indigenous multipurpose trees of tanzania: uses and

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES OFTANZANIA:

USES AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS FOR PEOPLE

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

FO:Misc/93/9Working paper

FO:Misd93/9 Working paper

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA:

USES AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS FOR PEOPLE

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Indigenous Multipurpose Trees of Tanzania:

Uses and Economic Benefits for People

by

Deborah A. Hines

and

Karlyn Eckman

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Rome, August 1993

FO:Misc/93/9Working PaperFO:Misc/93/9

Working Paper



by

Deborah A. Hines

and

Karlyn Eckman

Food and Agriculture Organization of tbe United Nations

Rome, August 1993

The designations employed and the presentation of material in thispublication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever onthe part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city orarea or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiersor boundaries.

The opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do notnecessarily reflect opinions on the part of FAO.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani-cal, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of thereproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla,00100 Rome, Italy.

© FAO 1993

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect opinions on the part of FAO.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, wlthoutthe prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme dl Caracalia, 00100 Rome, Italy.

© FAO 1993



UI

1

Mt-

Acacia lahai

This document is a working paper. It documentsinformation forming part of a larger study andinforms interested persons about work in progress.

It is made available in limit number for comment anddiscussion.



This document is a working paper. It documents information forming part of a larger study and informs interested persons about work in progress.

It is made available in limit number for comment and discussion.

iii

Contents

CONTENTS

List of TablesForewordGlossary

1. Introduction

page

v

1.1 People's Needs and the Role of Indigenous Trees 1

1.2 Purpose of Handbook 3

2. Summary of Findings2.1 The Method 42.2 General Conclusions 92.3 Role and Importance of Forests 102.4 Additional Thoughts 12

3. Specific Tree Uses3.1 Firewood 13

3.2 Charcoal 16

3.3 Building Materials 18

3.4 Domestic Items 21

3.5 Fodder 24

3.6 Timber/Furniture 263.7 Honey 303.8 Ritual/Spiritual 323.9 Dye 343.10 Land Improvement 363.11 Fibre 393.12 Beverages/Food/Condiments 413.13 Fruits 433.14 Medicine 453.15 Fencing 493.16 Gums/Tannins/Resins/Crafts 51

4. Species List 53

5. Species Profiles5.1 Introduction 875.2 Propagation and Management Techniques 895.3 Local Vegetative Propagation and Tree Tending Techniques 935.4 Profiles 95

AppendicesA: References and Readings A-1B: Questionnaires B-1C: Lexicon C-1

List of Tables Foreword Glossary

1. Introduction

Contents

CONTENTS

page ii iii v

1.1 People's Needs and the Role of Indigenous Trees ........... 1 1.2 Purpose of Handbook ................................ 3

2. Summary of Findings 2.1 The Method .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2 General Conclusions ................................. 9 2.3 Role and Importance of Forests ........................ 10 2.4 Additional Thoughts ................................. 12

3. Specific Tree Uses 3.1 Firewood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 3.2 Charcoal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.3 Building Materials .................................. 18 3.4 Domestic Items .................................... 21 3.5 Fodder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24 3.6 Timber /Furniture ................................... 26 3.7 Honey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30 3.8 Ritual/Spiritual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32 3.9 Dye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34 3.10 Land Improvement .................................. 36 3.11 Fibre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39 3.12 Beverages/Food/Condiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41 3.13 Fruits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43 3.14 Medicine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45 3.15 Fencing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49 3.16 Gums/Tannins/Resins/Crafts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51

4. Species List 53

5. Species Profiles 5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 87 5.2 Propagation and Management Techniques ................. 89 5.3 Local Vegetative Propagation and Tree Tending Techniques 93 5.4 ProfIles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 95

Appendices A: B: C:

References and Readings ............................. A-1 Questionnaires ..................................... B-1 Lexicon .......................................... C-1

v

NDIGENOUS M.ILT1PURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

List of Tables

Table 2.1 Survey Sites and Number of Respondents

Table 3.1 Preferred Firewood SpeciesTable 3.2 Preferred Charcoal SpeciesTable 3.3 Building Materials in a Typical Dodoma HouseTable 3.4 Preferred Building Material SpeciesTable 3.5 Domestic Items Likely Owned by a Typical Village FamilyTable 3.6 Market Prices for Domestic ItemsTable 3.7 Preferred Species for Domestic ItemsTable 3.8 Preferred Fodder SpeciesTable 3.9 Timber and Furniture PricesTable 3.10 Preferred Furniture SpeciesTable 3.11 Preferred Timber SpeciesTable 3.12 Preferred Beehive SpeciesTable 3.13 Preferred Bee Plant SpeciesTable 3.14 Species of Ritual/Spiritual ValueTable 3.15 Dye Species IdentifiedTable 3.16 Land Improvement SpeciesTable 3.17 Preferred Fibre SpeciesTable 3.18 Preferred Food/Condiment SpeciesTable 3.19 Preferred Beverage Species:Table 3.20 Fruits and BerriesTable 3.21 Preferred Fruit SpeciesTable 3.22 Variety of Medicines in Local MarketsTable 3.23 Important Medicinal SpeciesTable 3.24 Preferred Fencing SpeciesTable 3.25 Preferred Species for CraftsTable 3.26 Important Gum SpeciesTable 3.27 Important Tannin SpeciesTable 3.28 Important Resin Species

Table 5.1 Species Highly Valued by Local People, Having Multiple Uses andSuitable for Planting

Table 5.2 Selected Tanzanian Species Posing Germination Problems and TheirExpected Dormancy

Table 5.3 Planted Indigenous Species

vi

NDIGENOUS MJLnpURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

Table 2.1

Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 3.3 Table 3.4 Table 3.5 Table 3.6 Table 3.7 Table 3.8 Table 3.9 Table 3.10 Table 3.11 Table 3.12 Table 3.13 Table 3.14 Table 3.15 Table 3.16 Table 3.17 Table 3.18 Table 3.19 ,Table 3.20 Table 3.21 Table 3.22 Table 3.23 Table 3.24 Table 3.25 Table 3.26 Table 3.27 Table 3.28

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

List of Tables

Survey Sites and Number of Respondents

Preferred Firewood Species Preferred Charcoal Species Building Materials in a Typical Dodoma House Preferred Building Material Species Domestic Items Likely Owned by a Typical Village Family Market Prices for Domestic Items Preferred Species for Domestic Items Preferred Fodder Species Timber and Furniture Prices Preferred Furniture Species Preferred Timber Species Preferred Beehive Species Preferred Bee Plant Species Species of Ritual/Spiritual Value Dye Species Identified Land Improvement Species Preferred Fibre Species Preferred Food/Condiment Species Preferred Beverage Species Fruits and Berries Preferred Fruit Species Variety of Medicines in Local Markets Important Medicinal Species Preferred Fencing Species Preferred Species for Crafts Important Gum Species Important Tannin Species Important Resin Species

Species Highly Valued by Local People, Having Multiple Uses and Suitable for Planting Selected Tanzanian Species Posing Germination Problems and Their Expected Dormancy Planted Indigenous Species

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The information in this handbook is based on formal andinformal research conducted in Tanzania on four separateoccasions. The handbook is the result of numerous groupdiscussions, village meetings, individual interviews, anddiscussions with local foresters. It also draws onliterature from many disciplines: economics, forestry,ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, and farming systems. Itincorporates information from the Ministry of Tourism,Natural Resources and Environment, Forestry and BeeKeeping Division, research results from Tanzania ForestryResearch Institute, Tanzania Forest Tree Seed Centre,Sokoine University of Agriculture in Morogoro, andinformation from Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO's).

This work was made possible by the support and efforts ofnumerous people and organizations. Foremost are thepeople of Tanzania who so readily gave their time,knowledge, and warmth. A special thanks is given to theforesters at the regional and district levels whoarranged field visits, identified species, and helpedwith translating. A deep appreciation is also extended toSada K. Juma of the Development Services Foundation (aTanzanian Environmental and Developmental NGO) for herdedication to the project and her commitment to ensuringthat the work was carried out in a professional manner.

In addition to the technical and financial support of theForest Products and Forest Resources Division, ForestryDepartment of the Food and Agriculture Organization ofthe United Nations, the author had the benefit of fundingfrom the Environmental Development Support Programme ofthe Canadian International Development Agency and theUnited States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.

Drawings were made by Masquel Lasserre. The Species DataBase Programme was developed by Luc Dubreuil.

A special gratitude is given to Heather Hamilton ofCultural Survival Canada for supporting the project andpersevering to find and coordinate the funds.

Recognition is also given to the following people fortheir comments, suggestions and time spent reviewing thedocument: C.K. Ruffo, Tanzania Silviculture ResearchInstitute; Sada Juma, Tanzania Development ServicesFoundation; Agnete Thomsen, Luc Dubreuil and ClaudeLéger, FAO; Ron Ayling, International DevelopmentResearch Centre; Abul Shariff; Alfonsina Mtui; StephanSander; Pia Cole; Killaine Sharman and Peter Geldart.

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The information in this handbook is based on formal and informal research conducted in Tanzania on four separate occasions. The handbook is the result of numerous group discussions, village meetings, individual interviews, and discussions with local foresters. It also draws on literature from many disciplines: economics, forestry, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, and farming systems. It incorporates information from the Ministry of Touri~m, Natural Resources and Environment, Forestry and Bee Keeping Division, research results from Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Tanzania Forest Tree Seed Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture in Morogoro, and information from Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO's).

This work was made possible by the support and efforts of numerous people and organizations. Foremost are the people of Tanzania who so readily gave their time, knowledge, and warmth. A special thanks is given to the foresters at the regional and district levels who arranged field visits, identified species, and helped with translating. A deep appreciation is also extended to Sada K. Juma of the Development Services Foundation (a Tanzanian Environmental and Developmental NGO) for her dedication to the project and her commitment to ensuring that the work was carried out in a professional manner.

In addition to the technical and financial support of the Forest Products and Forest Resources Division, Forestry Department of the Food and Agriculture organization of the united Nations, the author had the benefit of funding from the Environmental Development Support Programme of the Canadian International Development Agency and the united states Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.

Drawings were made by Masquel Lasserre. The species Data Base Programme was developed by Luc Dubreuil.

A special gratitude is given to Heather Hamilton of Cultural Survival Canada for supporting the project and persevering to find and coordinate the funds.

Recognition is also given to the following people for their comments, suggestions and time spent reviewing the document: C.K. Ruffo, Tanzania Silviculture Research Institute; Sada Juma, Tanzania Development Services Foundation; Agnete Thomsen, Luc Dubreuil and Claude Leger, FAO; Ron Ayling, International Development Research Centre; Abul Shariff; Alfonsina Mtui; stephan Sander; Pia Cole; Killaine Sharman and Peter Geldart.

Foreword

This document was prepared under author's contractby Ms. Deborah Hines, supported by Ms. Karlyn Eckman,as one of several Regional and Country on Non-WoodForest Products (NWFP), commissioned by FAO.

This, along with other similar and related studies, willbe used for preparing a substantial publication of widercoverage on NWFP.

Comments on the document, (along with supporting materialsas relevant), will be appreciated.

FOREWORD

ix

Foreword

This document was prepared under author's contract by Ms. Deborah Hines, supported by Ms. KarIyn Eckman, as one of several Regional and Country on Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFP), commissioned by FAD.

This, along with other similar and related studies, will be used for preparing a substantial publication of wider coverage on NWFP.

Comments on the document, (along with supporting materials as relevant), will be appreciated.

ill

FOREWORD

NDIGENOUS MJLT1PURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIANDIGENOUS MJLTlPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

Glossary and Acronyms

afforestation The process of covering bare or agricultural land with trees.

agroforestry Managed use of woody perennials (trees, shrubs, bamboo, etc.)within agricultural or pastoral land use systems. In these systemsboth ecological and economic interactions are considered.

air dry weight The moisture content, for example of firewood after being exposedover time to local atmospheric conditions.

alluvial Soil that has been deposited by flovving water.

ambergris A waxy substance from the sperm whale used in the manufactureof perfumes.

aril An accessory covering of certain seeds.

boma A fenced-in enclosure, often a live fence, to protect a camp or aherd of livestock.

calorie A metric measure of energy which is the heat required to raise thetemperature of one gram of water from 14.5 to 15.5 C at aconstant pressure of one atmosphere.

CIDA Canadian International Development Agency.

coal equivalent The heat content of a fuel in terms of the equivalent heatcontained in an average tonne of coal.

coppicing A method of encouraging regrowth in certain species by cutting thestem to near ground level. Often used as a method ofregeneration which enables the grower to obtain 3 or 4 rotationsbefore replanting.

dbh A measurement of tree size indicating the diameter at breast height.

debe One debe = approximately 20 litres or 20 kilograms.

deciduous A tree that drops its leaves seasonally or annually.

drupe A pulpy or fleshy fruit containing a single stone or pit.

economically In this handbook refers to all benefits that come from tre,es, bothimportant tangible and intangible and those vvith market as well as non-

market values. The term economically valued is usedinterchangeably.

aOSSARY

xi

G..OSSARY

Glossary and Acronyms

afforestation The process of covering bare or agricultural land with trees.

agroforestry Managed use of woody perennials (trees, shrubs, bamboo, etc.) within agricultural or pastoral land use systems. In these systems both ecological and economic interactions are considered.

air dry weight The moisture content, for example of firewood after being exposed over time to local atmospheric conditions.

alluvial Soil that has been deposited by flowing water.

ambergris A waxy substance from the sperm whale used in the manufacture of perfumes.

aril An accessory covering of certain seeds.

boma A fenced-in enclosure, often a live fence, to protect a camp or a herd of livestock.

calorie A metric measure of energy which is the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 14.5 to 15.5 C at a constant pressure of one atmosphere.

CIDA Canadian International Development Agency.

coal equivalent The heat content of a fuel in terms of the equivalent heat contained in an average tonne of coal.

coppicing

dbh

debe

deciduous

drupe

economically Important

A method of encouraging regrowth in certain species by cutting the stem to near ground level. Often used as a method of regeneration which enables the grower to obtain 3 or 4 rotations before replanting.

A measurement of tree size indicating the diameter at breast height.

One debe = approximately 20 litres or 20 kilograms.

A tree that drops its leaves seasonally or annually.

A pulpy or fleshy fruit containing a single stone or pit.

In this handbook refers to all benefits that come from trees, both tangible and intangible and those with market as well as nonmarket values. The term economically valued is used interchangeably.

xi

NDIGENOUS WIL11PURPOSE IIIEES OF TANZANIA

ESMAP World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistanc.e Programme.

exotic In this handbook exotic refers to trees that come from outside thearea and are foreign to users. Generally it is a reference to treesthat are not native to Tanzania However, in some cases farmersrefer to trees as exotic if they are not local to their particular area.

FAO The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

farm gate or The price the farmer receives for products at the boundary of theforest site farm or at the site in the forest, in the case of selling forestprice products. The price received excludes transport to market and

other marketing costs. This term can sometimes be used forinputs as well.

fodder Refers to tree parts such as leaves, flowers, or pods which areeaten by browsing or grazing animals.

henya A red dye made from the leaves ofLawsonia inemas, a smallshrub or tree native to Asia and the Middle East.

ICRAF The International Council for Research in Agroforestry in Nairobi,Kenya.

IFS

indigenous

live fence

lopping

International Foundation for Science.

Growing naturally within a specific environment or within certainboundaries.

A row or hedge of live plants used to mark a boundary or prevententry of animals or people to a certain area.

Cutting all lower branches and second-order branches those thatdo not grow from the main stem, but from main branches.

MAI A measurement of the increase in the growth of a tree giving themean annual increment.

method A way of planning, organizing, and implementimg an activity orgroup of activities.

Miombo An indigenous forest dominated by Brachystegia and Brachylaenaspecies, found in Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, and other eastand southern African countries.

mswald stick A product of trees such as Salvadora persica used as a toothbrush.Also: chew stick.

xli

NDIGENOUS MlLTIPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

ESMAP

exotic

FAO

rarm gate or rorest site price

rodder

henya

ICRAF

IFS

indigenous

live rence

lopping

MAl

method

Miombo

mswald stick

World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme.

In this handbook exotic refers to trees that come from outside the area and are foreign to users. Generally it is a reference to trees that are not native to Tanzania. However, in some cases farmers refer to trees as exotic if they are not local to their particular area.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

The price the farmer receives for products at the boundary of the farm or at the site in the forest, in the case of selling forest products. The price received excludes transport to market and other marketing costs. This term can sometimes be used for inputs as well.

Refers to tree parts such as leaves, flowers, or pods which are eaten by browsing or grazing animals.

A red dye made from the leaves of Lawsonia inennis, a small shrub or tree native to Asia and the Middle East.

The International Council for Research in Agroforestry in Nairobi, Kenya.

International Foundation for Science.

Growing naturally within a specific environment or within certain boundaries.

A row or hedge of live plants used to mark a boundary or prevent entry of animals or people to a certain area.

Cutting all lower branches and second-order branches - those that do not grow from the main stem, but from main branches.

A measurement of the increase in the growth of a tree giving the mean annual increment.

A way of planning, organizing, and implementing an activity or group of activities.

An indigenous forest dominated by Brachystegia and Brachylaena species, found in Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, and other east and southern African countries.

A product of trees such as Salvadora persica used as a toothbrush. Also: chew stick.

xli

multipurpose Species that are grown to provide more than one crop, use orfunction. For example, a multipurpose tree can provide wood,leaves, fruits, and fodder while at the same time improving soilfertility.

NFTA Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association.

NGO Nongovernmental Organization. An organization which seeksfunding, hires staff, and undertakes programmes but does notrealize a profit.

nitrogen fixing A process whereby trees convert nitrogen in the atmosphere intonitrogen in the soil. Some plants have certain types of bacteriawhich cause nodules to form on their roots. The bacteria are ableto convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that the plant can useto build proteins.

phloem

pitsawing

pollarding

pombe

RSCU

resin

Sahel

aOSSARY

Part of the vascular system of a tree which allows sap and nutrientsto descend. The xylem is the corresponding tissue allovving sap torise.

A method of cutting logs lengthvvise into planks vvith a large handsaw in which one person stands on top of the log and anotherperson in a pit underneath.

Cutting branches and often the top of a tree. This can be at aheight which is beyond the reach of browsing animals.

An alcoholic drink.

Regional Soil Conservation Unit, Nairobi, Kenya.

A thick sticky liquid produced by certain trees which becomes hardwhen exposed to air. It is used in medicines and to makevarnishes and plastics.

The transitional zime of several hundred kilometres betweensemiarid deserts in northern Africa and the open woodlandsavanna to the south. It extends over 6000 kilometres from theAtlantic Ocean to the Red Sea.

scarification The process of penetrating the protective coat of dormant seeds byabrasion, nicking soaking in hot water or acid, or as a result ofpassage through the digestive tracts of animals or birds, all ofwhich stimulate germination.

G..oSSARY

multipurpose Species that are grown to provide more than one crop, use or function. For example, a multipurpose tree can provide wood, leaves, fruits, and fodder while at the same time improving soil fertility.

NITA Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association.

NGO Nongovernmental Organization: An organization which seeks funding, hires staff, and undertakes programmes but does not realize a profit.

nitrogen fixing A process whereby trees convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into nitrogen in the soil. Some plants have certain types of bacteria which cause nodules to form on their roots. The bacteria are able to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that the plant can use to build proteins.

phloem

pitsawing

pollarding

pombe

RSCU

resin

Sahel

scarification

Part of the vascular system of a tree which allows sap and nutrients to descend. The xylem is the corresponding tissue allowing sap to rise.

A method of cutting logs lengthwise into planks with a large hand saw in which one person stands on top of the log and another person in a pit underneath.

Cutting branches and often the top of a tree. This can be at a height which is beyond the reach of browsing animals.

An alcoholic drink.

Regional Soil Conservation Unit, Nairob~ Kenya.

A thick sticky liquid produced by certain trees which becomes hard when exposed to air. It is used in medicines and to make varnishes and plastics.

The transitional zone of several hundred kilometres between semiarid deserts in northern Africa and the open woodland savanna to the south. It extends over 6000 kilometres from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea.

The process of penetrating the protective coat of dormant seeds by abrasion, nicking, soaking in hot water or acid, or as a result of passage through the digestive tracts of animals or birds, all of whicli stimulate germination.

xlii

NDIGENOUS MiLTIPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

shamba Field or farming area which is often not adjacent to the homecompound.

silviculture The branch of forestry science that is concerned vvith thepropagation and management of trees.

stratification The process of helping to activate nutrients within immature,dormant seeds by, for example soaking in hot water, therebystimulating germination.

tannin A type of acid (tannic acid) found in the bark of many trees. It iscommonly used for tanning leather.

TSH Tanzania Shilling. 350 TSH = 1 U.S. dollar (1992).

ugali Corn meal. Also called posho.

UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme.

USDA United States Department of Agriculture.

wildings Young seedlings which develop naturally in the wild. They aresometimes transplanted.

kiv

NDIGENOUS MlLnpURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

shamba Field or farming area which is often not adjacent to the home compound.

silviculture The branch of forestry science that is concerned with the propagation and management of trees.

stratification The process of helping to activate nutrients within immature, dormant seeds by, for example soaking in hot water, thereby stimulating germination.

tannin A type of acid (tannic acid) found in the bark of many trees. It is commonly used for tanning leather.

TSH Tanzania Shilling. 350 TSH = 1 U.S. dollar (1992).

ugali Corn meal. Also called posho.

UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme.

USDA United States Department of Agriculture.

wildings Young seedlings which develop naturally in the wild. They are sometimes transplanted.

I<iv

1. Introduction

1.1 People's Needs and the Role of Indigenous Trees

Over the past few years increasing emphasis has been placed on promoting fastgrowing species that serve a variety of uses such as fuelwood, timber, and fodder inorder to relieve pressure on existing forests. The concept of multipurpose trees isfamiliar to those worlcing in rural development, forestry, agriculture, or environmentalmanagement. It is a term that professionals, governments, nongovernmentalorganizations (NG0s), and donors have used extensively, so much so that it is oftensynonymous with village level afforestation. The International Council for Researchin Agroforestry (ICRAF) in Nairobi has identified well over 2000 multipurposespe,cies; species which are purposely raised, preserved, or managed for more than oneintended use, either for commercial purposes, household use, or for land protection/improvement.

However, much of the emphasis on multipurpose trees has focused on species that areexotic to most of the countries where they have been promoted. In some cases thishas occurred because (1) only certain exotics will grow in the harsh conditionsencountered, (2) more silvicultural and propagation information exists for thosespecies known as fast growing, and (3) in the past professionals and villagers aliketended to believe that multipurpose exotics would be better able to produce essentialbenefits more quickly and cost effectively.

The obvious question that comes to mind is what are the benefits that people need andprefer to obtain from the trees that they plant? An initial needs assessment of 15villages in Ruvuma region of Tanzania revealed that no 1 product assumed prioritywithin a family and consequently not within a village, and that indigenous trees werehighly regarded because they provided multiple products. These were often productsthat the family regularly used but would not have had the cash required to purchase.Since farmers were planting indigenous species on their ovvn initiative, their claimsabout the importance of local species to these villages were well supported.

These fmdings prompted the following question and consequently a more in-depthstudy on local people's needs and preferences for tree products:

Are indigenous trees well-suited to meet family needs and to providethem with forest produas, thereby providing both economic andenvironmental benefits on a long term basis?

Findings from the more in-depth study showed that in Tanzania, local people oftenprefer indigenous species for a variety of uses such as charcoal, furniture, housingmaterial, and medicine to mention jUst a few. As one speaks with farmers inDodoma, Iringa or other regions, it becomes apparent that indigenous species arevalued. Some farmers are quite insistent that they prefer local trees and the proofcomes whe,n they tell you that they are mostly phuiting indigenous trees. Genersdly,

INTRODUCTION

1

INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction

1.1 People's Needs and the Role of Indigenous Trees

Over the past few years increasing emphasis has been placed on promoting fast growing species that serve a variety of uses such as fuelwood, timber, and fodder in order to relieve pressure on existing forests. The concept of multipurpose trees is familiar to those working in rural development, forestry, agriculture, or environmental management. It is a term that professionals, governments, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and donors have used extensively, so much so that it is often synonymous with village level afforestation. The International Council for Research in Agroforestry (!CRAP) in Nairobi has identified well over 2000 multipurpose species; species which are purposely raised, preserved, or managed for more than one intended use, either for commercial purposes, household use, or for land protection/ improvement.

However, much of the emphasis on mUltipurpose trees has focused on species that are exotic to most of the countries where they have been promoted. In some cases this has occurred because (1) only certain exotics will grow in the harsh conditions encountered, (2) more silvicultural and propagation information exists for those species known as fast growing, and (3) in the past professionals and villagers alike tended to believe that multipurpose exotics would be better able to produce essential benefits more quickly and cost effectively.

The obvious question that comes to mind is what are the benefits that people need and prefer to obtain from the trees that they plant? An initial needs assessment of 15 villages in Ruvuma region of Tanzania revealed that no 1 product assumed priority within a family and consequently not within a village, and that indigenous trees were highly regarded because they provided mUltiple products. These were often products that the family regularly used but would not have had the cash required to purchase. Since farmers were planting indigenous species on their own initiative, their claims about the importance of local species to these villages were well supported.

These findings prompted the following question and consequently a more in-depth study on local people's needs and pr~ferences for tree products:

Are indigenous trees well-suited to meet family needs and to provide them with forest products, thereby providing both economic and environmental benefits on a long tenn basis?

Findings from the more in-depth study showed that in Tanzania, local people often prefer indigenous species for a variety of uses such as charcoal, furniture, housing material, and medicine to mention jUst a few. As one speaks with farmers in Dodoma, Iringa or other regions, it becomes apparent that indigenous species are valued. Some farmers are quite insistent that they prefer local trees and the proof comes when they tell you that they are mostly planting indigenous trees. Generally,

INDIGENOUS MULTIPUFtPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

the Forest Department has not promoted the growing of these indigenous species, andso farmers, in some cases their forefathers, have developed their ovvn propagation andmanagement techniques.

Once indigenous trees are regarded in a broader context (as more than sources oftimber, pulp, and foreign exchange), the emergence of their importance in pe,ople'sday-to-clay lives becomes strilcing. Many indigenous trees do meet local requirementsbetter than exotic spe,cies. Traditionally, forests have formed an integral part of thehousehold economy, providing an array of valuable products that, in many cases, thefamily would otherwise be forc,ed to do without. In certain instances alternativesupplies either are not locally available or are not affordable.

It is not rare for a local species to provide fuel, food, medicine, household tools,building materials, and to have social or cultural importance. An example of such atree in Tanzania is Dichrostachys cinerea, locally known as mkulajembe in Swahili, orsickle busa. This species is highly valued, particularly in Dodoma region, as a sourceof material for construction, firewood, charcoal, pole,s, fodder, domestic items, gum,medicine, and fence,s. It is also nitrogen fixing, and its sharp woody thorns are usedas needles.

Pe,ople will continue to use indigenous spe,cies as long as they are available becausethese species:

tend to be of higher quality;are known and respected by the users;are generally a common property resource;can be obtained without maintenance or cash payment;provide products that carmot be duplicated with fast growing species.

For some species the information supporting these reasons is well-known by localpeople and foresters alike. However, for the majority of indigenous species inTanzania much of the information regarding these trees is held within localcommunities or sometimes only by certain individuals I.vithin these communities.Often a village has a special knowledge about a particular tree which is not known bythe village down the road, and viceversa. This local loaowledge does not

den ecbecome clear to others quickly or easily The i tification of onomicallyimportant species is the first step inin many cases, and the process is furtherhelping to determine which indigenouscomplicated by the use of local names inspecies can be managed or cultivatedTanzania. With about 120 languages,

communications between foresters and and which other s-pecies may besubstituted to produce the same endlocal people is often a problem.products.

Since many of these species provide treeproducts that are the cornerstone of afamily's survival strategy, identifying alternative harvesting/managing and speciesselection options is an extremely important step towards slowing the deforestation of

2

INDIGENOUS MUL TIPURPQSE TREES OF TANZANIA

the Forest Department has not promoted the growing of these indigenous species, and so fanners, in some cases their forefathers, have developed their own propagation and management techniques.

Once indigenous trees are regarded in a broader context (as more than sources of timber, pulp, and foreign exchange), the emergence of their importance in people's day-to-day lives becomes striking. Many indigenous trees do meet local requirements better than exotic species. Traditionally, forests have fonned an integral part of the household economy, providing an array of valuable products that, in many cases, the family would otherwise be forced to do without. In certain instances alternative supplies either are not locally available or are not affordable.

It is not rare for a local species to provide fuel, food, medicine, household tools, building materials, and to have social or cultural importance. An example of such a tree in Tanzania is Dichrostachys cinerea, locally known as mkulajembe in Swahili, or sickle bu5Ll. This species is highly valued, particularly in Dodoma region, as a source of material for construction, firewood, charcoal, poles, fodder, domestic items, gum, medicine, and fences. It is also nitrogen fixing, and its sbarp woody thorns are used as needles.

People will continue to use indigenous species as long as they are available because these species:

.. tend to be of higher quality;

.. are known and respected by the users;

.. are generally a common property resource;

.. can be obtained without maintenance or cash payment;

.. provide products that cannot be duplicated with fast growing species.

For some species the information supporting these reasons is well-known by local people and foresters alike. However, for the majority of indigenous species in Tanzania much of the information regarding these trees is held within local communities or sometimes only by certain individuals within these communities. Often a village has a special knowledge about a particular tree which is not known by the village down the road, and vice versa. This lOcal knowledge does not become clear to others quickly or easily in many cases, and the process is further complicated by the use of local names in Tanzania. With about 120 languages, communications between foresters and local people is often a problem.

Since many of these species provide tree products that are the cornerstone of a family's survival strategy, identifying alternative harvesting/managing and species selection options is an extremely important step towards slowing the deforestation of

2

forests and woodlands, as well as helping to assure supplies of forest products vital tolocal people.

1.2 Purpose of Handbook

The handbook is intended to be a concise reference on indigenous species whichproduce local forest products of economic importance in Tanzania Local forestproducts, the term used throughout the handbook, refers to both wood and non-woodproducts derived from indigenous trees which have been identified as economicallyimportant by rural people. The term 'minor forest products' has not been used sincewithin the context of the family economy the value of many of these products is notminor. Nor are the terms non-wood or non-timber forest products used, asdiscussions with farmers revealed that wood from indigenous trees is a product in highdemand, whether for tools, domestic utensils, door frames, or timber. The handbooklooks at all products that have been identified by local people, both tangible andintangible, for home use and for sale.

The handbook also includes information on propagation, management, and silviculturefor selected species and detailed lists of species names in local languages. The listsare presented so that the user can identify a species if the Latin, local, or commonname is lcnown. The survey que,stionnaires used for more in-depth interviews areincluded either for reference or for use by the handbook reader.

Specifically, the handbook attempts to:

provide a framework for assessing local tree product requirements whichcan be used by local groups and NG0s;

highlight the importance of altemative and sustainable indigenous speciesto meet family tree product requirements in order to ease existingpressure on forests;

provide a reference for identifying indigenous species in various locallanguages.

It is hoped that this handbook will be of use to local groups, NG0s, and forestersworking directly with people in the field.

INTRODUCTION

3

INTRODUCTION

forests and woodlands, as well as helping to assure supplies of forest products vital to local people.

1.2 Purpose of Handbook

The handbook is intended to be a concise reference on indigenous ~ies which produce local forest products of economic importance in Tanzania. Local forest products, the term used throughout the handbook, refers to both wood and non-wood products derived from indigenous trees which have been identified as economically important by rural people. The term 'minor forest products' has not been used since within the context of the family economy the value of many of these products is not minor. Nor are the terms non-wood or non-timber forest products used, as discussions with farmers revealed that wood from indigenous trees is a product in high demand, whether for tools, domestic utensils, door frames, or timber. The handbook looks at all products that have been identified by local people, both tangible and intangible, for home uSe and for sale.

The handbook also includes information on propagation, management, and silviculture for selected species and detailed lists of species names in local languages. The lists are presented so that the user can identify a species if the Latin, local, or common name is known. The survey questionnaires used for more in-depth interviews are included either for reference or for use by the handbook reader.

Specifically, the handbook attempts to:

• provide a framework for assessing local tree product requirements which can be used by local groups and NGOs;

• highlight the importance of alternative and sustainable indigenous species to meet family tree product requirements in order to ease existing pressure on forests;

• provide a reference for identifying indigenous species in various local languages.

It is hoped that this handbook will be of use to local groups, NGOs, and foresters working directly with people in the field.

3

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

2. Sununary of Findings

2.1 The Method

The preparation of the handbook started from the premise that people know whichtrees they prefer for specific uses and this preference is based on solid experienceoften with both indigenous and exotic species. Selecting the proper species requiresmatching people's preferences with appropriate silvicultural techniques and plantingsites. However, this is not always easy to accomplish due to the many uncertaintiesassociated with assessing:

the actual needs and preferences of farmers;

the adaptability of species to an area's climate, soils, topography, and land useconditions;

the propagation and management requirements of preferred species, for whichthere is a lack of information.

'Thus, a framework was developed to help identify species preferred and highly valuedby women and men, and which have silvicultural potential for planting, either inagroforestry, farm forestry, or as single trees. The stages used in the formal surveyprocess are also recommended to those undertaking forestry activities which involvepeople in tree planting. These stages are outlined as follows:

1sti - Mani' a Pieta min V. dos tStepe

Conduct preliminary survey voth experts Ipy

Conduct lihraw Saatarig. vtintio ad outside the country.

IlcztieW (Mating literature, denor proletne, and rematch reetilts.

OutputA preliminary list containing species which could be inc,-Arded In roMrealetion work in aPairasular Wee, The criteria used to saict apeciec fer loc!usiort In tho hiailboolc in-Aidedthe following la similar set of ctiteria -could be developed for a Narticular paroject):

local species which aie flighty valued hy women-and main

indigenous spaeies which have a minimum of 3 products ourrently used- by womeiriInch;

species whose entities has no su-hetitatte;

indigenous specks that have qbe potential Mr mere in neo oulavcalon;

species that ore threatened or endangered, and am rstaderlu used by WG5161) co AGO.

4

INOIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

2. Summary of Findings

2.1 The Method

The preparation of the handbook started from the premise that people know which trees they prefer for specific uses and this preference is based on solid experience often with both indigenous and exotic species. Selecting the proper species requires matching people's preferences with appropriate silvicultural techniques and.planting sites. However, this is not always easy to accomplish due to the many uncertainties associated with assessing:

.. the actual needs and preferences of farmers;

.. the adaptability of species to an area's climate, soils, topography, and land use conditions;

.. the propagation and management requirements of preferred species, for which there is a lack of information.

Thus, a framework was developed to help identify species preferred and highly valued by women and men, and which have silvicultural potential for planting, either in agroforestry, farm forestry, or as single trees. The stages used in the formal survey process are also recommended to those undertaking forestry activities which involve people in tree planting. These stages are outlined as follows:

4

- fast growingeasy to establtshsprout easilynitrogen-fixingheavy foliage for fodder/mulch

Stage 2- Develop a Working Species ListSteps

DiscuSs With researchers, seed experts, NGOit, field forastera, donors, and projectmanagers about species that have the potential for more intensive cultivation and arevalued by local preople,

Finalizo Species Data Questionnaire 1 (questionnaires are presented in Appendix 8) foruse with local experts in the field based on the above discusskins.

Collect technical information using Questionnaire 1 for species identified in Stage 1,taking int0 Consideration the following -desirable characteristics-It/SAID 1991l:

5

SUMMARY

- deep root systemeasy to propagateadaptable to close spacingnot so outek to spread that It threatensother cropt/specieS.

OUtputA preliminary list of species with informadon on site requirements, propagation, silvicultarerand management potential,

SUMMARY

5

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TFtEES Of TANZANIA

Stage 3 - Verlfy_Specles List in tha FieldSteps

Establish contacts with local groups.

Modify and test questionnaire.

Train staff to be enumerators.

Implement sunteys using a format similar to Village Level Giiesbonnaire 2 and Marketsurvey.

Verify findings through discussions with vfilagers, local experts, discussions with localgroUps, and market vendors.

OutputA list of species valued by local people with information on econornio aspects, includingmarkets, substitutes, importance to differerit members of the family and to the welfare ofthe family.

Sta 4- Finalize S du- for PI ' Pr et/Pro ammeStepsMatch the preferred species identified in Stage 3 with technical aspects from Stage 2 todetermine which species are best suited tte.

meeting the actual needs and preferences of farmers;the area's climate, soils, topography, ernd land use patterns;match propagate° and management requirements with load capabilities.

OutputA list of potential indigenous tree species suitable for planting in specific areas, wirfoir canbe nYscacsed with tionenk who are interested In planting trees.

Much of the information in the handbook was obtained from both formal and informalsurveys which were carried out during 4 visits to Tanzania. An initial rapid ruralappraisal was conducted from September to November 1989 at various sites in Songeaand Mbinga districts of Ruvuma region. Two visits were naade for a 2 month periodduring May and June (1991 and 1992) and the other was for 1 month during February(1991).

The formal in-depth survey was camied out by 4 people in 1992 and reached 53villages and 352 respondents in the following regions: Arusha, Dodoma, Iringa,ICilimanjaro, Morogoro, Mbeya, Tabora, Tanga, and Ruvuma. This information wassupplemented by an in-depth needs assessment of 15 villages in Ruvuma region in1991 and a rapid appraisal of 8 villages in Iringa region in 1991. Refer to Map 1 forvillage locations and the number of people contacted at each site. Market surveyswere carried out in 8 major towns, 1 in each of the above-mentioned regions and at 3smaller weekly markets. Discussions were held with individuals, groups, foresters,NG0s, and others workimg in the areas of land use and reforestation.

6

INDIGENOUS MULTIPUAPOSE TREES Of TANZANIA

·stilae:3~\lIi;ij,ispe~l.::i8tr~~ Fi~ci.:·· StepS·. ••.. . ..• ....: •• : •..

• : .. iE~t~bIiShcontaots wit~looalgroups.

Much of the information in the handbook was obtained from both formal and informal surveys which were carried out during 4 visits to Tanzania. An initial rapid rural appraisal was conducted from September to November 1989 at various sites in Songea and Mbinga districts of Ruvuma region. Two visits were made for a 2 month period during May and June (1991 and 1992) and the other was for 1 month during February (1991).

The formal in-depth survey was carried out by 4 people in 1992 and reached 53 villages and 352 respondents in the following regions: Arusha, Dodoma, Iringa, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro, Mbeya, Tabora, Tanga, and Ruvuma. This information was supplemented by an in-depth needs assessment of 15 villages in Ruvuma region in 1991 and a rapid appraisal of 8 villages in Iringa region in 1991. Refer to Map 1 for village locations and the number of people contacted at each site. Market surveys were carried out in 8 major towns, 1 in each of the above-mentioned regions and at 3 smaller weekly markets. Discussions were held with individuals, groups, foresters, NGOs, and others working in the areas of land use 8.nd reforestation.

6

SUMMARY

The species included in this handbook and the resultant lists, have been identifiedthrough these survey processes and the survey data has been entered into a data basecalled SPECIES. SPECIES is a user friendly, menu driven programme that allowsthe user to input specific as well as general information regarding uses, propagation,management, distribution, and site characteristics.

These lists should not be considered exhaustive, but rather as suggestions on specieswhich have been identified by forest product users in selected areas as beingeconomically important and which have the potential for planting in eitheragroforestry, woodlots, or individual plantings. It is taken for granted that there areother species which could have been included. It is hoped that these species will beadded to the data base and that this information will become available at a later date.

2°

.8°

3b° 32° 340 36° 3.8° 4b.

MAP OF TANZANIASHOWING SURVEY SITES

2°

.."`..,..%, ,.S 0o 100 200 km

L .,'Makurml*

J C% filt*AW Nrush

Moshi

.

/./ eP in N N

M*Singidoo

* Lushoto.* Ai *m * ** KondooTabora* * Tonga

Manyoni **146*

Dodornal ** *In

*eMorogaro

Iringo t 4* *

Mtnya:* *m* ** 6R/combsLEGEND

LakeVictoria

Ruvuma Needs"Iy"_n Assessment 6/

Iringo RRA + LakeRuvuma RRA 0In Depth Survey * MalawiTownMarket Survey un

40-

/N0/AN

Ski,anzitxtr so.

Dar el Saloom

OCEAN

satg00 (1)aIgti

Q ID

ri61 ...IMP Tanduru .... ,,, . ..'"` *" .

-... l -Mtwara

390 3r 31.30 400

Map of Tanzania

7

SUMMARY

The species included in this handbook and the resultant lists, have been identified through these survey processes and the survey data has been entered into a data base called SPECIES. SPECIES is a user friendly, menu driven programme that allows the user to input specific as well as general information regarding uses, propagation, management, distribution, and site characteristics.

These lists should not be considered exhaustive, but rather as suggestions on species which have been identified by forest product users in selected areas as being economically important and which have the potential for planting in either agroforestry, woodlots, or individual plantings. It is taken for granted that there are other species which could have been included. It is hoped that these species will be added to the data base and that this information will become available at a later date.

30° 32°

. ....,._._. /\ , . ..,.' ')

2" \ ".

I ...... /

I I

LEGEND

I.... Ruvumo No.ds u· A�SOnmom ____ 1\1

Irinoo RRA + RUYUIIIO RRA --- 0 In Depth Survoy __ * TowlI • Market Survey __ m

300 3~

Map of Tanzania

34°

t?

36· W 40°

MAP OF TANZANIA ...... ........ SHOWING SURVEY SITES

....... 2° ()............. ~ 1<;>0 2<;>0 km

............ Uakuyunl* ~ r;::; 'ft.\ ~ ",Moshl

m' 'J-rush .... "

m

Irlnoo ~~"'* *t~· -* *'* * ++

* * *

7

4°

6


1. Needs Assessment in Ruvuma RegionVillage (16) Reopondents (312)

TABLE 2.1Survey Sit. and Number of Respondents

D. KilimanjaroVillage (6) Respondents (23)

Mbinga 16 Maseera 4

Tunduru 28 Kilemapolo 2Liwurnbu 26 Kidia 6

Lihwena 14 Kimaroroni 4

Ndilimelitembo 23 Somahi mine 6

Mateo.° 24Nandembo 19 E. LushotoNamwinya 26 Village (2) Respondents (9)Kilang alanga lbNarnanguli 24 Begat) ( 8Sulut) 16 MigamboRwinga 24Mntonya 27 F. MbeyaNamtubo 22 Village (51 Respondents (26)Mapaseni 10

Township 1

Irings FM Survey Kibilii 9

Village (10) Respondents (85) Wangingombe 9Nandu 2

Kilolo 4 Tukuyu 6

Mazamba 16!magi 8 G. (rings[do& 14 Village (12) Respondents (74)(simile 7

Dabaga 11 Ibulu 4Lugato 8 Nanbu 9Sulu 10 Mezombe 6Lulanzi 12 Lulanzi 16Mgongo 6 Inman) 1

Ibumu 7

Formed Survey (63 villages, 362 Respondents) Wangingombe 2Mektrka 3

Dodoma (muge 5Village (11) Respondents (86) Irumu 4

Kittorogota 3Thuna 9 Makambaku 7

Lehi 8

Mpinga 9 H. TeboraNzeli 7 Village (2) Respondents (14)Kurio 11

Chinangalitwo 4 Township 7

Kigwe 6 Ibiri 7

(humirsa 9

Patti 7 I. RtrvumarNjombe

Kwamtore 6 Village 16) Respondents (35)Kwa Dimu 10

Gumbilo 6Artisha Igawlsenga 8

Village (6) Respondents (58) Myangimbote 10Nimbe 6

Gwanamehi 18 7 7

Murrey 8

Moririga 14 4. BRA Ruvuma Region Wee.Hayloto 4 .

Neinolanoka 9 Somas MelindindoOloubi 5 Mtaranyaki Kihoraketi

Lilambo LiparembaMorogoro Motete Arnanemokolo

Village 141 Respondents (28) Tanga MukekoLumecha Lipumba

Melela 4 Mateterake NemapolaKiroua 2 Lilondo MhakelaKiroka 2 Luger o Lilombo7 6 Kiherekete Mbinga

8

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES Of TANZANIA

TABLE 2. I

Survey Sites end N...-nber of RetpondentJ

1. Nee<b A ... enment in RUVllTlG Region ViIl6Qe (16) Respondents f3121

Mbinga 16 Tunduru 28 LiwlIllbu 26 Lihwena 14 Ndilimalitembo 23 Matogoro 24 Nandembo 19 Namwinya 26 Kilanga'anga 16 Na!"'l8nguli 24 Suluti 16 Rwinoa 24 Motony. 27 Namtubo 22 Maposeni 10

2. lrinoo RRA Survey VillIQe (101 Respondents 1961

Kilolo 4 Meumba 16 Imagi Idodi 14 lsi mila 7 Oabega 11 Luoelo 8 lIulu 10 LuI.nzi 12 Mgoogo 6

3. Formol Survey (63 viflo"",. 362 Ro.pondento)

A.Oodoma V,IIIQe 111)

Thune L.hi Mpinga NzeU Kurio ChinMgolitwo Kigwa lhumina Patti Kwamtoro KwaOimu

B. Mush. Villaoe (6)

Gwanamehi

Murrey MoringG Hayloto Neinolan~k8

Oloubi

C. Morogoro Villooe (4)

Melels Kiroua Kiroks

Respondents (861

11 4 6

10

R .. ~nts 1681

18

14

9 6

Reopondents 126)

8

D. KilimanJuo

Viii ago 161 Respondents 123)

Mas&er. Kilemapolo

Kidia Kimaroroni

Somahi mairni

4

2 6 4 6

E. Lushoto

VillIQe 121 Respondents (9)

BOQoa Migembo

F. MbeYI VillIQe 161 Respondents (26)

Township

Kibitii Wangingombe Nendu

Tukuyu

9 2

G.lringe VillIQe (121 Respondents (74)

Ibulu Nanbu Mazombe Lulanzi lam liN Ibumu Wengingombe Mo!<uk. Imege Irurnu Kittorogota

Makambaku

4 9 6 16

2 3 6

H. Tobor. Vill_12) R .. pondents (14)

Township Ibiri

I. Ruvuma/Njombe VillIQo (6) R_ondento (36)

Gumbilo 6 Igewlsenoa 8 Myongimbole 10 Njombe 6 1

4. RRA RUVl8T1a Region WlaV'"

Songea Melindindo Mf.fmyGki Kiheteketi Lilembo lip8femba Matete Amanemokolo Tanga MuIo!l<o lumecha Lipumbl Me.tetetcke N&mc.pola Lilondo Mhokol. Lugato Ulombo Kiherekete Mbi"<l8

2.2 General Conclusions

Given the complexity of village level political, labour, land, resource tenure, andgender relationships, needs assessments independent of the formal survey were carriedout in Ruvuma and Iringa regions. The main purpose was to try to understand howpeople used forest resources and what approaches might be appropriate for villagelevel tree planting activities. The result of these assessments is a broad range of treeuses and participatory tree planting options; options that are unique for each villagesurveyed, depending on the different interests, preferences, constraints, and needs of across-section of women and men in a particular village.

Some of the general conclusions that were derived from group interviews, villagewide discussions, talks with individuals, discussions with village govemments, andformal village meetings include:

the perception of village and family problems, uses for trees, and plantingpreferences (including species, types of plantings, nursery organization, labourarrangements, etc.) varied considerably between men and women and at timesmen tried to influence women's responses so that they corresponded with theirown;

overall at the village level, men showed greater interest in tree planting activities,while women were less confident that tree planting would actually benefit them.The reasons for women's hesitation varied, but included: women generally are notinvolved in village level government decision making; the failure of pastdevelopment projects; men take more than 1 wife, and a high divorce rate insome villages, resulting in women losing access to joint property includingplanted trees;

a majority of men indicated a preference for planting as individuals. Slightlymore women favoured planting as part of a group;

in most villages forest-related problems were not included in the top 3 mostserious problems either at the village level or for a particular family;

in most villages the govenaments were rather weak and there had been fewsuccessful development activities;

in general people were sceptical of the Forest Department's ability to assist themin tree planting activities. Most villagers had not been in contact with a forestextension officer;

in all villages visited there was at least 1 person considered to be an expert onlocal trees, and in 8 out of 10 villages surveyed in Songea district of Ruvumaregion, indigenous trees had been planted without the assistance of the ForestDepartment.

SUMIVIARY

9

SUMMARY

2.2 General Conclusions

Given the complexity of village level political, labour, land, resource tenure, and gender relationships, needs assessments independent of the formal survey were carried out in Ruvuma and lringa regions. The main purpose was to try to understand how people used forest resources and what approaches might be appropriate for village level tree planting activities. The result of these assessments is a broad range of tree uses and participatory tree planting options; options that are unique for each village surveyed, depending on the different interests, preferences, constraints, and needs of a cross-section of women and men in a particular village.

