a changing industrial world with changing perspectives, the gap between theoretical

knowledge and analysis and practical skill and application has widened. This gap can only be

bridged by greater interaction between the industry and educational institutions imparting

technical know-how. This short vocational training was no doubt a big leap for a technical

student like me.

By being a part of the Industrial Summer Training Program at Guwahati Refinery, I got to

acquire the best possible experience and knowledge of the different units of the refinery, the

working procedure, the safety measures as well as an engineers responsibilities and ethics

while working in an organization.

Finally, it can be concluded that such kind of vocational training is very important for every

technical student. And, it has been truly a learning experience for me and for my future

endeavors, this kind of experience would be of immense help.

indianoil corporation limited_final

Documents