Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org

Inclusion of indigenous peoples indevelopment and poverty

reduction strategies

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org

Context:

• Indigenous peoples excluded from development efforts

• Development efforts having harmful impact on indigenous peoples

• Development not having desired impact

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Examples of policy development:

Agency Policy Main issues

World Bank OD 4.20. (1991)

OP 4.10 (2005)

Free & prior informed consultation

Indigenous Peoples Plan/Planning Framework

Danida National strategy (1994)

National strategy (2004)

Aligned with C169: ITPs to control their own development path

Multifaceted: int. processes, bi- & multi- lateral cooperation, direct support to ITPs, trade

UNDP Practice note on engagement (2001)

Promote IP participation in decision-making, co-existence, capacity-building for policy change

Mainstream within UNDP

ADB ADB policy on indigenous peoples (1998)

Recognise vulnerability & provide opportunities. No negative impact – and compensation

Indigenous Peoples Development Plan

EU Council Resolution (1998)

Enhance right & capacity to self-development

Right to object to projects

Integrate as cross-cutting concern

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Major trends:

• From “do-no-harm” to rights-based approaches

• Partnerships • Located within broader framework of

human rights, poverty reduction, good governance, environmental protection

• Mainstreaming within agencies• Facilitation of dialogue/policy dialogue• Consultation & participation• Responding to ITPs’ needs and priorities

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Poverty Reduction Strategies

• Introduced in 1999 by World Bank and IMF• Applied in approximately 70 countries

Are supposed to be:• Country-driven• Results-oriented• Comprehensive • Partnership-oriented• Long-term

• In line with Rome and Paris Declarations

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Rome & Paris Declarations: Harmonization and Aid Effectiveness

• Determined within high-level meetings of the OECD/DAC (2003-5)

• Practically all bi- and multi- lateral agencies and developing countries have agreed to adhere to these principles

• In line with UN reform

• Fully operational from 2010

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Main principles

Principle: Goal:

Ownership Developing countries exercise strong and effective leadership over their development policies and plans

Alignment Donors base their support on developing countries’ own policies, strategies and systems

Harmonisation Donors coordinate their activities and minimise the cost of delivering aid

Managing for results

Developing countries and donors orient their activities to achieve the desired results, using information to improve decision-making

Mutual accountability

Donors and developing countries are accountable to each other for progress in managing aid better and in achieving development results

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PRSP: Main elements & entry points

PRSP mainelements

Potential entry points for indigenous peoples

Participatory process

Specific and appropriate consultations, through representative organizations. Reflection of needs and priorities. Participation in implementation & monitoring.

Poverty diagnostics Diversified poverty profiles, reflecting diversified perceptions of poverty and well-being & needsand priorities

Priorities formacroeconomic, structuraland social policies

Address structural factors leading to pauperization, e.g., access to land and resources; adequate education and health services that consider cultural and linguistic features.

Targets, indicators,monitoring and evaluation

Specific goals and targets for indigenous peoples; mechanisms for participation in monitoring and evaluation.

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Findings of ILO research

Aspect of participation

Cambodia Cameroon Nepal

Information flow Not at all Some Some

Participation experience

None Some Some

Poverty diagnostics Not at all Not at all Some

Budget-making process

Not at all Not at all Some

Poverty monitoring One specific indicator

No No

Mainstreaming of participation

No No Mechanisms being defined

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Determining factors for participation

• The institutional capacity of indigenous peoples

• The existence of national legislative and policy frameworks

• The capacity of concerned government institutions

• The operationalization of institutional policies of international agencies

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Requirements for participation

• Special efforts and long-term commitment of all actors

• Focus on capcity-building• Public information strategy, targeting

indigenous peoples• An outcome-oriented action plan for

participation in prioritization and policy-making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation

• Institutional arrangements for mainstreaming participation in governance structures

• Adequacy with regards to language, timing etc.• Gender sensitivity

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National legislation or policy

• Of crucial importance• If not in place, should be developed

within context of PRS• Ratification of Convention No. 169:

Solid framework• If reluctance: Address as vulnerable

groups in the context of overall poverty reduction and sector policies

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Capacity of government institutions

• Address in the context of good governance

• Employment of indigenous people

• Staff training• Incentive measures

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Donor policies

• No coherent implementation• Focus on small-scale/specific

interventions• Not applied in overall

policies/programmes• World Bank Policy not applied to PRS

processes• Compulsory procedural steps• Establishment of coordination groups• Training of staff

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Data and indicators

• Fail to capture specificities of indigenous peoples’ real situation and perceptions of poverty and well-being

• Invisibility in national statistics• Invisibility of internal differences

• Controversy over definition or terminology (fluidity of ethnic identity, migration, conflicts and wars, lack of legal provisions/political acceptance)

• Lack of understanding of the importance of disaggregated data

• Weak national capacities for data collection, analysis and disaggregation

• Resistance from indigenous peoples if they are not themselves in control of data collection

• Strengthening national capacities for disaggregation of data• Develop specific indicators • Monitor implementation of indigenous peoples’ rights• All with full participation of indigenous peoples