Some of the general conclusions that were derived from group interviews, village wide discussions, talks with individuals, discussions with village governments, and formal village meetings include:

.. the perception of village and family problems, uses for trees, and planting preferences (including species, types of plantings, nursery organization, labour arrangements, etc.) varied considerably between men and women and at times men tried to influence women's responses so that they corresponded with their own;

.. overall at the village level, men showed greater interest in tree planting activities, while women were less confident that tree planting would actually benefit them. The reasons for women's hesitation varied, but included: women generally are not involved in village level government decision making; the failure of past development projects; men take more than 1 wife, and a high divorce rate in some villages, resulting in women losing access to joint property including planted trees;

II a majority of men indicated a preference for planting as individuals. Slightly more women favoured planting as part of a group;

II in most villages forest-related problems were not included in the top 3 most serious problems either at the village level or for a partiCUlar family;

II in most villages the governments were rather weak and there had been few successful development activities;

.. in general people were sceptical of the Forest Department's ability to assist them in tree planting activities. Most villagers had not been in contact with a forest extension officer;

.. in all villages visited there was at least 1 person considered to be an expert on local trees, and in 8 out of 10 villages surveyed in Songea district of Ruvuma region, indigenous trees had been planted without the assistance of the Forest Department.

9


2.3 Role and Importance of Forests

Major findings from the different surveys undertaken indicate that the level ofdependence on forests, woodlands, and hush areas and the uses for indigenous treesvaries considerably from region to region, district to district, sometimes even fromvillage to village. In certain areas there is a diverse range of ways that people exploitforests for: fuelwood, fodder, medicine, fruit, building materials., honey, householditems, land improvement, and rituals. In other areas, the reliance on the forest, theretention of important trees, and the planting of indigenous species is less significant.However, in general, people in Tanzania still rely heavily on surrounding fore,sts forboth subsistence needs and as a source of income. In many areas people would havedifficulty surviving if they had to depend only on cultivated land for food, fuel, andcash income.

Almost all fuelwood is collected or produced on non-cultivated lands. A substantialpart of household income is derived from products grown on the,se lands and somefood, though more difficult to assess, is harveste,d from non-cultivated lands. Mostrural people still depend on forests and bushlands for both economic and foodsecurity, and in many cases this dependence is increasing with improved livingstandards and increasing population.

It is also evident that the role and importance of forests have changed and willcontinue to change as do socioeconomic conditions vvithin Tanzania

Some factors that influence consumption of indigenous tree products include (1) thetype of forest cover and the percentage of cover remaining, (2) the accessibility oftre,ed areas both in terms of distance from the village and entry restrictions, (3) thedegree to which exotics have been introduced and accepted, (4) disposable income andthe availability of substitute products,and (5) the traditional importance of

T'he importance of trees and forests intrees within a Tribe.protecting the environment and inpositively affeeting farming is firmlyIn every village visited, some farmersestablished in the minds a farmers.mentioned the need to plant and protect

trees in order to stem environmentaldeterioration and halt the decline inagricultural production. It seemed to be generally recognized that tree,s and fore,stsimprove the productivity of cultivated fields. The strongest preference to emergefrom the survey was that both men and women generally tend to consider wood usesof trees most important (firewood, building materials, domestic items).

10


2.3 Role and Importance of Forests

Major findings from the different surveys undertaken indicate that the level of dependence on forests, woodlands, and hush areas and the uses for indigenous trees varies considerably from region to region, district to district, sometimes even from village to village. In certain areas there is a diverse range of ways that people exploit forests for: fuelwood, fodder, medicine, fruit, building materials, honey, household items, land improvement, and rituals. In other areas, the reliance on the forest, the retention of important trees, and the planting of indigenous species is less significant. However, in general, people in Tanzania still rely heavily on surrounding forests for both subsistence needs and as a source of income. In many areas people would have difficulty surviving if they had to depend only on cultivated land for food, fuel, and cash income.

Almost all fuelwood is collected or produced on non-cultivated lands. A substantial part of household income is derived from products grown on these lands and some food, though more difficult to assess, is harvested from non-cultivated lands. Most rural people still depend on forests and bushlands for both economic and food security, and in many' cases this dependence is increasing with imprOVed living standards and increasing population.

It is also evident that the role and importance of forests have changed and will continue to change as do socioeconomic conditions within Tanzania.

Some factors that influence consumption of indigenous tree products include (1) the type of forest cover and the percentage of cover remaining, (2) the accessibility of treed areas both in terms of distance from the village and entry restrictions, (3) the degree to which exotics have been introduced and accepted, (4) disposable income and the availability of substitute products, and (5) the traditional importance of trees within a Tribe.

In every village visited, some fanners mentioned the need to plant and protect trees in order to stem environmental deterioration and halt the decline in agricultural production. It seemed to be generally recognized that trees and forests improve the productivity of cultivated fields. The strongest preference to emerge from the survey was that both men and women generally tend to consider wood uses of trees most important (firewood, building materials, domestic items).

10

Other findings include:

even though there is widespread promotion and planting of exotics, people retaincertain indigenous trees in the fields and have a strong preference for exploitingindigenous species for specific uses;

in all villages visited, except Masai villages, people had planted trees, and manyhad planted indigenous species;

a reason often given for planting trees was that farmers were experiencing anincreasing shortage of local trees and there are few or no alternatives for theirproducts;

both production and protection were mentioned as major reasons for plantingtrees, although the protective and productive functions varied according totopography, and other conditions of the area;

trees tend to have very specific uses. All potential uses are not realized in anare.a, and a common use in a village may not be practised in the adjacent village;

in drier areas or in areas where there is increasing scarcity of indigenous trees,multiple uses for a particular species are more common;

many forest fruits are valued as food for children and are collected by childrenwhile in the woods. In many cases adults eat these fruits when carrying out otheractivities in the forest;

where exotic fruits such as mango, papaya, and banana have been planted, littleuse is made of forest fruits. Likewise, where a large number of indigenous treeshave been retained or planted, the variety of exotics is small;

farmers use various propagation techniques for indigenous species: cuttings,transplanting wildlings, directly sowing untreated seeds, and seed treatment.They also undertake management activities including protection, weeding,pollarding, and coppicing, depending on the species and the end product desired.

SUMMARY

11

SUMMARY

Other findings include:

• even though there is widespread promotion and planting of exotics, people retain certain indigenous trees in the fields and have a strong preference for exploiting indigenous species for specific uses;

• in all villages visited, except Masai villages, people had planted trees, and many had planted indigenous species;

• a reason often given for planting trees was that farmers were experiencing an increasing shortage of local trees and there are few or no alternatives for their products;

• both production and protection were mentioned as major reasons for planting trees, although the protective and productive functions varied according to topography, and other conditions of the area;

• trees tend to have very specific uses. All potential uses are not realized in an area, and a common use in a village may not be practised in the adjacent village;

• in drier areas or in areas where there is increasing scarcity of indigenous trees, multiple uses for a particular species are more common;

• many forest fruits are valued as food for children and are collected by children while in the woods. In many cases adults eat these fruits when carrying out other activities in the forest;

• where exotic fruits such as mango, papaya, and banana have been planted, little use is made of forest fruits. Likewise, where a large number of indigenous trees have been retained or planted, the variety of exotics is small;

.. farmers use various propagation techniques for indigenous species: cuttings, transplanting wildlings, directly sowing untreated seeds, and seed treatment. They also undertake management activities including protection, weeding, pollarding, and coppicing, depending on the species and the end product desired.

11

INDIGEN0US MULTIPURPOSE TREES of TANZANIA

2.4 Additional Thoughts

These findings suggest that future forestry efforts need to focus on managing anddeveloping locally important forest prodncts, fully involving local people, both menand women, and incorporating their knowledge in this process. As many farmers aredemonstrating, a variety of useful indigenous trees can be propagated by stumps,cuttings, direct swing, and transplanting wildlings. These types of propagationtechniques generally require timing adapted to specific sites and species, and thisinformation often rests with the elders in a village. A large percentage of the mostsuccessful agroforestry trees used in Africa are indigenous and the probability offinding an appropriate indigenous agroforestry tree is much greater than finding asuitable exotic (Johansson 1992).

Finally, the indigenous trees of Tanzania represent a valuable genetic resource thatne.eds to be cared for by the people relying on them. To date little has been done toresearch and promote the propagation, management, and local exploitation of thesetre,es. It is time that local foresters, extension agents, NG0s, and farmers worktogether to study management and propagation techniques and work for the long termand sustainable use of indigenous trees in Tanzania

ii20117.4101VAIW

12


2.4 Additional Thoughts

These findings suggest that future forestry efforts need to focus on managing and developing locally important forest products, fully involving local people, both men and women, and incorporating their knowledge in this process. As many farmers are demonstrating, a variety of useful indigenous trees can be propagated by stumps, cuttings, direct sowing, and transplanting wildlings. These types of propagation techniques generally require timing adapted to specific sites and species, and this information often rests with the elders in a village. A large percentage of the most successful agroforestry trees used in Africa are indigenous and the probability of finding an appropriate indigenous agroforestry tree is much greater than finding a suitable exotic (Johansson 1992).

Finally, the indigenous trees of Tanzania represent a valuable genetic resource that needs to be cared for by the people relying on them. To date little has been done to research and promote the propagation, management, and local exploitation of these trees. It is time that local foresters, extension agents, NGOs, and farmers work together to study management and propagation techniques and work for the long term and sustainable use of indigenous trees in Tanzania.

12

3. Specific Tree Uses

3.1 FirewoodShoka lisilo mpini halichanji kuni

An axe with no handle does not split firewood(Swahili sayings are taken from Farsi 1958.)

In Tan7ania firewood is the main source of energy for rural households, and is animportant source of cooking fuel in towns. In rural areas many people rely solely onfirewood for cooking and other household tasks. It is generally the preferred fuel forcooking ugali and heating water. In urban areas people rely less on firewood andtend to use more charcoal. It should be highlighted however, that most urbanhouseholds use more than 1 type of fuel. For example in Iringa, approximately 55%of the population use charcoal for cooking, 33% use wood, with the remainder usingkerosene and electricity (Hines 1991).

The main home based income generating activity requiring wood is the brewing oflocal maize and millet beer (pombe). Brewing is done by women and pombe is soldto middle women who then retail it to beer stalls or licensed beer halls. It is not

USES

13

3. Specific Tree Uses

3.1 Firewood Shoka Iisilo mpini halichanji kuni

An axe with no handle does not split firewood (Swahili sayings are taken from Farsi 1958.)

Uses

In Tanzania firewood is the main source of energy for rural households, and is an important source of cooking fuel in towns. In rural areas many people rely solely on firewood for cooking and other household tasks. It is generally the preferred fuel for cooking ugali and heating water. In urban areas people rely less on firewood and tend to use more charcoal. It should be highlighted however, that most urban households use more than 1 type of fuel. For example in Iringa, approximately 55 % of the population use charcoal for cooking, 33 % use wood, with the remainder using kerosene and electricity (Hines 1991).

The main home based income generating activity requiring wood is the brewing of local maize and millet beer (pombe). Brewing is done by women and pombe is sold to middle women who then retail it to beer stalls or licensed beer halls. It is not

13


customary (or legal) to sell pombe fromprivate households. On average, 54kilograms of firewood, in log form, isused to make 160 litres (an oil drum) ofbeer.

Wood is also the predominant source ofenergy for some small-scale proce-ssingenterprises such as brick making,tobacco curing and fish smoking.Firewood demand for tobacco curing hasbeen identified as one of the principlecauses of deforestation and depletion ofthe natural woodlands in hinge,Shinyanga, Tabora regions and parts ofRuvuma region. In hinge, it wasestkaated that approximately 15kilograms of stacked wood is needed toproduce 1 kilogram of cured tobaccowhereas brick burning (50000 bricks)requires about 20 tonnes of firewood.

Bakeries and institutions rely primarilyon wood as well, and can consume'substantial quantities. A TeachersTraining College in hinge with 1140persons, operating 10 months out of theyear requires approximately 240 tonnesof wood annually, or about 0.8 tonnesper capita per year. However on a parcapita basis, institutional firewoodrequirements tend to be lessconsumption in either urban or rural ho

14

Species grown for fuelwood for use aseither firewood or charcoal should:

grow quickly, yield a high volumeof wOod quickly, and requireminimum aa eement time;

coppice or sprout well fromshoots;

have dense wood with a lowmoisture content;

produce little and nontoxic smoke;

produce wood that splits easilyand can easily be transported;

produce wood without thorns;

yield other products or terviceethat are ' th L a." a by tba

hoteseholde

,produca wood that doea not spitor spark when bV,rning.

Adepteal froA MAID, QI2thtAo Trees nlM1iJnpt,

olds.

A Household Energy tiz o ion/Cooking Habits survey conducted in January 1987found the per capita fuelwood consu ea on in Dar ES Salaam to be 2.1 cubic metressolid wood (ESMAP, World Bank 1988). Coi e i;011 for other nra ti areas wasestimated to be slightly lower due to higher fuel costa, lower e an incomes, andpoorer supply networks. Consumption estima oa derived for Town found thatabout 1.73 cubic metres of solid wood was consumed per capita per year. This figureis an aggregation of both wood and charcoal (Hines 1991). For rural areas visited thearomal per person consumption of fuelwood was i. out 1.1 cubic metres.

In most villages firewood is neither bought nor sold, but coil- es for how use.Where firewood is marketeo, the average price is nt 10 TSH per kilo?, a, (1991-92). Firewood sold in large quantities, for exl a 7 tonne truck load, co I out750 TSH per cubic metre (1991-92).

INDIGENOUS MULT~SE TREES Of TANZANIA

customary (or legal) to sell pombe from private households. On average, 54 kilograms of firewood, in log form, is used to make 160 Iitres (an oil drum) of· beer.

Wood is also the predominant source of energy for some small-scale processing enterprises such as brick making, tobacco curing and fish smoking. Firewood demand for tobacco curing has been identified as one of the principle causes of deforestation and depletion of the natural woodlands in Iringa, Sbinyanga, Tabora regions and parts of Ruvuma region. In lringa, it was estimated that approximately 15 kilograms of stacked wood is needed to produce 1 kilogram of cured tobacco whereas brick burning (50000 bricks) requires about 20 tonnes of firewood.

Bakeries and institutions rely primarily on wood as well, and can consume 'BUbstantial quantities. A Teachers Training College in Iringa with 1140 persons, operating 10 months out of the year requires approximately 240 tonnes of wood annually, Of about 0.8 tonnes per capita per year. However on It per capita basis, institutional firewood requirements tend to be less ibm consumption in either urlum or rural households.

A Household Energy CorurumptioolCooking Habits survey conductoo in January 1987 found the per capita fuelwood consumption in Dar es Salaam to be 2.1 cubic metres solid wood (ESMAP, World &nk 1988). CollSlllDption for other urban areru> W!iS

estimat.ed to be slightly lower due to higher fuel coots, lower lilediM incomes, and poorer supply networks. Consumption estimates derived for Iringa.Town found that about 1.73 cubic metres of solid wood W!iS coIlBUJI!ed pet capita per year. This figure is M aggregation of both wood and charcoal (Hines 1991). For mnlIl areas visited the annual per person consumption of fuelwood was about 1.1 cubic metres.

In most villages firewood is neither bought nor sold, but collected for 110n10 use. Where firewood is marketed, the averng3 price is about 10 TSH per JdIognun (1991-92). Firewood sold in large quantities, for example a 7 tonne truck load, costs :Wout 750 TSH per cubic metre (1991-92).

14

USES

ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA)ACACIA GERRARDIIACACIA LAHAIACACIA MELLIFERAACACIA NILOTICAACACIA POLYACANTHAACACIA SIEBERANAACACIA TORTILISACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAAFZELIA QUANZENSISALBIZIA GUMMIFERAALBIZIA HARVEYIALBIZIA PETERSIANAALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAALBIZIA VERSICOLORANNONA SENEGALENSISBALANITES AEGYPTIACABOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSISBRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMIIBRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEIBRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISBREONADIA SALICINABRIDELIA MICRANTHABURKEA AFRICANACOMBRETUM ADENOGONIUMCOMBRETUN1 ZEYHERICOMMIPHORA AFRICANACOMMIPHORA EMINIICORDIA AFRICANACORDIA SINENSISCROTON MACROSTACHYUSCROTON MEGALOCARPUSDALBERGIA ARBUTIFOLIADALBERGIA NITIDULADICHROSTACHYS CINEREADIOSPYROS KIRKIIDIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISENTADA ABYSSINICAERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAEUCLEA DIVINORUMFAUREA SALIGNAFICUS SYCOMORUS

TABLE 3.1Preferred Firewood Species

Species mentioned frequently as important for firewood include Uapaca kirkiana,Dichrostachys cinema, Brachystegia spkfformis.

FICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAEFLACOURTIA INDICAGREWIA BICOLORGREWIA PLATYCLADAHAGEN1A ABYSSINICAILEX MITISJULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORAKHAYA ANTHOTHECAKIGELIA AFRICANALONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAMARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAMARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICAOCOTEA USAMBARENSISOLEA CAPENSISOLEA EUROPAEAPARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAPARINAR1 EXCELSAPERICOPSIS ANGOLENSISPODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSPRUNUS AFRICANAPTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISRAUVOLF1A CAFFRARHUS NATALENSISSALVADORA PERSICASTRYCHNOS INNOCUASYZYGIUM CORDATUMSYZYGIUM GUINEENSETAMARINDUS INDICATECLEA NOBILISTERMINALIA SERICEATREMA ORIENTALISTRICHILIA EMETICAUAPACA KIRKIANAVANGUERIA INFAUSTAVANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENS1SVITEX DONIANAVITEX PAYOSWARBURGIA SALUTARISXERODERRIS STUHLMANNIIXIMENIA AMERICANAXIMENIA CAFFRA

15

TABLE 3.1 Preferred Firewood Species

Species mentioned frequently as important for firewood include Uapaca kirkiana, Dichrostachys cinerea, Brachystegia spiciformis.

ACACIA AlBIDA (F. AlBIDA) ACACIA GERRARDII ACACIA LAHAI ACACIA MELLIFERA ACACIA NILOTICA ACACIA POLY ACANTHA ACACIA SIEBERANA ACACIA TORTILIS ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA AFZELIA QUANZENSIS ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA ALBIZIA HARVEYI ALBIZIA PETERSIANA ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA ALBIZIA VERSICOLOR ANNONA SENEGALENSIS BALANITES AEGYPTIACA BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSIS BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMII BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEI BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS BREONADIA SALICINA BRIDELIA MICRA NTH A BURKEA AFRICANA COMBRETUM ADENOGONIUM COMBRETUM ZEYHERI COMMIPHORA AFRICANA COMMIPHORA EMINII CORDIA AFRICANA CORDIA SINENSIS CROTONMACROSTACHYUS CROTON MEGALOCARPUS DALBERGIA ARBUTIFOLIA DALBERGIA NITIDULA DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA DIOSPYROS KIRKII DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS ENTAD A ABYSSINICA ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA EUCLEA DIVINORUM FAUREA SALIGNA FICUS SYCOMORUS

15

FICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAE FLACOURTIA INDICA. GREWIA BICOLOR GREWIA PLATYCLADA HAGENIA ABYSSINICA ILEX MITIS JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA KHA Y A ANTHOTHECA KIGELIA AFRICAN A LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS OLEA CAPENSIS OLEA EUROPAEA PARINARI CURATElLIFOlIA PARINARI EXCELSA PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS PRUNUS AFRICAN A PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA RHUS NAT ALENSIS SALVADORA PERSICA STRYCHNOSINNOCUA SYZVGIUM CORDATUM SYZVGIUM GUINEENSE T AMARINDUS INDICA TECLEA NOBILIS TERMINALIA SERICEA TREMA ORIENTALIS TRICHILIA EMETICA UAPACA KIRKIANA VANGUERIA INFAUSTA VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS VITEX DONIANA VITEX PAY OS WARBURGIA SALUTARIS XERODERRIS STUHLMANNII XIMENIA AMERICANA XIMENIA CAFFRA

Uses


3.2 CharcoalKinga na kinga ndipo moto uwakapo

One firebrand after another keeps Me fire burning

In urban areas charcoal is used extensively for household cooldng taslcs, and it isrelied on almost exclusively by restaurants. Charcoal is generally preferred forcoolcing meat, fish, beans, and other foods for the evening meal.such as rice and friedbananas. However, the price of charcoal often limits its use. Nevertheless, whenloolcing at comparative coolcing costs on a kilocalorie basis in Tan7ania, electricity,then charcoal, and then firewood are the least cost coolcing options, if the cost and theavailability of stoves for the respective fuel is not considered (Hines 1991).

Small scale charcoal production is a significant source of income for many smallfarmers, predominately men, as well as a significant cause of deforestation, notablythe Miombo woodlands. Farmers construct earth kilns by covering stacked wood withvegetation and then with soil, a technique commonly referred to as 'mudding'. Thesesmall kilns are wedge shaped and use about 5 to 6 cubic metres of wood to produceabout 12, 35 kilogram bags of charcoal. The recovery efficiency is about 15%(ESMAP, World Bank 1988).

16


3.2 Charcoal Kinga na kinga ndipo moto uwakapo

One firebrand after another keeps tire fire burning

In urban areas charcoal is used extensively for household cooking tasks, and it is relied on almost exclusively by restaurants. Charcoal is generally preferred for cooking meat, fish, beans, and other foods for the evening meal. such as rice and fried bananas. However, the price of charcoal often limits its use. Nevertheless, when looking at comparative cooking costs on a kilocalorie basis in Tanzania, electricity, then charcoal, and then firewood are the least cost cooking options, if the cost and the availability of stoves for the respective fuel is not considered (Hines 1991).

Small scale charcoal production is a significant source of income for many small farmers, predominately men, as well as a significant cause of deforestation, notably the Miombo woodlands. Farmers construct earth kilns by covering stacked wood with vegetation and then with soil, a technique commonly referred to as 'mudding'. These small kilns are wedge shaped and use about 5 to 6 cubic metres of wood to produce about 12, 35 kilogram bags of charcoal. The recovery efficiency is about 15 % (ESMAP, World Bank 1988).

---.

16

17

USES

In many areas of Tannnia farmers who were once involved in charcoal making havebeen forced to look for alternative sources of income, because of over-exploitation ofthe woodlands and a lack of raw material. In Mazombe, a village visited in the Iringaregion, about 150 charcoal workers had produced between 45000 to 50000 bags in1987. In 1991 it was estimated that about 22,500 bags were produced in the samevillage, amounting to a substantial reduction over the 4 year period (Hines 1991).

Generally speaking, these local producers earn between 150 and 300 TSH per 35lcilogram bag whereas the retail price, depending on the size of the urban area, isusually between 600 and 850 TSH. In urban areas 1 kilogram usually sells for about20 TSH (1991-92). These price variations reflect the highly competitive nature of thecharcoal market, differences in economies of scale, and the degree of integrationbetween different selling levels. Price also depends on the quality of the charcoal,including species and anaount of fine material, the transport method (truck, tractor,bicycle, wheelbarrow, donkey, or headloading), the distance travelled, and whetherthe operation is legal.

ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA)ACACIA LANAIACACIA NILOTICAACACIA TORTILISAFZELIA QUANZENSISALBIZIA HARVEYIALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAALBIZIA VERSICOLORBRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMIIBRACHYSTEGIA BUSSE!BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISBRIDELIA MICRANTHABURKEA AFRICANACOMBRETUM ADENOGONIUMCOMBRETUM MOLLEDALBERGIA ARBUTIFOLIADALBERGIA NITIDULADICHROSTACHYS CINEREA

TABLE 3.2Preferred Charcoal Species

Local species frequently mentioned for charcoal production include: Brachystegiaspiciformis, Combretum molle, and Dichrostachys cinerea.

DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISFAUREA SALIGNAJULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORALONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAOLEA CAPENSISOLEA EUROPAEAPARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAPARINARI EXCELSAPERICOPSIS ANGOLENSISPRUNUS AFRICANASYZYGIUM GUINEENSETAMARINDUS INDICATECLEA NOBILISTERMINALIA SERICEATREMA ORIENTALISUAPACA KIRKIANAVITEX DONIANA

USES

In many areas of Tanzania farmers who were once involved in charcoal making have been forced to look for alternative sources of income, because of over-exploitation of the woodlands and a lack of raw material. In Mazombe, a village visited in the lringa region, abou't 150 charcoal workers had produced between 45000 to 50000 bags in 1987. In 1991 it was estimated that about 22,500 bags were produced in the same village, amounting to a substantial reduction over the 4 year period (Hines 1991).

Generally speaking, these local producers earn between 150 and 300 TSH per 35 kilogram bag whereas the retail price, depending on the size of the urban area, is usually between 600 and 850 TSH. In urban areas 1 kilogram usually sells for about 20 TSH (1991-92). These price variations reflect the highly competitive nature of the charcoal market, differences in economies of scale, and the degree of integration between different selling levels. Price also depends on the quality of the charcoal, including species and amount of fine material, the transport method (truck, tractor, bicycle, wheelbarrow, donkey, or headloading), the distance travelled, and whether the operation is legal.

TABLE 3.2 Preferred Charcoal Species

Local species frequently mentioned for charcoal production include: Brachystegia spiciformis, Combretum molle, and Dichrostachys cinerea.

ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA) ACACIA LAHAI ACACIA NILOTICA ACACIA TORTIUS AFZELIA QUANZENSIS ALBIZIA HARVEYI ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA ALBIZIA VERSICOLOR BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMII BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEI BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS BRIDELIA MICRANTHA BURKEA AFRICANA COMBRETUM ADENOGONIUM COMBRETUM MOLLE DALBERGIA ARBUTIFOUA DALBERGIA NITIDULA DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA

17

DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS FAUREA SALIGNA JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA OLEA CAPENSIS OLEA EUROPAEA PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA PARINARI EXCELS A PERI COPS IS ANGOLENSIS PRUNUS AFRICANA SYZVGIUM GUINEENSE TAMARINDUS INDICA TECLEA NOBILIS TERMINALIA SERICEA TREMA ORIENTALIS UAPACA KIRKIANA VITEX DONIANA


3.3 Building MaterialsKwenye miti hakuna wjenzi

Where there are trees there are no builders

In most rural areas of Tanzania forests are still the main source-s of supply materialsfor constnicting houses, fence.s, and bornas. Even though house construction stylesare slightly different in various regions of the country, and they are changing in someareas, the majority of rural people still rely on local forests for their houseconstruction needs. Almost all men responding to the question concerning their mostimportant uses for trees indicated building materials. For women it is also asignificant use.

Generally, men collect building materials from the forest when necessary and areresponsible for constructing and maintaining structures. Hovvever it was found that inRuvuma region women are also involved in house building. It was reported in somevillages in Dodoma that women had to buy building materials from men if theyrequired them, as they do not go into the forest to collect materials. Typically, ruralhouseholds do not buy building materials for their oi.vn use. There is some selling ofbuilding materials but this is generally not within the village but to traders who takethe materials to town.

18


3.3 Building Materials Kwenye miti hakuna wajenzi

Where there are trees there are no builders

In most rural areas of Tan1Mlia forests are still the main sources of supply materials for constructing houses, fences, and bomas. Even though house construction styles are slightly different in various regions of the country, and they are changing in some areas, the majority of rural people still rely on local forests for their house construction needs. Almost all men responding to the question concerning their most important uses for trees indicated building materials. For women it is also a significant use.

Generally, men collect building materials from the forest when necessary and are responsible for constructing and maintaining structures. However it was found that in Ruvuma region women are also involved in house building. It was reported in some villages in Dodoma that women had to buy building materials from men if they required them, as they do not go into the forest to collect materials. Typically, rural households do not buy building materials for their own use. There is some selling of building materials but this is generally not within the village but to traders who take the materials to town.

18

The preferred species tend to vary according to availability and the specific use withinthe construction scheme. As well, the quantities required and the replacement periodvaries depending on the style of house and spe,cies used. A boma made of cedarmight use 0.21 to 0.33 cubic metres of wood, whereas it is much more difficult toestimate the quantity required for a house. A typical house in Dodoma may take 4types of building materials: supports, beams, pallets, and withers.

TABLE 3.3Building Materials in a Typical Dodoma House

The high demand for building materialsputs considerable pressure on naturalforests, especially those near villagesand towns. Poles can be removed fromforest reserves for personal use withouta license and free of charge. Given thehigh demand and the value many peopleput on indigenous species for building, itis im,portant to try planting thesepreferred imdigenous species outside theforest reserves to relieve pressure onexisting forests.

19

Tires grown for poles should:

have a single, straight stem withfew branches;

be self-pruning and have fewknots;

produce wood that is durable,light, resistant to insects, and ableto support /wavy CTOSS 1oad%

be able to absorb preservativeseasily;

have other its4s.

USEs

Type of Material Quantity Price: TSH - 1992 Replacement

supports 60 600-1000/pole 3-4/yearbeams 25 800-1000/piecepallets 50/piece 20/yearwithers 1300 60/load of 25 all every 3 years

USES

The preferred species tend to vary according to availability and the specific use within the construction scheme. As well, the quantities required and the replacement period varies depending on the style of house and species used. A boma made of cedar might use 0.21 to 0.33 cubic metres of wood, whereas it is much more difficult to estimate the quantity required for a house. A typical house in Dodoma may take 4 types of building materials: supports, beams, pallets, and withers.

TABlE 3.3 Building Materials in a Typioal Oodoma House

Type of Material

supports beams pallets withers

Quantity

60 25

1300

The high demand for building materials puts considerable pressure on natural forests, especially those near villages and towns. Poles can be removed from forest reserves for personal use without a license and free of charge. Given the high demand and the value many people put on indigenous species for building, it is important to try planting these preferred indigenous species outside the forest reserves to relieve pressure on existing forests.

19

Prioe: TSH - 1992

600-1000/pole 800-1000/pieoe 50/pieoe 60noad of 25

Replaoement

3-4/year

20/year ell every 3 years

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TRF_ES OF TANZANIA

ACACIA ABYSSINICAACACIA DREPANOLOBIUMACACIA GERRARDIIACACIA LAHAIACACIA MELLIFERAACACIA NILOTICAACACIA SIEBERANAACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAAFZELIA QUANZENSISALBIZIA GUMMIFERAALBIZIA HARVEY!ALBIZIA PETERSIANAALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAAZANZA GARCKEANABALANITES AEGYPTIACABERCHEMIA DISCOLORBOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSISBREONADIA SALICINABRIDELIA MICRANTHABURKEA AFRICANACASSIPOUREA MALOSANACOMBRETUM ADENOGON1UMCOMBRETUM MOLLECOMBRETUM ZEYHERICOMMIPHORA AFRICANACOMMIPHORA EMINIICOMMIPHORA UGOGOENSISCORDIA AFRICANACORDIA SINENSISCROTON MACROSTACHYUSCROTON MEGALOCARPUSDALBERGIA ARBUT1FOLIADALBERGIA MELANOXYLONDALBERGIA NITIDULADICHROSTACHYS CINEREADIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS

TABLE 3.4Preferred Building Material Species

Some of the highly preferred species identified for building materials include: Acaciamellifera, Dichrostachys cinerea, Bridelia micrantha, Dalbergia arbutifolia, Prunusafricana, and Olea capensis,

ERYTHR1NA ABYSSINICAEUCLEA DIVINORUMGREWIA BICOLORGREWIA PLATYCLADAHAGENIA ABYSSINICAILEX MITISJUNIPERUS PROCERAKHAYA ANTHOTHECALONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAMARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAMARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICAMILICIA EXCELSAOCOTEA USAMBARENSISOLEA CAPENSISOLEA EUROPAEAOXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAPODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSPRUNUS AFRICANAPTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISRAU VOLFIA CAFFRASTROPHANTHUS EMINIISTRYCHNOS COCCULOIDESSTRYCHNOS INNOCUASYZYGIUM CORDATUMSYZYGIUM GUINEENSETECLEA NOBILISTERMINALIA SERICEATREMA ORIENTALISTRICHILIA EMET1CAUAPACA KIRKIANAVANGUERIA INFAUSTAVANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISVITEX DONIANAVITEX PAYOSXIMENIA CAFFRA

20


TABLE 3.4 Preferred Building Material Species

Some of the highly preferred species identified for building materials include: Acacia me/lifera, Dichrostachys cinerea, Bridelia micrantha, Dalbergia arbutifolia, Prunus african a, and Olea capensis.

ACACIA ABYSSINICA ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUM ACACIA GERRARDII ACACIA LAHAI ACACIA MELLI FER A ACACIA NILOTICA ACACIA SIEBERANA ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA AFZEUA QUANZENSIS ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA ALBIZIA HARVEYI ALBIZIA PETERS lANA ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA AZANZA GARCKEANA BALANITES AEGYPTIACA BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSIS BREONADIA SAUCINA BRIDEUA MICRA NTH A BURKEA AFRICAN A CASSIPOUREA MALOSANA COMBRETUM ADENOGONIUM COMBRETUM MOLLE COMBRETUM ZEYHERI COMMIPHORA AFRICANA COMMIPHORA EMINII COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSIS CORDIA AFRICAN A CORDIA SINENSIS CROTON MACROSTACHYUS CROTON MEGALOCARPUS DALBERGIA ARBUTIFOUA DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON DALBERGIA NITIDULA DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA DIOSPYROS MESPIUFORMIS

20

ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA EUCLEA DIVINORUM GREWIA BICOLOR GREWIA PLATYCLADA HAGENIA ABYSSINICA ILEX MITIS JUNIPERUS PROCERA KHA Y A ANTHOTHECA LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOUA MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA MIUCIA EXCELSA OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS OLEA CAPEN SIS OLEA EUROPAEA OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA PODOCARPUS LATIFOUUS PRUNUS AFRICANA PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA STROPHANTHUS EMINII STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES STRYCHNOSINNOCUA SYZVGIUM CORDATUM SYZVGIUM GUINEENSE TECLEA NOBILIS TERMINAUA SERICEA TREMA ORIENTALIS TRICHILIA EMETICA UAPACA KIRKIANA VANGUERIA INFAUSTA VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS VITEX DONIANA VITEX PAYOS XIMENIA CAFFRA

3.4 Domestic ItemsMshare kwenda msituni haukupotea

¡fan arrow goes into the forest it is no! lost.It is after all where it originated.

Raw materials from the forest are used to make a wide range of products that canbroadly be classified as household utensils, tools, and equipment. Many differentspe,cies are used to make tools and utensils that meet day to day household needs.While substitutes for many items are available in larger towns, in most villages peoplestill rely almost exclusively on materials from forests and woodlands for domesticitems.

Most items are made by village specialists. There tend to.be specialists in eachvillage and they are generally men. These people often inherit their crafts and tend tospecialize in producing a specific set of items. However, simple items such as spoonsare sometime-s made within the household.

A typical village family would likely own the following items, all of which, except thepestle and mortar, may need to be replaced annually:

21

USES

TABLE 3.5Domestic Items Likely Owned by a Typical Village Family

Item QuantityPurchase PriceTSH/unit - 1992

stirring sticks 2 100pestle 1 800mortar 1 100-200rolling pin 1 50spoon 5-10 5axe handle 1 100hoe handle 5 100spade handle 1 100bow 1 150arrow 10 50spear 2 150

USES

3.4 Domestic Items Mshare kwenda msitunihaukupotea

If an a"ow goes into the forest it is not lost. It is after all where it originated.

Raw materials from the forest are used to make a wide range of products that can broadly be classified as household utensils, tools, and equipment. Many different species are used to make tools and utensils that meet day to day household needs. While substitutes for many items are available in larger towns, in most villages people still rely almost exclusively on materials from forests and woodlands for domestic items.

Most items are made by village specialists. There tend to.be specialists in each village and they are generally men. These people often inherit their crafts and tend to specialize in producing a specific set of items. However, simple items such as spoons are sometimes made within the household.

A typical village family would likely own the following items, all of which, except the pestle and mortar, may need to be replaced annually:

Item stirring sticks pestle mortar rolling pin spoon axe handle hoe handle spade handle bow arrow spear

TABLE 3.S Domestic Items Likely Owned by a Typical Village Family

Quantity 2 1 1 1 S-10 1 S 1· 1 10 2

21

Purchase Price TSH/unit • 1992 100 800 100·200 SO 5 100 100 100 150 50 150


Market prices for similar items in large towns such as Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa,Songea, Arusha, Mbeya, and Moshi are:

TABLE 3.6Market Prices for Domestic Items

22

ItemWholesale PriceTSH/unit - 1992

Retail PriceTSH/unit - 1992

stirring sticks 100pestle (large) 800-1000 1500mortar 150 250rolling pin 200-300 450spoon 25-40 50-100sieve 150-250 300-350knife 200-250 300-4,50axe handle 1200hoe handle 100 200spade handle 700bow 500 800spear 500 800-1000walking stick 60 80


Market prices for similar items in large towns such as Morogoro, Dodoma, lringa, Songea, Arusha, Mbeya, and Moshi are:

TABLE 3.6 Market Prices for Domestic Items

Wholesale Price Retail Price Item TSH/unit - 1992 TSH/unit - 1992 stirring sticks 100 p.estle (large) 800-1000 1500 mortar 150 250 rolling pin 200-300 450 spoon 25-40 50-100 sieve 150-250 300-350 knife 200-250 300-4,50 axe handle 1200 hoe handle 100 200 spade handle 700 bow 500 800 spear 500 800-1000 walking stick 60 80

22

ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA)ACACIA LAHAIACACIA MELLIFERAACACIA NILOTICAACACIA POLYACANTHAACACIA SIEBERANAACACIA TORTILISADANSONIA DIGITATAALBIZIA GUMMIFERAALBIZIA HARVEY,ALBIZIA PETERSIANAALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAALBIZIA VERSICOLORANNONA SENEGALENSISAZANZA GARCKEANABALANITES AEGYPTIACABERCHEMIA DISCOLORBRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEIBRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFOR MISBREONADIA SALICINABRIDELIA MICRANTHABURKEA AFRICANACASSIPOUREA MALOSANACOMBRETUM MOLLECOMMIPHORA AFRICANACOMMIPHORA MOLLISCOMMIPHORA TROTHAECOIVIMIPHORA UGOGOENSISCORDIA AFRICANACORDIA SINENSISCROTON MACROSTACHYUSDALBERGIA ARBUTIFOLIADALBERGIA MELANOXYLON

Species for making domestic items should:

possess straight stems and provideeither light or heavy, strong vvood;

work or carve easily;

peel easily and be free of knots;

23

withstand pests and diseases;

have low peoneability for itemsanchas spoons and cups;

have other uses.

TABLE 3.7Preferred Species for Domestic Items

Highly preferred species for domestic uses include: Rauvolfia caffre, Albizia harveyi,Teclea nobilis, Grewie bicolor, and Cordia sin oasis

DALBERGIA NITIDULADICHROSTACHYS CINEREADIOSPYROS KIRKIIDIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISENTADA ABYSSINICAERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAFAUREA SALIGNAFLACOURTIA INDICAGREVVIA BICOLORKIGELIA AFRICANALONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAMARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAMARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICAOLEA CAPENSISOLEA EUROPAEAOXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAPARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAPARINARI EXCELSAPER1COPSIS ANGOLENSISPRUNUS AFRICANAPTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISR A U VOLFIA CAFFRASTROPHANTHUS EMINIISTRYCHNOS COCCULOIDESSTRYCHNOS INNOCUASYZYGIUM GUINEENSETAMARINDUS INDICATECLEA NOBILISTERMINAUA SERICEAUAPACA KIRKIANAXERODERRIS STUHLMANNIIXIMENIA AMERICANAXIMENIA CAFFRA

USES

TABLE 3.7 Preferred Species tor Domestic Items

HighlV preferred species for domestic uses include: Rauvolfia caffra, A/bizis harvayi, Tac/ea nobilis, Grewia bic%r, end Cordis sinensis

ACACIA ALBIDA IF. ALBIDA) ACACIA LAHAI ACACIA MELLIFERA ACACIA NILOTJCA ACACIA POLYACANTHA ACACIA SIEBERANA ACACIA TORTILIS ADANSONIA DIGITATA ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA ALBIZIA HARVEYI ALBIZIA PETERSIANA ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA ALBIZIA VERSICOLOR ANNONA SENEGALENSIS AZANZA GARCKEANA BALANtTES AEGYPTIACA BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEI BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS BREONADIA SALICINA BRIDElIA MICRANTHA BURKEA AFRICANA CASSIPOUREA MALOSANA COMBRETUM MOLLE COMMIPHORA AFRICANA COMMIPHORA MOlllS COMMIPHORA TROTHAE COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSIS CORDIA AFRICANA CORDIA SINENSIS CROTON MACROSTACHYUS DALBERGIA ARBUTIFOLIA DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON

23

DALBERGIA NITIDULA DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA DIOSPYROS KIRKII DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS ENTADA ABYSSINICA ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA FAUREA SALIGNA FLACOURTIA INDICA GREWIA BICOLOR KIGELIA AFRICANA LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA OLEA CAPENSIS OLEA EUROPAEA OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA PARINARI EXCELSA PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS PRUNUS AFRICANA PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA STROPHANTHUS EMINII STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES STRYCHNOS INNOCU,6; SYZVGIUM GUINEENSE TAMARINDUS INDICA TECLEA NOBILIS TERMINALIA SERICEA UAPACA KIRKIANA XERODERRIS STUHLMANNII XIMENIA AMERICANA XIMENIA CAFFRA

USES

INcHGENous MULTIPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

3.5 FodderMwenye skoku hakosi kuni

He who has an axe does not lack for firewood or fodder

Livestock raising is an integral part of most household production systems inTanzania. Herds are generally considered to be a source of security for future andunexpected needs, though animals are occasionally slaughtered for home consumption.

Trees from forests, woodlands, farms, and fallow land are primary sources of fodderand are instrumental in supporting the livestock population of Tanzania Animals aregenerally free grazing, though increasingly villages are introducing zero grazing lawsrequiring tethering and cut-and-carry systems. It was noticed that in many areas freegrazing still inhibits tree planting, even in agroforestry systems. In some areas, forexample Babati district of Arusha, the adoption of zero grazirig on a large scale isunlikely for the foreseeable future due to the uncertainty of fodder crop production,the length of the dry season, and the availability and cost of labour (Johansson 1992).

In drier areas, particularly Dodoma region and the Southem Highlands, fodder wasnot generally identified as one of the most important uses of trees, either by men orwomen. Most farmers said they never bought feed; they only collected fodder for

24

INDiGENOUS MUL TIPlJRPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

3.5 Fodder Mwenye skoku hakosi kuni

He who has an axe does not lack for firewood or fodder

Livestock raising is an integral part of most household production systems in Tanzania. Herds are generally considered to be a source of security for future and unexpected needs, though animals are occasionally slaughtered for home consumption.

Trees from forests, woodlands, farms, and fallow land are primary sources of fodder and are instrumental in supporting the livestock population of Tanzania. Animals are generally free grazing, though increasingly villages are introducing zero grazing laws requiring tethering and cut-and-carry systems. It was noticed that in many areas free grazing still inhibits tree planting, even in agroforestry systems. In some areas, for example Babati district of Arusha, the adoption of zero grazing on a large scale is unlikely for the foreseeable future due to the uncertainty of fodder crop production, the length of the dry season, and the availability and cost of labour (Johansson 1992).

In drier areas, particularly Dodoma region and the Southern Highlands, fodder was not generally identified as one of the most important uses of trees, either by men or women. Most farmers said they never bought feed; they only collected fodder for

I " ,,' :" 'J J; , ~ , ,", , 1,\.' ,1,1 ',1\1

,1,," I j !llf'\" ",(' " I l' I I I,"

"

' ,: ',I" ,I' , • 'I I' I ' ' I" i:' v. . ~; ~ . I I, I, J 'I I II :.; I II '"," 'j, I'~ ,//:1 I "

\ f; tlliil.l' ~itl' r " I t I ';

I 't' ,I ~ ~ • t d t I I

24

sick or newborn animals. Free grazingwas used almost exclusively by thoseinterviewed in these areas.

In some districts the demand for fodderis so high that farmers have started togrow fodder grass for supplementary drygrass. On the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaroindigenous tree species have either beenretained or planted for the specificpurpose of supplying fodder. Of thefarmers interviewed there, all mentionedthe importance of trees for supplyingfodder. However none sold leaf fodder,although occasionally they had topurchase it in the lower lying areas.One farmer estimated that he produced75% of the fodder required to feed his 4goats and 2 cows. However, he stillpurchased from outside the village 4, 7 tonne(1992) for the 28 tonnes.

25

Troes grown for fodder should:

produce leaves or pods thatanimals like to eat and have highnutritional content;

withstand lopping, pruning, andcoPPicing;

grow quickly, especiaily in theearly growth stages;

withstand pests, diseases andbrowsing onimalg;

have °tiler uses.

USES

loads of feed costing about 60000 TSH

ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA)ACACIA MELLIFERAACACIA NILOTICAACACIA POLYACANTFIAACACIA SIEBERANAACACIA TORTILISACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAAFZEUA QUANZENSISALBIZIA GUMMIFERAALBIZIA PETERSIANAANNONA SENEGALENSISAZANZA GARCKEANABALANITES AEGYPTIACABERCHEMIA DISCOLORBRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISBURKEA AFRICANACOMBRETUM MOLLECOMMIPHORA AFRICANACOMMIPHORA EMINIICORDIA SINENSISCROTON MACROSTACHYUSCROTON MEGALOCARPUSDALBERGIA MELANOXYLONDALBERGIA NMDULADICHROSTACHYS CINEREAENTADA ABYSSINICA

TABLE 3.8Preferred Fodder Species

Some highly preferred species for fodder production include: Acacia alblda, Vitex papa, Roueapp., end Croton macroatachyus.

FICUS SYCOMORUSFICUS THONNINGIIFLACOURTIA INDICAGREWIA BICOLORGREWIA PLATYCLADALANNEA SCHWENFURTHIILONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAMARKHAMIA OBTUS/FOLIAOLEA CAPENSISOLEA EUROPAEAOXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAPARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAPARINARI EXCELSAPTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISSALVADORA PERSICASTRYCHNOS COCCULOIDESSYZYGIUM GUINEENSETERMINALIA SERICEATREMA ORIENTAL'STRICHILIA EMETICAVITEX DONIANAVITEX PAYOSWARBURGIA SALUTARISXERODERRIS STUHLMANNIIXIMENIA AMERICANA

sick or newborn animals. Free grazing was used almost exclusively by those interviewed in these areas.

In some districts the demand for fodder is so high that farmers have started to grow fodder grass for supplelIlentary dry grass. On the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro indigenous tree species have either been retained or planted for the specific purpose of.supplying fodder. Of the farmers interviewed there, all mentioned the importance of trees for supplying fodder. However none sold leaf fodder, although occasionally they had to purchase it in the lower lying areas. One farmer estimated that he produced 75 % of the fodder required to feed his 4 goats and 2 cows. However, he still

Uses

purchased from outside the village 4, 7 tonne loads of feed costing about 60000 TSH (1992) for the 28 tonnes.

TABLE 3.8 Preferred Fodder Sped"

Some highly preferred species for fodder production Include: Acsckl .Ibld., Vit"x psyos, Ficus spp., and Croton tnBcftJstachyus.

ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIOA) ACACIA MELLIFERA ACACIA NILonCA ACACIA POLYACANlliA ACACIA SIEBERANA ACACIA TORnLlS ACACIA XANlliOPHLOEA AFZEllA QUANZENSIS ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA ALBIZIA PETERSIANA ANNONA SENEGALENSIS AZANZA GARCKEANA BALANITES AEGYPTIACA BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR BRACHYSTEGIA SPiCIFORMIS BURKEA AFRICANA COMBRETUM MOLLE COMMIPHORA AFRICANA COMMIPHORA EMINII CORDIA SINENSIS CROTON MACROSTACHYUS CROTON MEGALOCARPUS DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON DALBERGIA NITIOULA DlCHROSTACHYS CINEREA ENTADA ABYSSINICA

26

FICUS SYCOMORUS FICUS lliONNINGIl FLACOURTIA INDICA GREWIA BICOLOR GREWIA PLATYCLADA LANNEA SCHWEINAJRllili LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA OLEA CAPENSIS OLEA EUROPAEA OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA PARINARI EXCELSA PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS SALVADORA PERSICA STRYCHNOS COCCULOIOES SVZVGIUM GUINEENSE TERMINALIA SERICEA TREMA ORIENTALIS TRICHILIA EMETICA VITEX OONIANA VITEX PAYOS WARBURGIA SALUTARIS XEROOERRIS STUHLMANNII XIMENIA AMERICANA

INDIGENous MULTIPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

3.6 Timber/Furnituremti hawendi ila kwa nyenzo

A log can not move save by the help of rollers

Most men interviewed stated that timber was a valuable product of indigenous species,but due to the increasing scarcity of many of the preferred species, timber is not as animportant an item as it has been in the past. However, the market for timber fromcultivated trees is growing, as demand continues to increase and the supply fromindigenous forests is depleted. Timber is generally sawn into boards and used inhouse construction (rafters, doors, and frames), for fumiture, and for otherconstructed items. Often timber is sold directly to the consumer at the pitsawing site.

Throughout the regions visited in Tanzania farmers commented on the disappearanceof well-lcnown timber species. In many cases farmers have not used Prunus africana,Ocotea usambarensis or Olea europaea for more than 5 years, though they mentionedthese species as preferred and would re-adily use them again if they were available.

In Songea district of Ruvuma region some farmers involved in the timber businesshave begun planting Breonadia salicina and Pterocarpus angolensis due to the

26


3.6 Timber/Furniture Mti hawendi ita kwa nyenzo

A wg can not move save by the help of roUers

Most men interviewed stated that timber was a valuable product of indigenous species, but due to the increasing scarcity of many of the preferred species, timber is not as an important an item as it has been in the past. However, the marl\et for timber from cultivated trees is growing, as demand continues to increase and the supply from indigenous forests is depleted. Timber is generally sawn into boards and used in house construction (rafters, doors, and frames), for furniture, and for other constructed items. Often timber is sold directly to the consumer at the pitsawing site.

Throughout the regions visited in Tanzania farmers commented on the disappearance of well-known tilIlber species. In many cases farmers have not used Prunus ajricana, Ocotea usambarensis or Olea europaea for more than 5 years, though they mentioned these species as preferred and would readily use them again if they were available.

In Songea district of Ruvuma region some farmers involved in the timber business have begun planting Breonadia salicina and Pterocarpus angolensis due .to the

26

depletion of indigenous timber species.Timber has been a good source ofincome and farmers feel that it is nowessential to develop alternative timbersupplies if timber is to remain asignificant income earner. Therefore, itis important that indigenous trees areintegrated into planting schemesdesigned to produce timber.

Furniture making is an important sourr-eof income for carpenters in rural areas.In most villages several men workindependently but often cooperate tosecure raw materials from pitsawyers,and in some cases they even share tools.Occasionally carpenters receive ordersfrom within the village, but it is morelikely that items are sold in either local weeldy markets or in nearby towns. Itemsproduced and sold include boxes, tables, chairs, bed frames, and stools.

27

Species for sawn timber should:

grow quicidy;

have straight stems, uniform size,and small branches;

have good physical, mechanical,seasoning, preserving, andprocessing properties;

be naturally pruning and rapidlyself-healing;

-* have other uses.

USES

TABLE 3.9Timber and Furniture Prices

Selected Timber Prices (TSH/running foot - 1992)

Selected Furniture Prices (TSH/item - 1992)

SpeciesGovernmentPrice

Forest SitePrice

VillagePrice

Breonadia salicina 85 100Ocotea usambarensis 64 55 85Khaya anthotheca 48 30 58Podocatpus ladfolius 36 30 58Pterocamus angolensis 74 85 100Cordia africana 50 55 58

Item Species Madot Price

box Podocarpus latifollus 1400chair Ocotea usambarensis 1400table Ocotea usambarensis 1400stool Ocotea usambarensis 450cupboard Commiphora ugogoensis 15000bed Pterocarpus angolensis 7000/beddouble chair Khaya anthotheca 90,00/unit

depletion of indigenous timber species. Timber has been a good source of income and farmers feel that it is now essential to ilevelop alternative timber supplies if timber is to remain a significant income earner. Therefore, it is important that indigenous trees are integrated into planting schemes designed to produce timber.

Furniture making is an important source of income for carpenters in rural areas. In most villages several men work independently but often cooperate to secure raw materials from pitsawyers, and in some cases they even share tools. Occasionally carpenters receive orders from within the village, but it is more likely that items are sold in either local weekly markets or in nearby towns. Items produced and sold include boxes, tables, chairs, bed frames, and stools.

TABlE 3.9 Timber and Fumhura Prices

Selected Timber Prices (TSHlrunning foot - 19921

Government Forest Site Speoies Prioe Prioe

Br80nadia sa/icina 85 OcotflS usambarflnsis 64 55 Khsys anthotheca 48 30 Podocsrpus latifolius 36 30 PtafOcsrpus angolensis 74 85 Cordia sfricans 50 55

Selected Furniture Prlcee rrSHrrtem - 19921

Item

box ohair table stool oupboard bed double ohair

Speoies

Podocarpus Istifollus Ocotfla ussmbarflnsis OcotfiS usembarflnsis Ocotfla ussmbarlmsis Commiphora ugogoflnsis PtflfOcarpus Bngolflnsis Khaya snthothfICs

27

Village Prioe

100 65 58 58 100 58

Market Prioe

1400 1400 1400 450 15000 7000Jbad 9OOO/Unit

USES


28

TAI3LE 3.10Preferred Furniture Spode'

ACACIA ABYSSINICA MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICAACACIA TORT1US MILICIA EXCELSAAFZELIA,OUANZENSIS OCOTEA USAMBARENSISBALANITES AEGYPTIACA OLEA CAPENSISBERCHEMIA DISCOLOR OLEA EUROPAEABREONADIA SALICINA OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICABRIDELIA MICRANTHA PAAINAFU EXCELSABURKEA AFRICANA PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSISCOMMIPHORA EMINII PODOCARPUS LATIFOUUSCONIMIPHORA MOLUS PRUNUS AFRICANACOMMIPHORA TROTHAE PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISCOMMIPHORA UGOGOENSIS RAUVOLRA CAFFRACORDIA AFRICANA SYZYGIUM CORDATUMCORDIA SINENSIS TAMARINDUS INDICADIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS TERMINADA SERICEAEUCLEA DIVINORUM TRICHIUA EMETICAFAUREA SALIGNA UAPACA KIRKJANAKHAYA ANTHOTHECA V1TF.X DONIANALANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII XERODERFUS STUHLMANNIIMARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA


-_._-

ACACIA ABYSSINICA ACACIA TORTIUS AFZEUA. QUANZENSIS BALANITES AEGYPTIACA BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR BREONAOIA SALICINA BRIDELIA MICRANTHA BURKEA AFRICANA COMMIPHORA EMINII COMMIPHORA MOlUS COMMIPHORA TROTHAE COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSIS CORDIA AFRICANA CORDIA SINENSIS DIOSPYROS MESPtll FORMIS EUCLEA DIVINORUM FAUREA SALIGNA KHAYA ANTHOTHECA LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOllA

- .... --------.-~-

I~---------

J_-

TASlE3.10 Preferred ""'nllUr' Spocioo

28

MARKHAMIA ZANZlBARICA MIUCIA EKCELSA OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS OLEA CAPENSIS OLEA EUROPAEA OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA PARINARI EKCELSA PERICOPSIS ANGOlENSIS PODOCARPUS LATlFOUUS PRUNUS AFRICANA PTEROCARPUS ANGOlENstS RAUVOlAA CAFFRA SYZVGIUM CORDATUM TAMARINDUS INDICA TERMINAUA SERICEA TRICHILIA EMETlCA UAPACA KIRKIANA VITEK DONIANA XERODERRIS STUHLMANNII

USES

ACACIA ABYSSINICAACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA)ACACIA POLYACANTHAACACIA SIEBERANAAFZELIA QUANZENSISALBIZIA GUMMIFERAALBIZ1A HARVEYIALBIZIA PETERSIANAALBIZIA VERSICOLORALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNIIBALANITES AEGYPTIACABERCHEMIA DISCOLORBRACHYSTEGIA BUSSE!BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISBREONADIA SALICINABRIDELIA MICRANTHABURKEA AFRICANACASSIPOUREA MALOSANACOMBRETUM ZEYHERICOMMIPHORA MOLLISCORDIA AFRICANADIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISFAUREA SALIGNAFICUS SYCOMORUS

TABLE 3.11Preferred Timber Species

FLACOURTIA INDICAHAGENIA ABYSSINICAJUNIPERUS PROCERAKHAYA ANTHOTHECALANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIIMILICIA EXCELSAOCOTEA USAMBARENSISOLEA CAPENSISOLEA EUROPAEAPARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAPARINARI EXCELSAPERICOPSIS ANGOLENSISPODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSPRUNUS AFRICANAPTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISRHUS NATALENSISSYZYGIUM GUINEENSETAMAR1NDUS INDICATERMINALIA SERICEATRICHILIA EMETICAUAPACA KIRKIANAVITEX DONIANAWARBURGIA SALUTARIS

29

TABLE 3.11 Preferred Timber Species

ACACIA ABYSSINICA ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA) ACACIA POL YACANTHA ACACIA SIEBER ANA AFZELIA QUANZENSIS ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA ALBIZIA HARVEYI ALBIZIA PETERS lANA ALBIZIA VERSICOLOR ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNII BALANITES AEGYPTIACA BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEI BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS BREONADIA SALICINA BRIDELIA MICRANTHA BURKE A AFRICANA CASSIPOUREA MALOSANA COMBRETUM ZEYHERI COMMIPHORA MOLLIS CORDIA AFRICANA DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS FAUREA SALIGNA FICUS SYCOMORUS

29

FLACOURTIA INDICA HAGENIA ABYSSINICA JUNIPERUS PROCERA KHA Y A ANTHOTHECA LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII MILICIA EXCELS A OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS OLEA CAPENSIS OLEA EUROPAEA PARINARI CURA TELLIFOLIA PARINARI EXCELSA PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS PODOCARPUS LA TIFOLIUS PRUNUS AFRICAN A PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS RHUS NATALENSIS SYZVGIUM GUINEENSE T AMARINDUS INDICA TERMINALIA SERICEA TRICHILIA EMETICA UAPACA KIRKIANA VITEX DONIANA WARBURGIA SALUTARIS

USES


3.7 HoneyFuata nyuld, ule asali

Follow the bees that you may eat honey

Traditional beekeepers make their living from the forests where hives are put incarefully selected trees. Honey is a uniquely exploited product in that it does notcompete with other land uses, or cause land degradation, although burning has beenmentioned as an adverse effect of traditional beekeeping practices. Honey and waxappear to be tmder-exploited and demandfor both is said to be stronger than thesupply. In addition to food, honey isalso used in making pombe andmedicines.

A farmer in the Kilimanjaro area saidthat he produced about 7 to 10 debes of honey a year (1 debe = approximately 20litres or about 20 kilograms). If he sold it in the village he received 7000 TSH perdebe, whereas in Moshi he received 10000 TSH per debe. One traditional beehiveproduces from 15 to 45 kilograms per year of honey and 1 kilog-ram per year of wax.In some villages on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro, farmers reported that some of thebees had disappeared due to coffee pests, or perhaps the use of pesticides.

Hives are made of bard durable species such as Commiphora eminii, Rauvolfia caffra,Acacia albida, and Ocotea usambarensis. They are usually hung in trees that are easyto climb, and are not too large or soft.

Aftelia quanzensis was mentioned as a tree bees prefer for nectar. Farmers also notedthat the following species are highly preferred by bees for gathering nectar: Rauvolfiacaffra, Commiphora ugogoensis, Albizia gummttera, Grewia spp., Parinari excelsa,Syzygium guineense, and Ficus sycomorus.

Honey is one of the most importantcommercial products from the forestsof Tanaan

ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALMA)ACACIA TANGANYIKENSISACACIA TORTILISALBIZIA GUMMIFERAALBIZIA VERSICOLORBRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMIIBRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEIBRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISCOMMIPHORA AFRICANACOMMIPHORA EMINIICOMMIPHORA MOLLISCOMMIPHORA UGOGOENSIS

TABLE 3.12Preferred Beehive Species

CORDIA AFRICANACORDIA SINENSISCROTON MACROSTACHYUSDALBERGIA MELANOXYLONERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAFAUREA SALIGNAFICUS SYCOMORUSJUNIPERUS PROCERAOCOTEA USAMBARENSISRAU VOLFIA CAFFRAXERODERRIS STUHLMANNII

30


3.7 Honey Fuata nyuki, ole asaJi

F()Llow the bees that you may eat honey

Traditional beekeepers make. their living from the forests where hives are put in carefully selected trees. Honey is a uniquely exploited product in that it does not compete with other land uses, or cause land degradation, although burning has been mentioned as an adverse effect of traditional beekeeping practices. Honey and wax appear to be under-exploited and demand for both is said to be stronger than the supply. In addition to food, honey is also used in making pombe and medicines.

A farmer in the Kilimanjaro area said

Honey is one of the most important commercial products from the forests of Tanzania. ..

that he produced about 7 to 10 debes of honey a year (1 debe = approximately 20 litres or about 20 kilograms). If he sold it in the village he received 7000 TSH per debe, whereas in Moshi he received 10000 TSH per debe. One traditional beehive produces from 15 to 45 kilograms per year of honey and 1 kilogram per year of wax. In some villages on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro, farmers reported that some of the bees had disappeared due to coffee pests, or perhaps the use of pesticides.

Hives are made of hard durable species such as Commiphora eminii, Rauvolfia caffra, Acacia a/bida, and Ocolea usambarensis. They are usually hung in trees that are easy to climb, and are not too large or soft.

Aftelia quanzensis was mentioned as a tree bees prefer for nectar. Farmers also noted that the following species are highly preferred by bees for gathering nectar: Rauvolfia caffra, Commiphora ugogoensis, A/bizia gummifera, Grewia spp., Parinari excelsa, Syzygium guineense, and Ficus sycomorus.

TABLE 3.12 Preferred Beehive Species

ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDAJ ACACIA TANGANYIKENSIS ACACIA TORTILIS ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA ALBIZIA VERSICOLOR BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMII BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEI BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS COMMIPHORA AFRICANA COMMIPHORA EMINII COMMIPHORA MOLLIS COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSIS

30

CORDIA AFRICANA CORDIA SINENSIS CROTON MACROST ACHYUS DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA FAUREA SALIGNA FICUS SYCOMORUS JUNIPERUS PROCERA OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA XERODERRIS STUHLMANNII

ACACIA 'ALBIDA IF. ALBIDA)ACACIA MELLIFERAACACIA NILOTICAACACIA SIEBERANAACACIA TORTILISADANSONIA DIGITATAAFZELIA QUANZENSISALBIZIA GUMMIFERABERCHEMIA DISCOLORBRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMIIBRACHYSTEGIA BUSSE!BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISCOMBRETUM LONGISPICATUMCOMBRETUM MOLLECOMMIPHORA UGOGOENSISCORDIA AFRICANACORDIA SINENSISCROTON MACROSTACHYUSCROTON MEGALOCARPUSDICHROSTACHYS CINEREADIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS

TABLE 3.13Preferred Bee Plant Species

ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAFAUREA SALIGNAFICUS SYCOMORUSFICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAEGREWIA SPP.HAGENIA ABYSSINICAJULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORAKIGELIA AFRICANALONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAOLEA EUROPAEAPARINARI EXCELSAPRUNUS AFRICANAPTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISRAUVOLFIA CAFFRASYZYGIUM GUINEENSETAMARINDUS INDICATREMA ORIENTALISTFIICHILIA EMETICAUAPACA KIRKIANAVITEX DONIANAVITEX PAYOS

31

USES

ACACIA 'ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA) ACACIA MELLIFERA ACACIA NILOTICA ACACIA SIEBERANA ACACIA TORTILIS ADANSONIA DIGITATA AFZELIA QUANZENSIS ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMII BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEI BRACHYSTEGIA SPiCIFORMIS COMBREruM LONGISPICA ruM COMBREruM MOLLE COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSIS CORDIA AFRICANA CORDIA SINENSIS CROTON MACROSTACHYUS CROTON MEGALOCARPUS DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA DIOSPVROS MESPILIFORMIS

TABLE 3.13 Preferred Bee Plant Species

31

ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA FAUREA SA LIGNA FICUS SYCOMORUS FICUS VALLlS·CHOUDAE GREWIA SPP, HAGENIA ABYSSINICA JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA KIGELIA AFRICANA LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA OLEA EUROPAEA PARINARI EXCELSA PRUNUS AFRICANA PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE TAMARINDUS INDICA TREMA ORIENTALIS TRICHILIA EMETICA UAPACA KIRK lANA VITEX DONIANA VITEX PAYOS

Uses

~

t 1 I

\ \ I


3.8 Ritual/SpiritualKivuli cha mvumo huwfunika walio mbali

The shadow of a date palm provides a shelterfor those who are far away

It is almost impossible to generalize across Taivania about the use of forests for ritualand spiritual functions. The variety of cultural functions are as numerous and diverseas the communities and tribes of the country. However, without doubt, through timeforests have been and still are an integral aspect of the social structure, religion, art,history, medicine, and politics of a community. Forests feature, both tangibly andintangibly, in all aspects of daily life. They are viewed as both sources of andprotectors against evil and as providers of fortune and power.

Certain trees can serve to link the living with their ancestors, as is often symbolizedby the relationship between the sky and the earth. Sometimes gifts are given as ameans of showing ancestors that they have not been forgotten. Gifts such as flowersor alcohol are placed at the foot of the tree as an offering which is symbolic of givingfood to ancestors through the tree. Certain Commiphora spp. are regarded asspiritual trees that provide a means of communicating with ancestors.

32


3.8 Ritual/Spiritual Kivuli eha mvumo huwfunika walio mbali

The shadow of a dilte palm provides a shelter for those who are far away

It is almost impossible to generalize across Tanzania about the use of forests for ritual and spiritual functions. The variety of cultural functions are as numerous and diverse as the communities and tribes of the country. However, without doubt, through time forests have been and still are an integral aspect of the social structure, religion, art, history, medicine, and politics of a community. Forests feature, both tangibly and intangibly, in all aspects of daily life. They are viewed as both sources of and protectors against evil and as providers of fortune and power.

Certain trees can serve to link the living with their ancestors, as is often symbolized by the relationship between the sky and the earth. Sometimes gifts are given as a means of showing ancestors that they have not been forgotten. Gifts such as flowers or alcohol are placed at the foot of the tree as an offering which is symbolic of giving food to ancestors through the tree., Certain Commiphora spp. are regarded ,as spiritual trees that provide a means of communicating with ancestors.

32

Trees also serve as a symbol for beliefs within an individual's life. In Arusha, Ficussycomorus is believed to bring good luck. Those passing by place grass or flowers atthe base as an offering and in return ask God to bless them and bring them good luck.Another important tree is Trichilia emetica which serves as a resting spot during ajourney. Before leaving the traveller prays for good luck and health.

Select spe,cies are often considered sacred, possessing special powers that can aid, forinstance in fertility and birth, sickness, or expelling evil spirits. For example, Ficussycomorus is revered by some in Dodoma as a provider of water. Euphorbiacandelabrum is used to drive witches from a village. Members of the village takebranches and leaves and place them onthe doorstep of the witch. This indicatesto all that the witch has been identifiedand acts as a warning that the witchshould leave the village immediately.Both Lannea schweinfitrthii andLonchocarpus capassa are used to ridthe body of witchcraft. If someone hasbeen bewitched or has had a disaster, theperson boils the roots of L. schweinfurthii and then washes in the water, which isthen poured out at the nearest road junction. The root of L. capassa is tied aroundthe leg of the bewitched person. After a certain time the bark of the root is boiled inwater and the bewitched person take,s a bath in the water.

Grewia bicolor is a special shade tree in some villages in Dodoma where traditionalmeetings and burials take place. In the rural areas of Moshi, every chief must havethe shade of a Ficus thonningii to sit, pray, and think under. In several areas sacredgroves of trees are protected by local people, and are a place to settle disputes. E,achcommunity has its own traditions associated with sacred trees, and as a result thespecies tend to vary. greatly.

33

Forest.s and particular trees are alsothe setting for many cultural eventsand serve both practical and symbolicjudicial roles.

USES

ALBIZIA GUMMIFERABALANITES AEGYPTIACACORDIA SINENSISCROTON MACROSTACHYUSENTADA ABYSSINICAERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAEUPHORBIA CANDELABRUMFA.UREA SALIGNAFICUS SYCOMORUSFICUS THONNINGII

TABLE 3.14Species of Ritual/Spiritual Value

Often-mentioned trees having special cultural significance in localized areas and nevercut include, Rota sycomorus, Syzygi,um cordatum, and Kigelia africana.

GREWIA BICOLORKIGELIA AFRICANALANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIILONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAMARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAPERICOPSIS ANGOLENSISSOLANUM INCANUMSYZYGIUM CORDATUMTRICHILIA EMETICAXERODERRIS STUHLMANNII

USES

Trees also serve as a symbol for beliefs within an individual's life. In Arusha, Ficus sycomorus is believed to bring good luck. Those passing by place grass or flowers at the base as an offering and in return ask God to bless them and bring them good luck. Another imp'Ortant tree is Trichilia emetica which serves as a resting spot during a journey. Before leaving the traveller prays for good luck and health.

Select species are often considered sacred, possessing special powers that can aid, for instance in fertility and birth, sickness, or expelling evil spirits. For example, Ficus sycomorus is revered by some in Dodoma as a provider of water. Euphorbia candelabrum is used to drive witches from a village. Members of the village take branches and leaves and place them on the doorstep of the witch. This indicates to all that the witch has been identified and acts as a warning that the witch should leave the village immediately. Both Lannea schweinfunhii and Lonchocarpus capassa are used to rid the body of witchcraft. If someone has been bewitched or has had a disaster, the person boils the roots of L. schweinfunhii and then washes in the water, which is then poured out at the nearest road junction. The root of L. capassa is tied around the leg of the bewitched person. After a certain time the bark of the root is boiled in water and the bewitched person takes a bath in the water.

Grewia bicolor is a special shade tree in some villages in Dodoma where traditional meetings and burials take place. In the rural areas of Moshi, every chief must have the shade of a Ficus thonningii to sit, pray, and think under. In several areas sacred groves of trees are protected by local people, and are a place to settle disputes. Each community has its own traditions associated with sacred trees, and as a result the species tend to vary greatly.

TABLE 3.14 Species of Ritual/Spiritual Value

Often-mentioned trees having special cultural significance in localized areas and never cut include, Rcus sycomorus, Syzyg(um cordatum, and Kigelia africana.

ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA BALANITES AEGYPTIACA CORDIA SINENSIS CROTONMACROSTACHYUS ENTADA ABYSSINICA ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUM FAUREA SALIGNA FICUS SYCOMORUS FICUS THONNINGII

33

GREWIA SICOLOR KIGELIA AFRICANA LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS SOLANUM INCANUM SYZYGIUM CORDATUM TRICHILIA EMETICA XERODERRIS STUHLMANNII

INDIGENOUS MULTIPUFIPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

3.9 DyeUkiona zinduna, ambari iko nyuma

If you see amber, ambergris is not far behind

Dyes of various shades (black, red, orange, yellow, green, and blue) can be extractedfrom the leaves, bark, or roots of many of the indigenous trees of Tan7qnia Dyesare primarily used to colour fabric and fibre materials (used to make baskets andmats); for decorating the walls of hou.ses and buildings with murals; in crafts, forexample painting spoons and walking sticks; and as a form of make-up for women.Women use dyes as body paint to colour their toes, fingernails, lips, hands and feet(usually either red or black).

Dyes are usually extracted from the leaves, bark, roots, or stem by boiling in water.The dye is then 'fixed' or made permanent by adding lemon juice and salt. Somespecies that were mentioned as good sources of dye include: Bridelia micrantha,Milicia excelsa, Pterocarpus angolensis, and Syzygium cordatum. Henya, a popularred dye, could be purchased in some of the larger town markets for about 10 TSH perspoonful.

34


3.9 Dye Ukiona zinduna, ambari iko nyuma

If you see amber, ambergris is not far behind

Dyes of various shades (black, red, orange, yellow, green, and blue) can be extracted from the leaves, bark, or roots of many of the indigenous trees of Tanzania. Dyes are primarily used to colour fabric and fibre materials (used to make baskets and mats); for decorating the walls of houses and buildings with murals; in crafts, for example painting spoons and walking sticks; and as a form of make-up for women. Women use dyes as body paint to colbur their toes, fingernails, lips, hands and feet (usually either red or black).

Dyes are usually extracted from the leaves, bark, roots, or stem by boiling in water. The dye is then 'fixed' or made permanent by adding lemon juice and salt. Some species that were mentioned as good sources of dye include: Bridelia micran/ha, Milicia excelsa. Pterocarpus angolensis. and Syzygium cordaJum. Henya, a popular red dye, could be purchased in some of the larger town markets for about 10 TSH per spoonful.

----

34

Despite the numerous potential uses for and sources of dyes, in many parts of thecountry women and to a lesser extent men, felt that they did not know enough aboutthe whole process to use dyes regularly. There seemed to be a lack of widespreadinformation'on which species and specifically which tree parts, can be used for dye.In many villages people said they had never used dyes and they did not know of anytrees which could be used for dyeing. However people, especially women expressedthe desire to learn more about using plants in general for dyeing. This situationindicates the need for developing and promoting the use of natural dyes in Tanzania

USES

ACACIA LANAIACACIA NILOTICAACACIA POLYACANTHAACACIA TORTILISADANSONIA DIGITATAALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNIIANNONA SENEGALENSISBERCHEMIA DISCOLORBRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISBRIDELIA MICRANTHACOMMIPHORA AFRICANADALBERGIA MELANOXYLONDALBERGIA NITIDULADIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAEUCLEA DIVINORUM

TABLE 3.15Dye Species Identified

Species that were identified as having other important uses which also have parts thatcan be used for natural dyes, include:

FAUREA SALIGNAHAGENIA ABYSSINICAJULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORAKHAYA ANTHOTHECAKIGELIA AFRICANALANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIIMILICIA EXCELSAPARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAPARINARI EXCELSAPTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISSTRYCHNOS COCCULOIDESSYZYGIUM CORDATUMTREMA ORIENTALISVITEX DONIANAXERODERRIS STUHLMANNII

35

Uses

Despite the numerous potential uses for and sources of dyes, in many parts of the country women and to a lesser extent men, felt that they did not know enough about the whole process to use dyes regularly. There seemed to be a lack of widespread information' on which species and specifically which tree parts, can be used for dye. In many villages people said they had never used dyes and they did not know of any trees which could be used for dyeing. However people, especially women expressed the desire to learn more about using plants in general for dyeing. This situation indicates the need for developing and promoting the use of natural dyes in Tanzania.

TABLE 3.15 Dye Species Identified

Species that were identified as having other important uses which also have parts that can be used for natural dyes, include:

ACACIA LAHAI ACACIA NILOTICA ACACIA POLY ACANTHA ACACIA TORTILIS ADANSONIA DIGITATA ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNII ANNONA SENEGALENSIS BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS BRIDELIA MICRANTHA COMMIPHORA AFRICANA DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON DALBERGIA NITIDULA DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA EUCLEA DIVINORUM

35

FAUREA SALIGNA HAGENIA ABYSSINICA JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA KHAYA ANTHOTHECA KIGELIA AFRICANA LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII MILICIA EXCELSA PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA PARINARI EXCELSA PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES SYZYGIUM CORDATUM TREMA ORIENTALIS VITEX DONIANA XERODERRIS STUHLMANNII


3.10 Land ImprovementAisifuye mvua imemnyea

He who praises rain has been rained on

Many indigenous species provide environmental benefits as well as multiple economicuses. Even though much research on the ecology, reproduction, agrofore,strypotential, and economic uses of indigenous species remains to be done, it is knownthat many of these trees have positive effects on soil properties, and contribute to theenvironmental sustainability of traditional agroforestry systems (Young 1989).

Indigenous trees play a well-recognized role in maintaining and improving agriculturalproduction by protecting water supplies, stabilizing soil, and by improving soilfertility and water retention. The value of trees in general, as stabilizers andenhancers of the environment is well-lcnown and certainly is.not new to most farmersin Tanzania Most farmers could name at least 3 local species which they regarded asvaluable for protecting the environment. In many cases farmers had planted thesespecies by vegetative propagation (cuttings or grafting) on their own land.

A significant use of indigenous trees that was mentioned frequently by farmers wasfor water conservation and as a water source. Ficus thonningii and Ficus sycomorus

36

INDIGENOUS MUlTIPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

3.10 Land Improvement Aisifuye mvua imemnyea

He who praises rain has been rained on

Many indigenous species provide environmental benefits as well as multiple economic uses. Even though much research on the ecology, reproduction, agroforestry potential, and economic uses of indigenous species remains to ~ done, it is known that many of these trees have positive effects on soil properties, and contribute to the environmental sustainability of traditional agroforestry systems (Young 1989).

Indigenous trees playa well-recognized role in maintaining and improving agricultural production by protecting water supplies, stabilizing soil, and by improving soil fertility and water retention. The value of trees in general, as stabilizers and enhancers of the environment is well-known and certainly is. not new to most farmers in Tanzania. Most fanners could name at least 3 local species which they regarded as valuable for protecting the environment. In many cases farmers had planted these species by vegetative propagation (cuttings or grafting) on their own land.

A significant use of indigenous trees that was mentioned frequently by farmers was for water conservation and as a water source. Ficus thonningii and Ficus sycomorus

36

were cited frequently for this purpose.Xeroderris stuhlmannii was highlightedas being a useful tree for windbreaks.

The uses of trees for conserving andenriching the soil are well-known tolocal people. Indigenous species such asAcacia and Albizia are able to fixnitrogen in the soil, adding to soilfertility. The ability of trees to recyclenutrients that are not otherwise availableto crops can reduce the need forchemical fertilizers. In addition, sometrees of Tanzania, such as Cornmiphoraspp. and Rauvolfia caffra areintercropped by Chagga farmers for theirherbicidal or insecticidal properties(Fernandes et al. 1984).

grow quickly under' adversecondikom

* have an extensive and strong tootsysteani to bind the soib

37

Trees grown as windbrealcs

tolerate harsh environments;

have strong roots but should notinterfere with nearby clops;

resist pests and diseases but notharbour any which affect crops;

grow quickly and live long;

keep lower limbs for a long time;

have a bushy full crown thatallows some wind to penetrate.

USES

The leaf fall from deciduous trees provides mulch, and helps to build up the organiccontent of topsoil. Leaf fall also adds nutrients, and improves soil texture. The rootsystems of trees improve drainage and aeration, and aid in retaining soil on slopingland. The shade and litter provided by trees lowers soil temperatures, and creates ahabitat for microorganisms, which aid in the breakdown of organic matter into humus.

Indigenous trees can be intercropped with annual crops, and provide agroforestrybenefits such as improved productivity, diversity of products (such as fodder), orerosion control. For example, Chagga farmers intercrop an average of 39 indigenoustrees with their annual crops to obtain a wide range of economic and envirolunentalbenefits (Fernandes et al. 1984).

Several indigenous species can be used in the treatment of erosion, partictdarly if theyare fast .growing, nitrogen fixing, and tolerant of harsh conditions. Tree plantingalone may not control severe erosion and land degradation problems, because theestablishment of a ground cover is also important in retaining the topsoil. However,many local trees are lmown to improve the fertility and condition of the soil andcontrol erosion, and may be better suited to local conditions than exotics with similar

Trees grown for Soil protection and improvement BMW;

nifingett;

* tolerate

reproduce naturally anddepend4kly.

were cited " frequently for this purpose. Xeroderris sluhlmannii was highlighted as being a useful tree for windbreaks.

The uses of trees for conserving and enriching the soil are well-known to local people. Indigenous spe<:ies such as Acacia and Alb/va are able to fix nitrogen in the soil. adding to soil fertility. The ability of trees to recycle nutrients that are not otherwise available to crops can reduce the need for chemical fe~ilizers. In addition. some tre,p",s of Tanzania. such as Commiphora spp. and Rauvoifia caffra are intercropped by Chagga farmers for their herbicidal or insecticidal properties (Fernandes et aI. "1984).

USES

.. ·········::;·::;:::::::~t: ::;';', .::::::>; :'-:;':'::';:':;:;:::'::;::";:;::'::=::':::::; •..•.••..••

····T~~$i~~~d:<\

The leaf faIl from deciduous trees provides mulch. and helps to build up the organic content of topsoil. Leaf fall also adds nutrients, and improves soil texture. Th~ root systems of trees improve drainage and aeration, and aid in retaining soil on sloping land. The shade and litter provided by trees lowers soil temperatures, and creates a habitat for microorganisms, which aid in the breakdown of organic matter into humus.

Indigenous trees can be intercropped with annual crops, and provide agroforestry benefits such as improved productivity, diversity of products (such as fodder), or erosion control. For example, Chagga farmers intercrop an average of 39 indigenous trees with their annual crops to obtain a wide range of economic and environn:tental benefits (Fernandes et aI. 1984).

Several indigenous species can be used in the treatment of erosion, particularly if they are fast .growing, nitrogen fixing, and tolerant of harsh conditions. Tree planting aIone may not control severe erosion and land degradation problems, because the establishment of a ground cover is also important in retaining the topsoil. However, many local trees are known to improve the fertility and condition of the soil and control erosion, and may be better suited to local conditions than exotics with similar

37

NoioENous mumPunPosE TREES OF TANZANIA

properties. In structural conservation measures such as hedgerows, terraces, andmicrocatchments, species such as Acacia spp., Balanites spp., Tamarindus indica, andOlea spp. have been used successfully in Kenya (Rocheleau et al. 1988).

ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA)ACACIA LAHAI "ACACIA MELLIFERA "ACACIA NILOTICANACACIA POLYACANTHA NACACIA TANGANYIKENSISACACIA TORTILIS NACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA NAFZELIA QUANZENSIS NALBIZIA GUMMIFERA NALBIZIA HARVEYINALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA NALBIZIA VERSICOLOR "AZANZA GARCKEANABALANITES AEGYPTIACA NBERCHEMIA DISCOLORBRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISBURKEA AFRICANA "COMBRETUM LONGISPICATUMCOMBRETUM MOLLECOMMIPHORA EMINIICORDIA AFRICANA "CROTON MACROSTACHYUSCROTON MEGALOCARPUSDALBERGIA MELANOXYLON NDICHROSTACHYS CINEREA NDIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISENTADA ABYSSINICA NERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA N

TABLE 3.16Lend Improvement Species

(N = Nitrogen Fixing)

38

EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLIFAUREA SALIGNAFICUS SYCOMORUSFICUS THONNINGIIFICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAEHAGENIA ABYSSINICAJULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA "JUNIPERUS PROCERAKHAYA ANTHOTHECAKIGELIA AFRICANALONCHOCARPUS CAPASSANMILICIA EXCELSA "OCOTEA USAMBARENSISOLEA CAPENSISOLEA EUROPAEAOXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAPERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS "PRUNUS AFRICANAPTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS "RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA NSALVADORA PERSICATAMARINDUS INDICA NTECLEA NOBILISTERMINALIA SERICEATREMA ORIENTALIS NTRICHILIA EMETICAVANGUERIA INFAUSTA"VITEX DONIANAWARBURGIA SALUTARISXERODERRIS STUHLMANNII

INDIGENOUS MUL 11PIJRI'OSE TREES Of TANZANIA

properties. In structural conservation measures such as hedgerows, terraces, and microcatchments, species such as Acacia spp., Balanites spp., Tamarindus indica, and Olea spp. have been used successfully in Kenya (Rocheleau et al. 1988).

TABLE 3.16 Land Improvement Species

(N = Nitrog(Jn Rxing)

ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA) N

ACACIA LAHAI N

ACACIA MELUFERA N

ACACIA NILOTICAN

ACACIA POLY ACANTHA N

ACACIA TANGANYIKENSIS ACACIA TORTIUS N

ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA N

AFZELIA aUANZENSIS N

ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA N

ALBIZIA HARVEYIN

ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA N

ALBIZIA VERSICOLOR N

AZANZA GARCKEANA BALANITES AEGYPTIACA N

BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS N

BURKE A AFRICAN A N

COMBRETUM LONGISPICATUM COMBRETUM MOLLE COI\1MIPHORA EMINII CORDIA AFRICANA N

CROTON MACROSTACHYUS CROTON MEGALOCARPUS DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON N

DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA N

DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS N

ENTADA ABYSSINICA N

ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA N

38

EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI FAUREA SALIGNA FICUS SYCOMORUS FICUS THONNINGII FICUS VALLlS·CHOUDAE HAGENIA ABYSSINICA JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA N

JUNIPERUS PROCERA KHA Y A ANTHOTHECA KIGELIA AFRICANA LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAN MILICIA EXCELSA N

OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS OLEA CAPENSIS N

OLEA EUROPAEA OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA PERICOPSIS ANGOlENSIS N

PRUNUS AFRICANA PTEROCARPUS ANGOlENSIS N

RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA N

SALVADORA PERSICA TAMARINDUS INDICA N

TEClEA NOBILIS TERMINALIA SERICEA TREMA ORIENTALIS N

TRICHILIA EMETICA VANGUERIA INFAUSTA N

VITEX DONIANA N

WARBURGIA SALUTARIS N

XERODERRIS STUHLMANNII

3.11 FibreUkuukuuwa kamba si upya wa ukambaa

A well-worn coir rope is better than a new rope made from raffia

Indigenous trees are an important sourr-e of fibre for use as thread, rope, twine, cloth,and building materials. These items are important in terms of household use,agricultural production, and for fishing and hunting implements. Maize and grainstorage containers are often made of fibres from the forest. Baskets and bags foragricultural produce made from Oxytenanthera abyssinica are used for transportingvegetables and fruits, for example tomatoes in Iringa. Adansonia digitata is well-known for its fibre which is used for ropes, in bed making, and though infrequentlythese days, for cloth.

Thread from tree roots is used for sewing items such as bags and sacks and isharvested from Acacia nilotica, Tamarindus indica, Cordia africana, and Lanneaschweinfurthii, among just a few local spe,cies. In Dodoma, thread from the roots ofBrachystegia spiciformis and Acacia tortilis was sold in local markets for 50 TSH perldlogram.

Uses

39

ML

Uses

3.11 Fibre Ukuukuuwa kamba si upya wa ukambaa

A weU-worn eoir rope is better than a new rope made from rafjfu

Indigenous trees are an important source of fibre for use as thread, rope, twine, cloth, and building materials. These items are important in terms of household use, agricultural production, and for fishing and hunting implements. Maize and grain storage containers are often made of fibres from the forest. Baskets and bags for agricultural produce made from Oxytenanthera abyssinica are used for transporting vegetables and fruits, for example tomatoes in Iringa. Adansonia digitata is wellknown for its fibre which is used for ropes, in bed making, and though infrequently these days, for cloth.

Thread from tree roots is used for sewing items such as bags and sacks and is harvested from Acacia nilotica, Tamarindus indica, Cordia ajricana, and Lannea schweinfurthii, among just a few local species. In Dodoma, thread from the roots of Brachystegia spicifonnis and Acacia tortilis was sold in local markets for 50 TSH per kilogram.

39


Many people still prefer to use thorns as needles since metal one,s cost approximately70 TSH each and often are not as strong or durable. Tasks which reAluire sewingwith such sturdy needles include closing grain bags and sewing drums. Preferredspecies for needles include Olea capensis, Albizia schimperana, Acacia nilotica, andDichrostachys cinerea.

ACACIA GERRARD!!ACACIA NILOTICAACACIA TORTILISADANSONIA DIGITATAALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAAZANZA GARCKEANABRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMIIBRACHYSTEG1A BUSSEIBRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISBURKEA AFRICANACOMBRETUM ZEYHERICORDIA AFRICANACORDIA SINENSISDICHROSTACHYS CINEREAEUCLEA DIVINORUIVI

Table 3.17Preferred Fibre Species

FICUS THONNINGIIGREWIA BICOLORGREWIA MOLLISJULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORALANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIIMARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICAOLEA CAPENSISOLEA EUROPAEAOXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICARHUS NATALENSISSALVADORA PERSICATAMARINDUS INDICATERMINALIA SER10EATREMA ORIENTALIS

40


Many people still prefer to use thorns as needles since metal ones cost approximately 70 TSH each and often are not as strong or durable. Tasks which require sewing with such sturdy needles include closing grain bags and sewing drums. Preferred species for needles include Olea capensis, Albizia schimperana, Acacia nilotica, and Dichrostachys cinerea.

ACACIA GERRARDII ACACIA NILOTICA ACACIA TORTIUS ADANSONIA DIGITATA ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA AZANZA GARCKEANA BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHM II BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEI BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS BURKEA AFRICANA COMBRETUM ZEYHERI CORDIA AFRICANA CORDIA SINENSIS DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA EUCLEA DIVINORUM

Table 3.17 Preferred Fibre Species

40

FICUS THONNINGII GREWIA BICOLOR GREWIA MOLLIS JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA OLEA CAPENSIS OLEA EUROPAEA OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA RHUS NATALENSIS SAL VA DORA PERSICA T AMARINDUS INDICA TERMINAUA SERICEA TREMA ORIENTALIS

3.12 Beverages/Food/CondimentsUngalijua alacho nyuki, usingalionja asali

Had you known what bees eat you would not have tasted honey

There are a number of edible plant products gathered from forests including leaves,roots, seeds, nuts, tubers, fungi, and salt. These foods are important as they adddiversity and variety to the diet, while supplying essential vitamins, minerals, andprotein.

The contribution of forest foods to household diets seems to vary tremendously fromarea to area and in most places it was difficult to assess. Problems arose inidentifying species, as in many villages the names given were local and not knowneven to the foresters working in the area. Trying to determine the frequency andquantity of forest foods consumed was also problematic. As a result, many localname,s recalled by farmers are not included in this section and no attempt was made totry to estimate the quantity of forest products consumed at the household level.

Leaves are used for dome,stic consumption as a relish that is eaten with most staples.They are gathered primarily from herbs and bushes in fields and gullies, althoughoc,casionally they are harvested from trees. However, in most parts of Tanzania it

USES

41

Uses

3.12 BeverageslFood/Condiments Ungalijua alamo nyuki, usingalionja asaIi

Had you known what bees eat you would not have tasted honey

There are a number of edible plant products gathered from forests including leaves, roots, seeds, nuts, tubers, fungi, and salt. These foods are important as they add diversity and variety to the diet, while ~pplying essential vitamins, minerals, and protein.

The contribution of forest foods to household diets seems to vary tremendously from area to area and in most places it was difficult to assess. Problems arose in identifying species, as in many villages the names given were local and not known even to the foresters working in the area. Trying to determine the frequency and quantity of forest foods consumed was also problematic. As a result, many local names recalled by farmers are not included in this section and no attempt was made to try to estimate the quantity of forest products consumed at the household level.

Leaves are used for domestic consumption as a relish that is eaten with most staples. They are gathered primarily from herbs and bushes in fields and gullies, although occasionally they are harvested from trees. However, in most parts of Tanzania it

41

/ /'

/

INDIGENoUs MuLTipuRPoSE TREES cf TANZANIA

appears that the forests are of minor significance for the collection of these leaveswhen compared with fields and gullies. Green leafy vegetables are mainly pickedduring the rainy season when they are growing in fields and on uncultivated land. Aslivestock grazing gradually becomes more controlled, human consumption of suitablewild plants is likely to increase as these plants will be spared from animals.Mushrooms are sometimes collected from the forest during the rainy season.

Some of the more popular species from which drinlcs are made include Adansoniadigitata, Acacia nilotica, and Tamarindus indica.

ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA)ADANSONIA DIGITATAAFZELIA QUANZENSISALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNIIAZANZA GARCKEANABALANITES AEGYPTIACACOMBRETUM ADENOGONIUMCOMMIPHORA AFRICANAEUCLEA DIVINORUMFICUS SYCOMORUSGREWIA BICOLORKIGELIA AFRICANA

TABLE 3.18Preferred Food/Condiment Species

LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAOLEA EUROPAEAOXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAPARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAPARINARI EXCELSASALVADORA PERSICAVITEX DONIANAWARBURGIA SALUTARISXIMENIA AMERICANAXIMENIA CAFFRA

ACACIA NILOTICAADANSONIA DIGITATABERCHEMIA DISCOLORCOMMIPHORA AFRICANADIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISFICUS THONNINGIIGREWIA MOLLISKIGELIA AFRICANA

TABLE 3.19Preferred Beverage Species

42

OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAPARINARI EXCELSARAUVOLFIA CAFFRARHUS NATALENSISSYZYGIUM CORDATUMTAMARINDUS INDICAUAPACA KIRKIANAXIMENIA AMERICANA

INDIGENOUS MUL 1lPURPO~ TREES OF TANZANIA

appears that the forests are of minor significance for the collection of these leaves when compared with fields and gullies. Green leafy vegetables are nWnly picked during the rainy season when they are growing in fields and on uncultivated land. As livestock grazing gradually becomes more controlled, human consumption of suitable wild plants is likely to increase as these plants will be spared from animals. Mushrooms are sometimes collected from the forest during the rainy season.

Some of the more popular species from which drinks are made include Adansonia digilala, Acacia nilotica, and Tamarindus indica.

TABLE 3.18 Preferred rood/CondilMnt Species

ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA) ADANSONIA DIGITATA AFZELIA aUANZENSIS ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNII AZANZA GARCKEANA. BALANITES AEGYPTIACA COMBRETUM ADENOGONIUM COMMIPHORA AFRICANA EUCLEA DIVINORUM FICUS SYCOMORUS GREWIA BICOLOR KIGELIA AFRICANA

LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA OLEA EUROPAEA OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA PARINARI EXCELSA SALVADORA PERSICA VITEX DONIANA WARBURGIA SALUTARIS XIMENIA AMERICANA XIMENIA CAFFRA

TABlE 3.19 Preferred Bever8~ Spec16s

ACACIA NILOTICA ADANSONIA DIGITATA BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR COMMIPHORA AFRICANA DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS FICUS THONNINGII GREWIA MOLLIS KIGELIA AFRICANA

42

OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA PARINARI EXCELSA RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA RHUS NATALENSIS SYZVGIUM CORDATUM TAMARINDUS INDICA UAPACA KIRKIANA XIMENIA AMERICANA

3.13 FruitsMwanzo kokochi, mwisho nazi

The beginning is a bud, the end is a coconut

Fruits and berries collected in the forest or from trees retained on shamba lands, arean important source of minerals and vitamins, especially for children. Findings fromthe surveys indicate that the significance of these fruits is nutritional rather thaneconomical, as most are consumed in the forest rather than sold in markets. The factthat different species ripen during different seasons (although they are more frequent(luring the dry season), enables indigenous fruits to compensate for variations innutrient intake from green lea' vegetables and cultivated fruits and vegetables.

In some villages people indicated that local fruits are not often eate,n as a supplementto their diets and that they rely fully on cultivated fruits. They said that fruits, suchas banana, papaya, mango, and citrus, are much more convenient to harvest and thatharvesting is spac,ed to ensure an adequate supply of fruits. However, in mostvillages indigenous fruits and berries were seen as a free source of food that requiredno preparation and provided a nutritious snack for children while in the forest. Adultsalso mentioned that they occasionally ate local fruits.

43

Uses

Adansonia digitateAnnona senegalensisAsenso garckeanaBalanites aegyptiaceBerchemia discolorRcus sycomorusRacourtie indiceGrewia bicolorParinari curatellifoliaStrychnos cocculoidesSyzygium guineenseTamarindus indicaUapaca kirkianaVangueria infaustaVitex donianaVitex payosXimenia americanaXimenia caffra

TABLE 3.20

Fruits and Berries

Species Ripening Period Market Price (TSH - 1992)

May-AugDec-MarMay -AugMarMar-MayJun-DecDec-JulApr-SeptOct-MayApr-JulFeb-JunJun-AugSept-DecJul-DecJan-AprDry SeasonVariesJan-Feb

10 TSH/fruit9-10 TSH/fruitoccasionally soldchildren eatchildren eatchildren eatchildren eat20 TSH/cuppulp occasionally soldnot sold20 TSH/cup9 TSH/fruit10 TSH/2-3 fruitsoccasionally sold1 TSH/fruit10 TSH/30 fruitschildren eat5-10 TSH/fruit

USES

3.13 Fruits Mwanzo kokochl, mwisho nazi

The beginning is a bud, the end is a coconut

Fruits and berries colIected in the forest or from trees retained on shamba lands, are an important source of minerals and vitamins, especially for children. Findings from the surveys indicate that the significance of these fruits is nutritional rather than economical, as most are consumed in the forest rather than sold in markets. The fact that different species ripen during different seasons (although they are more frequent during the dry season), enables indigenous fruits to compensate for variations in nutrient intake from green leafy vegetables and cultivated fruits and vegetables.

In some villages people indicated that local fruits are not often eaten as a supplement to their diets and that they rely fully on cultivated fruits. They said that fruits, such as banana, papaya, mango, and citrus, are much more convenient to harvest and that harvesting is spaced to ensure an adequate supply of fruits. However, in most villageS indigenous fruits and berries were seen as a free source of food that required no preparation and provided a nutritious snack for children while in the forest. Adults also mentioned that they occasionalIy ate local fruits.

TABl£3.20 Fruits and Berriea

Species Ripening Period Market Price !ISH - 1992)

Adansonia dlgltata May-Aug 10 TSHlfruit Annona senegalensls Dec-Mar 8-10 TSH/fruit Azsnzs gerckeans May -Aug occasionally sold Belsnites aegyptiaca Mar children eat Berchemla discolor Mar-May children aat Rcus sycomorus Jun-Dec children eat Rscourtia indlce Dec-Jul children eat Grewis bicolor Apr-Sept 20 TSH/cup Perinsri curatellifolla Oct-May pulp occasionally sold Strychnos cocculoides Apr-Jul not sold Syzygium guineense Feb-Jun 20 TSH/cup Tsmarindus indics Jun-Aug 9 TSHlfruit Uapscs kirkiana Sept-Dec 10 TSH/2-3 fruits Vsnguerialnfausts Jul-Dec occasionally sold Vitex donlana Jen-Apr 1 TSHlfruit Vitex payos Dry Season 10 TSH/30 fruits Ximenia americans Varies children eat Ximenia caffra Jan-Feb 5-10 TSH/fruit

43


4429t112

TABLE 3.21Preferred Frutt Speclee

44

LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIIOLEA EUROPAEAPARINARI CURATELLWOLIAPARINARI EXCELSARHUS NATALENSISSALVADORA PERSICASOLANUM INCANUMSTRYCHNOS COCCULOIDESSTRYCHNOS INNOCUASYZYGIUM CORDATUMSYZYGILIM GUINEENSETAMARINDUS INDICATREMA ORIENTAL'SUAPACA KIRKIANAVANGUERIA INFAUSTAVANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISvn-Ex DONIANAVITEX PAYOSXIMENIA AMERICANAXIMENIA CAFFRA

ACACIA ALBIDA W. ALMA)ADANSONIA DIGITATAAFZELIA QUANZENSISANNONA SENEGALENSISAZANZA GARCKEANABAIANITES AEGYPTIACABERCHEMIA DISCOLORBOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSISBRIDELIA MICRANTHACOMMIPHORA AFRICANACORDIA AFRICANACORDIA SINENSISDIOSPYROS KIRKIIDIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISEUCLEA DIVINORUMFICUS SYCOMORUSFLACOURTIA INDICAGREWIA BICOLORGREWIA PLATYCLADAILEX MSKIGELIA AFRICANA

INDIGENOUS MUl TIPUAPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

ACACIA ALBIOA IF. ALBIOA) ADANSONIA DIGITATA AFZELIA QUANZENSIS ANNONA SENEGA LENS IS AZANZA GARCKEANA BALANITES AEGYPTIACA BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSIS BRIDELIA MICRANTHA COMMIPHORA AFRICANA CORDIA AFRICANA CORDIA SINENSIS DIOSPVROS KIRKII DIOSPYROS MESPlLlFORMIS EUCLEA DIVINORUM FICUS SYCOMORUS FLACOURTlA INDICA GREWIA BICOlOR GREWIA PLA TYCLADA ILEX MmS KIGELIA AFRICANA

TABlE 3.21 Preferred Fruit Specie ..

44

LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII OLEA EUROPAEA PARINARI CURATElLIFOLIA PARINARI EXCElSA RHUS NATALENSIS SALVADORA PERSICA SOLANUM INCANUM STRYCHNOS COCCUlOIDES STRYCHNOS INNOCUA SVZYGIUM CORDA TUM SVZYGIUM GUINEENSE TAMARINDUS INDICA TRENtA ORIENTALIS UAPACA KIRKIANA VANGUERIA INFAUSTA VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS VITEX DONIANA VITEX PAYOS XIMENIA AMERICANA XIMENIA CAFFRA

3.14 MedicineMgan,ga hajigangi

A witch doctor does not cure himself

The importance of traditional medicine for humans, as well as animals, in most partsof Tanzania is difficult to ascertain. It would be an understatement to say thattraditional medicine plays a significant role in the health care system, since this is theonly affordable and accessible health care in many parts of rural Tanzania However,it is difficult to assess the extent to which traditional medicines are still used. Forexample, in the Hai Mashariki division on the southern slope of Mt. Kilimanjaro astudy carried out by O'Ktingati found that 30% of all trees in Chagga home gardensproduced medicine for either humans or animals (O'Ktingati 1986). Discussions withfarmers in the area revealed that for most serious illnesses people went to the missionfor treatment. It was estimated that a household might spend about 20000 TSH peryear on non-traditional medicine.

Assessing the use of traditional medicines is further complicated by the fact that inTanzania common plant treatments are known and used by the majority of ruralpeople. These day-to-day uses of medicinal plants do not require a medicine man orwoman and are often included as part of the diet. There was no clear indication of

45

USESUses

3.14 Medicine Mganga hajigangi

A witch doctor does not cure himself

The importance of traditional medicine for humans, as well as animals, in most parts of Tanzania is difficult to ascertain. It would be an understatement to say that traditional medicine plays a significant role in the health care system, since this is the only affordable and accessible health care in many parts of rural Tanzania. However, it is difficult to assess the extent to which traditional medicines are still used. For example, in the Hai Mashariki division on the southern slope of Mt. Kilimanjaro a study carried out by O'Ktingati found that 30% of all trees in Chagga home gardens produced medicine for either humans or animals (O'Ktingati 1986). Discussions with farmers in the area revealed that for most serious illnesses people went to the mission for treatment. It was estimated that a household might spend about 20000 TSH per year on non-traditional medicine.

Assessing the use of traditional medicines is further complicated by the fact that in Tanzania common plant treatments are known and used by the majority of rural people. These day-to-day uses of medicinal plants do not require a medicine man or woman and are often included as part of the diet. There was no clear indication of

45


the extent to which medicinal plants grown in home gardens were used by householdsas opposed to being prescribed by local healers. In some cases the distinctionbetween the consumption of these remedies for food versus medicine is not clear. Forexample the Masai use of 'soups' can be-for food, as an appetite increaser, or as adigestive aid.

In addition, there is a variety of healing practices and beliefs and most practices donot distinguish between the physical and psychological elements of an illness. Manytribes in Tanzania have a dual classification for diseases: those having natural causesand those due to witchcraft or angered ancestor spirits. Most of the diseases classifiedby healers have a scientific equivalent in western medicine. Diseases are generallydiag-nosed by a healer according to both the cause and the classification of the illness.Diseases attributed to natural causes are generally treated by a herbalist or at ahospital. If the illness is due to witchcraft, a sorcerer is needed to employ countermagic. However, if the disorder is the result of angered ancestors or evil spirits, aritual or ceremony is held to placate them. If the cause of the illness is brokencultural rules or taboos, an act of penance or restitution is prescribed (Chhabra 1984).

Tanzania is estimated to have more than 6most parts of Tanaania there are 4 types oHerbalists-ritualists, Ritualists-herbalists,traditional medicine are prepared fromvarious natural substances, animals andvegetables. The vegetable remediesaccount for about 90% of all remediesused for treatmeut (Chhabra 1984).

Even though bota.aical studies inTanaania have identified a vast numberof medicinal plants from the forest that

ve the potential for medicinal uses, itis difficult to assess which species are ofmajor economic importanc-e locally. This situation is further complicated by thesecretiveness of medicine people, and the tendency to hide information concerning theimportance of specific local medicinal plants. Markets provide an excellent startingpoint for identifying species for which people are willing to pay. Sometimes the priceof a particular medicine is set and advertised, while in other cases the price is eithernegotiated or patients pay what they can.

There are a number of commonly used tree medicines that are marketed with theintention of reaching the urban consumer. Most medicines were collected by theseller who is a medicine woman or man. However, all markets surveyed hadmedicines available that were not local to the area.

A very common item in all markets surveyed is mswaki or chew sticks. Mswakisticks which are used as toothbrushes are frequently purchased by rural people as wellas those living in urban areas.

0000 traditional healers (Weenen 1990). Inf healers (Chbabra 1984): Herbalists,

and Spiritualists. Most remedies in

It is important that significantmedicinal and aromatic plants areidentified, so that appropriateconservation measure-a can W. taken toengine that the,se medicinal produetscontinue to he available to siek peoploDIX 4 tustainable basis.

46

INDIGENOUS MVlTll'UfI'OSE TRa:s Of TANZANIA

the extent to which medicinal plants grown in home gardens were used by households as opposed to being prescribed by local healers. In some cases the distinction between the consumption of these remedies for food versus medicine is not clear. For example the Masai use of 'soups' can be·for food, as an appetite increaser, or as a digestive aid.

In addition, there is a variety of healing practices and beliefs and most practices do not distinguish between the physical and psychological elements ·of an illness. Many tribes in Tanzania have a dual classification for diseases: those having natural causes and those due to witchcraft or angered ancestor spirits. Most of the diseases classified by healers have a scientific equivalent in western medicine. Diseases are generally diagnosed by a healer according to both the cause and the classification of the illness. Diseases attributed to natural causes are generally treated by a herbalist or at a hospital. If the illness is due to witchcraft, a sorcerer is needed to employ counter magic. However, if the disorder is the result of angered ancestors or evil spirits, a ritual or ceremony is held to placate them. If the cause of the illness is broken cultural rules or taboos, an act of penance or restitution is prescribed (Chhabra 1984).

Tanzania is estimated to have more than 60000 traditional healers (Weenen 1990). In most parts of Tanzania there are 4 types of healers (Chhabra 1984): Herbalists, Herbalists-ritualists, Ritualists-herbalists, and Spiritualists. Most remedies in traditional medicine are prepared from various natural substances, animals and vegetables. The vegetable remedies account for about 90 % of all remedies used for treatment (Chhabm 1984).

Even though botanical studies in Tanzania have identified II vast number of medicinal plants from the forest that have the potential for medicinal uses, it. is difficult to assess which species are of major economic importance locally. This situation is further complicated by the secretiveness of medicine people, and the tendency to hide infoxmation concerning the importance of specific local medicinal plants. Markets provide an excellent starting point for identifying species for which people are willing to pay. Sometimes the price of a particular medicine is set and advertised, while in other cases the price is either negotiated or patients pay what they can.

There are a number of commonly used tree medicines that are marketed with the intention of reaching the urban consumer. Most medicines were collected by the seller who is a medicine woman or man. However, all markets surveyed had medicines available that were not local to the area.

A very common item in all markets surveyed is mswaki or chew sticks. Mswald sticks which are used as toothbrushes are frequently purchased by rural people as well as those living in urban areas.

46

The following table gives an indication of the variety of medicines sold in localmarkets in Tan7ania.

47

USES

TABLE 3.22Variety of Medicines in Local Markets

Price:Species TSH/unit - 1992 Medicinal use

Warburgia salutarls 200-300/ malaria, colds, diarrhoea,bark piece general body pain

Olea europaea 200/bark piece bottle sterilizer,round worm repellant -animals and people

Lannea schweinfurthii 140-200/ 14-20 herniaspoonfuls ofroot powder750/bark piece stomach ulcers, stomach

problems - pregnantwomen

Salvadora persica 25-50/brush toothbrushes (mswakisticks)

Lonchocarpus capassa 250/spoonful of impotency, bilharzia,stem and root bark hookworm

Grewia bicolor 20/bundle colds, stomach problems,of barlc,roots snake bites, syphilis

Parinari curatel/ifolia 50/root bundle epilepsy

USES

The following table gives an indication of the variety of medicines sold in local markets in Tanzania.

TABLE 3.22 Variety of Medicines in Local Markets

Prioe: Species TSH/unit - 1992 Medioinal use

Warburgia salutarls 200-3001 malaria, ooids, diarrhoea, bark pieca general body pain

Olea europaea 200/bark pieoe bottle sterilizer, round worm repellant -animals and people

Lannea schweinfurthii 140-200/ 14-20 hernia spoonfuls of root powder 7S0/bark piece stomach ulcers, stomach

problems - pregnant women

Salvadora perslca 2S-S0/brush toothbrushes (mswakl sticks)

Lonchocarpus capassa 2S0/spoonful of impotency, bilharzia, s.tem and root bark hookworm

Grewia bicolor 20/bundle colds, stomach problems, of bark,roots snake bites, syphilis

Parinari curatellffolia SO/root bundle epilepsy

47

INNGENous MULTIPURPOSE TREES Of TANZANIA

ACACIA ABYSSINICAACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA)ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUMACACIA GERRARDIIACACIA MELLIFERAACACIA NILOTICAACACIA POLYACANTHAACACIA SIEBERANA'ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAADANSONIA DIGITATAAFZELIA QUANZENSISALBIZIA GUMMIFERAALBIZIA HARVEYIALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAANNONA SENEGALENSISBALANITES AEGYPTIACABOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSISBRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEIBRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISBREONADIA SALICINABRIDELIA MICRANTHABURKEA AFRICANACOMBRETUM ADENOGONIUMCOMBRETUM LONGISPICATUMCOMBRETUM MOLLECOMBRETUM ZEYHERICOMMIPHORA AFRICANACOMMIPHORA EMINIICOMMIPHORA TROTHAECORDIA AFRICANACORDIA SINENSISCROTON MACROSTACHYUSCROTON MEGALOCARPUSDALBERGIA ARBUTIFOLIADALBERGIA MELANOXYLONDALBERGIA NITIDULADICHROSTACHYS CINEREADIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISENTADA ABYSSINICAERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAEUCLEA DIVINORUMEUPHORBIA TIRUCALLIFAUREA SALIGNAFICUS SYCOMORUSFICUS THONNINGII

TABLE 3.23Important Medicinal Species

48

FLACOURTIA INDICAGREWIA BICOLORGREWIA MOLLISGREWIA PLATYCLADAHAGENIA ABYSSINICAILEX MITISJULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORAJUNIPERUS PROCERAKHAYA ANTHOTHECAKIGELIA AFRICANALANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIILONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAMARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAMARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICAMILICIA EXCELSAOCOTEA USAMBARENSISOLEA CAPENSISOLEA EUROPAEAPARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAPARINARI EXCELSAPODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSPERICOPSIS ANGOLENSISPTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISRAU VOLFIA CAFFRARHUS NATALENSISSALVADORA PERSICASOLANUM INCANUMSTROPHANTHUS EMINIISTRYCHNOS COCCULOIDESSTRYCHNOS INNOCUASYZYGIUM CORDATUMSYZYGIUM GUINEENSETAMARINDUS INDICATECLEA NOBILISTERMINALIA SERICEATREMA ORIENTALISTRICHILIA EMETICAUAPACA KIRKIANAVANGUERIA INFAUSTAVITEX DONIANAVITEX PAYOSWARBURGIA SALUTARISXERODERRIS STUHLMANNIIXIMENIA AMERICANAXIMENIA CAFFRA

INotGENOVS MULTIPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

TABlE 3.23 Important Medicinal Species

ACACIA ABYSSINICA ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA) ACAc;lA DREPANOLOBIUM ACACIA GERRARDII ACACIA MELlIFERA ACACIA NILOTICA ACACIA POLY ACANTHA ACACIA SIEBERANA ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA ADANSONIA DIGITATA AFZELIA QUANZENSIS ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA ALBIZIA HARVEYI ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA ANNONA SENEGALENSIS BALANITES AEGYPTIACA BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSIS BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEI BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS BREONADIA SALICINA BRIDElIA MICRANTHA BURKEA AFRICANA COMBRETUM ADENOGONIUM COMBRETUM LONG IS PICA TUM COMBRETUM MOLLE COMBRETUM ZEYHERI COMMIPHORA AFRICANA COMMIPHORA EMINII COMMIPHORA TROTHAE CORDIA AFRICANA CORDIA SINENSIS CROTON MACROSTACHYUS CROTON MEGALOCARPUS DALBERGIA ARBUTIFOllA DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON DALBERGIA NITIDULA DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS ENTADA ABYSSINICA ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA EUCLEA DIVINORUM EUPHORBIA TIRUCALlI FAUREA SALIGNA FICUS SYCOMORUS FICUS THONNINGII

48

FLACOURTIA INDICA GREWIA BICOlOR GREWIA MOLLIS GREWIA PLA TYCLADA HAGENIA ABYSSINICA ILEX MITIS JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA JUNIPERUS PROCERA KHA Y A ANTHOTHECA KIGELIA AFRICAN A LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA MILICIA EXCELSA OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS OLEA CAPENSIS OLEA EUROPAEA PARINARI CURATElLiFOLIA PARINARI EXCELSA PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA RHUS NATALENSIS SALVADORA PERSICA SOLANUM INCANUM STROPHANTHUS EMINII STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES STRYCHNOS INNOCUA SYZVGIUM CORDA TUM SYZVGIUM GUINEENSE TAMARINDUS INDICA TeCLEA NOBILIS TERMINALIA SERICEA TREMA ORIENTA LIS TRICHILIA EMETICA UAPACA KIRKIANA VANGUERIA INFAUSTA VITEX DONIANA VITEX PAYOS WARBURGIA SALUTARIS XERODERRIS STUHLMANNII XIMENIA AMERICANA XIMENIA CAFFRA

3.15 FencingKupanda mchongoma, kushuka ndio ngoma

Y,ou may climb a thorn tree, but coming down again is a dance

Live fences are grown around house,s and home gardens. They have a number ofadvantages over wooden posts which are often considered to be unproductive parts ofthe land management system. The cost of live fencing is low, and apart from someattention at the beginning, the fence will continue to grow on its own.

With properly selected species the fence can be a source of fuelwood, medicine, fi-uit,food or other useful household products. Live fences also act as barriers to wind andcan improve soil conditions if appropriate species are selected.

Highly valued specie,s for live fences are Euphorbia tirucalli, Albizia harveyi, andCommiphora africana. Species used for fence poles include Dichrostachys cinerea.Species for both uses that were identified by farmers are found in Table 3.24.

USES

49

USES

3.15 Fencing Kupanda mchongoma, kushuka ndio ngoma

~ou may climb a thorn tree, but coming down again is a dance

Live fences are grown around houses and home gardens. They have a number of advantages over wooden posts which are often considered to be unproductive parts of the land management system. The cost of live fencing is low, and apart from some attention at the beginning, the fence will continue to grow on its own.

With properly selected species the fence can be a source of fuelwood, medicine, fruit, food or other useful household products. Live fences also act as barriers to wind and can improve soil conditions if appropriate species are selected.

Highly valued species for live fences are Euphorbia tirucalli, Alb;zia harveyi, and Commiphora africana. Species used for fence poles include Dichrostachys cinerea. Species for both uses that were identified by farmers are found in Table 3.24.

49

GENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TRES OF TANZANIA

grow.under adverse conditionswith tittle or no maintenance;

grow well m dose spacing;

pro te by copptcing andcuttings;

* withsland lopping and trimming;-sissmor,

rees growri for live fences shouldl

Live Fences

ACACIA MELLIFERAACACIA TORTILISACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAALBIZIA HARVEY!BALANITES AEGYPTIACACOMMIPHORA AFRICANACOMMIPHORA EMINIICROTON MEGALOCARPUSDICHROSTACHYS CINEREAEUPHORBIA CANDELABRUMEUPHORBIA TIRUCALLIFICUS SYCOMORUSFICUS THONNINGIIMARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAOLEA EUROPAEAOXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA

TABLE 3.24Preferred Fencing Species

Post Fences

ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA)ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUMACACIA GERRARD!'ACACIA LANAIACACIA POLYACANTHAACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAALBIZIA HARVEY'COMBRETUM MOLLECOMMIPHORA EMINIICROTON MEGALOCARPUSDICHROSTACHYS CINEREAJUNIPERUS PROCERAOLEA EUROPAEAOXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAPERICOPSIS ANGOLENSISTAMARINDUS INDICATERMINALIA SERICEATREMA ORIENTALIS

50

possess thorns, stiff branches, andleaves that animals don't like toeat;

* be resistant to pests and diseases,and have a long life;

* have other uses.

fNblGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES Of TANZANIA

TABlE 3.24 Preferred Fencing Species

U"., Fences

ACACIA MELLIFERA ACACIA TORTILIS ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA ALBIZIA HARVEYI BALANITES AEGYPTIACA COMMIPHORA AFRICANA COMMIPHORA EMINII CROTON MEGALOCARPUS DICHROSTACHVS CINEREA EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUM EUPHORBIA TIRUCAUI FICUS SVCOMORUS FICUS THONNINGII MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA OLEA EUROPAEA OXVTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA

50

Post Fences

ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA) ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUM ACACIA GERRARDII ACACIA LAHAI ACACIA POLY ACANTHA ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA AWIZIA HARVEYI COMBRETUM MOLLE COMMIPHORA EMINII CROTON MEGALOCARPUS DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA JUNIPERUS PROCERA OLEA EUROPAEA OXVTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA PERICOPSIS ANGOlENSIS TAMARINDUS INDICA TERMINALIA SERICEA TREMA ORIENT ALiS

3.16 Gums/Tannins/Resins/Crafts

Due to lack,of detailed information on these groups of uses, only species lists will,beincluded for gums, tannins, re,sins, and crafts.

Table 3.25 lists species which were identified as useful for crafts (carvings, masks,games). Species identified as important or preferred for gums, tannins, or resins arelisted in Tables 3.26, 3.27, and 3.28.

51

USESUses

3.16 GumslTanninslResins/Crafts

Due to lack,of detailed information on these groups of uses, only species lists will be included for gums, tannins, resins, and crafts.

Table 3.25 lists species which were identified as useful for crafts (carvings, masks, games). Species identified as important or preferred for gums, tannins, or resins are listed in Tables 3.26,3.27, and 3.28.

51


ACACIA ABYSSINICACOMMIPHORA MOWSDALBERGIA ARBUTIFOLIADALBERGIA MELANOXYLONDIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAHAGENIA ABYSSINICA

TABLE 3.25Preferred Species for Crafts

OCOTEA USAMBARENSISOLEA EUROPAEAPARINARi EXCELSAPERICOPSIS ANGOLENSISPODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSSTROPHANTHUS EMINIIVITEX DONIANA

ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA)ACACIA GERRARD!!ACACIA LAHAIACACIA NILOTICAACACIA POLYACANTHAACACIA TORTILISADANSONIA DIGITATAALBIZIA HARVEYIBALANITES AEGYPTIACABURKEA AFRICANA

TABLE 3.26Important Gum Species

COMMIPHORA AFRICANACOMMIPHORA UGOGOENSISCORDIA AFRICANACORDIA SINENSISEUPHORBIA TIRUCALLIFICUS THONNINGIIPERICOPSIS ANGOLENSISPTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISTAMARINDUS INDICAWARBURGIA SALUTARIS

ACACIA ALBIDA (F. ALBIDA)ACACIA NILOTICAACACIA POLYACANTHAACACIA SIEBERANAACACIA TORTILISADANSONIA DIGITATABRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMIIBRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISBRIDELIA MICRANTHA

TABLE 3.27Important Tannin Species

TABLE 3.28Important Ravin Species

ADANSONIA DIGITATA COMBRETUM LONGISPICATUMALBIZIA HARVEYI COMMIPHORA AFRICANABERCHEMIA DISCOLOR COMMIPHORA EMINIIBRIDEUA MICRANTHA WARBURGIA SALUTARIS

52

BURKEA AFRICANAFLACOURTIA INDICALANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIIPARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAPARINARI EXCELSASYZYGIUM GUINEENSETAMARINDUS INDICAVITEX DONIANA

INDIGENOUS MuLTIPURPOSE TREES Of TANZANIA

TABLE 3.25 Preferred Species for Crafts

ACACIA ABYSSINICA COMMIPHORA MOLLIS DALBERGIA ARBUTIFOLIA DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA HAGENIA ABYSSINICA

ACACIA ALBIDA IF. ALBIDA) ACACIA GERRARDII ACACIA LAHAI ACACIA NILOTICA ACACIA POLY ACANTHA ACACIA TORrlLIS ADANSONIA DIGITATA ALBIZIA HARVEYI BALANITES AEGYPTIACA BURKEA AFRICANA

ACACIA ALBiDA IF. ALBIDA) ACACIA NILOTICA ACACIA POLYACANTHA ACACIA SIEBERANA ACACiA TORTILIS ADANSONIA DIGITATA BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHM II BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS BRIO EllA MICRANTHA

ADANSONIA DIGITATA ALBIZIA HARVEYI BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR BRIDELIA MICRANTHA

OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS OLEA EUROPAEA PARINARi EXCELSA PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS PODOCARPUS LA'f.IFOLIUS STROPHANTHUS EMINII VITEX DONIANA

TABlE 3.26 Important Gum Species

COMMIPHORA AFRICANA COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSIS CORDIA AFRICANA CORDIA SINENSIS EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI FICUS THONNINGII PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS TAMARINDUS INDICA WARBURGIA SALUTARIS

TABlE 3.27 Important Tannin Species

BURKEA AFRICANA FLACOURTIA INDICA LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA PARINARI EXCELSA SYZVGIUM GUINEENSE TAMARINDUS INDICA VITEX DONIANA

TABLE 3.28 Important Reein Species

52

COMBRETUM LONGISPICATUM COMMIPHORA AFRICANA COMMIPHORA EMINII WARBURGIA SALUTARIS

4. Species List

ACACIA ABYSSINICA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Common Names: umbrella thorn*

Local Names: alterare (MASAI).Potential Uses: building materials, crafts (carvings), furniture (stools), medicine (nuts& soup),timber.

ACACIA ALI3IDA (FAIDHERBIA ALB/DA)

Family Narne: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Common Names: mapagola, kababu, apple ring acacia, winterthorn

Local Names: mkololo, mkora (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mchese (FIPA); mdoladole,mgonandele, mujehe, mwaliganza, mluma (GOGO); hhangumo, tlahmo, tlehharimo (GOROWA);murunda (HAYA); mpogoro (HEHE); giermo, giwermoo, tahhumo (IRAQW); mranda (LONGO,ZINZA); mkongolo (LUGURU); ikandava (MBUGWE); mkilolo (NGURU); khaangu, mungunga(NYATURU); mgunga (PARE); igudabe, isaimo (RANGI); mpogola (SANGU, HEHE); nanda(SUKUMA); mupongoro (SUMBWA)Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, charcoal, domestic uses (soap, tool handles), fencing(posts), firewood, fodder, food (pods =condiment), fruits (famine food), gum, land improvement(nitrogen fixing, windbreaks), medicine, salt, shade, tannin, timber (soft).

ACACIA DREPANOLOB/UM

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Common Names: mbalibali, ulula, gall acacia

Local Names: earbu (GOROWA, IRAQW); fughmo (IRAQW); mbulungo (ISANZU); eluai, eluwai(MASAI); mbolongo-ya-kibolo (MBUGWE); melula, malula (NYATURU); nduradura, mnduriduri(RANGI), vulula wapi, vulula, ilula lyape, (SUKUMA).Potential Uses: building materials (bomas), fencing (posts), medicine.

ACACIA GERRARD!!

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Common Names: red thorn

Local Names: oIng'weng'wenyi (MASAI).Fotential Uses: building materials (bomas), fencing (posts), fibre (rope), firewood, gum,medicine.

* Common Namee include SWAHILI and ENGLISH.

53

SPECIES UST

4. Species List

ACACIA ABYSSINICA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Nemes: umbrella thorn"·

LOCIII Names: elterere (MASAI).

SPECIES LIST

Potential Uses: building meterials, crafts (carvings), furnitura (stools), medicina (masai soup), timber.

ACACIA ALBIDA (FAIDHERBIA ALBlDA)

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Names: mapagola, kababu, apple .ring acacia, winterthorn

Local Names: mkololo, mkora (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mchese (FIPA); mdoledole, mgonandele, mujehe, mwaliganza, mluma (GOGO); hhangumo, tlahmo, tlehharimo (GOROWA); murunda (HAYA); mpogoro (HEHE); giermo, giwermoo, tahhumo (lRAQW); mranda (LONGO, ZINZA); mkongolo (LUGURU); ikandava (MBUGWE); mkilolo (NGURU); khaangu, mungunga (NYATURU); mgunga (PARE); igudabe, isaimo (RANGI); mpogola (SANGU, HEHE); nanda ' (SUKUMA); mupongoro (SUMBWA). Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, charcoal, domestic uses (soap, tool handles), fencing (posts), firewood, fodder, food (pods = condiment), fruits (famine food), gum, land improvement (nitrogen fixing, windbreaks), medicine, salt, shade, tannin, timber (soft).

ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUM

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Namea: mbalibali, ulula, gall acacia

Local Names: qarbu (GOROWA, IRAQW); fughmo (lRAQW); mbulungo (lSANZU); eluai. eluwai (MASAI); mbolongo-ya-kibolo (MBUGWE); melula, malulo (NYATURU); nduradura, mnduriduri (RANG I), wlula wapi, wlula, ilula Iyape. (SUKUMA). Potential Uses: building materiala (bomBS), fencing (posts), medicine.

ACACIA GERRARDH

Family Nama: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Names: red thorn

Locel Names: olng'weng'wenyi (MASAI). Potential Uses: building materials (bomBS), fencing (posts), fibre (rope), firewood, gum, medicine.

00 Common Namao includa SWAHILI and ENGLISH.

53

INDIGENOUS MULTIPUFtPOSE TREES Of TANZANIA

ACACIA LANA!

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Common Names: red thorn

Local Names: melelek, ormelelek (ARUSHA, MASAI).Potential Uses: building materials (bornes), charcoal, domestic uses (walking sticks), dye(bark =red), fencing (posts), firewood, gum, land improvement (nitrogen fixing).

ACACIA MELLIFERA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Common Narnes: black thorn, hook thorn

Local Names: oiti, eiti (ARUSHA, MASA)); mkambala, mvugala (GOGO); ghaland (GOROWA);yudegi, yudek (IRAQW); mangerada (MBUGWE); mujujumi (NYATURU); mkalankanga, kinwato(RANGI); murugara, mrugara (SUKUMA); msasa (ZIGUA).Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials (termite resistant), domestic uses (pestles), fencing(live), firewood, fodder, land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine.

ACACIA NILOTICA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Common Names: mgunga, scented thorn

'Local Names: olkionite, olkiloriti, olgiloriti (ARUSHA, MASAI); baryomodi (ARUSHA, GOROWA,IRAQW); mgelegele, mgungankundumuela, muela, ngeregere (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA);mfuku, mnzasa (GOGO); muwlagavega (HEHE); katzi, kantzi, tsaqayand (IRAQW); barabonyoda(MBUGWE); mgunga, mdubilo (NYAMWEZI); muhinko (NYATURU); kihurgawisu, kijame(RANG)); efe (SANDAWI); mdubilo (SUKUMA); michame (ZANAKI); mgungankunda (ZIGUA).Potential Uses: bee plant, beverage (bark), building materials (termite resistant), charcoal,domestio uses (needles, tools), dye (bark =black, red), fibre, firewood, fodder, gum, landimprovement (nitrogen fixing), medicine, tannin.

ACACL4 POLYACANTHA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Common Names: mgunga, mkengewa, white thorn, falcon's claw acacia

Local Names: mdunga, mgunga (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); miornbwi (FIPA); muwindi(GOGO); fitismo (GOROWA); msukenzi (HEHE); amafughuni (GOROWA, IRAQW); mkuku,omugu (HAYA); mtopotopo (HEHE); mowIndi (LUGURU); olasili (MASAI); mtonya, mwao(MATENG0); morufu (MBUGWE); mkwanga (MWERA); livindwe (NYAMWEZI); mukese(NYATURU); kimwato, kijame, mungurufa (RANGI); mugu (SUKUMA).Potential Uses: domestic uses (tool handles), dye (heartwood), fencing (posts), firewood,fodder, gum, land improvement (nitrogen fixing, soil reclamation), medicine, salt, tannin(heartwood), timber (hard).

54


ACACIA LAHAI

family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Nemes: red thorn

Local Names: melelek, ormelelek (ARUSHA, MASAI). Potential Usee: building materials (bomss). charcoal, domestic· uses (walking sticks), dye (bark = red). fencing (posts), firewood, gum, land improvement (nitrogen fixing).

ACACIA MELLIFERA

family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Names: black thorn, hook thorn

Local Names: oiti, aiti (ARUSHA, MASAI); mkambala, mvugala (GOGO); ghaland (GOROWA); yudegi, yudek (IRAQW); mangarada (MBUGWE); mujujumi (NYATURU); mkalankanga, kinwato (RANG!); murugara, mrugara (SUKUMA); msese (ZIGUA). Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials (termite resistent), domestic uses (pestles), fencing (live), firewood, fodder, lend improvement (nitrogan fixing), medicine.

ACACIA NILOTICA

family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Names: mgunge, scented thorn

'Locall'llames: olkionlte, olkiloriti, olgiloriti (ARUSHA, MAS A!); beryomodi (ARUSHA, GOROWA, IRAQW); mgelegele, mgungankundumuele, muela, ngeregere (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mfuku, mnzesa (GOGO); muvulegavaga (HEHE); katzi, kentzi, tsaqayand (lRAQW); barabonyoda (MBUGWE); mgunga, mdubilo (NYAMWEZI); muhinko (NYATURU); kihurgawisu, kljame (RANGI); afa (SANDAWI); mdubilo (SUKUMA); michame (ZANAKI); mgungankunda (ZIGUA). Potential Uses: bee plant, beverage (bark), building materials (termite resistant), charcoal, domestio uses (needles, tools), dye (bark=blaok, red), fibre, firewood, fodder, gum, land improvemant (nitrogen fixing), medicine, tannin.

ACACIA POL YACANTHA

family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Names: mgunga, mkangawa, white thorn, falcon's claw acacia

Local Names: mdunga, mgunga (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); miombwi (FIPA); muwindi (GOGO); fitismo (GOROWA); msukenzi (HEHE); amafughuni (GOROWA, IRAQW); mkuku, omugu (HAY A); mtopotopo (HEHE); muwlndi (LUGURU); olaaili (MASAI); mtonye, mwao (MATENGO); morufu (MBUGWE); mkwanga (MWERA); livindwa (NYAMWEZI); mukasa (NYATURU); kimwato, kijame, mungurufa (RANG I); mugu (SUKUMA). Potential Uses: domestic uses (tool handles), dye (heartwood), fencing (posts), firewood, fodder, gum, land improvement (nitrogen fixing, soil reclametion), medicine, selt, tannin (haartwood), timber (hard).

54

SPECIES UST

z

Igo 1 Jul

41' 14,,4Lx--

ACACIA POLYACANTHA

ACACIA SIEBERANA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Common Names: mgunga, paperbark thorn

Local Names: munusi (HEHE); tahhumo (IRAQW); singiati (MBUGWE); isaumo, mwetle (RANG».Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials (house poles), domestic uses (containers, spearshafts), firewood, fodder, medicine, tannin (pods), timber (soft).

ACACIA TANGANYIKENSIS

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)

Local Names: mheme (GOGO).Potential Uses: beehives, land improvement (windbreaks, soil, water conservation), musicalinstruments (drums), shade.

55

ACACIA POLYACANTHA

ACACIA SIElJERANA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Names: mgunga, peperbark thorn

SPECIES LIST

Looal Names: munusi (HEHE); tahhumo (lRAQW); singieti (MBUGWE); isaumo, mwede (RANG I). Potential Uses: bee plant, building materiels (house poles), domestio uses (containers, spear shafts), firewood, fodder, medicine, tannin (pods), timber (soft).

ACACIA TANGANYIKENS/s

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)

Local Names: mheme (GOGO). Potential Uses: beehives, land improvement (windbreaks, soil, water conservation), musical instruments (drums), shede.

55


ACACIA TORTILIS

Family Neme: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Common Names: mgunge, mugunga, israel babool, umbrella thorn

Local Nemas: oldepesi, sanzavi, °tarsi (ARUSHA); honywam, harbanghed (BARBAIG); mkongoe(BONDEI, SHAMBAA, Z1GUA); mrimba, msawero (CHAGGA); mkungugu, mwaliganza (GOGO,HEHE); tsantsafi (GOROWA, IRAQW); harbagheidi, fitsitoo (IRAQW); muhare (JITA); olgorete,oldepasi, oldepesi (MASAI); moonga, movunga (MBUGWE); mgunga (1$ANZU, NYATURU,NYAMWEZI, PARE, SUKUMA); mugunga (NYATURU); muhunga (RANG!).Potential Usas: beehives, bee plant, charcoal, domestic uses (tool handles, needles), dya (bark,roots =yellow, brown), fencing (live), fibre (rope), firewood, fodder, furniture, gum, landimprovement (nitrogen fixing), shade, tannin.

ACACIA XANTHOPHL OEA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Common Names: fever tree

Local Nemas: olerai, e'er& (ARUSHA, MASAI); honywam (BARBAIG); aaray, nary (GOROWA);narmo, aari (IRAQW); mulera (ISANZU); lechada (MBUGWE); murya (NYATURU); mwerera(PARE); mweda (RANG!).Potential Uses: building materials (bomas), fencing (live, posts), firewood, fodder, landimprovemant (nitrogen fixing), medicine.

ADANSONIA DIGffATA

Family Name: BOMBACACEAECommon Names: mbuyu, baobab

Local Names: muuyu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mpela (GOGO); dakaumo (GOROWA);gendar-yandi (IRAOVV); rnpela (LUGURU); olmesera, ollmisera (MASAI); mwuwiye (MBUGWE);mpela (NYAMWEZI); mramba (PARE); mwiwi (RANGI); gale (SANDAW1);.mkondo (SANGU,HEHE); mwandu, mwanda, ng' wandu (SUKUMA).Potential Uses: bee plant, beverage, domestic uses (water and food storage, trays), dye (bark,roots-red), fibre (cloth, rope, musical instrument strings), food (condiment), fruit, gum (glue),latex (coagulant), medicine, resin, salt, soap (bark, fruit), tannin (bark).

AFZEUA QUANZENSIS

Family Name: CAESALPINIOIDEAECommon Names: mambakofi, mbarika, mbembakofl, mkomge, mkongo, lucky bean

Local Names: embakofi, mkomba, mkola (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); rnkora (BUNGU,LONGO, SUKUMA, NYAMWEZI, ZINZA); mkola (GOGO, LUGURU, ZINZA, SUKUMA, SUMBWA,NYAMWEZ1, LONGO); mbarikwa (MATUMBI, MWERA); mgongoma (KISI, MATENGO, YA0);rnkongo (RUFL11); 'Marne (MWERA); mongarama (NGONI); mkomba (NGURU); mbora, kola(NYAMWEZI); bmkongo (PARE); mfunguil (SANGU, HEHE); rikola (SUKUMA); mkongo(ZARAMO); mukora (ZINZA).Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, charcoal, firewood, fodder, food, fruit, furniture,land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine, shade, timber (boats, or'lnets; termite resistant).

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ACACIA TORTIUS

Family Neme: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Names: mgunga. mugunga. israel bebool. umbrella thorn

Local Narooa: oldepesi. sanzavi. olerai (ARUSHA); honywam. harbanghed (BARBAIG); mkongoe (BONDEI. SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mrimba. msawero (CHAGGA);·mkungugu, mwaliganza (GOGO. HEHE); tsantsafi (GOROWA. IRAQW); harbagheidi. fitsitoo URAQW); muhare (JITA); olgorate. oldepasl. oldepesl (MAS AI); moongs. movunga (MBUGWE); mgunga U$ANZU. NYATURU, NYAMWEZI. PARE, SUKUMA); mugungs (NYATURU); mUhunga (RANGI). Potential Una: beehives. bee plant. charcoal, domestic uses (tool handles. needles), dye (bark. roots =yellow. brown). fencing (live). fibre (rope). firewood. fodder, furniture. gum. land improvament (nitrogen fixing). shade. tannin.

ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Namell: fever tree

Local Nsmee: o/erol, eleral (ARUSHA, MASAI); honywam (BARBAIG); oorey. nary (GOROWA); narmo, aori (lRAQW); mulera (lSANZU); locheda (MBUGWE); murya (NYATURU); mwerera (PARE); mweda (RANG!). Potentiel Uses: building materials (bomBS). fencing (live. posts), firewood. fodder, land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine.

ADANSONIA DlGffATA

FalTh'ly Name: BOMBACACEAE Common Namell: mbuyu. baobab

Local Nsmee: muuyu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA. ZIGUA); mpela (GOGO); dakaumo (GOROWA); gendar-yandi (lRAQW); mpela (LUGURU); olmesera, olimisera (MAS AI); mwuwiye (MBUGWE); rope!a (NYAMWEZI); mramba (PARE); mwlwl (RANGI); gele (SANDAW!);·mkondo (SANGU, HEHE); mwandu, mWElnda, ng' wandu (SUKUMA). Potential ~: bee plant, beverage. domestic uses (wElter and food storage, trave), dye (bark, roote ... red), fibre (cloth, rope. musiolll instrument strings), food (oondiment). fruit, gum (glue), latex (ooagulant), medioine, resin. salt, soap (bark, fruit), tannin (bark).

AFZELJA aUANZENSIS

Fllmily Name: CAESALPINIOIDEAE Common Namee: mambakofl. mbarika. mbambakofi, mkomge, mkongo, lucky bean

Local Namell: embakofi. mkomba, mkole (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mkora (BUNGU. LONGO. SUKUMA, NYAMWEZI, ZINZA); mkola (GOGO, LUGURU, ZINZA, SUKUMA, SUMBWA, NVAMWEZI, LONGO); mbarikwe (MATUMBI, MWERA); mgongofno (KISI, MATENGO, YAO); mkongo (RUFIJI); mtema (MWERA); mongllreme (NGONI); mkomba (NGURU); moore, kola (NYAMWEZ/); bmkongo (PARE); mfunguj/ (SANGU, HEHE);nkola (SUKUMA); mkongo (ZARAMO); mukofa (ZINZA). Potential ~: bee plant, building materials, charoolll' firElwood, fodder, food, fruit, furniture, land improvement (nitrogen fixing). modiolne, shade, timber (boats, oablnets; termite resistant).

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ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Common Names: peacock flower

Local Names: ol sanguuwezi, asangupesi (ARUSHA); masakta (BARBAIG); tsori (BARBAIG,GOROWA, IRAQW); mkenge, mazi (BONDEI); mkenge-mazi, mkenge-mchala (BONDEI,SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mfuranje, mboromo, mduka, mfurangi, moisiranga, mruka (CHAGGA); son,sahati (FIOME); msanga (GWEN0); myenzeyenze (HAYA); sarai (IRAQW); mseveya (LONGO);mkenge (LUGURU); mtanga (MATENGO, YAO, FIPA); ol geturai, osangupesi (MASAI);mosironga (MBUGWE); mkengemaji (NGURU); msame (PARE); msaamaji (RANG1); mshai(SHAMBAA).Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, building materials, domestic uses (mortars, water troughs),firewood, kidder, land improvement (mulch, nitrogen fixing, soil stabilization), medicine, ritual,shade, timber (boats).

ALBIZ14 HARVEY!

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Common Names: sickle-leaved albizia

Local Names: olperelong'o (ARUSHA, MASAI); mkwagushashi, msisimisi (SONDE, SHAMBAA,ZIGUA); mhogolo (GOGO, LUGURU); tuhalmo (GOROWA); tleharimo (GOROWA, IRAQW);msisina (HEHE); tlaheri (IRAQW); mfogolo (ISANZU); mkarensatu (LONGO); mazenzati(MATENGO, YA0); musisiviri, mfogolo (MBUGWE); mpogo, mufogoo (NYATURU); mpogolo(NYAMWEZI, SUKUMA, ZINZA); msisiviri (RANG(); mkami (SANGU, HEHE); mukaransatu(ZINZA).Potential Uses: building materials (houses), charcoal, domestic uses (tool handles), fencing (live,posts), firewood, gum (called unala and sold in market in Dodoma), land improvement (nitrogenfixing), medicine, resin, shade, timber (termite resistant).

ALBIZIA PETERSIANA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Common Names: mkenge, many-stemmed albizia

Local Names: osanguoisi (ARUSHA); mkenge, mkenge-mayoye, =hale, mfueta, msolola(BONDE1, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); osimihhi (GOROWA, IRAQW); osangupesi, sangupesi (MASAI);mosislviri (MBUGWE); musisigulu (NYAMWEZI); musimihi (NYATURU); mseemaji (RANG».Potential Uses: building materials, domestic uses (tool handles), firewood, fodder, shade,timber.

ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA

Family Neme: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Common Names: mshai, mduka, forest long-podded albizia

Local Names: olsanguwesi (ARUSHA); mshai, mshai-mawe (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA);mfuruanga, mruka, mfuranje (CHAGGA); mchenja, mkenge-maji (GOGO); osangupesi, eangupesi(MASAI); mitanga (MATENGO, YA0); nduruka, nnika (MERU).Potential Uses: building materiels (termite resistant), charcoal, domestic uses (needles, toolhandles), fibre, firewood, land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine, shade.

SPECIES UST

57

ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMIL V MIMOSOIDEAE) COl)'lmon Nomos: peacock flower

SPECIES IJST

Local Names: 01 sanguuwezi, asangupesi (ARUSHA); masakta (BARBAIG); tsori (BARBAIG, GOROWA, IRAQW); mkenge, mazi (BONDEI); mkenge-mazi, mkenge-mchala (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mfuranja, mboromo, mduka, mfurangi, moisiranga, mruka (CHAGGA); sori, sahati (FIOME); msanga (GWENO); myenzeyenze (HAVA); sarai (lRAQW); mseveya (LONGO); mkenge (LUGURU); mtanga (MATENGO, VAO, FIPA); 01 geturai, osangupesi (MASAI); mosironga (MBUGWE); mkengemaji (NGURU); msame (PARE); msaamaji (RANG!); mshai (SHAMBAA). Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, building materials, domestic uses (mortars, water troughs), firewood, fodder, land improvement (mulch, nitrogen fixing, soil stabilization), medicine, ritual, shade, timber (boats).

ALBIZIA HARVEYI

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMIL V MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Namos: sickle-leaved albizia

Local Names: olperelong'o (ARUSHA, MASA!); mkwagushashi, msisimisi (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mhogolo (GOGO, LUGURU); tuhalmo (GOROWA); t1aharimo (GOROWA, IRAQW); msisina (HEHE); tlaheri (lRAQW); mfogolo (lSANZU); mkaransatu (LONGO); mazanzati (MATENGO, VAO); musisiviri, mfogolo (MBUGWE); mpogo, mufogoo (NVATURU); mpogolo (NYAMWEZI, SUKUMA, ZINZA); msisiviri (RANG!); mkami (SANGU, HEHE); mukaransatu (ZINZA). Potential Uaes: building matarials (houses), charcoal, domestic uses (tool handles), fencing (live, posts), firewood, gum (called unala and sold in market in Dodoma), land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine, resin, shade, timber (tennite resistant).

ALBIZIA PETERSIANA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMIL V MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Names: mkange, many-stemmed albizia

Local Names: osanguoisi (ARUSHA); mkenga, mkenge-mayoya, mchala, mfueta, msolola (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); osimihhi (GOROWA, IRAQW); osangupesi, sangupesi (MASAI); mosisiviri (MBUGWE); musisigulu (NVAMWEZ!); musimihi (NVATURU); msaamaji (RANG/). Potential Uaes: building materials, domestic uses (tool handlas), firewood, fodder, shede, timber.

ALBlZlA SCHIMPERANA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMIL V MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Names: mshai, mduka, forest long-podded albizia

Local Names: olsanguwesi (ARUSHA); mshai, mshai·mawe (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mfuruanga, mruka, mfuranje (CHAGGA); mchenje, mkenge-maji (GOGO); osangupesi, eangupesi (MASAI); mitenga (MATENGO, VAO); nduruka, nruka (MERU). Potentiel Ua8l!: building materials (termite resistant), charcoal, domestic uses (naedles, too! handles), fibre, firewood, land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medioine, shade.

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ALBIZU1 VERSICOLOR

AL81Z14 VERS1COLOR

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Cornmon Names: mkenge

Local Names: mnyanza (LUGURU); mtulanzila (MATENG0); mkindwanzagamba (NYAMWEZI);mkinu (SHAMBAA); mkingu (ZIGUA).Potential Uses: beehives, charcoal, domestic uses, firewood, land improvement (nitrogenfixing), timber.

ALLANBL4CK1A STUNLMANNII

Family Name: GUTTIFERAECommon Names: mkanye, mwaka, mshambo

Local Nantes: mkamye, msambu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mkanya, mkange, mkangl(SHAMBAA); msambu, msambo (SHAMBAA, NGURU); mkani, mkange (LUGURU);msambu-mbwiti (ZIGUA).Potential Uses: dye, food (condiment), lighting, oil (food, liniment), timber.

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ALBIZIA VERSICOLOR

ALBIZIA VERSICOLOR

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Names: mkenge

Local Namaa: mnyanza (LUGURU); mtulanzila (MATENGO); mkindwanzagamba (NYAMWEZI); mkinu (SHAMBAA); mkingu (ZIGUA). Potentiel Uses: beehives, Charcoal, domestic uses, firewood, land improvement (nitrogen fixing), timber.

AUANBLACKJA STUHLMANNII

Family Name: GUTTIFERAE Common Names: mkanye, mwaka, mshambo

Locel Namee: mkamya, msambu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mkenya, mkenge, mkangi (SHAMBAA); msambu, msambo (SHAMBAA, NGURU); mkani, mkange (LUGURU); msambu-mbwiti (ZIGUA). Potential Usee: dye, food (condimant), lighting, oil (food, liniment), timber.

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ANNONA SENEGALENSIS (A. CHRYSOPHYLLA)

Family Name: ANNONACEAECommon Names: mchekwa, mtope tope, wild custard apple, wild soursop

Local Names: mfila (BENDE); mtonkwe (BONDE), SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mtomoko, mrisirisi(CHAGGA); msasa (LONGO); mtopetope (MATENGO, YAO, RUFIJI); mfila, mtopetope, mtela,mkonola (NYAMWEZI); mbokwe (SHAMBAA); tope-tope (ZARAMO); mkonyo (ZINZA)Potential Uses: domestic uses (tool handles), dye (bark =yellow), firewood, fodder, fruit,medicine, shade.

AZANZA GARCKEANA

Family Name: MALVACEAECommon Names: snot apple, tree hibiscus

Local Names: emotoo (ARUSHA); mtobo (BENCE); mchai, matwa, mtoyo (GOGO); thogi, daghy(GOROWA); laghay (GOROWA, IRAQW); mtoyo, mtowo (HEHE); haghaiy (IRAQW); mutogo(KIMBU); emoloo, ormatoo (MASAI); mutago, mutogo (MBUGWE); mtovo, mutobo(NYAMWEZI); mtoo (NYASA); murogho, mutrogho (NYATURU); mtogho (NYIRAMBA); mtwa,mtula, msembere (RANG(); dong, xaxabo (SANDAWI).Potential Uses: building materials (small uses), domestic uses (spoons, walking sticks, toolhandles, bows), fibre (rope), fodder, food (masai soup), fruit, land improvement (green manure,mulch).

BALANITES AEGYPTIACA

Family Name: BALANITACEAECommon Names: desert date

Local Names: oIng'oswa (ARUSHA, MASAI); muwambangoma (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, Z1GUA,GOGO); mohoromo (CHAGGA); hai (GOROWA); ganyamda, hawi (GOROWA, IRACW,BARBA*); mkisingo (HEHE); hotlimo (IRAQW); mudugunga (ISANZU); muruguya (LONGO);mkongo (LUGURU); ganyarnda (MANG'ATI); mdore (IVIBUGWE); mkonga (NGURU);mbambang'oma, muvambang'oma, mduguyu (NYAMWEZI); mfughuyu (NYATURU); mjijiva,nyijiva, kivambang'ombe (RANG(); mjirya (SONJO); nyuguyu, myuguyugu (SUKUMA); muruguyu(SUMBWA, Z1NZA).Potential Uses: building materials, domestic uses (tool handles, spoons), firewood, fencing(live), fodder, food (oil), fruit, furniture, gum, land improvement (mulch, nitrogen fixing,windbreaks), medicine, poison, ritual, shade, timber.

BE_RCHEMIA DISCOLOR

Family Name; RHAMNACEAECommon Names: mnago, wild almond

Local Names: mgandu (GOGO); nyahumbu (POGOR0); mkuni (NYAMWEZI); okoo (SANDAWI).Potential Uses: bee plant, beverage (tea), building materials, domestic uses (combs, gunmaking, ladders, pestles), dye (roots =black; bark, wood =brown; bark = red), fodder, fruit,furniture, land improvement (windbreaks), resin, timber.

SPECIES UST

59

SPECIES LIST

ANNONA SENEGALENSIS (A. CHRYSOPHYLLA)

Family Name: ANNONACEAE Co,,!mon Names: mchekwa, mtope tope, wild custard apple, wild soursop

Local Namas: mfila (BENDE); mtonkwa (BaNDEl, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mtomoko, mrisirisi (CHAGGA); msasa (LONGO); mtopetope (MATENGO, YAO, RUFIJI); mfila, mtopetope, mtela,. mkonola (NYAMWEZI); mbokwe (SHAMBAA); tope-tope (ZARAMO); mkonyo (ZINZA). Potential Uses: domestic uses (tool handles), dye (bark =yellow), firewood. fodder, fruit, medicine, shade.

AZANZA GARCKEANA

Family Name: MALVACEAE Common Names: snot apple, tree hibiscus

Local Names: emotoo (ARUSHA); mtobo (BEND E); mchai, matwa, mtoyo (GOGO); thogi, t1aghy (GOROWA); laghay (GOROWA, IRAQW); mtoyo, mtowo (HEHE); hagheiy (IRAQW); mutogo (KIMBU); emoloo, ormatoo (MASAI); mutago, mutogo (MBUGWE); mtovo, mutobo (NYAMWEZI); mtoo (NYASA); murogho, mutrogho (NYATURU); mtogho (NYIRAMBA); mtwa, mtula, msembere (RANGI); dong, xaxabo (SANDAWI). Potential Uses: building materials (small uses), domestic uses (spoons, walking sticks, tool handles, bows), fibra (rope), foddar, food (masai soup), fruit, land improvement (graen manure, mulch)., .

BALAN"ES AEGYPTIACA

Family Name: BALANITACEAE Common Namea: dasert date

Local Names: olng'oswa (ARUSHA, MAS AI); muwambangoma (BaNDEl, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA, GOGO); mohoromo (CHAGGA); hai (GOROWA); ganyamda, hawi (GOROWA, IRAQW, BARBAIG); mkisingo (HEHE); hotlimo (IRAQW); mudugunga (ISANZU); muruguya (LONGO); mkongo (LUGURU); ganyamda (MANG'ATI); mdore (MBUGWE); mkonga (NGURU); mbambang'oma, muvambang'oma, mduguyu (NYAMWEZI); mfughuyu (NYATURU); mjijiva, nyijiva, kivambang'ombe (RANG I); mjirya (SONJO); nyuguyu, myuguyugu (SUKUMA); muruguyu (SUMBWA, ZINZA). Potential Usea: building materials, domestic uses (tool handles, spoons), firewood, fencing (live), fodder, food (oil), fruit, furniture, gum, land improvement (mulch, nitrogen fixing, windbreaks), medicine, poison, ritual, shade, timber.

BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR

Family Name: RHAMNACEAE Common Namea: mnago, wild almond

Local Names: mgandu (GOGO); nyahumbu (POGORO); mkuni (NYAMWEZI); okoo (SANDAWI). Potential Uaes: bee plant, bevarage (tao), building materials, domestic uses (combs, gun making, ladders, pestles), dye (roots =black; bark, wood =brown; bark = red), fodder, fruit, furniture, land improvement (windbreaks), resin, timber.

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BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSIS

Family Name: CAPPARACEAECommon Names: broad leaved boscia

Local Names: nasichand (BARBAIG, IRAQW); sangetmo, tlangetimo (GOROWA); muwisa(HEHE); mosingisi (MBUGWE); msulula (NYAMWEZI); msingisa (RANGI).Potential Uses: building materials, firewood, fruit, medicine.

BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMII

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY CAESALPINIOIDEAE)Common Names: myenze, myombo

Local Names: muyombo (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); muyere (BiNDE); nafumo (GOROWA,IRAQVV); mnyenzi (LONGO); myenze (LUGURU); myombo (MATENGO, YA0); mfumbu(NYATURU); myenze, myombo (NYAMWEZI, SUKUMA).Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, charcoal, fibre (rope), firewood, tannin.

BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSE!

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY CAESALPINIOIDEAE)Common Names: mionbo

Local Names: mtelela (HEHE); mgelegele, mtindiyombo, myombo (MATENGO, YA0); mjerijeri(MWERA); mkongolo (NYAMWEZI); msane (NYIKA); mhangala (ZIGUA, RANGI).Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, charcoal, domestic uses (tools), fibre (rope), firewood,medicine, timber.

BRACHYSTEGL4 SPICIFORMIS

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY CAESALPINIOIDEAE)Common Names: mtundu, mrihi, mriti, myombo

Local Names: muyombo, mtondolo (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mzombo (FIPA); mguji,mhangale, mriti, mtondote (GOGO); nafurrto (GOROWA, IRAQW); mkwe (HEHE); mundu(LONGO); myombo, mzombo, mpapa (MATENGO,YA0); mkuti, muguti (NYAKYUSA); mtundu(NYAMWEZI, LONGO, LUGURU); msewe, mzimdiwi (NYIHA); mhangala MANGO; luterewe(SANGU); ndagula (SANGU, HEHE); miyombo (SUKUMA); mtundu (SUMBWA).Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, charcoal, dontestio uses (water containers, storage pots),dye (barkmblack), fibre (rope), firewood, fodder, land improvement (mulch, nitrogen fixing),medicine, shade, tannin (bark 6 to 13%), timber (boats).

60

INDIGENOUS MUlTIPURPOSE TREES Of TANZANlA

BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSIS

Family Neme: CAPPARACEAE Common Nemes: broad leaved boscia

Local NalMs: nesichand (BARBAIG, IRAQW); sangatmo, tlangetimo (GOROWA); muwisa (HEHE); mosingisi (MBUGWE); msulula (NYAMWEZI); msingisa (RANGI). Potential thes: building materials, firewood, fruit, medicine.

BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMII

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMIL V CAESALPINIOIDEAE) Common Namee: myenze, myombo

Local NalMa: muyombo (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); muyere (BENDE); nafumo (GOROWA, IRAQW); mnyenzi (LONGO); myenze (LUGURU); myombo (MATENGO, YAO); mfumbu (NYATURU); myenze, myombo (NYAMWEZI, SUKUMA). Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, charcoal, fibre (rope), firewood, tennin.

BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSE!

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILV CAESALPINIOIDEAE) Common Namee: mionbo

Local Names: mtelela (HEHE); mgelegele, mtindiyornbo, myombo (MATENGO, YAO); mjerijeri (MWERA); mkongolo (NY AMWEZI); msane (NYIKA); mhangala (ZIGUA, RANGI). Potential Usee: beehives, bee plant, oharcoal, domestio uses (tools), fibre (rope), firewood, medicine, timber.

BRACHYSTEGIA SPfCIFORMIS

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMIL V CAESALPINIOIDEAE) Common Names: mtundu, mrihi, mriti, myombo

Local Nemes: muyombo, mtondolo (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); rnzombo (FIPA); mgujl, mhangala, mriti, mtondota (GOGO); nafumo (GOROWA, IRAQW); mkwe (HEHE); mundu (LONGO): myombo, mzonnbo, mpapa (MATENGO,VAO); mkuti, rnuguti (NVAKYUSA); mtundu (NYAMWEZI, LONGO, LUGURU); mS8we, mzlrndiwi (NYIHA); mhangala (RANGI); luterewe (SANGU); ndagula (SANGU, HEHE): miyombo (SUKUMA): mtundu (SUMBWA). Potential Ueee: beehives, bee plant, charcoal, domestic uses (water containers, storage pots), dye (bark .. black), fibre (rope), firewood, fodder, land improvement (muloh, nitrogen fixing), mediclne,8hede, tennin (bark 6 to 13%), timber (boats).

60

BREONADIA SAUCINA (ADINA MICROCEPHALA)

Family Name: RUBIACEAECommon Names: mgwina, sdina

Local Names: mdogowe (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mgwina (MATENGO, YAO).Potential Uses: building materials, domestic uses, firewood, furniture, medicine, shade, timber(boats; heavy, termite resistant).

BRIDEUA MICRANTHA

Family Name: EUPHORBIACEAECOMIC/Ft Names: mkarati, mwiza

Local Names: mwiza, muiza, mwisa, mkarakata, mkolakola (SONDE!, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA);mwaru, monde, marie (CHAGGA); munyamaji, mlangali (FIPA); isalmo (GOROWA, IRAQW);mukuwe, mshamako, mwesa (HAYA); isaimo (IRAQW); mwiwa-nonya (LONGO); msumba(LUGURU); rnayenda (MATENGO, YA0); mkolakole (NGURU); mwisya (NYAKYUSA); sengamino(NYIHA); msopa, munyeraminzi (TAN); mwiza (VIDUNDA); muesa, mweza (ZIGUA); mututututu(Zanzibar); msamiko (ZINZA).Potential Uses: building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (tool handles, bows), dye(bark =black; twigs =red), firewood, fruit, furniture, medicine, resin (basket sealer), shade,tannin (bark), timber (boats; hard, termite resistant).

BURKEA AFRICANA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY CAESALPINIOIDEAE)Common Names: wild syringa, mgandomkarati, burkea

Local Names: mkarati (HEHE); mgandu (LONGO); mgando, mkalati (LUGURU); mpukupuku(MATENGO, YA0); mgendo, mugando mkelati, mgando mkalati (NYAMWEZI); kaimbi (RANGI);msangala (SANGU, HEHE).Potential Uses: building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (tool handles), fibre (chew sticks),firewood, fodder, furniture, gum, land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine, shade, tannin,timber (heavy).

CASSIPOUREA MALOSANA

Family Neme: RHIZOPHORACEAE

Local Names: akabajan (BARBAIG); msengela (HEHE); funtsari (IRAQW); alaiseleki, osonjoi(MASAI).Potential Uses: building materials, domestic uses (tool handles), timber.

61

SPECIES LJST

BREONADIA SAUCINA (ADINA MICROCEPHALA)

Family Name: RUBIACEAE Common Names: mgwina, adina

Local Names: mdogowe (BONDE I, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mgwina (MATENGO, YAO).

SPECIES UST

Potential Uses: building materials, domestic uses, firewood, furniture, medicine, shade, timber (boats; heavy, termite resistant).

BRIDELIA MICRANTHA

Family Name: EUPHORBIACEAE Common Names: mkarati, mwiza

Local Names: mwiza, muiza, mwisa, mkarakata, mkolakola (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mwaru, monde, marie (CHAGGA); munyamaji, mlangali (FIPA); isalmo (GOROWA, IRAQW); mukuwe, mshamako, mwesa (HAYA); isaimo (lRAQW); mwiwa-nonya (LONGO); msumba (LUGURU); mayenda (MATENGO, YAO); mkolakole (NGURU); mwisya (NYAKYUSA); sengamino (NYIHA); msopa, munyaraminzi (TAN); mwiza (VIDUNDA); muesa, mweza (ZIGUA); mututututu (Zanzibar); msamiko (ZINZA). Potential Uses: building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (tool handles, bows), dye (bark = black; twigs = red), firewood, fruit, furniture, medicine, resin (basket sealer), shade, tannin (bark), timber (boats; hard, termite resistant).

BURKEA AFRICANA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY CAESALPINIOIDEAE) Common Names: wild syringa, mgandomkarati, burkea

Local Names: mkarati (HEHE); mgandu (LONGO); mgando, mkalati (LUGURU); mpukupuku (MATENGO, YAO); mgando, mugando mkalati, rngando mkalati (NYAMWEZI); kaimbi (RANG I); msangala (SANGU, HEHE). Potential Uses: building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (tool handles), fibre (chew sticks), firewood, fodder, furniture, gum, land improvement (nitrogan fixing), medicine, shade, tannin, timber (heavy).

CASSIJiOUREA MALOSANA

Family Name: RHIZOPHORACEAE

Local Names: akabajan (BARBAIG); msengela (HEHE); funtsari (lRAQW); alaiseleki, osonjoi (MASAI). Potential Uses: building materials, domestic uses (tool handles), timber.

61

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES Off TANZANIA

COMBRETUM ADENOGONIUM(C. FRAGRANS, C. GHASALENSE, C. TERNIFOLIUM, C. TETRAPHYLLUM)

Family Name: COMBRETACEAECommon Names: misma

Local Names: mbadilo (HEHE); mlama, chinama (MATENGO, YAC); muluzyaminzi (NYAMWEZI).Potential Uses: building materials, charcoal, firewood, food, medicine, shade.

COMBRETUM LONGISP1CATUM (C. SPICATA)

Family Name: COMBRETACEAECommon Names: mlama

Local Names: mgombogombo (GOGO).Potential Uses: bee plant, land improvement (windbreaks, soil and water conservation),medicine, musical instruments (guitar), resin (chewing gum), shade.

COMBRETUM MOLLE (C. ATELANTHUM, C. GUEINZIL C. HOLOSERICEUM)

Family Name: COMBRETACEAECommon Names: Warne, mgurure

Local Names: maroro, maroi, olbukoi (ARUSHA); gendai (BARBAIG, IRAQW); mlama (BENDE,LUGURU, NYAMWEZ1, V1DUNDA); naganagachan (BARBAIG); mototi (GOROWA); gendamo(GOROWA, IRAQW, F1OME); mulama (HAYA, RANG1, ISANZU, NYATURU); gindamo (IRAQW);mjarujaru, mtibari (LONGO); misma, mlama mwenge (LUGURU); tetekuriru, mbugwe, olmaroroi(MASAI); mlama, mdama (MATENGO, YAC); mlamadoli (NGURU); mruku (PARE); mglito(RANG»; mnama (SHAMBAA); kaguwa, namamwela (SUKUMA); mugombwa (ZINZA).Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials (termite resistant), charcoal, domestic uses (toolhandles), fencing (posts), fodder, land improvement (mulch), medicine (human, animal), shade.

COMBRETUM ZEYHERI

Family Neme: COMBRETACEAECommon Names: misma, msana

Local Names: olmaroroi (ARUSHA, MASAI); gata-red (BARBAIG, GOROWA); mlama-we-ng'ala(BONDE1, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mototi, amagendai (GOROWA, IRAQW); mlelega (GOGO);gendei, gendumo (1RAQW); gendai (MASAI); teteko, iteleko (MBUGWE); msana (NYAMWEZI,NYATURU, SUKUMA); muhanyati (NYATURU); iteteko (RANG(); misma (SANGU, HEHE); nsana(SUKUMA).Potential Uses: building materials, fibre (roots-baskets), firewood, medicine, timber (soft, borer,termite proof).

62


COMSRETUMADSVOGONRIM (C. FRAGRANS, C. GHASALENSE, C. TERN/FOLIUM, C. TETRAPHYLLUM)

Family Name: COMBRETACEAE Common Names: mlama

Local Names: mbadilo (HEHE); mlama, chinama (MATENGO, YAO); muluzyaminzi (NYAMWEZI). Potential Uses: building materials, charcoal, firewood, food, medicine, shade.

COMBRETUM LONG/SPICATUM (C. SP/CATA)

Family Name: COMBRETACEAE Common Names: mlama

Locel Nemee: mgombogombo (GOGO). Potential Uses: bee plant, land improvement (windbreaks, soil and water conservation), medicine, musical instruments (guitar), resin (chawing gum), shade.

COMSRETUM MOLLE (C. A TELANTHUM, C. GUE/NZI/, C. HOLOSERICEUM)

Family Name: COMBRETACEAE Common Names: mlama, mgurure

Local Names: maroro, maroi, olbukoi (ARUSHA); gendai (BARBAIG, IRAQW); mlama (BEN DE, LUGURU, NYAMWEZI, VIDUNDA); naganagachan (BARBAIG); mototi (GOROWA); gendamo (GOROWA, IRAQW, FIOME); mulama (HAYA, RANGI,ISANZU, NYATURU); gindamo (lRAQW); mjarujaru, mtibari (LONGO); mlama, mlama mwenge (LUGURU): tetekuriru, mbugwe, olmaroroi (MASAI): mlama, mdema (MATENGO, YAO); mlamadoli (NGURU); mruku (PARE): mgiito (RANG!); mnama (SHAMBAA): kaguwa, namamwela (SUKUMA); mugombwa (ZINZA). Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials (termite resistant), charcoal, domestic uses (tool handles), fencing (posts), fodder, land improvement (mulch), medicine (human, animal), shade.

COMBRETUM ZEYHERI

Family Name: COMBRETACEAE Common Names: mlama, msana

Local Namas: olmaroroi (ARUSHA, MASA!); gate-reri (BARBAIG, GOROWA): mlama-wa-ng'ala (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA): mototi, amagendai (GOROWA, IRAQW): mlelega (GOGO): gendai, gendumo (lRAQW): gendai (MASAI): teteko, iteleko (MBUGWE): msana (NY AMWEZI, NYATURU, SUKUMA): muhanyati (NYATURU); iteteko (RANG I): mlama (SANGU, HEHE): nsana (SUKUMA). Potential Uses: building materials, fibre (roots-baskets), firewood, medicine, timbar (soft, borer, termite proof).

62

COMMIPHORA AFRICANA (C. PILOSA)

Family Name: BURSERACEAECorpmon Names; mponda, mturituri, mtwitwi

Local Names: osilalei (ARUSHA); naamo (BARBAIG, IRAQW); siponda (BENDE); mtuntwi,mtelwa (BONDEI, SHAmBAA, ZIGUA); msomvugo (GOGO); niimo (IRAQW, GOROWA);bakchandi, neemo (IRAQW); muzuhu (ISANZU); tundulu (MBUGWE); msagasi (NYAMWEZI);mujuhu (NYATURU); idaki, ijovya (RANG!): mawezi, mamezi (ZINZA).Potential Uses: beehives, beverage (tea), building materials, domestic uses (spoons, toolhandles, water troughs), dye (bark =red, brown), fencing (live, posts), firewood, fodder, food(oil), fruit, gum, insecticide, medicine, musical instruments, resin.

COMMIPHORA EMINII (SUBS. ZIMMERMANNII)

Family Name: BURSERACEAECommon Names: mponda

Local Narnes: mgombogombo (GOGO); madawiri (GOROWA); naamo, niimo (IRAQW); mwambahgoma (LONGO); itonto (RANG!): mgo'ngo'ngo'ngo, (SUKUMA).Potential Uses: beehives, building materials, fencing (posts, live), firewood, fodder, furniture,land improvement (erosion control), medicine, resin, shade.

COMMIPHORA MOLLIS IC. STUHLMANNIII


Local Names: mkongolo (GOGO).Potential Uses: beehives, crafts, domestic uses (tool handles, spoons), furniture, timber.

COMMIPHORA TROTHAE


Local Names: osilalei (MASAI).Potential Uses: domestic uses (mortars, pestles, spoons), furniture (boxes), medicine.

COM MIPHORA UGOGOENSIS


Local Names: mdachi (GOGO); mkongolo (HEHE); mponda, msusu (NYAMWEZI); mtono(SANGU, HEHE); mususu-nsusu, msusu (SUKUMA).Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, building materials, domestic uses (tool handles, spoons),furniture (local chairs), gum, shade.

SPECIES UST

63

SPECIES LIST

COMMIPHORA AFRICANA (C. PfLOSA'

Family Name: BURSERACEAE COlJ'lmon Names: mponda, mturituri, mtwitwi

Local Names: osilalei (ARUSHA); naamo (BARBAIG, IRAOW); siponda (BENDE); mtuntwi, mtelwa (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); msomvugo (GOGO); niimo (IRAQW, GOROWA); bakchandi, neemo (lRAQW); muzuhu (lSANZU); tundulu (MBUGWE); msagasi (NYAMWEZI); mujuhu (NYATURU); idaki, ijovya (RANGI); mawezi, mamezi (ZINZA). Potential Uses: beehives, beverage (tea), building materials, domastic uses (spoons, tool handles, water troughs), dye (bark = red, brown), fencing (live, posts), firewood, fodder, food (oil), fruit, gum, insecticide, medicine, musical instruments, resin.

COMMIPHORA EMINII (SUBS. ZlMMERMANNII'

Femily Name: BURSERACEAE Common Names: mponda

Local Names: mgombogombo (GOGO); madawiri (GOROWA); naamo, niimo (IRAOW); mwamba hgoma (LONGO); itonto (RANGI); mgo'ngo'ngo'ngo, (SUKUMA). Potential Uses: beehives, building materials, fencing (posts, live), firewood, fodder, furniture, land improvement (erosion oontrol), medicine, resin, shade.

COMMIPHOR~ •• MOLUS (C. STUHLMANNII,

Family Nama: BURSERACEAE Common Names: mponda

Local Names: mkongolo (GOGO). Potential Uses: beehives, crafts, domestio uses (tool handles, spoons), furniture, timber.

COMMIPHORA TROTHAE

Family Name: BURSERACEAE Common Names: mponda

Local Names: osilalei (MAS AI). Potentiul Uaus: domestic uses (mortars, p&"stles, spoons), furniture (boxes), medicine.

COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSIS

Family Name: BURSERACEAE Common Names: mponda

Local Names: mdachi (GOGO); mkongolo (HEHE); mponda, msusu (NYAMWEZI); mtono (SANGU, HEHE); mususu-nsusu, msusu (SUKUMA). Potential Usee: beehives, bee plant, building mete rials, domestio uses (tool handles, spoons), furniture (loclll chairs), gum, shade.

63

INDIGENOUS MULTtPURPOSETREES OF TANZANIA

CORD/A AFRICANA (C. ABYSSINICA)

Family Name: BORAGINACEAECommon Names: mringaringa, mukumari, east african cordia

Local Names: mkibu (BENDE); mfufu, mzinga-zinga (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mringaringa(CHAGGA, MERU); sei (IRAQW, GOROWA); msinzizi, mbapu (LUGURU); mhyenya (MATENGO,YA0); mringaringa (MERU); musingati (NYIHA)Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, building materials, domestic uses (tool handles, mortars,utensils, water containers), fibre, firewood, fruit, furniture, gum (glue), land improvement(nitrogen fixing), medicine, shade (coffee), timber.

CORDIA SINENSIS (C. GHARAF, C. ROTH/11

Family Name: BORAGINACEAECommon Names: nyamate

Local Names: baghalmo-lambi (FIOME); mdavi, mdawisogwe, mdawi (GOGO); hanarmo(GOROWA); bagharimo (IRAQW); ol durgo, ol durogo (MASAI); mochocho (MBUGWE);rndumwa-kingu (NYATURU); mhololo (PARE); mnembu (RANG!).Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, building materials (roofs of local houses), domestic uses(clubs, tool handles, walking sticks), fibre, firewood, fodder, fruit, furniture (stools), gum,medicine, ritual.

CRO TON MACROSTACHYUS

Family Name: EUPHORBIACEAECommon Names: broad leaved croton

Local Nantes: ololyapiyapi, olobiago (ARUSHA); liwurungu (BENA); mshunduzi (BONDEI,SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mfurufuru, ifurufuru (CHAGGA); mzululwa (FIPA); meali, melia (GOROWA);mulugu, mulemugu, muhugu, muulungu (HEHE); msuju (KURIA); ololiapo, oloiyapiyap (MASAI);mfofuru, mfurfuru (MERU); mkurungu, mukuruguni, mulemugu (NYIHA); livuluku (PANGWA);liwulugu (SAFWA); mshunduzi (SHAMBAA); muhuwa (ZINZA).Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, building mateiials, domestic uses (tool handles), firewood,fodder, land improvement (mulch, soil conservation), medicine (insect repellant), ritual, shade.

CROTON MEGALOCARINIS

Family Name: EUPHORBIACEAECommon Names: musine, croton

Local Names: mbali, tau, mlaiai, Wander), mnyaki, mwajaji, mergentu, lalei (CHAGGA); melia,meali (GOROWA); muhihi (HAYA); nzilol, eiloi, ziloi (IRAQW); ol mergoit, ol margait, of marbait,olmanibai (MASAI); mhande (MATENGO, YA0); marabal (MERU); muhande (PARE).Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, fencing (live, posta), firewood, fodder, landimprovement (mulch, green manure), medicine, shade.

64


CORDIA AFRICAN A (C. ABYSSINICA)

Family Name: BORAGINACEAE Common Names: mringeringa, mukumari, east african cordia

Local Names: mkibu (BENDE); mfufu, mzinga-zinga (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mringaringa (CHAGGA, MERU); sei (IRAQW, GOROWA); msinzizi, mbapu (lUGURU); mhyenya (MATENGO, YAO); mringaringa (MERU); musingati (NYIHA). Potential Uses: beehives. bee plant. building materials, domestic uses (tool handles, mortars, utensils, water containers), fibre. firewood, fruit, furniture, gum (glue), land improvement (nitrogan fixing), medicine, shade (coffee), timber.

CORDIA SINENSIS (C. GHARAF. C. ROTHII)

Family Name: BORAGINACEAE Common Namell: nyamate

Local Names: baghelmo-Iembi (FIOME); mdavi, mdewisogwe, mdawi (GOGO); hanarmo (GOROWA); bagharimo (lRAQW); 01 durgo, 01 durogo (MASAI); mochocho (MBUGWE); mdumwa-kingu (NYATURU); mhololo (PARE); mnembu (RANGI). Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, building materials (roofs of local houses), domestic uses (clubs, tool handles, welking sticks). fibre; firewood, fodder. fruit. furniture (stools). gum. medicine. ritual.

CROTON MACROSTACHYUS

Family Name: EUPHORBIACEAE Common Nametl: broad leaved croton

Local Names: ololyapiyapi, olobiago (ARUSHA); liwurungu (BENA); mshunduzi (BONDEI. SHAMBAA. ZIGUA); mfurufuru. ifurufuru (CHAGGA); mzululwa (FIPA); meali. melia (GOROWA); mUlugu. mulemugu. muhugu. muulungu (HEHE); msuju (KURIA); ololiepo, oloiyapiyllP (MASAI); mfofuru. mfurfuru (MERU); mkurungu, mukuruguru. mulemugu (NYIHA); llvuluku (PANGWA); liwulugu (SAFWA); mshunduzi (SHAMBAA); muhuwa (ZlNZA). Potential UsN: beehives. bee piant. building materials. domestic uses (tool handles). firewood. fodder. land Improvement (muloh. soil conservation). medioina (insect repellant). ritual. shede.

CROTON MEGALOCARPUS

Family Name: EUPHORBIACEAE Common Nemell: musina. croton

Local NamEHl: mbeli, lali. mialai. mlandee, mnyaki. mwaJeii. mergantu. lalei (CHAGGA); melie. mellli (GOROWA); muhihi (HAYA); nzilol, eiloi. ziloi (lRAQW); 01 mergoit. 01 margeit. 01 marbeit. olmarubei (MASAI); mhande (MATENGO, YAO); marabai (MERU); muhende (PARE). Potential Usas: boe plent. building meterials. fencing (live. posts), firewood, fodder. IlInd Improvement (mulch. green manure). medicine. shade.

64


DALBERGIA ARBUTFOLL4

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE)Common Names: mjiha

Local Names: mjiha (GOGO); warambu, menday (IRAQW); musungua (NYATURU).Potential Uses: building materials (termite, beetle resistant), crafts, charcoal, domestic uses(too) handles, walking sticks, mortars, spoons), firewood, medicine.

65

SPECIES LIST


DALBERGIA ARBUTIFOUA

Fllmily Nllme: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE) Common Names: mjiha

SPECIES LJST

Local Namas: mjiha (GOGO); warambu, menday (lRAQW); musungua (NYATURU). Potential Uses: building materials (termite, beetle resistent), crafts, charcoal, domestic uses (tool handles, walking sticks, morters, spoons), firewood, medicina.

65


DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE)Common Names: mpingo, poyi, afrioan blackwood, zebra wood

Local Names: oitlaska, oltiaska (ARUSHA, MASAI); masojanda (BARBAIG); mhingo (LUGURU,NGURU, BONDE), SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); kidamo, kinti (CHAGGA); mpingo, mhingo, q'oya(GOGO); nyamfunza, nyamfunga (LONGO, RANG)); endisika (MASA)); mwajinde (MBUGWE);mgembya, mgembe (NYAMWEZI, SUKUMA); mupako (NYATURU); minday, nyamfunza,tamumo mhembete (RANG(); gambe, ngembi (SUKUMA); mpingo (VIDUNDA, MWERA);mgembya (ZINZA).Potential Uses: beehives, building materials (hard, ant, beetle proof), crafts, domestic uses(clubs, hammers, spears, sticks), dye (heartwood =red), fodder, land improvement (greenmanure, mulch, nitrogen fixing), medicine, musical instruments.

DALBERGIA NITIOULA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE)Common Names: kafinulambasa

Local Names: mhuga (BONDE), SHAMBAA, ZIGUA, NGURU); mjiha (GOGO); guadi (GOROWA,IRAQW); mwoma (LONGO); lungwe, unhungu (MATENGO, YA0); kafinulambasa, mbelambasa,kapondalarnbasa (NYAMWEZI); mobibi (NYATURU); munjeja (RANGO; msinantemo (SANGU);monya, mwoma (ZINZA).Potential Uses: building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (mortars, pestles, tool handles,walking sticks), dye (bark, roots =red; bark=yellow), firewood, fodder, medicine.

DICHROSTACHYS CINERE4 ID. GLOMERATA, D. NYASSANAI

Farnily Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Common Names: mkulajembe, sickle bush

Local Names: endundulu (ARUSHA, MASA)); mutundurunt, mtunderai (BARBAIG, IRAQW);kikulagembe, mkeragembe, mchelegembe (BONDE), SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mwingano (CHAGGA);ksirnjulu, mpangala (FIPA); mdaberi, dabiri (RANG(); girwangw, girwal (GOROWA, IRAQW);gewawu (GOROWA); mgelele (FINE); mturxlulu (ISANZU, GOGO, LUGURU, NYAMWEZI,SUKUMA); mtunduru (LONGO, NGURU); msawanyema (LONGO, ZINZA); chingunguti(MATENGO, YA0); mutundu (NYATURU); mukalakanga (MBUGWE); mukeregembe (NGURU);muvuluvulu (SUMBWA); mkeragembe (ZIGUA); mueuruwantyase (ZINZA).Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials (bomas), charcoal, domestic uses (tool handles),fencing (live, posts), fibra, firewood, fodder, land improvement (nitrogen fixing, soilconservation), medicine.

DIOSPYROS NNW

Family Name: EBENACEAECommon Names: ebony

Local Names: mfurata (LUGURU); mng'akora (MWERA); mnumbulu (NYAMWEZI); mkokokivu(VIDUNDA).Potential Uses: domestic uses (tool handles, gun making), firewood, fruit, shade.

66

INDIGENOUS MVLTlPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE) Common Namas: mpingo, poyi, 8fri~an blackwood, zebra wood

local Names: oitlaska, oltiaska (ARUSHA, MASAI); masojanda (BARBAIG); mhingo (lUGURU, NGURU, BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); kidamo, kinti (CHAGGA); mpingo, mhingo, q'oya (GOGO); nyamfunza, nyamfunga (LONGO, RANG I); endisika (MASAI); mwajinde (MBUGWE); mgembya, mgembe (NYAMWEZI, SUKUMA); mupako (NYATURU); minday, nyamfunza, tamumo mhembete (RANGI); gembe, ngambi (SUKUMA); mpingo (VIDUNDA, MWERA); mgambya (ZINZA). Potential thea: beehives, building materials (hard, ant, beetle proof), crafts, domestic uses (clubs, hammers, spears, sticks), dye (heartwood = red), fodder, land improvement (green manure, mulch, nitrogen fixing). medicine, musical instruments.

DALBERGIA NfTlDULA

Family Name: lEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMilY PAPILIONOIDEAE) Common Names: kafinulambasa

local Names: mhuga (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA, NGURU); mjiha (GOGO); guadi (GOROWA, IRAOW); mwoma (lONGO); lungwe, unhungu (MATENGO, YAO); kafinulambasa, mbelambasa, kapondalambasa (NYAMWEZI); mobibi (NYATURU); munjeja (RANGI); mslnantemo (SANGU); monya, mwoma (ZINZA). Potential Uaee: building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (mortars, pestles, tool handles, walking sticks), dye (bark, roots=red; bark=yellow), firewood, fodder, medicine.

DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA (D. GLOMERATA, D. NYASSANAJ

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMilY MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Names: mkulajembe, sickle bush

lOCUli NalM'i$: endundulu (ARUSHA, MAS AI); mutundurunt, mtunderei (BARBAIG, IRAOW); kikulegembe, mkeragembe, mchelegembe (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mwingeno (CHAGGA); ksimjulu, mpangela (FIPA); mdaberi, debiri (RANG I); girwangw, girwal (GOI'IOWA, IRAOW); gewawu (GOROWA); mgelele (HEHE); mtundulu (lSANZU, GOGO, LUGURU, NYAMWEZI, SUKUMA); mtunduru (LONGO, NGURU); msawanYIlffi8 (LONGO, ZINZA); ohingunguti (MATENGO, YAO); mutundu (NYATURU); mukalakanga (MBUGWE); mukeregembe (NGURU); muvuluvulu (SUMBWA); mkeragembe (ZIGUA); musuruwentyasa (ZINZA). Potential thlu: bee plant, building materials (bomBS), chorcoal, domestic uses (tool handles), fencing (lIve, posts), fibre, firewood, fodder, land improvement (nitrogen fixing, soli conservation), medicine.

Family Name: EBENACEAE Common Names: abony

DIOSPYROS KlRKlI

locel NalM'i$: mfurata (LUGURU); mng'akora (MWERA); mnumbulu (NYAMWEZI); mkokokl~ (VIDUNDA). . PotBntlalthea: domestic ulles (tool handles, gun making), firewood, fruit, shede.

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DIOSPYROS MESPI1JFORMIS

Family Name: EBENACEAECommon Names: mgiriti, african ebony

Local Names: msinde (BENDE, CHAGGA); mhukwi, mkulwie, mgirite, mgodogodo (BONDEI,SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mkadi, mkuare (CHAGGA); mtitu, msindangurwe, msinde (LUGURU);nzakala we mwana (MATENG0); mtitu (LUGURU); msinde, mkinde (NYAMWEZI); mjongolo(PARE); mkoko (VIDUNDA)Potential Uses: bee plant, beverage, building materials, crafts, charcoal, domestic uses (gunstocks, tool handles), dye (bark =blue), firewood, fruit, furniture, land improvement (mulch,nitrogen fixing), medicine, shade, timber.

ENTADA ABYSSINICA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)Common Names: tree entada

Local Names: mubundu (BENDE); mfufuma-simba (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); arel-desu(GOROWA); mugelagela (HEHE); mseningele (ISANZU); msarwa (KURIA); mwegambura,rnigenzula (LONGO); mvulambula (LUGURU); mtangati, mzenzati, munzati (MATENGO, YA0);mfutambula (NYAMWEZI); ijwejwe (FiANGI); musangisangi (ZINZA).Potential Uses: domestic uses (grave markers), firewood, fodder, land improvement (mulch,nitrogen fixing), medicine, ritual (rainmaking), salt, shade, soap.

ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA TOMENTOSAI

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE)Common Names: muhuti, mwamba-ngoma, kaffir boom, lucky bean tree,

red-hot-poker tree

Local Names: olowani (ARUSHA); manenei (BARBAIG); mbeko (BENDE); mlungu-magoma,mlungu-matumbi, mulugu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mriri (CHAGGA); mtiti (FIPA); mbilimisi(GOGO); mlinzi (HAYA); angel qanguzi, quanquari, quanquzi (IRAQW); mlenzi (KEREVVE); mulinzl(LONGO); olngaboli, oloboni (MASAI); mheveheve (MATENGO, YA0); mhalalwa-huba(NYAMWEZI, SUKUMA); maiviti (NYATURU); kichumbichumbl (RANGI); muhemi (SANGU,HEHE); murungu (SHAMBAA); mpilipili, mkalalwanghuba, mungu (SUKUMA).Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, building materials, crafts (toys, drums, necklaces),domestic uses (pestles, mortars, cork for fishnets), dye (roots =red; bark=brown), firewood,land improvement (nitrogen fixing, mulch, soil conservation), medicine, ritual, shade.

EUCLEA DIWNORUM

Family Name: EBENACEAECommon Names: mdaa, magic quarri

Local Names: osojoo, olkoinye (ARUSHA, MASAI); iwuruka, mkenge (CHAGGA); sinyanyi(GOROWA, IRAQW); musikizi (HAYA); mhimbachigutu, mhekele, mauhekere (HEHE); minighit,furusinya-nyi, furufinyi (IRAQW); mhekele, mhlmbaohigulu (KAGURU); ikeng, ekenl (MERU);mudas (NYATURU); mbanjiru (RANGI); mdea, mdala (SHAMBAA).Potential Uses: building materials, dye (bark =brown), fibre (toothbrushes), firewood, food, fnilt,furniture (hard wood), ink (fruit =purple), medicine.

SPECIES LIST

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SPECIES LIST

DIOSPYROS MESPfUFORMIS

Family Name: EBENACEAE COl1}mon Names: mgiriti, afrioan ebony

Local Names: msinde (BEN DE, CHAGGA); mhukwi, mkulwie, mgirite, mgodogodo (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mkadi, mkuare (CHAGGA); mtitu, msindangurwe, msinde (LUGURU); nzakala we mwana (MATENGO); mtitu (LUGURU); msinde, mkinde (NYAMWEZI); mjongolo (PARE); mkoko (VIDUNDA). Potential Usas: bee plant, beverage, building materials, crafts, oharcoal, domestio uses (gun stooks, tool handles), dye (bark=blue), firewood, fruit, furniture, land improvement (muloh, nitrogen fixing), medioine, shade, timber.

ENTADA ABYSSINICA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Names: tree enteda

LooalNames: mubundu (BEND E); mfufuma-simba (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); arei-desu (GOROWA); mugelagela (HEHE); msaningala (ISANZU); msarwa (KURIA); mwegambura, miganzula (LONGO); mvulambula (LUGURU); mtangati, mzenzati, munzati (MATENGO, YAO); mfutambula (NYAMWEZ!); ijwejwe (RANG!); musangisangi (ZINZA). Potential Uses: domestio uses (grave markers), firewood, fodder, land improvament (mulch, nitrogen fixing), medioine, ritual (rainmaking), salt, shede, soap.

ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA (E. TOMENTOSA)

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE) Common Nemes: muhuti, mwamba-ngoma, kaffir boom, luoky bean trae,

red-hot·poker tree

Local Names: olowani (ARUSHA); manenei (BARBAIG); mbeko (BENDE); mlungu-magoma, mlungu·matumbi, mulugu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mriri (CHAGGA); mtiti (FIPA); mbillmisi (GOGO); mllnzi (HAYA); angal qanguzi, quanquari, quanquzi (lRAQW); mlenzi (KEREWE); mulinzi (LONGO); olngaboli, oloboni (MASAI); mheveheve (MATENGO, YAO); mhalalwa-huba (NYAMWEZI, SUKUMA); msiviti (NYATURU); kichumbichumbi (RANG I); muhemi (SANGU, HEHE); murungu (SHAMBAA); mpilipili, mkalelwanghuba, mungu (SUKUMA). Potantial Uses: beehives, bee plant, building materials, orafts (toys, drums, neoklaoes), domestio uses (pestles, mortars, cork for fishnets), dye (roots = red; bark=brown), firewood, land improvement (nitrogen fixing, mulch, soil oonservetion), medicine, ritual, shade.

EUCLEA DNlNORUM

Family Name: EBENACEAE Common Names: mdaa, magio quarri

Local Names: osojoo, olkoinye (ARUSHA, MASAI); iwuruka, mkenge (CHAGGA); sinyanyi (GOROWA, IRAQW); musikizi (HAY A); mhimbachigulu, mheke/e, mauhekere (HEHE); minighit, furusinya-nyi, furufinyi (lRAQW); mhekele. mhlmbaohigulu (KAGURU); ikong, ekenl (MERU); mudaa (NYATURU); mbanjiru (RANG i); mdao, mdala (SHAMBAA). Potential Uaae: building materials, dye (bark=brown), fibre (toothbrushes), firewood, food, fruit, furniture (herd wood), ink (fruit =purple), medicine.

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EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUM

Family Name; EUPHORBIACEAECommon Names: candelabro tree

Local Names: mwasa, kimbuti (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mnangali (GOGO); athang(GOROWA, IRAQW); mlangali (HEHE, NYAMWEZI, SUKUMA)i mwaisonga (MBUGWE);mlangale (NYAMWEZI, SUKUMA); mwasa (RANGI); mwandu (SUKUMU).Potential Uses: fencing (live), musical instruments (drums), ritual, shade.

EUNIORBIA TffillCAL1-1

Family Name: EUPHORBIACEAECommon ?(ames: malangali, mchakaazi, utupa, utupa mwasi, rubber hedge euphorbia

Local Names: sapu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); manyala (GOGO, HEHE, LUGURU); mnara(GOGO); muiwaghai, mulahay (GOROWA, IRAQW); manyori, mluhhi (IRAQW); manyara(LONGO, GOGO); kigomvu (LUGURU); °toile, 01 aile (MASAI); munyaa, muiughwai, muluhhay(NYATURU); luwondu, mnyala (RANGI); mgofu (SANGU, HEHE); mnala, inala, munyala, mhungashaio (SUKUMA); manyara (SUMBWA); kibaranga (ZIGUA); mnyara, mangara (ZINZA).Potential Uses: fencing (live), gum (glue= used to catch birds), land improvement (soilconservation, windbreaks), medicine (insect repellant - ants), poison (bird, fish, arrow).

FA UREA SALIONA

Family Name: PROTEACEAECommon Names: beechwood

Local Names: dakta, ol garlan (ARUSHA); msisi (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mfuka, mudi(CHAGGA); msega (FIPA); dukti (GOROWA, IRAQVV); mhenyi, mwernba (HEHE); behetoh, kakta(IRAQW); mwenba, mhenyi (KAGURU); sense (SAFWA); ease, nsese (KONDE); mteteleka(MATENGO, YA O); mslze mgosi (SHAMBAA).Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, charcoal, domestic uses (tool handfas), dye (bark,leaves-red), firewood, furniture, land improvement (windbreaks), medicine, ritual, timber(hard).

FICUS SYCOMORUS (F. ONAPHALOCARPA, F. MUCOSA)

Family Name: MORACEAECommon Names: mkuyu, sycamore fig

Local Names: mkuyu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA, GOGO, MATENGO, YAO, RANGI,NYAMWEZI); oingeboll (ARUSHA); antei (BARBAIG, GOROWA, IRAQW); kuyu (FIOME); mukuyu(RANGI, NYATURU); mkunyu (LONGO); ol nanboli, ol gnangobli, ol mangulai (MASAI); mkuyu(NYAMWEZI); saklana (SANDAWI); njombe (SANGU, HEHE); mkuju (ZARAMO).Potential WE beehives, bee plant, fencing (live), fodder, food, fruit, firewood, landimprovement (muloh, soil and water conservation), medicine, ritual, shade, timber.

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EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUM

Family Name: EUPHORBIACEAE Common Names: candelabra tree

Local Namas: mwasa, kimbuti (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mnangali (GOGO); athang (GOROWA, IRAQW); mlangali (HEHE, NYAMWEZI, SUKUMA); mwaisonga (MBUGWE); mlangala (NYAMWEZI, SUKUMA); mwasa (RANG I); mwandu (SUKUMU). Potential \has: fencing (live), musical instruments (drums), ritual, shade.

EUPHORBIA TIRUCAW

Family Nama: EUPHORBIACEAE Common Nemall: malangali, mchakeozi, utupa, utupa mwasi, rubber hedge euphorbia

Local Namas: sopu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); manyale (GOGO, HEHE, LUGURU); mnare (GOGO); mulwaghai, mulahay (GOROWA, IRAQW); manyori, mluhhi (IRAQW); manyara (LONGO, GOGO); kigomvu (lUGURU); oloile, 01 aile (MASA!); munyaa, mulughwlli, muluhhay (NYATURU); luwondu, mnyela (RANG!); mgofu (SANGU, HEHE); mnala, inala, munyala, mhunga shalo (SUKUMA); manyara (SUMBWA); k1baranga (ZIGUA); mnyare, mangara (ZINZA). Potantial \hall: fencing (live), gum (glue = used to catch birds), land improvement (soil conservation, windbreaks), medicine (insect repellant - ants), polson (bird, fish, arrow).

Family Nama: PROTEACEAE Common Nemas: beechwood

FAUREA SAUGNA

Local Nemaa: dekte, 01 garian (ARUSHA); maisl (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mfuka, mudi (CHAGGA); msogo (FIPA); dukti (GOROWA, IRAQW); mhenyi, mwembe (HEHE); behetoh, kakte (lRAQW); mwenbe, mhenyi (KAGURU); sense (SAFWA); sese, nsese (KONDE); mteteleka (MATENGO, YAO); maize mgosl (SHAMBAA). Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, charooal, domestic uses (tool handles), dye (bark. leaves-rad), firewood, furniture, land Improvement (windbreaks), madiclne, ritual, timbar (hard).

FICUS SYCOMORUS IF. GNAPHALOCARPA. F. MUCOSA)

Family Nama: MORACEAE Common Names: mkuyu, 8ycamore fig

Local Namaa: mkuyu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA, GOGO, MATENGO, YAO, RANGI. NYAMWEZIl; oIngaboli (ARUSHA); antsl (BARBAIG, GOROWA. IRAQW); kuyu (FIOME); mukuyu (RANGI, NYATURU); mkunyu (LONGO);.ol nsnboli, 01 gnangobii. 01 rnsngulai (MASA!); mkuyu (NYAMWEZI); 8sklana (SANDAWIl; njamba (SANGU. HEHE); mkuju (ZARAMO). Potential Us.: beehives, bee plant, fenclng (live), fodder, food, fruit, firewood, land Improvement (muloh, soli and weter conservation), medlolne, ritual, shade, timbar.

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FICUS THONNINGII (F. NATALENSIS)

Family Name: MORACEAECommon Names: mrumbapori, mtschamwa, common wild fig, strangler fig

Local Names: mvumo, mwumo (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mkuu (CHAGGA); mlumba(GOGO); munyam-worwu, mtoma mtenza, mshasha (SUB(); tilta (FIOME); mugumo (KIMBU);ndola (KONDE); oretoti (MASA?); mlandoge INGONI); mlumba (NYAMWEZI);mugumo-wa-ntwike (NYIRAMBA); mumu-muzura (RANG(); muwomo (SHAMBAA).Potential Uses: beverage (local beer), fencing (live), fibre (rope), fire starter, fodder, glue (latex),gum, land improvement (mulch, soil and water conservation, windbreaks), medicine, ritual,shade.

FICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAE

Family Name: MORACEAE

Local Names: oIng'aboli (ARUSHA); mkuyu-mpeho (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mkuuyu(CHAGGA); mkuju (GOGO, NYAKYUSA); ikuu (MERU); mkuyu (SHAMBAA).Potential Uses: bee plant, firewood, land improvement (soil and water conservation), shade.

FLACOURTIA INDICA (GMEUNA INDICA)

Family Name: FLACOURTIACEAECommon Names: mkingila, mchongoma, ngovigovi, mgo, Indian plum

Local Names: msungu (BENDE); mchongoma (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA, HEHE); msambuchl(CHAGGA); mnyondoiya (DIGO); mwanga (FIPA); tsapenal (GOROWA); mgola (HEHE, ZIGUA);sokhaimo (IRAQW); mrambuohi (KAGURU); mgora (LUGURU); mbilupili, mng'unga (MATENG0);staswa, mtaswa, mtawa (MWERA, RUFIJI); msingila, mpuguswa (NYAMWEZI); musingisa(NYATURU); olleleroi (Mesa?); mtundukerya (RANG»; mlukua mhuli, puguswa (SUKUMA);msugussu, msungusu (ZINZA).Potential Uses: domestic uses (tool handles), fodder, fruit, firewood, medicine, tannin (bark),timber.

GREWIA BICOLOR

Family Name: TILIACEAECommon Names: ftilse brandybush

Local Names: mkole (BENDE, GOGO, LUGURU, ZARAMO); mkole-ngoda (BONDEI, SHAMBAA,ZIGUA); lomo (GOROWA, IRAQW); mkomekoma (HA, HAYA, ZINZA); lagangl, legaang-aawak(IRAOW); esitete, osiminde, os siteti (MASA?); musune-nu-kuu (MBUGWE, NYATURU);mkomalendi, mkoma (NYAMWEZI); mduwau, mfuwau (RANG(); mswere (FIUFIJI); doo'(SANDAWI); mperemehe (SANGU, HEHE); rnukome, mkoma (SUKUMA); mkole mweupe(ZARAMO).Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, domestic uses (arrows, bows, spoons, toolhandles, walking sticks), fibre (tope), firewood, fodder, food, fruit, medicine, ritual, shade, soap(leaves =capon).

69

SPEOES USTSPECIES LJST

FICUS mONNINGII (F. NATALENSIS)

Family Name: MORACEAE Common Names: mrumbapori, mtschamwa, common wild fig, strangler fig

Local Names: mvumo, mwumo (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mkuu (CHAGGA); mlumba (GOGO); munyam-wonyu, mtoma mtenzB, mshasha (SUB!); tiits (FIOME); mugumo (KIMBU); ndola (KONDE); oretati (MAS AI); mlandoge (NGON!); mlumba (NYAMWEZI); mugumo-wa-ntwike (NYIRAMBA); mumu·muzurs (RANG I); muwomo (SHAMBAA). Potential Uses: beverage (local bear), fencing (liva), fibre (rope), fire starter, fodder, glue (latex), gum, land improvement (mulch, soil and water conservation, windbreaks), medicine, ritual, shade.

FICUS VALLlS;CHOUDAE

Family Name: MORACEAE

Local Names: olng'aboli (ARUSHA); mkuyu·mpeho (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mkuuyu (CHAGGA): mkuju (GOGO, NYAKYUSA): ikuu (MERU): mkuyu (SHAMBAA). Potential Uses: bee plant, firewood, land improvement (soil and water conservation), shede.

FLACOURTIA INDICA (GMEUNA INDICA)

Family Name: FLACOURTIACEAE Common Namea: mkingila, mchongoma, ngovigovi, mgo, indian plum

local Namea: msungu (BENDE): mchongoma (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA, HEHE): msambuchl (CHAGGA): mnyondolva (DIGO): mwanga (FIPA): tsapanai (GOROWA): mgola (HEHE, ZIGUA): sokhaimo (lRAQW): mrambuchi (KAGURU): mgora (LUGURU): mbilupili, mng'unga (MATENGO): staswa, mtaswa, mtawa (MWERA, RUFIJI): msingila, mpuguswa (NYAMWEZ!): musingisa (NYATURU): olleleroi (Masei): mtundukarya (RANG!): mlukua mhuli, pugu8wa (SUKUMA): msugussu, msungusu (ZINZA). Potential Usea: domestic uses (toof handles), fodder, fruit, firewood, medicine, tannin (bark), timber.

GREWIA BlCOLOR

Famlly Name: TILIACEAE Common Namll8: false brandybush

Local Names: mkolo (BENCE, GOGO, LUGURU, ZARAMO): mkole-ngoda (BONCEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); lomo (GOROWA, IRAQW): mkomakoma (HA, HAYA, ZINZA): lagangl, lagaang-aawak (IRAQW): eaitete, osiminde, oe siteti (MAS A!): musune-nu-kuu (MBUGWE, NYATURU): mkomalondi, mkoma (NY AMWEZI): mduwau, mfuwau (RANG!): mswera (RUFIJI): doo' (SANDAW!): mperemoho (SANGU, HEHE); mukoma, mkoma (SUKUMA): mkolo mweupo (ZARAMO). Potential Uses: baa plant, building materials, domestic uses (arrows, bows, spoons, tool handles, walking sticks), fibre (tope), firewood, fodder, food, fruit, medicine, ritual, shade, soap (leaves .. sapon).

69


GREWIA MOLL'S

Family Name: TILIACEAE

Local Names: ositeti (ARUSHA, MASAI); lomo (GOROWA, IRAQW); lagangi, lagagir-daat(IRAQW); mukoma (NYAMWEZ(, SUMBWA); musuma (NYATURU); mkomakoma (RULI);mdaguata (SUKUMA).Potential Uses: bee plant, beverage, fibre (rope), medicine, salt.

GREVVIA PLATYCLADA


Local Names: olmangulai-oloing'oni (ARUSHA, MASAI); mpelemehe (GOGO); lomo-peh(GOROWA); firaakwi (GOROWA,IRAQW); hawata, uduboguta (IRAQW); mpelemense(NYAMWEZI); iperemesi (RANG)); mbajue (SANGU, HEHE); mperemezi, mpelemese (SUKUMA).Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials (doors), firewood, fodder, fruit, medicine.

HAGEIVIA ABYSSINICA (H. ANTHEUNINTICA(

Family Name: ROSACEAECommon Names: mlozilozi, hagenia

Local Names: ol kijabe, lengijabe, alchani-lengai (ARUSHA); mfoono (BENA); mrozirozi (BONDEI,SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mwanga, mwalanga, ihanga, mlanga, mlaagi (CHAGGA); mweretsi,mweretzi (HEHE); ihangala (LONGO); songejaye, alchani-lengai, ngivavi (MASA)); mlanga(MERU); mtulenya, mturungu (NYAKYUSA); lifuwuna (PANGWA); mkumburu (SAFWA); luziluzi,mrosirose (SHAMBAA).Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, crafts, dye (bark, wood =red; bark, wood =ye(low)firewood, land improvement (mulch, soil conservation, firebreaks), medicine, timber.

ILO( MITIS

Family Name: AQUIFOLIACEAECommon Names: african holly

Local Names: genda-na-mto (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); masi (CHAGGA); mamparoi(IRAQW); mgambo (MATENGO, YA0); sengati (NYIHA); saangati (SAFWA).Potential Uses: building materials, firewood, fruit, medicine (healing wounds), shade, soap.

70

INDIGENOUS MUL TIPUAPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

GREWIA MOLLIS


Local Names: ositeti(ARUSHA, MASAI); lome (GOROWA, IRAQW); lagangi, lagagir-daat (lRAQW); mukoma (NYAMWEZI, SUMBWA); musuma (NYATURU); mkomakoma (RULI); mdaguata (SUKUMA). Potentisl Uses: bee plant, beverage, fibre (rope), medicine, salt.

GREWIA PLA TYCLAOA


Local Names: olmengulai-oloing'oni (ARUSHA, MASAI); mpelemehe (GOGO); lomo-peh (GOROWA); firaakwi (GOROWA,IRAQW); hawata, uduboguta (lRAQW); mpelemense (NYAMWEZI); iparemesi (RANG!); mbajua (SANGU, HEHE); mperemezi, mpelemese (SUKUMA). Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials (doors), firewood, fodder, fruit, medicine.

HAGENfA ABYSSINICA rH. ANTHELMINTICA}

Family Name: ROSACEAE Common Names: mlozilozi, hagenia

Local Names: 01 kijabe, lengijabe, alchani-Iengai (ARUSHA); mfoono (BENA); mrozirozi (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mwanga, mwalanga, ihanga, mlanga, mlaagi (CHAGGA); mwaretsi, mweretzi (HEHE); ihangala (LONGO); songejaya, alchani-Iengai, ngivavi (MASAI); mlanga (MERU); mtulenya, mturungu (NYAKYUSA); lifuwuna (PANGWA); mkumburu (SAFWA); luziluzi, mrosirose (SHAMBAA). Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, crafts, dye (bark, wood = red; bark, wood = yellow) firewood, land improvement (mulch, soil conservation, firebreaks), medicine, timber.

Femily Neme: AQUIFOLIACEAE Common Names: african holly

fLEX MITIS

Lo~1 Namea: genda-na-mto (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); masi (CHAGGA); mamparoi (lRAQWI; mgambo (MATENGO, YAOI; sengati (NYIHA); saangati (SAFWA). Potential Uses: building materials, firewood, fruit, medicine (healing wounds), shade, soap.

70

JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLOftA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY CAESALPINIOIDEAE)Common Names: muwa

Local Names: mhangala, mtondoro (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); msima (FIPA); mguji, musina(GOGO); mpimati, mukata (HEHE); hewasi (IRAQW); muva (LUGURU); mchenga (MATENGO,YA0); muva, muba (NYAMWEZI); mtata (RANGI).Potential Uses: bee plant, charcoal, dye (bark =brown; bark soaked in mud =black;), fibre(rope), firewood, land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine.

JUNIPERUS PROCERA

Family Name: CUPRESSACEAECommon Names: mwangati, african pencil cedar

Local Names: cl darakwa, ol tarakwa (ARUSHA, MASAI); semit (BARBAIG); mwangati, mlalo,mbalu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mdrawaka, mtarakwa, nderakwa, nso (CHAGGA);mselemuka, mbechera, mselemko (KINGA); altarakwai, oltatakwai (MASAI); nderakwa, msingo(MERU); selemuka (NYAKYUSA, WANJI); mselemuka, noge (WANJI).Potential Uses: beehives, building materials, fencing (posts), land improvement (shade,windbreaks), medicine, pencils, timber (termite resistant).

¡(HAYA ANTHOTHECA (K. NYASICA)

Family Name: MELIACEAECommon Names: mkangazi, african mahogany, red mahogany

Local Names: mbogwa, mkangazi, ntondoo, mtondoo (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mtembo(FIPA); myofu (HA); mhebi (HEHE); mkangazi (LUGURU, VIDUNDA); nyaelasi,(NYAKYUSA); muwawa (MATENGO, YA0); mbogwa (NGURU); mbulu (NYIHA); mwawa(POGORO).Potential Uses: building materials (flooring), dye (bark =red, brown), firewood, furniture, landimprovement (windbreaks), medicine, shade, timber (boats; hard, termite, borer resistant).

IUGEIJA AFRICANA (K. AETHIOPICA)

Family Name: BIGNONIACEAECommon Names: mwegea, sausage tree

Local Names: ol darboi, °Idabel (ARUSHA, MASAI); melegea (BONDED; nzungwa (FIPA);mkenka (GOGO); datei (GOROWA); mzengute, mugunguti (HAYA); mangafi (IRAQW); mulunzi(ISANZU); msunguti (LONGO); muegea (LUGURU); mosofwa (MBUGWE); mtandi (MWERA);mvungwe (NGURU); msanghwa, mvungwa (NYAMWEZI); mungungu (NYATURU); musuva(RANG!); myigeya (RUFIJI); rrifumbi (SANGU, HEHE); mwicha, ngwicha (SUKUMA); mdungwa,mvungwe (ZIGUA); mzingute (ZINZA).Potential Uses: bee plant, beverage (beer), domestic uses (tool handles), dye (fruit =black),firewood, food, fruit, land improvement, medicine, ritual.

SPEciEs LIST

71

JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA

Family Name: lEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY CAESAlPINIOIDEAE) COlJlmon Names: muwa

SPECIES LIST

local Names: mhangala, mtondoro (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); msima (FIPA); mguji, musina (GOGO); mpimati, mukata (HEHE); hewasi (lRAQW); muva (LUGURU); mchenga (MATENGO, YAO); muva, muba (NYAMWEZI); mtata !RANGI). Potential Uses: bee plant, charcoal, dye (bark =brown; bark soaked in mud = black;). fibre (rope), firewood, land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine.

JUNIPERUS PROCERA

Family Name: CUPRESSACEAE Common Names: mwangati, african pencil cedar

local Names: 01 darakwa, 01 tarakwa (ARUSHA, MASAI); semit (BARBAIG); mwangati, mlalo, mbalu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mdrawaka, mtarakwa, nderakwa, nso (CHAGGA); mselemuka, mbechera, mselemko (KINGA); altarakwai, oltatakwai (MASAI); nderakwa, msingo (MERU); selemuka (NYAKYUSA, WANJI); mselemuka, noge (WANJI). Potential Uses: beehives, building materials, fencing (posts), land improvement (shade, windbreaks), medicine, pencils, timber (termite resistant).

KHAYA ANTHOTHECA (K. NYASICA)

Family Name: MElIACEAE Common Names: mkangazi, african mahogany, red mahogany

local Names: mbogwa, mkangazi, ntondoo, mtondoo (BaNDEl, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mtembo (FIPA); myofu (HA); mhebi (HEHE); mkangazi (lUGURU, VIDUNDA); nyaelasi, ilulu (NYAKYUSA); muwawa (MATENGO, YAO); mbogwa (NGURU); mbulu (NYIHA); mwawe (POGORO). Potential Uses: building materials (flooring), dye (bark = red, brown), firewood, furniture, land improvement (windbreaks), medicine, shade, timber (boats; hard, termite, borer resistant).

KlGEUA AFRICANA (K. AETHIOPICA)

Family Name: BIGNONIACEAE Common Names: mwegea, sausage tree

local Names: 01 darboi, oldaboi (ARUSHA, MASAI); melegea (BaNDEl); nzungwa (FIPA); mkenka (GOGO); datei (GOROWA); mzengute, mugunguti (HAYA); mangafi (lRAQW); mulunzi (lSANZU); msunguti (lONGO); muegea (lUGURU); mosofwa (MBUGWE); mtandi (MWERA); mvungwe (NGURU); msanghwa, mvungwa (NYAMWEZI); mungungu (NYATURU); musuva (RANGI); myigeya (RUFIJI); mfumbi (SANGU, HEHE); mwicha, ngwicha (SUKUMA); rndungwa, mvungwe (ZIGUA); mzingute (ZINZA). Potential Uses: bee plant, beverage (beer), domestic uses (tool handles), dye (fruit =black), firewood, food, fruit, land improvement, medicine, ritual.

71


KIOELIA AFRICANA (IC AETH/OPICA)

LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII var. STUHLINANNI/

Family Neme: ANACARDIACEAECommon Names: mtundu, msiyu, false marula

Local Names: eravande (ARUSHA); mumbu (SONDE), SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); muwumbu (GOGO);orbochandi (GOROWA, IRAQW); thigii, orbochandi, tambaragi (IRAQW); mumendo, omosaruwa(KURIA); mtokatoke (LONGO); muhingilo (LUGURU); ndelamwana (MATENG0); mpupi(MWERA); msaru (NGURIMU); mnyumbu (NYAMWEZI); musagha (NYATURU); msighe (PARE);msakawa (RANG)); mpiwipwi (RUFIJI); msayu, msirgu, nsayu (SUKUMA); muhondobogo,mnyamendi, mribwampara (Z1NZA).Potential Uses: dye (bark =brown, red, purple), fibre (rope), fodder, fruit, furniture, medicine,ritual, tannin (bark), timber.

72

INDlGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

KIGELIA AFRICANA (K. AETHIOPICA)

LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII var. STUHLMANNII

Family Name: ANACARDIACEAE Common Names: mtundu, msiyu, false marula

Local Names: eravande (ARUSHA); mumbu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); muwumbu (GOGO); orbochendi (GOROWA, IRAQW); thigii, orbochendi, tambaragi (lRAQW); mumendo, omosaruwa (KURIA); mtokatoke (LONGO); muhingilo (LUGURU); ndelemwana (MATENGO); mpupi (MWERA); msaru (NGURIMU); mnyumbu (NYAMWEZI); musagha (NYATURU); msighe (PARE); msakawa (RANG I); mpiwipwi (RUFIJIl; msayu, msirgu, nseyu (SUKUMA); muhondobogo, mnyamandi, mribwampara (ZINZA). Potential Uses: dye (bar!!. = brown, red, purple), fibre (rope), fodder, fruit, furniture, medicine, ritual, tennin (bark), timber.

72

LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE)Common Names: rain tree, lilac tree

Local Names: mfumbii (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mpapala (GOG01; mfumbiri, mkunguga(LUGURU); mkaku (MATENGO, YA0); muvale, muvalevale, nkubangubi (NYAMWEZI); mware(SANGU, HEHE); libale (SANGU); nkuba-nghubi, mkubahuhi, mare, mivare, mnali, nmali(SUKUMA).Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (tool handles, mortars),firewood, fodder, food (seeds), land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine, poison (fish),ritual. .

MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOIJA

Family Name: BIGNONIACEAECommon Names: golden bean tree

Local Names: mpapa (BENDE); muyuyu, myuyu (130NDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mguwoguwo(GOGO); khikhiwi (GOROWA, IRAQW); mkola (HA); mguagua, mguvani (HEHE); mumwilili(WEMBA); mkora (LONGO, ZIGUA); mbapa (LUGURU, NYAMWEZI); mpugapuga (MATENGO,YA0); ngeba (MWERA); khikhiwi, mlyali, mulati (NYATURU); itunene (RANGI); mguani (SANGU,HEHE); mbapa, mumbapa, mtarawanda (SUKUMA).Potential Uses: building materials (houses), domestic uses (tool handles, toilet tissue), fencing(live), firewood, fodder, furniture, medicine, ritual (leaves used for fortunes), shade.

MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA (M. ACUMINATA)

Family Name: BIGNONIACEAECommon Names: mtalawanda, bean tree

Local Names: mtalawanda (GOGO, ZINZA); mtalavanda, mtalabanda (NYAMWEZI); mtarwenda,mtarewanda (RUFIJI); minziigutile, minza-wigutile (SUKUMA).Potential Uses: building materials, domestic uses (tool handles, spoons), fibre (rope), firewood,furniture (beds), medicine.

MILICIA EXCELSA (CHLOROPHORA EXCELSA)

Family Name: MORACEAECommon Names: mull, mvule, iroko (West Africa)

Local Names: muyanzi (BUNGU); mrie (CHAGGA); muzuli, mwuli (HAYA); mpugusi (HEHE,WANJI); mtalula (MWERA); mwale (NYAKYUSA); mvule (VIDUNDA); mzule (ZIGUA); msule(ZINZA).Potential Uses: building materials, dye (bark =yellow), furniture, land improvement (mulch,nitrogen fixing), medicine, shade, timber (boats).

73

SPECIES LIST

LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE) COl'(lmon Nemes: rain tree, lilac tree

SPECIES liST

Local Names: mfumbii (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mpapala (GOGO); mfumbiri, mkunguga (LUGURU); mkaku (MATENGO, YAO); muvale, muvalevale, nkubangubi (NYAMWEZI); mware (SANGU, HEHE); libale (SANGU); nkuba-nghubi, mkubahuhi, mare, mivare, mnali, nmali (SUKUMA). Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (tool han,dles, mortars), firewood, fodder, food (seeds), land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine, poison (fish), ritual.

MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOUA

Family Name: BIGNONIACEAE Common Names: golden bean tree

Local Names: mpapa (BENDE); muyuyu, myuyu (B9NDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mguwoguwo (GOGO); khikhiwi (GOROWA, IRAQW); mkola (HA); mguagua, mguvani (HEHE); mumwilili (WEMBA); mkora (LONGO, ZIGUA); mbapa (LUGURU, NYAMWEZI); mpugapuga (MATENGO, YAO); ngeba (MWERA); khikhiwi, mlyali, mulati (NYATURU); itunene (RANG I); mguani (SANGU, HEHE); mbapa, mumbapa, mtarawanda (SUKUMA). Potential Uses: building materials (houses), domestic uses (tool handles, toilet tissue), fencing (live), firewood, fodder, furniture, medicine, ritual (leaves used for fortunes). shade.


Family Name: BIGNONIACEAE Common Names: mtalawanda, bean tree

Local Names: mtalawanda (GOGO, ZINZA); mtalavanda, mtalebanda (NYAMWEZI); mtarwenda, mtarewanda (RUFIJI); minziigutile, minza-wigutile (SUKUMA). Potential Uses: building materials, domestic uses (tool handles, spoons), fibre (rope), firewood, furniture (beds), medicine.

MIUCIA EXCELSA (CHLOROPHORA EXCELSA)

Femily Name: MORACEAE Common Names: mvuli, mvule, iroko (West Africa)

Local Names: muyanzi (BUNGU); mrie (CHAGGA); muzuli, mwuli (HAYA); mpugusi (HEHE, WANJI); mtalula (MWERA); mwale (NYAKYUSA); mvule (VIDUNDA); mzule (ZIGUA); msule (ZINZA). Potential Uses: building materials, dye (bark=yellow), furniture, land improvement (mulch, nitrogen fixing). medicine, shade, timber (boats).

73

I DIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE,TREES OF TANZANIA


OCO TEA USAMBARENSIS

Family Name: LAURACEAECommon Narnes: mkulo, East African camphor wood, camphor

Local Names: nkuro, mkuro, mkulo, mtoa-mada, mkenene, mkarambaki, mtambaa (BONDEI,SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); muwong, mwawong, mseri (CHAGGA); muheti (HEHE); gwasi (IRAOW);mbawira (KINGA); musiwisiwi (KUKWE); msibisibi (NYAKYUSA); maese, maasi (PARE); nsebi(SAFWA); mkenene (SHAMBAA).Potential Uses: beehives, building materials, crafts, firewood, furniture, land improvement,medicine, timber.

74

I1'lDlGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE, TREES OF TANZANIA

MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA (M. ACUMINA TAJ

OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS

Familv Name: LAURACEAE Common Names: mkulo, East African camphor wood, camphor

Local Names: nkuro, mkuro, mkulo, mtoa-mada, mkenena, mkarambaki, mtambaa (BONDE I, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); muwong, mwawong, mserl (CHAGGA); muheti (HEHE); gwasi (lRAQW); mbawira (KING A); musiwisiwi (KUKWE); msibisibi (NYAKYUSA); maase, maasi (PARE); nsebi (SAFWA); mkenene (SHAMBAA). Potential Uses: beehives, building materials, crefts, firewood, furniture, land improvement, medicine, timber.

74

OLEA CAPENSIS (O. WELWITSCHII)

Family Name: OLEACEAECommon Names: mushargi, loliondo, iron wood, elgon olive

Local Names: olmasi (ARUSHA, MASAI, MERU); lolyondo (ARUSHA, PARE); nasojan(BARBAIG); mchiyo, mshio, mudi (CHAGGA); sasi (FIPA); sahati, flamno-awak, tsalmo(IRAQW); ololiondoi (MASAI); loliondo (MATENGO, YA0); mshiyo (MERU).Potential Uses: building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (needles), fibre, firewood, fodder,furniture, land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine, timber (hard).

OLEA EUROPAEA SUBS. AFRICANA (O. CHRYSOPHYLLA)

Family Name: OLEACEAECommon Names: loliondo, brown olive, wild olive

Local Names: olorieni (ARUSHA, MASAI); emit (BARBAIG); mamala, muhagati, mziragembe,msakiro, mziaghembe (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); senefu, mtamioi, mlamuru (CHAGGA);sahhati (HOME); zahhati (GOROWA, IRAQW); mhagati, muhagati (HEHE); sahati, hlanmo(IRAQW); mamala (NGURU); cl oliondoi, oloi orieni (MASAI); lorieni (MERU); lagaiyanecheit(MANG'ATI); muranganji (PARE); msigajembe (SHAMBAA).Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, charcoal, crafts, domestic uses (water containers,walking sticks), fencing (live, posts), fibre (toothbrushes), firewood, fodder, food, fruit,furniture, land improvement (soil conservation, windbreaks), medicine, timber (hard).

OXYTENANTHERA ASYSSINICA

Family Name: POACEAECommon Names: mwanzi, mlanzi, plains bamboo, wild bamboo

Local Names: asi, Iasi (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mulanzi, kitindi (HEHE); mbunga (KONDE);mlanzi (LUGURU); mlanzi, mlahi (MATENGO, YA0); mpunga, mwanzi (MWERA).Potential Uses: beverage, building materials, domestic uses (arrows, tool handles), fencing (live,posts), fibre (baskets), fodder (leaves), food, furniture, land improvement (erosion control,windbreaks).

PARINARI CURATEIIIFOLIA

Family Name: CHRYSOBALANACEAECommon Names: mbura, mbola plum, fever tree

Local Names: umbula, mbula nyakyusambula (BENDE); amafa-aa, amaafa (GOROWA, IRAQW);munanzi (HAYA, LONGO, ZINZA); msawola, msawula (HEHE); mnazi, umanazi, omunazi(LONGO); mbula, mbuni, mpembu, mbuui (MATENGO, YA0); mubula, muvula, (NYAMWEZI);mbula (NYAMWEZI, ZARAMO); ikusu, ibula (NYIHA); mafaa, mumura, mumora (RANGI); mnazi(SUKUMA); mnadsi (ZINZA).Potential Uses: charcoal, domestic uses (yokes), dye (fruit =black; leaves =red; bark =red,brown), firewood, fodder, food (oil), fruit, medicine, tannin, timber (boats; hard).

SPECIES LIST

75

SPECIES liST

OLEA CAPENS/S (0. WEL WrrSCHI/)

Family Name: OLEACEAE Common Names: mushargi, loliondo, iron wood, elgon olive

Local Names: olmasi (ARUSHA, MAS AI, MERU); lolyondo (ARUSHA, PARE); nasojan (BARBAIG); mchiyo, mshio, mudi (CHAGGA); sasi (FIPA); sahati, flamno-awak, tsalmo (lRAOW); ololiondoi (MASAI); loliondo (MATENGO, YAO); mshiyo (MERU). Potential Uses: building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (needles), fibre, firewood, fodder, furniture, land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine, timber (hard).

OLEA EUROPAEA SUBS. AFR/CANA (0. CHRYSOPHYLLA)

Family Name: OLEACEAE Common Names: loliondo, brown olive, wild olive

Local Names: olorieni (ARUSHA, MASAI); emit (BARBAIG); mamala, muhagati, mziragembe, msakiro, mziaghembe (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); senefu, mtamioi, mlamuru (CHAGGA); sahhati (FIOME); zahhati (GOROWA, IRAOW); mhagati, muhagati (HEHE); sahati, hlanmo {IRA OW); mamala (NGURU); 01 oliondoi, oloi orieni (MAS AI); lorieni (MERU); lagaiyanecheit (MANG' ATI); muranganji (PARE); msigajembe (SHAMBAA). Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, charcoal, crafts, domestic uses (water containers, walking sticks), fencing (live, posts), fibre (toothbrushes), firewood, fodder, food, fruit, furniture, land improvement (soil conservation, windbreaks), medicine, timber (hard).

OXYTENANTHERA ABYSS/N/CA

Family Name: POACEAE Common Names: mwanzi, mlanzi, plains bamboo, wild bamboo

Local Names: asi, lasi (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mulanzi, kitindi (HEHE); mbunga (KONDE); mlanzi (LUGURU); mlanzi, mlahi (MATENGO, YAO); mpunga, mwanzi (MWERA), Potential Uses: beverage, building materials, domestic uses (arrows, tool handles), fencing (live, posts), fibre (baskets), fodder (leaves), food, furniture, land improvement (erosion control, windbreaks).

PAR/NAR/ CURA TELL/FOLIA

Family Name: CHRYSOBALANACEAE Common Names: mbura, mbola plum, fever tree

Local Names: umbula, mbula nyakyusambula (BENDE); amafa-aa, amaafa (GOROWA, IRAOW); munanzi (HAYA, LONGO, ZINZA); msawola, msawula (HEHE); mnazi, umanazi, omunazi (LONGO); mbula, mbuni, mpembu, mbuui (MATENGO, YAO); mubula, muvula, (NYAMWEZII; mbula (NY AMWEZI, ZARAMO); ikusu, ibula (NYIHA); mafaa, mumura, mumora (RANGI); mnazi (SUKUMA); mnadsi (ZINZA). Potential Uses: charcoal, domestic uses (yokes), dye (fruit = black; leaves = red; bark = red, brown), firewood, fodder, food (oil), fruit, medicine, tannin, timber (boats; hard).

75


PARINARI EXCELSA

Family Name: CHRYSOBALANACEAECommon Names: mbura

Local Names: mhula, mbula, muuwa, muula (BONDE), SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); msabula, msaula(HEHE); muganda (PARE); mula, hula, muwa (ZIGUA).Potential Uses: bee plant, beverage, crafts, charcoal, domestic uses, dye (fruit =black, red),firewood, fodder, food (oil), fruit, furniture, medicine, tannin (bark, wood), timber (hard).

PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS (AFRORMOSIA ANGOLENSIS)

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE)Common Names: muvange, mbanga, afromosia

Local Names: umubanga (HAYA); mmanga (LUGURU); muwanga (MATENGO, YA0); muvanga,mwanga (NYAMWEZI); mmanga (VIDUNDA); mbanga (ZINZA).Potential Uses: charcoal, crafts, domestic uses (pestles, mortars), fencing (posts), firewood,furniture, gum, land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine, ritual (used to chase awaywitchcraft), timber (railway sleepers; hard).

PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS (P. MILANJIANUS)

Family Name: PODOCARPACEAECommon Names: podo, pod, east african yellow wood

Local Names: dukumo, dukmo (BARBAIG, IRAQW); laganechet, laganehel (BARBAIG); mee(BONDE), SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mtokosi, mtongosa, tawaso, msoso, mtosi (CHAGGA);mfulanyelele (FIPA); mwenbinyigo, mwembenyigo (HEHE); nuki (IRAQW); mkensi (KINGA);muanziri (LUGURU); orpiripiri (MASAI); mseso (MERU); nyalulasi (NYAKYUSA); lipume, muwima(PANGWA); mwarinyani (RANG)); siegi (SARNA); mnoge (SANGU); msena-mawe, mse-mawa,msekichanga (SHAMBAA).Potential Uses: building materials, crafts, firewood, furniture (boxes), medicine, shade, timber.

PRUNUS AFRICANA (PYGEUM AFRICANUM)

Family Name: ROSACEAECommon Names: mkomahoya, mueni, bitter almond, red stinkwood

Local Names: olkonjuku, ol gujuk (ARUSHA); rndundulu, mkomahoya (BONDE), SHAMBAA,ZIGUA); mudy, muuri, mkonde-konde, mseneo (CHAGGA); gwaami (FIOME); mfila (FIPA);guvaami, gwame, gwa'ami (GOROWA, IRAQW); gulaami (GOROWA); mwiluti, mwiuti (HEHE);mpembati (KINGA); olkonjuku (MASAI); mdundulu (NGURU); wami (RANG)); ligabo (SARNA);mufubia (ZINZA).Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (containers, mortars),firewood, furniture, land improvement (windbreaks), shade, timber.

76


PARINARI EXCELSA

Family Name: CHRYSOBALANACEAE Common Names: mbura

local Names: mhula, mbula, muuwa, muula (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); msabula, msaula (HEHE); muganda (PARE); mula, hula, muwa (ZIGUA). Potential Uses: bee plant, beverage, crafts, charcoal, domestic uses, dye (fruit = black, red), firewood, fodder, food (oil). fruit, furniture, medicine, tannin (bark, wood), timber (hard).

PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS (AFRORMOSIA ANGOLENSIS)

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE) Common Names: muvange, mbanga, afromosia

local Names: umubanga (HAYA); mmanga (LUGURU); muwanga (MATENGO, YAO); muvanga, mwanga (NYAMWEZI); mmanga (VIDUNDA); mbanga (ZINZA). Potential Uses: charcoal, crafts, domestic uses (pestles, mortars). fencing (posts), firewood, furniture, gum, land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine, ritual (used to chase away witchcraft), timber (railway sleepers; hard).

PODOCARPUS LA TlFOUUS (P. MILANJIANUS)

Family Name: PODOCARPACEAE Common Names: podo, pod, east african yellow wood

Loca' Names: dukumo, dukmo (BARBAIG, IRAQW); laganochet, laganehel (BARBAIG); mse (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mtokosi, mtongosa, tawaso, msoso, mtosi (CHAGGA); mfulanyelele (FIPA); mwenbinyigo, mwambenyigo (HEHE); nuki (lRAQW); mkansi (KING A); muanziri (LUGURU); orpiripiri (MASAI); mseso (MERU); nyalulasi (NYAKYUSA); lipuma, muwimll (PANGWA); mwarinyani (RANG!); sieQi (SAFWA); mnoga (SANGU); msena-mawe, mse-maWa, msekichanga (SHAMBAA). Potentia' Uses: building materiels, crafts, firewood, furniture (boxes), medicine, shade, timber.

PRUNUS AFRICANA (PYGEUM AFRICANUM)

Family Name: ROSACEAE Common Names: mkomahoya, mUeni, bitter almond, red stink wood

Local Names: olkonjuku, 01 gujuk (ARUSHA); mdundulu, mkomahoya (BONDE I, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mudy, muuri, mkonde-konde, mseneo (CHAGGA); gwaami (FIOME); mfila (FIPA); guvaami, gwame, gwa'ami (GOROWA, IRAQW); gulaami (GOROWA); mwiluti, mwiuti (HEHE); mpembati (KINGA); olkonjuku (MASAI); mdundulu (NGURU); wami (RANG!); ligabo (SAFWA); mufubia (ZINZA). Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (containers, mortars), firewood, furniture, land improvement (windbreaks), shade, timber.

76

SPECIES LIST

PRUNUS AFRICANA IPYGEUM AFRICANUMI

PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE)Common Names: mninga, bloodwood

Local Names: mhagata, mninga (BONDEI, SHAIVIBAA, ZIGUA); asaninge (FIPA); mPagata(GOGO); muvembadanda (HEHE); mhagata (LUGURU); mtumbati (MATENGO, YAO, GOGO,MWERA, MATUMBI); mtumbati jangwa (MWERA); mninga (NYAMWEZI); mninga (SUBI);mlambadanda (VIDUNDA); muhagata, (SUKUMA, ZIGUA).Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, domestic uses (bowls, mortars), dye (wood,roots =red; bark =brown), firewood, fodder, furniture, gum, land improvement (nitrogen fixing,soil conservation), medicine, musical instruments (drums), timber (boats; resistant to termites,borers).

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SPECIES LIST

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PRUNUS AFRICANA (PYGEUM AFRICANUMI

PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE) Common Names: mninga, bloodwood

Local Names: mhagata, mninga (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); asaninga (FIPA); mpagata (GOGO); muvembadanda (HEHE); mhagata (LUGURU); mtumbati (MATENGO, YAO, GOGO, MWERA, MATUMBI); mtumbati jangwa (MWERA); mninga (NYAMWEZI); mninga (SUBI); mlambadanda (VIDUNDA); muhagata, (SUKUMA, ZIGUA). Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, domestic uses (bowls, mortars), dye (wood, roots=red; bark=brown), firewood, fodder, furniture, gum,land improvement (nitrogen fixing, soil conservation), medicine, musical instruments (drums), timber (boats; resistant to termites, borers).

77

INDiGENous MULTIPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA (R. NATALENSIS)

Family Name: APOCYNACEAECommon Names: mkufi, mwembe mwitu, msesawe, quinine tree

Local Names: njavokalia, ol chapukalyan (ARUSHA, MASA)); mlengwelengwe (BONDE),SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mtwentwe (BENDE); msesewe (CHAGGA, MERU); mkongo (GOGO); harey,hariie (GOROWA, (RAQW); muverivevi (HEHE); msumai (RANGI); oljabokalyan (MASA));mtelawa, mbamba (MATENGO, YAC); musunguti (NYIHA); mutu (MERU); nkuma, mkuna,mpugupugu (NYAKYUSA); muyesani, mwimbe, msabua, mvumbarrivula (NYANJA); ng'weeti,mweti (SHAMBAA); tuungulemba (TAN).Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, beverage (beer), building materials, domestic uses(containers, pipes, spoons, tool handles), firewood, furniture, land improvement (soil and waterconservation, nitrogen fixing), medicine, shade.

RHUS NATALENSIS

Family Name: ANACARDIACEAECommon Names: red currant

Local Names: emusigiyai (ARUSHA); ormisigiyoi (ARUSHA, MASA)); mhunguru-mhomba(BONDE), SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); msangula (FIPA); msakasaka, mkungulu (GOGO); datlii(GOROWA); msagara (HA); msagara, omusheshe (HAYA); mtunumbi, muhehefu (HEHE);mstunga, sirongi ambalung, daltii, datei (IRAQW); mubulagankuku (ISANZU); musheshe(KEREWE); msangura (KURIA); msenswa (LONGO); ol mesigei (MASAI); musyunga (NYATURU);msakasaka (RANGO; mhunguru (SUKUMA); msense (ZINZA).Potential Uses: beverage (beer), fibre (toothbrushes), firewood, fruit, medicine, timber.

SALVADORA PERSICA

Family Neme: SALVADORACEAECommon Names: musuake, msuake, mustard tree, toothbrush tree

Local Names: mswaki, simbakigulu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mkunghuni (GOGO); mseki,mswaki (GOROWA, IRAQW); eremiti, o remit (MASAI); modee (MBUGWE); chigombo(MWERA); mswake (SANGU, HEHE); muche, mswake (SUKUMA); mswaki (ZIGUA).Potential Uses: fibre (toothbrushes), firewood, fodder, food (oil), fruit, land improvement(erosion, salt control, soil reclamation), medicine, soap.

SOLA NUM INCANUM

Family Name: SOLANACEAECommon Names: mndulele, mtunguja

Local Names: endulele (ARUSHA); hangalmo (BARBAIG, GOROWA, IRAQW); mtua, mtula(BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); nduo (CHAGGA); hangal (GOROWA, IRAQW); mtula endulelei(MASAI); matungusa, mtungujamito, mtungusa (NYAMWEZI); ntula (SUKUMA).Potential Uses: fruit, medicine, ritual.

78


RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA fR. NATALENSIS)

Family N8f'!1e: APOCYNACEAE Common Names: mkufi, mwembe mwitu, msesawe, quinine tree

Local Names: njavokalia, 01 chapukalyan (ARUSHA, MAS AI); mlengwelengwe (BaNDEl, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mtwentwe (BENDE); msesewe (CHAGGA, MERU); mkongo (GOGO); harey, hariie (GOROWA, IRAQW); muverivevi (HEHE); msumai (RANG I); oljabokalyan (MASAI); mtelawa, mbamba (MATENGO, YAO); musunguti (NYIHA); mutu (ME:RU); nkuma, mkuna, mpugupugu (NYAKYUSA); muyesani, mwimbe, msabua, mvumbamvula (NYANJA); ng'weeti, mweti (SHAMBAA); tuungulemba (TAN). Potential USGs: beehives, bee plant, beverage (beer). building materials, domestic uses (containers, pipes, spoons, tool handles). firewood, furniture, land improvement (soil and water conservation, nitrogen fixing), medicine, shade.

RHUS NATALENSIS

Family Name: ANACARDIACEAE Common Names: red currant

Local Names: emusigiyai (ARUSHA); ormisigiyoi (ARUSHA, MASAI); mhunguru-mhomba (BaNDEl, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); msangula (FIPA)i msakasaka, mkungulu (GOGO); datHi (GOROWA); msagara (HA); msagara, omusheshe (HAY A); mtunumbi, muhehefu (HEHE); mstunga, sirongi ambalung, daltii, datei (lRAQW); mubulagankuku (ISANZU); mushesha (KEREWE); msangura (KURIA); msenswa (LONGO); 01 mesigei (MASAI); musyunga (NYATURU); msakasaka (RANG!): mhunguru (SUKUMA): msense (ZINZA). Potential Uses: beverage (beer), fibre (toothbrushes), firewood, fruit, medicine, timber.

SAL VADORA PERSICA

Family Name: SALVADORACEAE Common Names: musuake, msuake, mustard tree, toothbrush tree"

Local Names: mswaki, simbakigulu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mkunghuni (GOGO); msaki, mswaki (GOROWA, IRAQW); eremiti, 0 remit (MASAI); modee (MBUGWE); chigombo (MWERA); mswake (SANGU, HEHE); muche, mswake (SUKUMA); mswaki (ZIGUA). Potential Uses: fibre (toothbrushes), firewood, fodder, food (oil), fruit, land improvement (erosion, salt control, soil reclamation), medicine, soap •.

SOLANUM INCANUM

Family Name: SOLANACEAE Common Name.: mndulele, mtunguja

Local Name.: endulele (ARUSHA); hangalmo (BARBAIG, GOROWA, IRAQW); mtua, mtula (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); nduo (CHAGGA); hangal (GOROWA, IRAQW); mtula endulelei (MAS AI); matungusa, mtungujamito, mtungusa (NYAMWEZI); ntula (SUKUMA). Potential Uses: fruit, medicine, ritual.

78

STROPHANTHUS EMINII

Family Name: APOCYNACEAECommon Names: msungulu, mtondo

Local Names: mvyo-vyo, mvele vele, mwese wese, mweri weri, mveli veli, mwelewele,mvingayakale (GOGO); mtowo, muveriveri, mtolo, (HEHE); msegwe (LONGO); msungururu(NGURU); mwiliweli, mwelewele, mtungululu, muveriveri, muvelevele, mwiveli (NYAMWEZI);mtowo (RUAHA); nyawera (SANGU, HEHE); msungulula, msungululu (SUKUMA); msengwe(ZINZA).Potential Uses: building materials, crafts (beads), domestic uses (tool handles), medicine,poison.

STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES (S. SCHUMANN/ANA)

Family Name: LOGANIACEAECommon Names: mpera-mwitu, mtonga, corky-bark monkey orange

Local Names: mpande (GOGO); mkome (LONGO); mdonga, madonga (MATENGO, YA0);m'milwa, mtonga, mumilwa, (NYAMWEZI); mnyowa, mnywewa (SANGU, HEFIE).Potential Uses: building materials, domestic uses (tool handles), dye, fodder, fruit, medicine,shade, soap.

STRYCHNOS INNOCUA

Family Neme: LOGANIACEAECommon Names: mtonga, mgulungungulu

Local Names: bunkundu (BENDE); mkwaka, mtonga (BONDEI, ZIGUA); mkulua, munhulwa(GOGO); furundau, hohoigara (GOROWA, IRAQW); muhundwa (HA); mbaya (HEHE); mukomo,mkomu msege (KURIA); mkome (LONGO); hehemgulungulu (MWERA); mtonga, mumundu,mkulwa, mpundu (NYAMWEZI); mpundu, mkulugundu (NYATURU); mung'ulung'ulu (SANGU);g e'kegheke (SANDAWI); mtanga (SHAMBAA); mhundu (SUKUMA); mumirwa (SUMBWA):msungwe (ZANAKI); mkome, mkwata (ZINZA).Potential Uses: building materials, domestic uses (tool handles), firewood, fruit, medicine.

SYZYGIUM CORDATUM

Family Name: MYRTACEAECommon Names: waterberry

Local Names: msu (FIPA); mzambarao, muhu, muhulo (GOGO, LUGURU); awartu (GOROWA,IRAQW); mugege (HAYA); mnyono, muvengi (HEHE); orokutuno, irakutwa (IRAQW); rnsivia(HA); imivengi (KINGA); mgege, mgeye (LONGO); msungunde (NGURU); mpegele (NYAKYUSA);mshiwi (SHAMBAA); mtalala mweupe, mzati (ZARAMO); mzeze (ZINZA).Potential Uses: beverage, building materials, dye (bark =black, blue), firewood, fruit, furniture,medicine, poison, ritual.

79

SPECIES UST

STROPHANTHUS EM/Nil

Family Name: APOCYNACEAE Corrmon Names: msungulu, mtondo

SPECIES LIST

Local Names: mvyo-vyo, mvele vele, mwese wese, mweri weri, mveli veli, mwelewele, mvingayakale (GOGO); mtowo, muveriveri, mtolo, (HEHE); msegwe (LONGO); msungururu (NGURU); mwiliweli, mwelewele, mtungululu, muveriveri, muvelevele, mwiveli (NY AMWEZI); mtowo (RUAHA); nyawera (SANGU, HEHE); msungulula, msungululu (SUKUMA); msengwe (ZINZA). Potential Uses: building materials, crafts (beads), domestic uses (tool handles), medicine, poison.

STRYCHNOS COCCULO/DES (S. SCHUMANN/ANA)

Family Name: LOGANIACEAE Common Names: mpera-mwitu, mtonga, corky-bark monkey orange

Local Names: mpande (GOGO); mkome (LONGO); mdonga, madonga (MATENGO, YAO); m'milwa, mtonga, mumilwa, (NYAMWEZI); mnyowa, mnywewa (SANGU, HEHE). Potential Uses: building materials, domestic uses (tool handles), dye, fodder, fruit, medicine, shade, soap.

STRYCHNOS /NNOCUA

Family Name: LOGANIACEAE Common Names: mtonga, mgulungungulu

Local Names: bunkundu (BENDE); mkwaka, mtonga (BONDEI, ZIGUA); mkulua, munhulwa (GOGO); furundau, hohoigara (GOROWA, IRAQW); muhundwa (HA); mbaya (HEHE); mukomo, mkomu msege (KURIA); mkome (LONGO); hehemgulungulu (MWERA); mtonga, mumundu, mkulwa, mpundu (NYAMWEZI); mpundu, mkulugundu (NYATURU); mung'ulung'ulu (SANGU); 9 e'kegheke (SANDAWI); mtanga (SHAMBAA); mhundu (SUKUMA); mumirwa (SUMBWA); msungwe (ZANAKI); mkome, mkwata (ZINZA). Potential Uses: building materials, domestic uses (tool handles), firewood, fruit, medicina.

SYZYG/UM CORDA TUM

Family Name: MYRTACEAE Common Names: waterberry

Local Names: msu (FIPA); mzambarao, muhu, muhulo (GOGO, LUGURU); awartu (GOROWA, IRAQW); mugege (HAYA); mnyono, muvengi (HEHE); orokutuno, irakutwa (lRAQW); msivia (HA); imivengi (KING A); mgege, mgeye (LONGO); msungunde (NGURU); mpegele (NYAKYUSA); mshiwi (SHAMBAA); mtalala mweupe, mzati (ZARAMO); mzeze (ZINZA). Potential Uses: beverage, building materials, dye (bark=black, blue), firewood, fruit, furniture, medicine, poison, ritual.

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INDIGENOUS MULTIPUFtPOSE TFIEES OF TANZANIA

SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE

Family Name: MYRTACEAECommon Names: mzambarau mwitu, msambaran, mzambarai, woodland waterberry,

waterpear, waterboom

Local Names: geta-da-gwal (BARBAIG); mulambo (BENDE);*masdi (CHAGGA); mulambo,mlalambo (FIPA); mzarabo (FUFIJI); muhulo (GOGO); awartu (GOROWA); mchwezi (HAYA);muvengi, muvenge (HEHE); muswaru, mkamati, mbajiru, matlarmo, sonari, irgatu (IRAQW);issassa (KEREWE); nguluka, mpegele (KONDE); msalazi (LONGO, LUGURU); nkolo (MATENGO,YA0); msengele, muhu (NYAKYUSA); mwasya, kisambalawe (NYAMWEZI); mzarabo (RUFIJI);muhuba, mschihui, sambarau (SHAMBAA); msambarao (TAN COAST); muvenge (ZIGUA);msanguru, mgege (ZINZA).Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (seasoning containers),firewood, fodder, fruit, medicine, tannin, timber (hard).

TAMARINDOS INDICA

Family Narne: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY CAESALPINIOIDEAE)Common Names: mkwaju, tamarind

Local Names: ol masambrai (ARUSHA, MASAI); mshishi (BENDE, NYAMWEZI, SUKUMA);mkwazu, nshishi (BONDEI, SHAMBAA); moya (CHAGGA); msisa (GOGO, LONGO, ZINZA);mishighi (GOROWA, IRAQW); mitlighi, mithingiti (GOROWA); ukwezu, mkwezu (MATENGO.YA0); mosinko (MBUGWE); mkwaju (NYATURU, TAN); mkwesu (RUFIJI, ZIGUA); mkwaja,mkweso (RUFIJI); msisi, (SANGU, HEHE, GOGO, BENDE, NYAMWEZI); mkwaju, nshishi,bushishi (SUKUMA); mdai (VIDUNDA); musisa (ZINZA).Potential Uses: bee plant, beverage, charcoal, domestic uses (tool handles, mortars, pasties,walking sticks, carts), fencing (posts), fibre (chew sticks), firewood, fruit, furniture, gum, landimprovement (nitrogen fixing), medicine, shade, tannin, timber (boats).

TECLEA NOBILIS

Family Name: RUTACEAECommon Names: small-fruited teclea

Local Names: litisi, ii-itsi (BARBAIG); mlimangombe (CHAGGA); omuzo (HAYA); mputsa,mwatatsi (HEHE); iiliisi, wahari ()RAQW); muzo (LONGO); mdimu (NYAMWEZI); nkwaati,kilongolo (SHAMBAA); mju (SUKUMA); mudso, mudzo (ZINZA).Potential Uses: building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (hoe pins, bowls, clubs, toolhandles, spears, walking sticks), firewood, land improvement (soil and water conservation),medicine.

80


SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE

Family Name: MYRTACEAE Common Names: mzambarau mwitu, msambaran, mzambarai, woodland waterberry,

waterpear, waterboom

Local Names: geta-da-qwal (BARBAIG); mulambo (BENDE);'masdi (CHAGGA); mulambo, mlalambo (FIPA); mzarabo (FUFIJI); muhulo (GOGO); awartu (GOROWA); mchwezi (HAYA); muvengi, muvenge (HEHE); muswaru, mkamati, mbajiru, matlarmo, sOrjari, irgatu (lRAQW); issassa (KEREWE); nguluka, mpegele (KONDE); msalazi (LONGO, LUGURU); nkolo (MATENGO, YAO); msengele, muhu (NYAKYUSA); mwasya, kisambalawe (NYAMWEZI); mzarabo (RUFIJI); muhuba, mschihui, sambarau (SHAMBAA); msambarao (TAN COAST); muvenge (ZIGUA); msanguru, mgege (ZINZA). Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (seasoning containers), firewood, fodder, fruit, medicine, tannin, timber (hard).

TAMARINDUS INDICA

Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY CAESALPINIOIDEAE) Common Names: mkwaju, tamarind

Local Names: 01 masambrai (ARUSHA, MASAI); mshishi (BEN DE, NYAMWEZI, SUKUMA); mkwazu, nshishi (BONDE I, SHAMBAA); moya (CHAGGA); msisa (GOGO, LONGO, ZINZA); mishighi (GOROWA, IRAQW); mitlighi, mithingiti (GOROWA); ukwezu, mkwezu (MATENGO, YAO); mosinko (MBUGWE); mkwaju (NYATURU, TAN); mkwesu (RUFIJI, ZIGUA); mkwaja, mkweso (RUFIJI); msisi, (SANGU, HEHE, GOGO, BEN DE, NYAMWEZI); mkwaju, nshishi, bushishl (SUKUMA); mdai (VIDUNDA); musisa (ZINZA). Potential Usee: bee plant, beverage, charcoal, domestic uses (tool handles, mortars, pestles, welking sticks, carts), fencing (posts), fibre (chew sticks), firewood, fruit, furniture, gum, land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine, shade, tannin, timber (boats).

TECLEA NOB/US

Fllmily Name: RUTACEAE Common Names: small-fruited teclea

Local Names: litisi, ii-itsi (BARBAIG); mlimangombe (CHAGGA); omuzo (HAY A); mputsa, mwatatsi (HEHE); iiliisi, wahari (lRAQW); muzo (LONGO); rndimu (NYAMWEZI); nkwaati, kilongolo (SHAMBAA); mju (SUKUMA); mudso, mudzo (ZINZA). Potential Uaee: building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (hoe pins, bowls, clubs, tool handles, spears, walking sticks), firewood, land improvement (soil and water conservation), medicine.

80

TERMINALL4 SERICEA

Family Name: COMBRETACEAECommon Names: mkaa, silver terminalia

Local Names: kaselenge (BENDE); mbuko (CHAGGA); bukuumo (GOROWA, IRAQW); sarakwi(GOROWA); mwanya msimira (LONGO, ZINZA); moumba (LUGURU); olbukoi (MASAI); mufuulu(NYATURU); mpululu (SANGU, HEHE, GOGO); mzima, (SUKUMA, NYAMWEZI); mtanga(ZARAMO); msinira, munyaga (ZINZA).Potential Uses: building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (tool handles), fencing (posts), fibre(rope), firewood, fodder, furniture, land improvement, medicine, shade, timber.

TREMA ORIENTAL'S (T GUINEENSIS)

Family Name: ULMACEAECommon Names: msasa, mpesi, mgendagenda, pigeonwood

Local Names: ol matata (ARUSHA); mshinda, mshinga (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); lushinga(BUNGU); mwezi, mshinga, mwesi (CHAGGA); maauk (GOROWA); omuhuwe, muuwe (HAYA);slarakahe (IRAQW); omuhohwe (KEREWE); mpeswe (KUKWE); mbefu (LUGURU); mpeho(MATENGO, YA0); mwefu (MERU); mpehwe (NYAKYUSA); mwesu (PARE); mohowe(SUKUMA); mpehe, mshanulo, mbehe, mpessi, mpehi (ZARAMO); mpera, mshinga, boriti,msinga (ZIGUA).Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, charcoal, dye (leaves =brown), fencing (posts),fibre (rope, fishing line), firewood, fodder, fruit, land improvement (mulch, soil reclamation,nitrogen fixing), medicine (insect repellant), shade.

TRICHILIA EMETICA IT ROKAI

Family Name: MELIACEAECommon Names: mkungwina, mtimaji, mtimai, musikili, natal mahogany

Local Names: mgolimazi, mbangwe, mbwewe, (BONDE), SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mkongoni,mehengo, mchengo, mututu, mwavai (CHAGGA); nyembe mwitu (GOGO); taewi (IRAM);mtengotengo, mjagengo (LUGURU); ketakaiko (MBUGWE); mgolemazi (NGURU, SHAMBAA);msanguti (NYAKYUSA); mtandaruka (SUB»; sungute (SUKUMA); monko-ya-nyika (ZIGUA,SHAMBAA).Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, firewood, fodder, furniture, land improvement(catchment rehabilitation, windbreaks), medicine, poison, ritual, shade, soap (seeds =oil),timber.

UAPACA KIRKIANA (U. GOETZEI)

Family Name: EUPHORBIACEAECommon Names: mkusu, wild loquat

Local Names: mhugu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mguhu (HEHE, BENA); mkusu (HEHE,NYAMWEZI, BENA, BENDE, LONGO); mgulu, ntalla (HEHE); mhendabogo, mugusu (LONGO);msuku, mhuku (MATENGO, YA0); mssuku (NGONI); mkuhu (NYAKYUSA); migulu (LUGURU).Potential Uses: bee plant, beverage (beer), building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (spoons),firewood, fruit, furniture, medicine, shade, timber (termite, borer resistant).

81

SPECIES LIST

TERMINALIA SERICEA

Family Name: COMBRETACEAE Common Names: mkaa, silver terminalia

SPECIES LIST

Locel Names: kaselenge (BEND E); mbuko (CHAGGA); bukuumo (GOROWA, IRAQW); sarakwi (GOROWA); mwanya msimira (LONGO, ZINZA); moumba (LUGURU); olbukoi (MASA!); mufuulu (NYATURU); mpululu (SANGU, HEHE, GOGO); mzima, (SUKUMA, NYAMWEZI); mtanga (ZARAMO); msinira, munyaga (ZINZA). Potential Uses: building materials, charcoal, domestic uses (tool handles), fencing (posts), fibre (rope), firewood, fodder, furniture, land improvement, medicine, shade, timber.

TREMA ORIENTALIS (T. GUINEENSIS)

Family Name: ULMACEAE Common Names: msasa, mpesi, mgendagenda, pigeonwood

Locel Names: 01 matata (ARUSHA); mshinda, mshinga (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); lushinga (BUNGU); mwezi, mshinga, mwesi (CHAGGA); maauk (GOROWA); omuhuwe, muuwe (HAYA); slarakahe (IRAQW); omuhohwe (KEREWE); mpeswe (KUKWE); mbefu (LUGURU); mpeho (MATENGO, YAO); mwefu (MERU); mpehwe (NYAKYUSA); mwesu (PARE); moho we (SUKUMA); mpehe, mshanulo, mbehe, mpessi, mpehi (ZARAMO); mpera, mshinga, boriti, msinga (ZIGUA). Potentilll Uses: bee plant, building materials, oharooal, dye (leaves =brown), fenoing (posts), fibre (rope, fishing line), firewood, fodder, fruit, land improvement (mulch, soil reclamation, nitrogen fixing), medioine (inseot repellant). shade.

TRICHILIA EMETICA (T. ROKA)

Femily Name: MELIACEAE Common Namas: mkungwina, mtimaji, mtimai, musikili, natal mahogany

Local Nllmes: mgolimazi, mbangwe, mbwewe, (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mkongoni, mehengo, mohengo, mututu, mwavai (CHAGGA); nyembe mwitu (GOGO); taewi (lRAQW); mtengotengo, mjagengo (LUGURU); ketakaiko (MBUGWE); mgolemazi (NGURU, SHAMBAA); msanguti (NYAKYUSA); mtandaruka (SUB!); sungute (SUKUMA); monko-ya-nyika (ZIGUA, SHAMBAA). Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, firewood, fodder, furniture, land improvement (oatchment rehabilitation, windbreaks), medioine, poison, ritual, shade, soap (seeds = oil), timber. .

UAPACA KIRK/ANA (U. GOETZEI)

Family Name: EUPHORBIACEAE Common Names: mkusu, wild loquat

Local Names: mhugu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mguhu (HEHE, BENA); mkusu (HEHE, NYAMWEZI, BENA, BEN DE, LONGO); mgulu, ntalla (HEHE); mhendabogo, mugusu (LONGO); msuku, mhuku (MATENGO, YAO); mssuku (NGON!); mkuhu (NYAKYUSA); migulu (LUGURU). Potential Uses: bee plant, beverage (beer), building materials, oharooel, domestic uses (spoons), firewood, fruit, furniture, medicine, shade, timber (termite, borer resistent).

81

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TFtEES OF TANZANIA

VANGUERIA INFAUSTA (V. TOMENTOSA)

VANGUER/A INFAUSTA (V. TOMENTOSA)

Family Name: RUBIACEAECommon Names: mtiegu, viru, mviru, muiru, wild mediar

Local Names: engumi (ARUSHA, MASAI); mvilu, mviu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA);babaxchet, matherimo, malharimog, barangu (BARBAIG); msanda (FIPA); baranku (GOROWA);msada (HEHE, NYAMWEZI, VIDUNDA); msambarawe (HEHE); mviru, muvirwa, barai (IRAQW);mukungulusuli (ISANZU); mufitanda (KEREWE); mgango (LONGO); mpendo, lindikiti (MATENGO,YA0); mulade-mujenghuma (NYATURU); mdaria, nciaria (PARE); mnyabwita (ZINZA).Potential Uses: building materials, firewood, fruit, land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine(some people do not use this tree as it is believed to possess evil powers).

82

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES.oF TANZANIA

VANGUERIA INFAUSTA (V, TOMENTOSA)

VANGUERIA INFAUSTA (V, TOMENTOSA)

Familv Name: RUBIACEAE Common Names: mtiegu, viru, mviru, muiru, wild medlar

Local Names: engumi (ARUSHA, MASAI); mvilu, mviu (BONDE I, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); babaxchet, matharimo, malharimog, barangu (BARBAIG); msanda (FIPA); baranku (GOROWA); msada (HEHE, NYAMWEZI, VIDUNDA); msambarawe (HEHE); mviru, muvirwa, barai (lRAQW); mukungulusuli (lSANZU); mufitanda (KEREWE); mgango (LONGO); mpendo, lindikiti (MATENGO, YAO); mulade-mujenghuma (NYATURU); mdaria, ndaria (PARE); mnyabwita (ZINZA). Potential Uses: building materials, firewood, fruit, land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine (some people do not use this tree as it is believed to possess evil powers).

82

VANGUER/A MADAGASCARIENSIS

Family Name: RUBIACEAECommon Names: mviru

Local Names: engumi, ol madanyi (ARUSHA, MASA!); loshoro (ARUSHA); karowo, kiworo,ndawiro, ndowo (CHAGGA); msada (GOGO, NYAMWEZI); muviru, msada (GOGO); mviruerakwtu (IRAQW); imumua (MERU); mulade (NYATURU); mubilu (NY)RAMBA); mbiro, mdaria(PARE).Potential Uses: building materials, firewood, fruit.

VITEX DONIANA (V CUNEA TA, V. CIENKOWSKII)

Family Name: VERBENACEAECommon Names: mfuu, mfulu, mfudu, vitex, black plum

Local Names: mgobe (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mufita (FIPA); mfulu (GOGO, ISANZU,LUGURU); orrolmo (GOROWA); mjumbau, mpuru, mukoronto (KEREWE); muviru, muvuru(LONGO); kiputu (LUNGU); mpitimbi (MATENGO, YA0); mpindimbi (MWERA); mgwobe(NGURU); mfulu, mfuzu, mfurulegea, mpulu (NYAMWEZI); mkunungu (NYIHA); mchinka, mufita(SUMBWA); mkoga (VIDUNDA); mfuru (ZARAMO, LUGURU, MBUNGA, POGOR0); muvuru(ZINZA).Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, charcoal, crafts, dye, firewood, fodder, food, fruit,furniture, land improvement (mulch, nitrogen fixing), medicine, shade, tannin, timber (boats).

VITEX PAYOS (V. IRINGENSISI

Family Name: VERBENACEAECommon Names: mfulu

Local Names: mfulu (GOGO, HEHE).Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials (roofing), firewood, fodder, fruit, medicine.

WARBURG/A SALUTARIS (W UGANDENSIS)

Family Name: CANELLACEAECommon Names: msokonoi, ol sokoni, east african greenheart, pepper-bark tree

Local Names: mdee, mdele, mlifu (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); sokanay, sagonai (GOROWA,IRAQW); muhiya (HAYA); msokonoi, olmsogoni (MASAI); musuni (MERU).Potential Uses: firewood, fodder, food (leaves =spice; roots =soup), gum (glue), landimprovement (green manure, mulch, nitrogen fixing), medicine, resin, shade, timber.

83

SPECIES LIST

VANGUERIA MADA GASCARIENSIS

Family Name: RUBIACEAE Common Names: mviru

SPECJES LIST

Local Names: engumi, 01 madanyi (ARUSHA, MAS AI); loshoro (ARUSHA); karowo, kiworo, ndawiro, ndowo (CHAGGA); msada (GOGO, NYAMWEZI); muviru, msada (GOGO); mviru erakwtu (IRAOW); imumua (MERU); mulade (NYATURU); mubilu (NYIRAMBA); mbiro, mdaria (PARE). Potential Uses: building materials, firewood, fruit.

V"EX DONIANA N. CUNEA TA, II. CIENKOWSKII)

Family Name: VERBENACEAE Common Names: mfuu, mfulu, mfudu, vitex, black plurT)

Local Names: mgobe (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mufita (FIPA); mfulu (GOGO, ISANZU, LUGURU); orrolmo (GOROWA); mjumbau, mpuru, mukoronto (KEREWE); muviru, muvuru (LONGO); kiplltu (LUNGU); mpitimbi (MATENGO, YAO); mpindimbi (MWERA); mgwobe (NGURU); mfulu, mfuzu, mfurulegea, mpulu (NYAMWEZI); mkunungu (NYIHA); mchinka, mufita (SUMBWA); mkoga (VIDUNDA); mfuru (ZARAMO, LUGURU, MBUNGA, POGORO); muvuru (ZINZA). Potential Uses: bee plant, building materials, charcoal, crafts, dye, firewood, fodder, food, fruit, furniture, land improvement (mulch, nitrogen fixing), medicine, shade, tannin, timber (boats).

VITEX PA YOS (II. IRINGENSIS)

Family Name: VERBENACEAE Common Names: mfulu

Local Names: mfulu (GOGO, HEHE). Potential Uses: bea plant, building materials (roofing), firewood, fodder, fruit,. medicine.

WARBURGIA SALUTARIS (W. UGANDENSIS)

Family Name: CANELLACEAE Common Namee: msokonoi, 01 sokoni, east african greenheart, pepper-bark tree

Local Names: mdee, mdele, mlifu (BaNDEl, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); sokanay, sagonai (GOROWA, IRAOW); muhiya (HAYA); msokonoi, olmsogoni (MASAI); musuni (MERU). Potential Uses: firewood, fodder, food (leaves =spice; roots =soup), gum (glue), land improvement (green manure, mulch, nitrogen fixing), medicine, resin, shada, timber.

83

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES off TANZANIA



Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE)Common Names: wing pod

Local Names: mnyinga (GOGO), mnyenye (NYAMWEZI).Potential Uses: beehives, domestic uses (mortars), dye (bark =red), firewood, fodder, furniture(local chairs), land improvement (windbreaks), medicine, ritual, shade.

84

INDIGENOUS MULTIpURPOSE TREES Of TANZANIA



Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE) Common Nllmlls: wing pod

Local Names: mnyinga (GOGO), mnyenye (NYAMWEZI). Potllntilll Uses: beehives, domestic uses (mortars), dye (bark = red), firewood, fodder, furniture (local chairs), land improvament (windbreaks), medicine, ritual, shade.

84

XIMEN1A AMERICANA

Family Name: OLACACEAECommon Names: timbui timbui, mtumbui tumbui, mtundakula, mpingi, small sourplum,

wild plum

Local Names: mpingipingi (RENA); msantu (BENDE); muhingi, mtundwi (BONDE), SHAMBAA,ZIGUA); lama (CHAGGA); mpundwe, mtundwe (GOGO); tarantu (GOROWA, IRAQW); mingi,mtundwahai (HEHE, SANGU); mutuhu (IRAQW,ISANZU); olama (MASA)); membwa(MATUMBI); ol amai (MBUGWE); mnembwa (NYAMWEZI, SUMBWA); mnemwua, mbangwanyoma, mtundwa, mnembwa mudo (NYAMWEZI); mpingi (RUFIJI); msheka (RULI); mpingi,mtundwa (SUKUMA); mhingi (ZARAMO).Potential Uses: beverage, domestic uses (tool handles), firewood, fodder, food (oil), fruit,medicine.

XIMENIA CAFFRA

Family Name: OLACACEAECommon Names: tundwa, large sourplum

Local Names: maayangu (BARBAIG, GOROWA); musamtu (BENDE); mtundwe (GOGO);maayangumo (GOROWA); mjengu, mjingu, mtundui (ISANZU); mseaka (KEREWE); mseka,museka (LONGO, ZINZA); lama (MASAI); mtundwa (NYAMWEZI, HEHE, SUKUMA); mnembwa,mtundwa (NYAMWEZI); mutundwe (NYATURU); msheka (RULO); mingi (SANGU, HEHE);mnembwa (SUMBWA).Potential Uses: building materials, domestic uses (oil, spoons, tool handles), firewood, food,fruit, medicine.

85

SPECIES LISTSPECIES UST

XIMENIA AMERICANA

Family Name: OLACACEAE COlY)mon Names: timbui timbui, mtumbui tumbui, mtundakula, mpingi, small sourplum,

wild plum

Local Names: mpingipingi (BENA); msantu (BENDE); muhingi, mtundwi (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); lama (CHAGGA); mpundwe, mtundwe (GOGO); tarantu (GOROWA, IRAQW); mingi, mtundwahai (HEHE, SANGU); mutuhu (lRAQW,ISANZU); olama (MASAI); membwa (MATUMBI); 01 amai (MBUGWE); mnembwa (NYAMWEZI, SUMBWA); mnemwua, mbangwa nyoma, mtundwa, mnembwa mudo (NYAMWEZI); mpingi (RUFIJI); msheka (RULI); mpingi, mtundwa (SUKUMA); mhingi (ZARAMO). Potential Uses: beverage, domestic uses (tool handles), firewood, fodder, food (oil), fruit, medicine.

XIMENIA CAFFRA

Family Name: OLACACEAE Common Names: tundwa, large sourplum

Local Names: maayangu (BARBAIG, GOROWA); musamtu (BENDE); mtundwe (GOGO); maayangumo (GOROWA); mjengu, mjingu, mtundui (lSANZU); mseaka (KEREWE); mseka, museka (LONGO, ZINZA); lama (MASAI); mtundwa (NYAMWEZI, HEHE, SUKUMA); mnembwa, mtundwa (NYAMWEZI); mutundwe (NYATURU); msheka (RULI); mingi (SANGU, HEHE); mnembwa (SUMBWA). Potential Uses: building materials, domestic uses (oil, spoons, tool handles), firewood, food, fruit, medicine.

85


86

INDIGENOUS MUL TIPURPO SE TREES OF TANZANIA

86

5. Species Profiles

5.1 Introduction

This section contains information about the propagation, care, and management ofselected indigenous trees that were identified during the formal survey as havinghighly valued forest tree products and potential for planting in Tanzania (Refer toTable 5.1.) It includes, to the extent possible, information on local management andpropagation techniques. This information is integrated into a species profile whichalso includes uses (presented in Section 5.4).

A brief summary of propagation techniques is found in Section 5.2. Since spacelimits the amount of information that can be included, reference texts such as thoseby Weber and Stoney (1986), Rocheleau, Weber, and Field-Juma (1988), or Young(1989) are recommended for detailed information on propagation and silviculturaltechniques. For information on silviculture, the reader is referred to a goodsilvicultural textbook such as Smith (1986).

87

PROFILES

TABLE 5.1Species Highly Valued by Local People, Haying Multiple Uses

and Suitable for Planting

Acacia albida IF AlbidalAcacia lahalAcacia me/JiferaAcacia niloticaAcacia polyacanthaAcacia tortilisAdansonia digitataAfzelia quanzensisAlbizia gummiferaAlbizia petersianaAlbizia schimperanaAlbizia versicolorAnnona senegalensisAzanza garckeanaBalan/tes aegyptiacaBerchemia discolorBrachystegia spiciformisBreonadia salicinaBridelia micranthaBurkea africanaCassipourea malosanaCombretum adenogonium*Combretum molleCommiphora africanaCommiphora eminii

Commiphora ugogoensisCordia africanaCordia sinensisCro ton macrostachyusCroton megalocarpusDalbergia arbutifoliaDalbergia melanoxylonDichrostachys cinereaDiospyros mespiliformisEntada abyssinicaErythrina abyssinicaEuphorbia tirucalliFaurea salignaRcus sycomorusFicus thqnningiiRacourtia indicaGrewia bicolorGrewia platycladaJuniperus proceraKhaya anthothecaLonchocarpus capassaMarkhamia obtusifoliaMarkhamia zanzibaricaMilicia excelsaOcotea usambarensis

* = Species profiles are presented in Section 5.4.

Olea capensisOlea europaeaOxytenanthera abyssinicaParinari curatellifollaPodocarpus latifoliusPterocarpus angolensisRauvoffla caffraSalvadora persicaStrophanthus eminllStrychnos cocculoidesSyzygium guineenseTamarindus indica *Teclea nobilisTerminalia sericeaTrama orientalisTrichilia emeticaUapaca kirkianaVangueria infaustaVangueria.madagascariensis °Vitex donianaVitex payosWarburgia salutarisXeroderris stuhlmanniiXimenia americansXimenia caffra

PROFILES

5. Species Profiles

5.1 Introduction

This section contains information about the propagation, care, and management of selected indigenous trees that were identified during the formal survey as having highly valued forest tree products and potential for planting in Tanzania. (Refer to Table 5.1.) It includes, to the extent possible, information on local management and propagation techniques. This information is integrated into a species profile which also includes uses (presented in Section 5.4).

A brief summary of propagation techniques is found in Section 5.2. Since space limits the amount of information that can be included, reference texts such as those by Weber and Stoney (1986), Rocheleau, Weber, and Field-Juma (1988), or Young (1989) are recommended for detailed information on propagation and silvicultural techniques. For information on silviculture, the reader is referred to a good silvicultural textbook such as Smith (1986).

TABLE 5.1 Species Highly Valued by Local People, Having Multiple Uses

and Suitable for Planting

Acacia albida (F. Albida)' Commiphora ugogoensis Acacia lahai Cordia africana • Acacia mellifera • Acacia ni/otica • Acacia po/yacantha Acacia torti/is' Adansonia digitata .. Afza/ia quanzensis .. A/bizia gummifera .. A/bizia petersiana Albizia schimperana .. A/bizia varsic%r .. Annona sanoga/ensis .. Azanza garckeana .. Ba/anites aegyptiaca .. Borchemia discolor .. Brachystegia spiciformis • Breonadia sa/icina • Brido/ia micrantha • Burkea alricana .. Cessipouroa malosana .. Combretum adenogonium" Combretum molle .. Commiphora alricana • Commiphora ominii "

Cordia sinensis • Croton macrostachyus Croton mega/ocarpus .. Da/bergia erbutifo/ia Da/bergia me/anoxy/on • Dichrostachys cinerea .. Diospyros mespiliformis .. Entsda abyssinics .. Erythrina abyssinica .. Euphorbia tirucalli .. Faures saligna Rcus sycomorus .. Rcus thanning/i' • Racourtia indica .. Grawia bie%r • Grewia p/atyc/ada Juniperus procora .. Khaya anthotheca • Lonchocarpus capassa • Markhamia obtusifo/ia • Markhamia zanzibarica Milicia exee/sa • Ocotea usambarensis •

Olea capensis .. Olea europaea .. Oxytenanthers abyssinica • Parinari curatollifolia .. Podocarpus /stifo/ius Pterocarpus ang%nsis .. Rauvolfia caffrs " Salvsdors persics • Strophanthus eminii Strychnos cocculoidos .. Syzygium guinoonsa .. Tsmarindus indica .. Toc/ea nobi/is .. T orminalis soricos .. Trema orients/is " Trichilia emetics • Uapscs kirkiana .. Vangueria infsusts Vanguoria,madsgsscariensis • Vitex donians • Vitex payos Warburgia sa/utsris " Xeroderris stuh/mannii Ximenia smericens • Ximenie ceffre •

• = Species profiles are presented in Section 5.4,

87


Silvicultural and management information about species indigenous to East Africa issketchy and somewhat difficult to fmd. Little research has been done on theirpropagation and ecology, in contrast to many well-known exotic species. Somespecies that were identified by survey respondents as having valuable multiple usessuch as Berchemia discolor, Breonadia spp., and Oxytenanthera abyssinica, arepoorly researched or undocumented. Other species like Tamarindas indica and Acacianilotica are well re-searched, and a good deal of information already exists on theirpropagation and management. Consequently, the species profiles presented in thissection are somewhat uneven, with some species having considerable detail and othershaving relatively little.

In some cases considerable information exists for one species, but not for another inthe same genus, for example Acacia nilotica and Acacia mellifera. Readers may wishto experiment by trying techniques described for a related species, but with the caveatthat what works for one may not work for another. In these cases trial and error isthe only way to determine effective techniques.

88

INDIGENOUS MUL nPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

Silvicultural and management information about species indigenous to East Africa is sketchy and somewhat difficult to find. Little research has been done on their propagation and ecology, in contrast to many well-known exotic species. Some species that were identified by survey respondents as having valuable multiple uses such as Berchemia discolor, Breonadia spp., and Oxytenanthera abyssinica, are poorly researched or undocumented. Other species like Tamarindus indica and Acacia nilotica are well researched, and a good deal of information already exists on their propagation and management. Consequently, the species profiles presented in this section are somewhat uneven, with some species having considerable detail and others having relatively little.

In some cases considerable information exists for one species, but not for another in the same genus, for example Acacia nilotica and Acacia mellifera. Readers may wish to experiment by trying techniques described for a related species, but with the caveat that what works for one may not work for another. In these cases trial and error is the only way to determine effective techniques.

88

5.2 Propagation and Management Techniques

Collecting and Storing Seeds

Seeds should be collected from healthy, vigorous trees that are middle-aged. Ingeneral, large seeds germinate better and produce larger seedlings than small seeds.However, all seeds should be clean, dry, and free from insects. They can be storedin baskets, gunny bags, or boxes if air is allowed to circulate freely around thecontainer and should be checked periodically for insect infestation. Seeds vary in thelength of time that they remain viable, or are able to germinate. Stored seed fromsome species may keep for several years. However, it is best to use fresh seed whenplanting.

Preparing Seeds for Planting

Many tree seeds must undergo a period of dormancy before they will germinate.There are 2 types of dormancy: physical and physiological. By pretreating seeds invarious ways it is possible to overcome both forms of dormancy. Physical dormancyoccurs in seeds vvith protective seed coats. It ends when the seed coat is somehowopened by a process of mechanical abrasion, nicicing, soaking in hot water or acid, orby passing through the intestines of a bird or animal (scarification).

There are several methods of pretreating see,d by scarification:

use sand paper to scratch the hull (this can be time consuming);mix the seeds in a container with wet coarse sand and shake the container;use fingernail clippers to crack or nick the seed, being careful not to clip theseed germ;immerse the seeds in an acid bath for a few seconds be careful to storeacid solutions very securely (Weber and Stoney 1986).

Physiological dormancy takes place in seeds that have not yet digested the fats,proteins, and other substances stored in the seed. These substances must be brokendown into sugars and amino acids that can be absorbed by the embryo before the seedwill germinate. Seeds with physiological donnancy are still immature and unripe, butcan be treated in a way that promotes respiration in the seed (stratification), such asexposing the seed to a change in light or temperature.

To pretreat seed by stratification:

bring water to a boil in a suitable container;remove from heat and let stand for 5 minutes;add the seeds and let them soak overnight;plant the seeds the next day (Weber and Stoney 1986).

PROFILES

89

PROFILES

5.2 Propagation and Management Techniques

Collecting and Storing Seeds

Seeds should be collected from healthy, vigorous trees that are middle-aged. In general, large seeds germinate better and produce larger seedlings than small seeds. ~owever, all seeds should be clean, dry, and free from insects. They can be stored in baskets, gunny bags, or boxes if air is allowed to circulate freely around the container and should be checked periodically for insect infestation. Seeds vary in the length of time that they remain viable, or are able to germinate. Stored seed from some species may keep for several years. However, it is best to use fresh seed when planting.

Preparing Seeds for Planting

Many tree seeds must undergo a period of dormancy before they will germinate. There are 2 types of dormancy: physical and physiological. By pretreating seeds in various ways it is possible to overcome both forms of dormancy. Physical dormancy OCC'UJ'S in seeds with protective seed coats. It ends when the seed coat is somehow opened by a process of mechanical abrasion, nicking, soaking in hot water or acid, or by passing through the intestines of a bird or animal (scarification).

There are several methods of pretreating seed by scarification:

.. use sand paper to scratch the hull (this can be time consuming);

.. mix the seeds in a container with wet coarse sand and shake the container;

.. use fingernail clippers to crack or nick the seed, being careful not to clip the seed germ;

.. immerse the seeds in an acid bath for a few seconds - be careful to store acid solutions very securely (Weber and Stoney 1986).

Physiological dormancy takes place in seeds that have not yet digested the fats, proteins, and other substances stored in the seed. These substances must be broken down into sugars and amino acids that can be absorbed by the embryo before the seed will germinate. Seeds with physiological dormancy are still immature and unripe, but can be treated in a way that promotes respiration in the seed (stratification), such as exposing the seed to a change in light or temperature.

To pretreat seed by stratification:

.. bring water to a boil in a suitable container;

.. remove from heat and let stand for 5 minutes;

.. add the seeds and let them soak overnight; It plant the seeds the next day (Weber and Stoney 1986).

89


Little research has been done on the subject of physiological dormancy of treesindigenous to Tanzania. Table 5.2 lists expected dormancy for selected nativespecies.

Propagation by Seed

Seedbeds or containers should be prepared by watering frequently in small amountsfor about 2 weeks before planting. Weeds that sprout during this time should beremoved. Spacing is determined by the expected germination rate. Spacing of seedsis closer if germination is expected to be low. Conversely, if seed is fresh andgermination is expected to be high, plants should be spaced further apart. WhereImown, information on recommended spacing is provided in the species profiles.

Vegetative Propagation

Some trees do not produce viable seed and must be propagated vegetatively, such ascertain kinds of bananas, figs, and oranges. Other species, such as Euphorbia, maybe more successfully propagated by cuttings than by seed.

90


Little research has been done on the subject of physiological dormancy of trees indigenous to Tanzania. Table 5.2 lists expected dormancy for selected native species.

Propagation by Seed

Seedbeds or containers should be prepared by watering frequently in small amounts for about 2 weeks before planting. Weeds that sprout during this time should be removed. Spacing is determined by the expected germination rate. Spacing of seeds is closer if germination is expected to be low. Conversely, if seed is fresh and germination is expected to be high, plants should be spaced further apart. Where known, information on recommended spacing is provided in the species profiles.

Vegetative Propagation

Some trees do not produce viable seed and must be propagated vegetatively, such as certain kinds of bananas, figs, and oranges. Other species, such as Euphorbia, may be more successfully propagated by cuttings than by seed.

90

PROFILES

Vegetative propagation consists of several methods including cuttings, root cuttings,and grafting. In East Africa the most common form of vegetative propagation is bycuttings. Cuttings should be taken from young, vigorous shoots or suckers from ahealthy, mature tree. Depending on the species, the cuttings can be placed either in apot filled with water, or directly into a trench which is kept moist. After a period oftime the shoot will produce roots, and it can then be transplanted to a permanent site.

Cuttings from roots is another method of vegetative propagation, whereby roots aredug up, removed from the plant, and cut into pieces. Buds will form and produce ashoot and new root system. However, this method is uncommon. For furtherinformation about vegetative propagation, see a textbook such as Hartmann and Kester(1983).

Seedling Nurseries

In a nursery many small seedlings can be sheltered and inten,sively cared for in asmall space as nurseries can provide access to water, protection from grazing animals,and shade. Nurseries should be located near a reliable water source and on levelground. Seedlings can be grown either in beds or in containers such as cans, plasticpots or bags, or in pots made from local materials such as banana leaves. Se-edlingsshould be weeded every 10 days. Different species will require various amounts of

91

TABLE 5.2

Selected Tanzanian Species Posing Germination Problemsand Their Expected Dormancy

Species Physical DormancV Physiological DormancV

Acacia albidaAcacia tortilisAlbizia schimperanaBorassus aethiopumCatha edulisClutia abyssinicaCordia africanaKigelia africanaMaesopsis eminiiMelia yolkensllSclerocarya caffraSyzygium guineenseTrema guineenseTrichina emeticaVangueria infaustaWarburgia salutarisZizyphus mauritiana

Adapted from Shehaghilo 1990.

TABLE 5.2

Selected Tanzanian Species Posing Germination Problems and Their Expected Dormllncy

Species

Acacia a/bida Acacia torti/is A/bizia schimperana Borassus aethiopum Catha edu/is C/utia abyssinica Cordia africana Kige/ia africana Maesopsis eminii Me/ia vo/kensii Sc/erocarya caffra Syzygium guineense Trama guineense Trichilia emetica Vangueria infausta Warburgia sa/utaris Zizyphlis mauritiana

Physical Dormancy Physiological Dormancy

•

•

•

• •

• •

PROFILES

Adapted from Shehaghilo 1990.

Vegetative propagation consists of several methods including cuttings, root cuttings, and grafting. In East Africa the most common form of vegetative propagation is by cuttings. Cuttings should be taken from young, vigorous shoots or suckers from a healthy, mature tree. Depending on the species, the cuttings can be placed either in a pot filled with water, or directly into a trench which is kept moist. After a period of time the shoot will produce roots, and it can then be transplanted to a permanent site.

Cuttings from roots is another method of vegetative propagation, whereby roots are dug up, removed from the plant, and cut into pieces. Buds will form and produce a shoot and new root system. However, this method is uncommon. For further information about vegetative propaga~ion, see a textbook such as Hartmann and Kester (1983).

Seedling Nurseries

In a nursery many small seedlings can be sheltered and intensively cared for in a small space as nurseries can provide access to water, protection from grazing animals, an<,l shade. Nurseries should be located near a reliable water source and on level ground. Seedlings can be grown either in beds or in containers such as cans, plastic pots or bags, or in pots made from local materials such as banana leaves. Seedlings should be weeded every 10 days. Different species will require various amounts of

91


time in the nursery, depending on their rate of growth and other conditions. Beforethe seedlings are outplanted they should be hardened off by gradually reducing theamount of water and shade for a few weeks beforehand. Weak, diseased, undersized,or overgrown seedlings should be culled-.

Tending of Trees and Stands

Seedlings should be outplanted at the beginning of the rainy season to ensure anadequate water supply, and watered immediately after they are planted. Thereafter,hand watering may be needed if rainfall is inadequate. Weeding is essential to givethe seedlings adequate light and air circulation, and to prevent competition fornutrients from weeds. As the trees grow, thinning may be needed to reducecompetition for light and nutrients, and to remove weak or diseased trees.

Pruning and pollarding are 2 other widespread management practice,s used by farmersin TanTania. PoHarding is a harvesting technique by which selected branches and thetop of the tree are cut, often for fuelwood. This technique allows control over theheight of the tree, whereas pruning controls lateral growth. Pruning can also be usedto control the release of nutrients and improve productivity, for example in fruit trees.It is preferable to tmdertake these operations during or at the end of the dry season inorder to facilitate healing and encourage new shoots and branches to grow during therainy season.

92

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES of TANZANIA

time in the nursery, depending on their rate of growth and other conditions. Before the seedlings are outplanted they should be hardened off by gradually reducing the amount of water and shade for a few weeks beforehand. Weak, diseased, undersized, or overgrown seedlings should be culled.

Tending of Trees and Stands

Seedlings should be outplanted at the beginning of the rainy season to ensure an adequate water supply, and watered immediately after they are planted. Thereafter, hand watering may be needed if rainfall is inadequate. Weeding is essential to give the seedlings adequate light and air circulation, and to prevent competition for nutrients from weeds. All the trees grow, thinning may be needed to reduce competition for light and nutrients, and to remove weak or diseased trees.

Pruning and pollarding are 2 other widespread management practices used by farmers in Tanzania. Pollarding is a harvesting technique by which selected branches and the top of the tree are cut, often for fuelwood. This technique allows control over the height of the tree, whereas pruning controls lateral growth. Pruning can also be used to control the release of nutrients and improve productivity, for example in fruit trees. It is preferable to undertake these operations during or at the end of the dry season in order to facilitate healing and encourage new shoots and branches to grow during the rainy season.

92

5.3 Local Vegetative Propagation and Tree TendingTecluiiques

Local management and propagation techniques range from retaining certain tree,s inthe shcunba and around the home compound, to propagating and actively managingand tending selected trees or groups of trees. (Table 5.3 lists identified indigenousspe,cies that have been propagated in Tanmnia by farmers.)

Preliminary findings from a study undertaken by Kajembe (1992) indicate that themost complex spatial arrangements were found in home gardens and that simplerplanting patterns were found away from the homestead and on farmland. Further,exotic tree species tend to be more prominent in zonal arrangements, whereasindigenous trees often grow naturally among crops or fallows. Findings from theformal survey show that indigenous trees tend to be planted around the homecompound or, in areas where farmers are concerned about soil improvement or waterretention, and where retained or protected trees have been cut.

A variety of propagation methods is used depending on the species and the techniqueslcnown by the farmer. Those identified during the survey include:

direct sowing, for example, guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangiferaindica), and Pterocarpus angolensis;

vegetative propagation by cuttings, for example, Acacia tortilis, Commiphoraafricana, Commiphora ugogoensis, Euphorbia tirucalli, Ficus sycomorus,Ficus thonningii, and Grewia piatyclada;

vegetative propagation by suckers, for example, Albizia schimperana,Juniperus procera, Ocotea usambarensis, Olea capensis, Podocarpuslatifolius, Vangueria infausta;

transplanting vvildlings, for example, Acacia tortilis, Albizia schimperana,Commiphora africana, Commiphora ugogoensis, Ficus thonningii, Ocoteausambarensis;

coppicing in order to produce new shoots from stumps that have been cut, forexample Acacia spp..

Weeding, protection and watering were the most frequent management techniquesidentified by survey respondents. However, many farmers indicated that onceplanted, the tree received no after c,are until pruning or harvesting. Managementpractices seen in the field included putting ripe, fresh melons at the base of newseedlings (in this case pawpaw) to provide water and nutrients to young plants,placing thorny Acacia branche,s around young se,edlings to protect them from cattlegrazing, weeding around the plant, and in a few cases watering individual trees.

93

PROfILES

5.3 Local Vegetative Propagation and Tree Tending Techniques

PROfiLES

Local management and propagation techniques range from retaining certain trees in the shamba and around the home compound, to propagating and actively managing and tending selected trees or groups of trees. (Table 5.3 lists identified indigenous species that have been propagated in Tanzania by farmers.)

Preliminary findings from a study undertaken by Kajembe (1992) indicate that the most complex spatial arrangements were found in home gardens and that simpler planting patterns were found away from the homestead and on farmland. Further, exotic tree species tend to be more prominent in zonal arrangements, whereas indigenous trees often grow naturally among crops or fallows. Findings from the formal survey show that indigenous trees tend to be planted around the home compound or, in areas where farmers are concerned about soil improvement or water retention, and where retained or protected trees have been cut.

A variety of propagation methods is used depending on the species and the techniques known by the farmer. Those identified during the survey include:

.. direct sowing, for example, guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica), and Pterocarpus angolensis;

.. vegetative propagation by cuttings, for example, Acacia torti/is, Commiphora africana, Commiphora ugogoensis, Euphorbia tirucalli, Ficus sycomorus, Ficus thonningii, and Grewia platyclada;

.. vegetative propagation by suckers, for example, Albizia schimperana, Juniperus procera, Ocotea usambarensis, Olea capensis, Podocarpus latifolius, Vangueria infausta;

.. transplanting wildlings, for example, Acacia tortilis, Albizia schimperana, Commiphora africana, Commiphora ugogoensis, Ficus thonningii, Ocotea usambarensis;

.. coppicing in order to produce new shoots from stumps that have been cut, for example Acacia spp ..

Weeding, protection and watering were the most frequent management techniques identified by survey respondents. However, many farmers indicated that once planted, the tree received no after care until pruning or harvesting. Management practices seen in the field included putting ripe, fresh melons at the base of new seedlings (in this case pawpaw) to provide water and nutrients to young plants, placing thorny Acacia branches around young seedlings to protect them from cattle grazing, weeding around the plant, and in a few cases watering individual trees.

93


Acacia albida (F. albida)Acacia niloticaAcacia tortilisAdansonia digitataAfzelia quanzensisAlbizia gummiferaAlbizia schimperanaAnnona senegalensisBrachystegia spiciformisBreonadia salicinaBridelia micranthaCommiphora africanaCommiphora ugogoensisCordia africanaCroton macrostachyus

TABLE 5.3Planted Indigenous Species

Cro ton megalocarpusDalbergia melanoxylonEuphorbia tirucalliRcus sycomorusRcus thonningiiRacourtia indicaGrewia bicolorGrewia platycladaJuniperus proceraKigelia africanaLonchocarpus capassaOca tea usambarensisOlea capensisOlea europaeaOxytenanthera abyssinica

Podocarpus latifoliusPterocarpus angolensisRauvolfia caffraStrophanthus eminliSyzygium guineenseTamarindus indicaTeclea nobilisTerminaba sericeaTrama orientalisUapaca kirklanaVangueria infaustaVitex payosXimenia caffra

Pruning was also mentioned as a silvicultural technique by a few respondents, but theystated that they did not undertake it to specifically improve productivity.

94


Acacia albida (F. albida) Acacia nilotica Acacia tortilis Adansonia digitata Afzalia quanzensis Albizia gummifara Albizia schimparana Annona senegalensis Brachystegia spiciformis Breonadia salicina Bridelia micrantha Commiphora africana Commiphora ugogoensis Cordia africana Croton macrostachyus

TABLE 5.3 Planted Indigenous Species

Croton megalocarpus Dalbergia melanoxylon Euphorbia tiruca"i Rcus sycomorus Rcus thonningii Racourtia indica Grewia bieolor Grewia platyclada Juniperus pro cera Kigelia afrlcana Lonchocarpus capassa Ocotea usambarensis Olea capensis Olea europaea Oxytenarlthera abyssinica

Podocarpus latifolius Pterocarpus angolensis Rauvolfia caffra Strophanthus eminii Syzygium guineense Tamarindus indica Teclea nobilis Terminalia sericea Trema orientalis Uapaca kirkiana Vanguerla infausta Vitex payos Ximenia· caffra

Pruning was also. mentio.ned as a silvicultural technique by a few respondents, but they stated that they did no.t undertake it to. specifically improve pro.ductivity~

94

5.4 Species Profiles

Species profiles are presented in Se,ction 5.4. An asterix 0 is used to identify thosespecies recommende,d for planting schemes by foresters in Tanzania

SPECIES RROHLES

95

SPECIES PRORLES

5.4 Species Profiles

Species profiles are presented in Section 5.4. An asterix (') is used to identify those species recommended for planting schemes by foresters in Tanzania.

95


ACACIA ALBIDA*

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is widespread in semiarid areas ofAfrica on a wide range of soil types and withinvarying climates and habitats. Mean annualtemperatures range frorn 15 to 25 degrees C,but are usually over 20 degrees C. It preferssemiarid, alluvial, riverine zones anddepressions with water present below thesurface (Forest Division 1984). A. albida isfound in Kilimanjaro, Arusha, Tanga, Mbeya,lringa, Dodoma, Tabora, and Ruvuma. Prefersdrier areas with a high water table (Teel1984).

96

'

.2066250.

Maximum Hainfall (mm) 1800

.

MaXi.MUM:tainjiiiratiii. (C) . 42:'

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Favours coarse-textured,alluvial soils (loamy, sandy) and well-drainedsoils. Avoids heavy clays (FAO 1988). Ittolerates a range of soils, seasonalwaterlogging, and slight salinity.

Ught Requirements : Strongly demanding.


ACACIA ALBIDA *

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is widespread in semiarid areas of Africa on a wide range of soil types and within varying climates and habitats. Mean annual temperatures range from 15 to 25 degrees C, but .are usually over 20 degrees C. It prefers semiarid, alluvial, riverine zones and depressions with water present below the surface (Forast Division 1984). A. albida is found in Kilimanjaro, Arusha, Tanga, Mbeya, Iringa, Dodoma, Tabora, and Ruvuma. Prefers drier areas with a high water table (Teel 1984).

96

REQUIREMENTS

6-9' 6.

4:Z

Soil Requiremente : Favours coarse-textured, alluvial soils (loamy, sandy) and well-drained soils. Avoids heavy clays (FAO 1988). It tolerates a range of soils, seasonal waterlogging, and slight salinity.

Ught Requlremente : Strongly demanding.

Influential Factors : Develops a massive rootsystem with a deep tap root, allowing goodgrowth in areas with rainfall as low as 300mm if roots have access to the water table.For optimal growth and biomass production itrequires a high water table. Teel (1984)reports that in Kenya without a water tablecloser than 7 m to the surface it is not worthplanting. It is slightly tender to frost (Palmerand Pitman 1972).

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Direct sowing ofpretreated seed, or nursery seedlings.Coppicing.

Seeds per kg : 15000Germination Rete (%) : SOGemination Length : 14-28 days treatedSeed Sources : 1500 TSH per kg - TanzaniaNational Seed Centre 1991/92.

Seed Treatments : A large tree in a good yearbears about 1 tonne of pods (Palmer andPitman, 1972). Pods are large and twisted,about 10 x 2.5 cm, and do not burst open.They can be collected directly from the tree orfrom the ground.

Seeds ripen in January. Remove seeds fromthe pod and winnow. Seed stores well andmay be kept almost indefinitely in a coolinsect free place. Pretreatment is needed tobreak dormancy. These methods arerecommended: soaking in hot water for 24hours, soaking in concentrated sulphuric acidfor 20 minutes (Nwoboshi 1982), or scarifyingor nicking the hull. Plant directly aftertreatment. Germination is good and initialgrowth is quite fast (Teel 1984).

Seedling Management : Seedlings cannot bedug up and transplanted from the wildbecause of the long tap root. Success hasbeen reported by sowing seed directly into thesoil (Nwoboshi 1982). Direct sowing can beused by putting 3 to 4 seeds in well-cultivatedspots at the start of the rains, on a wellprotected site. Planted seedlings tend to havehigher survival rates. Since the tap rootestablishes rapidly, seedlings should be

97

ACACIA ALBIDA*(FAIDHERBIA ALBIDA)

LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)

planted in large pots closed at the base and betransplanted while young, between 10 and 14weeks after sowing (FAO 1988). Rootpruning may be necessary before planting.Von Maydell (1986) suggests that seedlingsshould be transplanted to the final destination3 to 7 months after sowing.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : A. albida is a deciduous tree,and drops its leaves at the onset of the rainyseason. The leaves rapidly decompose torelease nutrients at the time when youngplants most need them. The tree remainsleafless and does not cast enough shade toadversely affect crop grown beneath (ForestDivision 1984). It is appropriate for dry landagroforestry in regions of 650 mm annualrainfall or 300 mm if deep ground water isavailable (FAO, 1988). In Muvumi division 30km south of Dodoma, A. albida, Adansoniadigitate, and Acacia tortilis form an essentialcomponent of the farming system.

It is recommended for the interior lowlandzone as an alternative to Leucaenaleucocephala for maintaining soil fertility inmaize fields. In the semiarid zone it isrecommended as a suitable tree in valleys withfood crops. Livestock also can feed on thefoliage and fruit in the dry season (ForestDivision 1984).

Growth Factors : Slow initial growth butaccelerates once taproot reaches groundwater (Forest Division 1984).

Growth Cycle : In 8 to 10 years it can exceed10m in height and 10 cm in diameter dbh(Forest Division 1984). Its lifespan is between80 and 100 years.

Management Systems : Wide spacing of atleast 5x5 m, up to 10x10 m, is recommendedto allow for intercropping with agriculturalcrops such as sorghum, cowpeas, or millet ata density of 100 trees per hectare. Pruning inthe second year, to about half the tree'sheight may be needed to control low widehorizontal branching (Forest Division 1988).

Influential Factors : Develops a massive root system with a deep tap root, allowing good growth in areas with rainfall as low as 300 mm if roots have access to the water table. For optimal growth and biomass production it requires a high water table. Teel (1984) reports that in Kenya without a water table closer than 7 m to the surface it is not worth planting. It is slightly tender to frost (Palmer and Pitman 1972)~

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Direct sowing of pretreated seed, or nursery seedlings. Coppicing.

Se~$ >p~r kg. :<i>:. ,·lsqo.q Germinatjoii>Rate (%) :~O

. Germination Length: .. 14-2S days treated S.eed.SoUr.c6s:,SOO.'rSHperkg~Taiizaliia·

> National Seedpentre1991/92. . .....

Seed Treatmente : A large tree in a good year bears about 1 tonne of pods (Palmer and Pitman, 1972). Pods are large and twisted, about 10 x 2.S cm, and do not burst open. They can be collected directly from the free or from the ground.

Seeds ripen in January. Remove seads from the pod and winnow. Seed stores well and may be kept almost indefinitely in a cool insect free place. Pretreatment is needed to break dormancy. These methods are recommended: soaking in hot water for 24 hours, soaking in concentrated sulphuric acid for 20 minutes (Nwoboshi 1982), or scarifying or nicking the hull. Plant directly aftar treatment. Germination is good and initial growth is quite fast (Teel 1984).

Seedling Management: Seedlings cannot be dug up and transplanted from the wild because of t!:le long tap root. Success has been reported by sowing seed directly into the soil (Nwoboshi 1982). Direct sowing can be used by putting 3 to 4 seeds in well-cultivated spots at the start of the rains, on a well protected site. Planted seedlings tand to have higher survival rates. Since the tap root establishes rapidly, seedlings should be

97

ACACIA AlBIDA +

(FAIDHERBIA ALBIDA) LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)

planted in large pots closed at the base and be transplanted while young, between 10 and 14 weeks after sowing (FAO 1988). Root pruning may be necessary before planting. Von Maydell (1986) suggests that seedlings should be transplanted to the final destination 3 to 7 months after sowing.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: A. a/bida is a deciduous tree, and drops its leaves at the onset of the rainy season. The leaves rapidly decompose to release nutrients at the time when young plants most need them. The tree remains leafless and does not cast enough shade to adversely affect crop grown beneath (Forest Division 1984). It is appropriate for dry land agroforestry in regions of 650 mm annual rainfall or 300 mm if deep ground water is available (FAO, 1988). In Muvumi division 30 km south of Dodoma, A. a/bida, Adansonia digitata, and Acacia torti/is form an essential component of the farming system.

It is recommended for the interior lowland zone as an alternative to Leucaena /eucocepha/a for maintaining soil fertility in maize fields. In the semiarid zone it is recommended as a suitable tree in valleys with food crops. Livestock also can feed on the foliage and fruit in the dry season (Forest Division 1984).

Growth Factors: Slow initial growth but accelerates once taproot reaches ground water (Forest Division 1984).

Growth Cycle: In 8 to 10 years it cen exceed 10m in height and 10 cm in diameter dbh (Forest Division 1984). Its lifespan is between 80 and 100 yeers.

Management Systems: Wide spacing of at least 5x5 m, up to 10x10 m, is recommended to allow for intercropping with agricultural crops such as sorghum, cowpeas, or millet at a density of 100 trees per hectare. Pruning in the second year, to about half tha tree's height may be needed to control low wide horizontal branching (Forest Division 1988).


ACACIA ALBIDA

Young trees need to be protected fromlivestock for the first 5 to 8 years. Leaves canbe susceptible to various insects, caterpillars,and locusts.

It coppices readily, but may become invasive.When generated by coppicing, height growthis considerably more vigorous than afterseeding. Natural regeneration by seed ispossible but requires protection againstlivestock (Von Maydell 1986). Transplantingof wildlings is not recommended because oflong roots.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: FODDERLeaves and pods are used as fodder during therainy season, a time when few other sourcesof browse are available. It is reported thatcattle carrying capacity can double on landwith numerous A. albida trees. Since leavesare retained during the hot season it providesvaluable shade. It is estimated that a maturetree can supply up to 135 kg per year of seedpods (Watkins 1960).

98

Use #2 : MEDICINEA decoction of the bark or root is used forcoughing, fever, and diarrhoea; and the gum,bark, and leaves are used for diarrhoea,haemorrhage, and colds. Fruits are eaten tocontrol diarrhoea. The bark is sometimes usedto clean teeth and is believed to containfluorine (FAO 1988).

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENTIn parts of Dodoma region A. albida,Adansonia digitata, and Acacia tortllis areimportant parts of the farming system. A.albida is important as a source of nitrogen,and fallen leaves are important sources ofhumus. It is a good species to use inagroforestry for its ability to improve the soilbecause it drops its leaves at the beginning ofthe rainy season, providing nutrients to newlyestablished crops. Since it is leafless at thistime, shading of crops is not a problem.

OTHEFt USES : The fairly dense wood isfrequently attacked by fungus, borers, andtermites and is not as highly valued as that ofother Acacias, even though the wood is usedfor housing construction and fence posts. It isalso used for firewood and charcoal, though insome areas it is not highly regarded. Thewood has a calorific value of 4700 kcal per kgdry wood (Webb 1984).

INDIGENOUS MULnPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

ACACIA ALBIDA'

Young trees need to be protected from livestock for the first 5 to 8 years. Leaves Ciln be susceptible to various insects, caterpillars, and locusts.

It coppices readily, but may become invasive. When generated by coppicing, height growth is considerably more vigorous than after seeding. Natural regeneration by seed is possible but requires protection against livestock (Von Maydell 1986). Transplanting of wildlings is not recommended because of long roots.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : FODDER Leaves and pods are used as fodder during the rainy season, a time when few other sources of browse are available. It is reported that cattle carrying capacity can double on land with numarous A. a/bida trees. Since leaves are retained during the hot season it provides valuable shade. It is astimated that a mature tree can supply up to 135 kg per year of seed pods (Watkins 1960).

98

Use #2 : MEDICINE A decoction of the bark or root is used for coughing, fever, and diarrhoea; and the gum, bark, and le.aves are used for diarrhoea, haemorrhage, and colds. Fruits are eaten to control diarrhoea. The bark is sometimes used to clean teeth and is believed to contain fluorine (FAO 1988).

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENT In parts of Dodoma region A. a/bida, Adansonis digitata, and Acacia torti/is are important parts of the farming system. A. a/bids is important as a source of nitrogen, and fallen leaves ara important sources of humus. It is a gO'od species to use in agroforestry for its ability to improve the soi.1 because it drops its leaves at the beginning of the rainy season, providing nutrients to newly established crops. Since it is laafless at this time, shading of crops is not a problem.

OTHER USES: The fairly dense wood is frequently attacked by fungus, borers, and tenmites and is not as highly valued as that of other ACBciBS, even though the wood is used for housing construction and fence posts. It is also used for firewood and charcoal, though in some araas it is not highly regarded. The wood has a calorific value of 4700 kcal par kg dry wood (Webb 1984).

SPECIES PROFILES

99

SPECIES PROFILES

99

INDIGENOUS MULI1PURPOSE TFtEES OF TANZANIA

ACACIA MELLIFERA*

DISTRIBUTION

This shrub or tree under 7 m is found only inthe very driest savannas. Widespread in allarid areas of Tanzania including woodedgrasslands, Miombo woodlands, and salinethorn bushlands. It is found in Dodoma,Longodo Game Area, Kilimanjaro, LakeManyara, Morogoro, and Tanga (Rulangaranga1989). A. 'wafers prefers sites in dry bush,in clayey soils, and in stony soil (Pitman andPalmer 1972). It is found on rocky hill sideswith rainfall, or along seasonal water coursesmixed with other trees.

.4t-1

100

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Found on hard surfaced,sandy-clay soils and rocky hill sides. Growswell in black cotton soils (Westman, Draft).Prefers loamy soils (Von Maydell 1986).

Influential Factors : Can form denseimpenetrable thickets (Palgrave 1988).


ACACIA MELLIFERA *

DISTRIBUTION

This shrub or tree under 7 m is found only in the very driest sevannas. Widespread in all arid areas of Tanzania including wooded grasslands, Miombo woodlands, and saline thorn bushlands. It is found in Oodoma, Longodo Game Area, Kilimanjaro, Lake Manyara, Morogoro, and Tanga (Rulangaranga 1989). A. msllifsra prefers sites in dry bush, in clayey soils, and in stony soil (Pitman and Palmer 1972). It is found on rocky hill sides with rainfall, or along seasonal water courses mixed with other trees.

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Found on hard surfaced, sandy-clay soils and rocky hill sides. Grows well in black cotton soils (Westman, Draft). Prafers loamy soils (Von Maydell 1986).

Influentilll Factors : Can form densa impenetrable thickets (Palgrave 1988).

100

PROPAGATION

Means of Prcipagation : Direct sowing by seed,wildlings.

Seeds per. kg : 20000Seed Sources : 1500 TSH per kg - TanzaniaNational Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments : Pods are small, containing2 or 3 seeds each, and grow in abundance.To break dormancy soak in concentratedH2SO4 for 5 to 15 minutes (Von Carlowitz1986).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Live fences and boundaryplantings. It is recommended as anagroforestry species in Tanzania.

Growth Cycle Spreads rapidly.

Management Systems : Coppicing, though itwas reported by Dale and Greenway (1961)that it does not coppice well. It is a difficultspecies to kill with bark spray arboricides(Dale and Greenway 1961).

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: BUILDING MATERIALSIt is well-known as a durable material forconstruction, house building, and fencing. InDodoma it is used to make support poles forgrapes. It is termite resistant.

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe liquid of boiled bark is used to treatstomach problems, sterility, pneumonia,malaria, and syphilis (Rulangaranga 1989).

Use #3 : LIVE FENCEMakes very good live fences and hedges.Goats often browse the leaves which are highin protein (Von Maydell 1986).

101

ACACIA MELLIFERA*LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Direct sowing by seed. wildlings.

Seeds per kg : 20000 Seed Sources : 1500 TSH per kg - Tanzania National Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments: Pods are small. containing 2 or 3 seeds each. and grow in abundance. To break dormancy soak in concentrated H2S04 for 5 to 15 minutes (Von Carlowitz 1986).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Live fences and boundary plantings. It is recommended as an agroforastry species in Tanzania.

Growth Cycle : Spreads rapidly.

Management Systems: Coppicing. though it was reported by Dale and Greenway (1961) that it doas not coppice well. It is a difficult species to kill with bark spray arboricides (Dale and Greenway 1961).

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : BUILDING MATERIALS It is well-known as a durable material for construction. house building, and fencing. In Dodoma it is used to make support poles for grapes. It is termite resistant.

Use 112 : MEDICINE The liquid of boiled bark is used to treat stomach problems, sterility, pneumonia. malaria, and syphilis (Rulangaranga 1989).

Use #3 : LIVE FENCE Makes very good live fences and hedges. Goats often browse the leaves which are high in protein (Von Maydell 1986).

101

ACACIA MELLIFERA +



ACACIA NILOTICA*

DISTRIBUTION

Is one of the most widely distributed of theAcacias, and is tolerant of a range ofconditions. It prefers savannah sites includingwooded grasslands, Womb° woodlands,deciduous woodlands and costal bushland. A.nilotica is found in Dodoma, Tanga, Morogoro,Mbeya, Coast Region and Dar es Salaam(Rulangaranga 1989).

102

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Grows on sandy loamfine-textured soils, coastal sandy, rocky, soils,heavy clays, or black cotttm soils (RSCU1992). It is also found on loamy lateritic orcalcareous sites (Von Maydell 1986).


Influential Factors : Susceptible to fire, frost,and browsing by livestock. Tolerates seasonalflooding and thrives with a certain amount ofseasonal waterlogging (Teel 1984). Maturetrees are killed if flooding lasts more than 8months. It can withstand drought. Resistantto termites but liable to attack by variouswood borers and Bruchid beetles attack


ACACIA NILOTICA *

DISTRIBUTION

Is one of the most widely distributed of the Acacias, and is tolerant of a range of conditions. It prafers savanneh sites including wooded grasslands, Mambo woodlands, deciduous woodlands and costal bushland. A. nilotica is found in Dodoma, Tanga, Morogoro, Mbeya, Coast Ragion and Dar as Salaam (Rulangaranga 1989). .

Miiiimur.i{Allitili:i~lmj( ... . ... .. ... . .... :.0: :i'\.1aximum::AitiiUde(mH: . ... . .. ::::::::500: :Millimum::iiaJniainmm)!'::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~()(j::

.:.~:~Wi*·:;~~~l:Wl~KJ.··.·.··.· ..• ::·:::·:·::·::::::JI~:

REQUIREMENTS'

Soil Requirements: Grows on sandy loam fine-texturad soils, coastal sandy, rocky, soils, heavy clays, or black cotton soils (RSCU 1992). It is also found on loamy lateritic or calcere9us .sites (Von Mayde" 1986).

Ught Requirements: Strongly demanding.

Influential Factors: Susceptible to fire, frost, end browsing by livestock. Tolerates seasonal flooding and thrives with a certain amount of seasonal waterlogging (TeeI1984). Mature trees are killed if flooding lests more than 8 months. It can withstand drought. Rasistant to termitas but liable to attack by various wood borers and Bruchid beetles attack

102

seeds (Webb 1984). Can form thickets(Palgrave 1988).

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Direct sowing,cuttings, or nursery seedlings.

Seed Sources 1500 TSH per kg - TanzaniaNationat Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments : Pods are long andpendulous. They are mature after turningfrom green to black, and have a strong, fruitysmell. Each pod contains 10 to 15 seeds.The pods do not break open, but disintegrateon the ground. Collect seed pods from 5 to 7year old trees and dry in the sun. Separateseed from pods by beating with a stick andclean by winnowing. Separate also throughimmersion in water. Clean seed may bestored in gunny bags, tins, or baskets in a cooldry place. If stored in air tight containersthere is little loss in germination for up to 3years (Parkash 1991).

Fresh seeds need no pretreatment but olderseeds should be nicked and/or soaked for 24hours in water or in H2SO4 for 5 to 15 minutes(Von Carlowitz 1986, Teel 1984). Alternativemethods include keeping the seed in a moistcow dung-heap for 2 to 3 days or by feedingthe pods to sheep and goats and thencollecting the seed from their droppings.Treated seed should be planted promptly, andnot allowed to be stored nor become dry(Parkash 1991).

Seedling Management : Requires 14 to 18weeks in the nursery before outplanting,which should coincide with the rainy season(Weber and Stony 1986). Sow inpolyethylene pods in March or April, orpreferably, in situ. If direct sowing, place 3seeds per pit and thin out when 60 cm high.

103

ACACIA NILOTICA*LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Afforestation and enrichmentplanting. It is recommended for agroforestryin arid and semiarid areas and for erosioncontrol.

Growth Factors : Grows vigorously with awide ranging root system. It may becomeinvasive (Palmer and Pitman 1972). It ismedium to fast growing on good sites.Growth is rapid when soil moisture isadequate.

Growth Cycle : Short lived (Webb 1984).Long foliation during dry season (until end ofFebruary) indicates that it is desirable to havea high ground water table (Von Maydell1986).

Management Systems : Avoid excessivewatering. Seedlings are susceptible todamping off. Shading is necessary to preventsurface drying (Parkash 1991). May beoutplanted in pits 30 to 50 cm3 deep, spaced3x3 m or 4x4 m. Linear spacing is 5 to 10 m,such as along roadsides, using 1 year oldseedlings (Parkash 1991). Spacing of 2x2 mis also recommended. When young, this is agood intercropping species.

Regular thinning can be done on a 5 yearcycle in the 5', 10', and 20' years. Spacingbetween the trees should be roughly equal totheir height (Parkash.1991). Lopping andpollarding are also common managementtechniques.

Careful weed control in plantations isnecessary. Weeding is essential for 2 yearssince young plants do not compete well withgrasses or weeds. Plants should be protectedagainst flood inundations and stagnant waterduring the early years. Goats can causedamage in young forests so fencing of areasunder regeneration is essential. After about 1year, cattle do not cause much damage, andmay even help in keeping vegetation down.The area can be opened to cattle onceestablished.

Seeds per kg : 5000-10000Germination Rate (%) : 75-95Germination Length : 7 days

seeds (Webb 1984). Can form thickets (Palgrave 1988).

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Direct sowing, cuttings, or nursery seedlings.

,Seeds per kg: , 5000-10000 ,Germination Rate (%) : 75·95 Germination,Length : 7 days Seed Sources: '1500 TSH per kg - Tanzania National Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments: Pods are long and pendulous. Th'ey are mature after turning from green to black, and have a strong, fruity smell. Each pod contains 10 to 15 seeds. The pods do not break open, but disintegrate on the ground. Collect seed pods from 5 to 7 year old trees and dry in the sun. Separate seed from pods by beating with a stick and clean by winnowing. Separate also through immersion in water. Clean seed may be stored in gunny bags, tins, or baskets in a cool dry place. If stored in air tight containers there is little loss in germination for up to 3 years (Parkash 1991).

Fresh seeds need no pretreatment but older seeds should be nicked and/or soaked for 24 hours in water or in H2SO. for 5 to 15 minutes (Von Carlowitz 1986, Teel 1984). Alternative methods include keeping the seed in a moist cow dung-heap for 2 to 3 days or by feeding the pods to sheep and goats and then collecting the seed from their droppings. Treated seed should be planted promptly, and not allowed to be stored nor become dry (Parkash 1991).

Seedling Management: Requires 14 to 18 weeks in the nursery before outplanting, which should coincide with the rainy season (Weber and Stony 1986). Sow in polyethylene pods in March or April, or preferably, in situ. If direct sowing, place 3 seeds per pit and thin out when 60 cm high.

ACACIA NILOTICA" LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Afforestation and enrichment planting. It is recommended for agroforestry in arid and semiarid areas and for erosion control.

Growth Factors: Grows vigorously with a wide ranging root system. It may become invasive (Palmer and Pitman 1972). It is medium to fast growing on good sites. Growth is rapid when soil moisture is adequate.

Growth Cycle: Short lived (Webb 1984). Long foliation during dry season (until end of February) indicates that it is desirable to have a high ground water table (Von Maydell 1986).

Management Systems: Avoid excessive watering. Seedlings are susceptible to damping off. Shading is necessary to prevent surface drying (Parkash 1991). May be outplanted in pits 30 to 50 cm3 deep, spaced 3x3 m or 4x4 m. Unear spacing is 5 to 10m, such as along roadsides, using 1 year old seedlings (Parkash 1991). Spacing of 2x2 m is also recommended. When young, this is a good intercropping species.

Regular thinning can be done on a 5 year cycle in the 5'''. 10''', and 20'" years. Spacing between the trees should be roughly equal to their height (Parkash. 1991 ). Lopping and pollarding are also common management techniques.

Careful weed control in plantations is necessary. Weeding is essential for 2 years since young plants do not compete well with grasses or weods. Plants should be protected against flood inundations and stagnant water during the early years. Goats can cause damage in young forests so fencing of areas under regenerationis essential. After about 1 year, cattle do not cause much damage, and may even help in keeping vegetation down. Tha area can be opened to cattlC! onoe established.

103


ACACIA NILOTICA*

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: MEDICINEThe Gogo Tribe consider A. nilotica to be veryimportant for medicinal purposes and variousmedicinal uses are reported in the literature.Those mentioned specifically for Tanzaniainclude: juice from phloem strands is used fortreating sore throats, leaves are boiled in a teafor chest pain and pneumonia, and boiledroots are used for stomach problems(Rulangaranga 1989). Other uses mentionedinclude using powdered roots mixed withwater for toothaches, chest and stomachproblems and to cure gonorrhoea. The barkand leaves are also used to treat colds,diarrhoea and dysentery. A drink is preparedfrom the liquid of boiled bark.

Use #2 : FUELThe heartwood is especially valued for bothfirewood and charcoal. It has a calorific valueof 4950 kcal per kg.

The wood is dense, heavy, termite resistant,and water repellent (Teel 1984). It is used forfencing, tool handles, and boat construction.

Use #3 : FODDERPods, leaves, and shoots are importantsources of fodder. The leaves are reported tocontain up to 12% protein and 21% crudefibre (Westman Draft). In some parts of Indiait is one of the most valuable fodder treesproducing up to 80 kg of pods per year (VonMaydell 1986).

104

INDIGENOUS MUL nPIJRPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

ACACIA NILOTICA'

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINE The Gogo Tribe consider A. nilaticB to be very important for medicinal purposes and various medicinal uses are reported in the literature. Those mentioned specifically for Tanzania include: juice from phloem strands is used for treating sore throats, leaves are boiled in a tea for chest pain and pneumonia, and boiled roots are used for stomach problems (Rulangaranga 1989). Other uses mentioned include using powdered roots mixed with water for toothaches, chest and stomach problems and to cure gonorrhoea. The bark and leaves are also used to treat colds, diarrhoea and dysentery. A drink is prepared from the liquid of boiled bark.

Use #2: FUEL The heartwood is especially valued for both firewood and charcoal. It has a calorific value of 4950 kcal par kg.

The wood is dense, heavy, termite resistant, and water repellent (Teel 1984). It is used for

. fencing, tool handles, and boat construction.

Use #3 : FODDER Pods, leaves, and shoots are important sources of fodder. The leaves are reported to contain up to 12% protein and 21 % crude fibre (Westman Draft). In some parts of India it is one of the most valuable fodder trees producing up to 80 kg of pods per year (Von Maydell 1986).

104

SPECIES PROFILES

105

SPECIES PROFILES

105

INDiGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

ACACIA TORTILIS*

Wide ranging in arid and semiarid areas ofAfrica. It is reported in most parts ofTanzania, but is more frequent in the north(RSCU 1992). It is common in dry savannahsand bushland, on sandy soils, and whererainfall is low. The preferred temperature is20 to 25 degrees C with over 500 mm rainfall.

...

. tOinirrturn::Ternperoxpre:(C)

. . . . .

.Maximum Toniporature:.

106

Soil Requirements : Accepts a wide range ofsoils if well-drained and non-saline. Prefersdeep alkaline loams (RSCU 1992). It is alsofound on shallow soils and has colonizedsaline and gypseous soils (NFTA 1991).

\'..\»"Nk

pfii.agrINMWIF

11N. k _NA"

P0,1ri o :pp*

No. T?A

influential Factors : An extremely droughtresistant species which can tolerate longerratic dry seasons, with very high dailytemperatures. It can survive climates withless than 100 mm annual rainfall. Avoidseasonally waterlogged locations and thosewhere inundations occur. It forms a very deeptap root in sandy soils (NFrA 1991). It alsohas extensive, long, lateral, shallow roots andmay be blown over by strong winds. Youngtrees are susceptible to damage from frost and

DISTRIBUTION REQUIREMENTS


ACACIA TORTIUS *

DISTRIBUTION

Wide renging in arid and semiarid areas of Africa. It is reported in most parts of Tanzania, but is more frequent in the north (RSCU 1992). It is common in dry savannahs and bushland, on sandy soils, and where rainfall is low. The preferred temperature is 20 to 25 degrees C with over 500 mm rainfall.

Mitii~rri:Al~tu:d~j~)~ .. /. . .:.:.::. ..i;( /M8Ximum·Aitifud~jm1::: :-::.i ::-.. :- ... - : ·01·500:: :.MiriimumRSi;;faiHmffiy:/ . :·-jOo: :MiiidiTiumltii~i.8I(~rnii- : -lObe)--MinlmumT~r:TiPfjr:aw.re: ~G)_: -:i:20 Mai<!m~m"T~ili~~tcf: . : ... : ... ::56::

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirernants : Accepts a wide range of soils if well-drained and non-saline. Prefers deep alkaline loams (RSCU 1992). It is also found on shallow soils and has colonized saline and gypseous soils (NFTA 1991).

Influential Factors: An extremely drought resistant species which can tolerate long erratic dry seasons, with very high daily temperatures. It can survive climates with less than 100 mm annual rainfall. Avoid seasonally waterlogged locations and those where inundations occur. It forms a very deep tap root in sandy soils (NFTA 1991). It also has extensive, long, lateral, shallow roots and may be blown over by strong winds. Young trees are susceptible to damage from frost and

106

by grazing animals, although older trees canwithstand frosts and light grass fires (NFTA1991). Trees are susceptible to attack bycaterpillars, beetles and blight diseases(Parkash 1991). Bruchid beetles can destroyover 90% of seeds produced in a year.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seedlings, wildlings,but primarily by seed. Coppices vigorouslyand tolerates lopping of large limbs. Abundantdistribution though animal dung.

Seeds per kg : loam - 50000(half after winnowing)

Germination Rate (%) : 40 to 65Germination -Length : 40 daysSeed Sources : 1800 TSI-I per kg - TanzaniaNational Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments : Pods are small and verytwisted. Collect pods by picking or shakingfrom healthy trees before they open. Removeseeds from dry pods by trampling, or allowthem to open during dry storage. Seedsshould be cold stored in a dry, sealedcontainer. It will remain viable for longperiods. For even and high germinationsuccess, seeds need pretreatment.Pretreatment can be done by soaking in waterat room temperature for 24 hours; soaking inH2SO4 1 to 2 hours followed by washing andthen drying in the shade; or by soaking in hot(80 to 100 degrees C) water overnight. Teel(1984) reports that seeds are difficult topretreat, being both hard to nick andresponding poorly to soaking.

Germination in the nursery averages 25% andsurvival SO% (Parkash 1991). Oncegerminated, it grows and transplants well fromthe nursery (Teel 1984).

Seedling Management : Seed may be sowndirectly on site in mulched lines 5 m apart, orin patches (Parkash 1991). It is better toplant nursery-raised seedlings in containers inareas of erratic rainfall (Parkash 1991). Forcontainerized seedlings, sow 2 seeds per pot.Young seedlings are sensitive to hot winds.

107

ACACIA TORTILIS*LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : A. tortilis is a good shade treefor people and for silvipastoral agroforestryuses in arid areas. It is not good forintercropping or near farmland due to wide,shallow roots (Teel 1984). Useful for sanddune stabilization, shelterbelts along canalsand roads, and in sandy arid areas. It isrecommended for semiarid areas on sandysoils with low rainfall, for fuelwood production(Forest Division 1984). It is considered apromising species in Dodoma. Plantationshave been established in India.

Growth Factors.: Initially slow growthgenerally. The growth is relatively fast ifplanted with good seeds on good sites thatare well-managed.

Grovveh Cycle : Pods ready for livestock at theend of the dry season. For the production ofseed, fuel, and fodder, a rotation age of about10 years is recommended by Parkash (1991).It lives 100 to 150 years.

Limitations to Planting : Can become a weedand should be introduced with caution.Usually not planted near houses since it isvery thorny.

Management Systems : Containerizedseedlings may be planted at about 10 monthswhen 0.5 m to 1 m tall, in pits 60 cm'.Recommended spacing is 3x3 m to 5x5 m, onsites with deep, sandy soil (Parkash 1991).Young plants in plantations as well as naturalregeneration require protection from browsingfor 3 to 5 years. Mature plants tolerate heavybrowsing. Suppression of weed competitionis essential initially (Von Maydell 1986).

by grazing animals. although older trees can withstand frosts and light grass fires (NFT A 1991). Tree~ are susceptible to attack by caterpillars. beetles and blight diseases (Parkash 1991). Bruchid beetles can destroy over 90% of seeds produced in a year.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seedlings. wild lings. but primarily by seed. Coppices vigorously and tolerates lopping of large limbs. Abundant distribution though animal dung.

Seeds per kg : 10000 - 50000 . . .. (half after winriowing)

Germination Rate(%) : 40 to 65 Gerrilinaiion .t.ength: . 4O<days Seed Sources: :1809· TSH. per kg - Tanzania: Natiof)alSeed Centre 1991. .

Seed Treatments: Pods are small and very twisted. Collect pods by picking or shaking from healthy trees before they open. Remove seeds from dry pods by trampling. or allow them to open during dry storage. Seeds should be cold stored in a dry. sealed container. It will remain viable for long periods. For even and high germination success. seeds need pretreatment. Pretreatment can be done by soaking in water at room temperature for 24 hours; soaking in H2S04 1 to 2 hours followed by washing and then drying in the shade; or by soaking in hot (80 to 100 degrees C) water overnight. Teel (1984) reports that seeds are difficult to pretreat. being both hard to nick and responding poorly to soaking.

Germination in the nursery averages 25% and survival 50% (Parkash 1991). Once garminated. it grows and transplants well from the nursery (Teel 1984).

Seedling Management: Seed may be sown directly on site in mulched lines 5 m apart. or in patches (Parkash 1991). It is better to plant nursery-raised seedlings in containers in areas of erratic rainfall (Parkash 1991). For containerized seedlings. sow 2 seeds per pot. Young seedlings are sensitive to hot winds.

ACACIA TORTILlS* LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIOEAE)

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: A. torti/is is a good shade tree for people and for silvipastoral agroforestry uses in arid areas. It is not good for intercropping or near farmland due to wide. shallow roots (Teel 1984). Useful for sand dune stabilization. shelterbelts along canals and roads. and in sandy arid areas. it is recommended for semiarid areas on sandy soils with low rainfall. for fuel wood production (Forest Division 1984). It is considered a promising species in Oodoma. Plantations have been established in India.

Growth Factors. : Initially slow growth generally. The growth is relatively fast if planted with good seeds on good sites that are well-managed.

Growth Cycle: Pods ready for livestock at the end of the dry season. For the production of seed. fuel. and fodder. a rotation age of about 10 years is recommended by Parkash (1991). It lives 100 to 150 years.

Limitations to Planting: Can become a weed and should be introduced with caution. Usually not planted near houses since it is very thorny.

Management Systems : Containerized seedlings may be planted at about 10 months when 0.5 m to 1 m tall. in pits 60 cm3•

Recommended spacing is 3x3 m to 5x5 m. on sites with deep. sandy soil (Parkash 1991). Young plants in plantations as well as natural regeneration require protection from browsing for 3 to 5 years. Mature plants tolerate heavy browsing. Suppression of weed competition is essential initially (Von Mayde" 1986).

107


ACACIA TORTILIS

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: FUELProduces high quality firewood and charcoal(4400 kcal per kg) (Webb 1984). It is rarelyused for building or timber as it warps upondrying and is often infected with borers.

Use #2 : FODDERIt is an excellent source of fodder and plantscan survive heavy grazing. Pods are high inprotein (15 to 20%) and are eaten from theground by livestock and wildlife. Fruits are19% protein and are readily consumed (ForestDivision 1984). Leaves, new shoots,and seedlings are also browsed.

Use #3: FENCINGBranches have 2 types of thorns, short brownones and long white ones. Both thornybranches and posts are used as fencingmaterial.

OTHER USES : The thorns are also used asneedles and inner bark fibre is used for rope.

NOTES

In Indian field trials, it was found to be thefastest growing of the Acacias. Twelve yearold plantations at 3x3 m yielded 54 tonnes offuelwood per hectare and produced 900 kgsof fodder per hectare per year (Forest Division1984).

108


ACACIA TORTI LIS •

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : FUEL Produces high quality firewood and charcoal (4400 kcal per kg) (Webb 1984). It is rarely used for building or timber as it warps upon drying and is often infected with borers.

Use #2 : FODDER It is an excellent source of fodder and plants can survive heavy grazing. Pods are high in protein (15 to 20%) and are eaten from the ground by livestock and wildlife. Fruits are 19% protein and are readily consumed (Forest Division 1984). Leaves, new shoots, and seedlings are also browsed.

Use #3 : FENCING Branches have 2 types of thorns, short brown ones and long white ones. Both thorny branches and posts are used as fencing material.

OTHER USES: The thorns are also used as needles and inner bark fibre is used for rope.

NOTES

In Indian field trials, it was found to be the fastest growing of the Acacias. Twelve year old plantations at 3x3 m yielded 54 tonnes of fuel wood per hectare and produced 900 kgs of fodder per hectare per year (Forest Division 1984).

108

SPECIES PROFILES

109

SPECIES PROFILES

109


ADANSONIA DIGITATA*

DISTRIBUTION

Tolerates a wide range of vegetation typesincluding scrub, wooded savannah, hot, dryareas, and semiarid to subhumid tropics southof the Sahara. In Tanzania it grows from thecoast to 1250m (RSCU 1992). Prefers aridareas and well-drained sandy sites between450 and BOO m ¿boye sea level, with a rainfallof 300 to 500 mm per year (Palmer andPitman 1972).

0:500.:::

90150p

. 36

110

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers sandy topsoil overloams, but can tolerate poorly drained heavily-textured soils. Does not occur on deep sands.Tolerates both acid and calcareous soils (FAO1988).


Influential Factors : No serious pests ordiseases are known to affect the tree. A.digitate can host many noxious crop insects.It is deep rooted, drought sensitive, and fireresistant. It prefers a high water table (RSCU1992). The tree is often browsed byelephants.


ADANSONIA DIGIT AT A *

DISTRIBUTION

Tolerates a wide range of vegetation types including scrub, wooded savannah, hot, dry areas, and semiarid to sub humid tropics south of the Sahara. In Tanzania it grows from the coast to 1250 m (RSCU 1992). Prefers arid areas and well-drained sandy sites between 450 and 600 m above sea level, with 8 rainfall of 300 to 500 mm per year (Palmer and Pitman 1972).

. . ' .. -.... ... . , .. Minimum:Altnude.iinl:. ..i:r

:. MiI~ii;;\UfTtAltill:@e:iniii:: ... liro& .~iirtiiumRi!Ji\fiJ)rirn.mti: : .. <$<t .Malii~J'i~ir.d4Ij·(mmF~>:: <::··>1500 :MiriimiJ"{t~r.np:o:r8Wi:e:(c):r::::·> :.. .. ·····:2Q: :Maxin,umTemp8rature(Ci;.~:< . . ... :36

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Prefers sandy topsoil over loams, but can tolerate poorly drained heavilytextured soils. Does not occur on deep sands. Tolerates both acid and calcareous soils (FAD 1988).


Influential Factors: No serious pests or diseases are known to affect the tree. A. digitata can host many noxious crop insects . It is deep rooted, drought sensitive, and fire resistant. It prefers a high water table (RSCU 1992). The tree is often browsed by elephants.

110

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seedlings andcuttings.

Seeds per kg : 2500Seed Sources : 800 TSH per kg - TanzaniaNational Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments : Fruits are very large, 10 to26 cm long, and with a woody shell. Eachpod contains about 100 seeds with a thick,hard coat. Fruits should be collected fromhealthy trees. Break open and extract blackseeds inside, which ripen from December toFebruary. Put the seed in water and removeany that float. Some sources say seedtreatment is apparently unnecessary. Theonly effective pretreatment is to crack theseed coat, but this can damage the seed (Teel1984). Other recommended methods are toimmerse seed in boiling water, removeimmediately and let cool, or boil in water for 5to 7 minutes. Acid seed treatment could betried (Von Maydell 1986).

Seedling Management : Germination is poorand the seed coat can be easily damaged.The germination period is extremely variable,between 3 weeks and 6 months. Seeds maytake up to a year to germinate in the pot, butshould germinate well in the nursery whereadequate moisture can be provided regularly.In the wild, seeds are thought to germinateonly in exceptionally good rainy seasons.Attempts to propagate vegetatively arereported to have failed, and planting by seedmay be the only means of propagation. Seedsapparently keep their viability for years ifstored in a cool dry place (Palmer and Pitman1972).

111

ADANSONIA DIGITATA*BOMBACACEAE

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Found as isolated trees only,usually in or near settlements.

Growth Factors : Fairly fast growing once it isestablished (2 m height in 2 years and 12 mheight in 15 years) (FAO 1988). Growthvaries according to age, with young treesadding 30 cm per year in diameter, while oldertrees grow more slowly. Baobabs aresensitive to drought and even to a short dryseason. At such times girth may actuallydiminish in size (Palmer and Pitman 1972).

Growth Cycle : One of the longest living treesin the world (3000 years). Fruits are ediblefrom April through June; leaves are edible inOctober and November. Fruit is producedfrom 8 to 23 years onward (FAO 1988).

Limitations to Planting : Young trees are rarelyfound. Reasons may be due to the intensivebrowsing of young plants by livestock and theexcessive use of leaves for food by people(Von Maydell 1986). Elephants find the wholetree palatable up to 3 years of age.

Management Systems : Should betransplanted at the beginning of the rains.Optimal spacing is thought to be 20 to 30 mapart. Needs to be protected against fire andbrowsing until well-established (FAO 1988).

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seedlings and cuttings.

Seeds per kg : 2500 Seed Sources: 800 TSH per kg - Tanzania National Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments : Fruits are very large, 10 to 26 cm long, and with a woody shell. Each pod contains about 100 seeds with a thick, hard coat. Fruits should be collected from healthy trees. Break open and extract black seeds inside, which ripen from December to February. Put the seed in water and remove any that float. Some sources say seed treatment is apparently unnecessary. The only effective pretreatment is to crack the seed coat, but this can damage the seed (Teel 1984). Other recommended methods are to immerse seed in boiling water, remove immediately and let cool, or boil in water for 5 to 7 minutes. Acid seed treatment could be tried (Von Maydell 1986).

Seedling Management: Germination is poor and the seed coat can be easily damaged. The germination period is extremely variable, between 3 weeks and 6 months. Seeds may take up to a year to germinate in the pot, but should germinate well in the nursery where adequate moisture can be provided regularly. In the wild, seeds are thought to germinate only in eXoeptionally good rainy seasons. A ttempts to propagate vegetatively are reported to have failed, and planting by seed may be the only means of propagation. Seeds apparently keep their viability for years if stored in a cool dry place (Palmer and Pitman 1972).

111

ADANSONIA DIGITATA* BOMBACACEAE

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Found as isolated trees only, usually in or near settlements.

Growth Factors : Fairly fast growing onoe it is established (2 m height in 2 years and 12 m height in 15 years) (FAO 1988). Growth varies according to age, with young trees adding 30 em per year in diameter, while older trees grow more slowly. Baobabs are sensitive to drought and even to a short dry season. At suoh times girth may actually diminish in size (Palmer and Pitman 1972).

Growth Cyole : One of the longest living trees in the world (3000 years). Fruits are edible from April through June; leaves are edible in October and November. Fruit is produced from 8 to 23 yeers onward (FAO 1988).

Limitations to Planting: Young trees are rarely found. Reasons may be due to the intensive browsing of young plants by livestock and the excessive use of leaves for food by people (Von Maydell 1986). Elephants find the whole tree palatable up to 3 years of age.

Management Systems: Should be transplanted at the beginning of the rains. Optimal spacing is thought to be 20 to 30 m apart. Needs to be protected against fire and browsing until well-established (FAO 1988).


ADANSONIA DIGITATA`

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : FOODThe fruit, leaves, and flowers are veryimportant in terms of their nutritional value.Both the fruit and leaves are high in vitamin C.The seed and flower are high in protein, andthe kernel contains an edible oil. Fruits arecommonly seen in markets throughoutTanzania. Young sprouts are consumed as avegetable but are considered to be a faminefood.

Use #2: MEDICINEThe various parts of the baobab are used totreat a large number of ailments. Nearly everypart of the tree has some medicinal value. Afew include: powered bark mixed withporridge for malaria; the pulp of the fruit ismixed with honey and is used for coughing;the leaves are used for diarrhoea, fever,inflammation, kidney and bladder diseases,blood clearing, and asthma; the leaves alsoserve as emollients and are used to helpextract guinea worm; the fruits and seeds areused for dysentery, fever, haemoptysis anddiarrhoea; dry powered roots are prepared as amash for malaria; and gum from the bark isused for cleaning sores (Westmen Draft).

Use #3 : FIBREBark fibres are used for making ropes,baskets, snares, cloth, strings for musicalinstruments, mats, and hats. The root barkalso makes good rope. When the sap flows asection of bark can be unrolled, usuallywithout hurting the tree.

OTHER USES : The baobab has over 30 usesand it is recognized as one of the most usefultrees in East Africa. As a result it receivesvoluntary protection and local venerationthroughout Tanzania.

112


ADANSONIA DIGITAT A •

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : FOOD The fruit, leaves, and flowers are very important in terms of their nutritional value. Both the fruit and leaves are high in vitamin C. The seed and flower are high in protein, and the kernel contains an edible oil. Fruits are commonly seen in markets throughout Tanzania. Young sprouts are consumed as a vegetable but are considered to be a famine food.

Use #2 : MEDICINE The various parts of the baobab are used to treat a large number of ailments. Nearly every part of the tree has some medicinal value. A few include: powered bark mixed with porridge for malaria; the pulp of the fruit is mixed with honey and is used for coughing; the leaves are used for diarrhoea, fever, inflammation, kidney and bladder diseases, blood clearing, and asthma; the leaves also serve as emollients and are used to help extract guinea worm; the fruits and seeds are used for dysentery, fever, haemoptysis and diarrhoea; dry powered roots are prepared as a mash for malaria; and gum from the bark is used for cleaning sores (Westman Draft).

Use #3 : FIBRE Bark fibres are used for making ropes, baskets, snares, cloth, strings for musical instruments, mats, and hats. The root bark also makes good rope. When the sap flows a section of bark can be unrolled, usually without hurting the tree.

OTHER USES: The baobab has over 30 uses end it is recognized as one of the most useful trees in East Africa. As a result it receives voluntary protection and local veneration throughout Tanzania.

112

SPECIES PROFILES

113

SPECIES PROAL£S

113


AFZELIA QUANZENSIS*

DISTRIBUTION

A deciduous tree found in Miombo forests,lowland thickets, or dry woodlands (RSCU1992). It is common in low lying areas anddry forests (Pa!grave 1988).

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers medium light soils,and well-drained soils that are notwaterlogged.

114

Influential Factors : Deep rooted.

PROPAGATION

Seed Treatments : Pods are woody, large, andthick, up to 30x6 cm, and contain 6 or morehard, shiny black beans with a red aril.Collect pods from a healthy, desirable parent,and remove the seeds. Seeds may be storedif unopened, but once the hard woody podopens, insects will destroy the seed.Produces many seeds. Good germination. Nopretreatment is needed. Sow seeds directly incontainers, and outplant after 4 to 6 monthsin the nursery (Teel 1984).

. Minimum:Altitudestm).: 0.MaxiMUM : 1300


AFZELIA QUANZENSIS*

DISTRIBUTION

A deciduous tree found in Miombo forests, lowland thickets, or dry woodlands (RSCU 1992). It is common in low lying areas and dry forests (Palgrave 19~8).

. Mlnilllulll··AltitJde .. iinr::·· . Max~uiTiAhit~d~im): .

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Prefers medium light soils, and well·drained soils that are not· waterlogged.

Influential Fectora : Deep rooted.

PROPAGATION

Seed Treatments: Pods are woody, large, end thick, up to 30x6 cm, and contain 6 or more hard, shiny black beans with a red ari!. Collect pods from a healthy, desirable parent, and remove the seeds. Seeds may be stored if unopened, but once the hard woody pod opens, insects will destroy the seed. Produces many seeds. Good germination. No pretreatmant is needed. Sow seads directly in containers, and outplant after 4 to 6 months in the nursery (Teel 1984).

114

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Good shade tree due to ashort bole and large leaves. Its ability to mixwith crops is unclear (Tee) 1984).A. quanzensis has potential for agroforestry inMiombo woodlands (RSCU 1992).

Growth Factors : Slow growing, but can berelatively fast growing on appropriate sites.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: TIMBERHeavily exploited and highly valued as timber,the wood is hard, heavy, durable, and termiteresistant (Teel 1984). Light red wood darkenswith exposure and has an interlocking grain.It is hard but easy to work and takes a highpolish. The timber is valued for furniture andbuilding materials, including doors, cabinets,and canoes.

Use #2 : FODDERLeaves and pods are used as animal feed inDodoma. The leaves are also edible byhumans.

Use #3 : MEDICINEThe roots are usad to treat chest pains, kidneyproblems, and for snakebites. A basic poisonwas found in the root by a governmentchemist in Dar es Salaam (Westman Draft). Ithas been reported that people have been killedby ingesting the roots.

115

AFZELIA QUANZENSIS*CAESALPINIOIDEAE

Seeds per kg 250Germination Rate (%) 65Seed Sources :1500 TSH per kg -Tanzania National Seed Centre 1991.

Seeds per kg : 250 Germination Rate (%) : 65 Seed Sources: 1500 TSH per kg -Tanzania National Seed Centre 1991.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Good shade tree due to a short bole and large leaves. Its ability to mix with crops is unclear (Teel 1984). A. quanzansis has potential for agroforestry in Mombo woodlands (RSCU 1992).

Growth Factors: Slow growing, but can be relatively fast growing on appropriate sites.

IMPORTANT USES

Use # 1 : TIMBER Heavily exploited and highly valued as timber, the wood is hard, heavy, durable, and termite resistant (Teel 1984). Light red wood darkens with exposure and has an interlocking grain. It is hard but easy to work and takes a high polish. The timber is valued for furniture and building materials, including doors, cabinets, and canoes.

Use #2 : FODDER Leaves and pods are used as animal feed in Dodoma. The leaves ara also edible by humans.

USB #3 : MEDICINE Tha roots are used to traat chest pains, kidney problems, and for snakebites. A basic poison was found in the root by a government . chemist in Dar es Salaam (Westman Draft). It has been reported that people have been killed by ingesting the roots.

115

AFZELIA QUANZENSIS" CAESALPINIOIDEAE

INDIGENOUS MuLTiPuitPosE TREES OF TANZANIA

ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA*

DISTRIBUTION

A deciduous tree preferring forest margins andopen forests throughout mountainous regionsin Tanzania, from the coastal hills toKilimanjaro and Kagera (RSCU 1992). Itgrows poorly in higher areas (Teel 1984). Italso occurs as a small tree colonizing mixedthickets and woodlands.

MiniMurr) Attitude : atmi 2300'

116

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Direct sowing of seedor sowing the pod when fresh.

..:$:641:ts. :0 r kg. ;: 12000

.:Seed::Setireas 1200:T.S11.,ppr k8.7.kéSearch::Ceittra169:1:i92;


ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA *

DISTRIBUTION

A deciduous tree preferring forest margins and open forests throughout mountainous regions in Tanzania. from the coastal hills to Kilimanjaro and Kagera (RSCU 1992). It grows poorly in higher areas (Teel 1984). It also occurs as a small tree colonizing mixed thickets and woodlands.

MiriiinuinAl#tud~~m): .. . MaxmwmAltltude{mf: ..

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Direct sowing of seed or sowing the pod when fresh.

.~4.¥¥~i~Q:..........::··· .. :. ··12600 S:~.~d:.s:o.ijr.c~s ;12()OJS:H. .. p~(kg .c.. ... . .

.Silili.iiiiliureRiise.a[cbC~iltre1.~9.1!~2 •....

116

Seed Treatments : Pods are pale brown, up to18x2.5 cm in size. Fresh seeds need nopretreatment. Soak previously stored seeds incold water. Information about seedpretreatment for A. lebbeck suggestspretreatment by soaking in concentratedsulphuric acid for 5 minutes or soaking in coldwater for 48 hours (Parkash 1991). Seedscan be stored for up to a year.

Seedling Management : Collect seed while stillon tree to avoid insect damage.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : As single trees or in clustersnear habitations, in fields, pastures andwetlands and along water courses. In Malawi,farmers intercrop A. gummifera as a shadetree among their tea bushes (Palmer andPitman 1972). It has high potential foragroforestry (IFS 1999).

Growth Factors : Promising growth wasreported in Dodoma region. In Zimbabwe itwas reported to be fast growing, strongly fireresistant, and only slightly sensitive to frost(Palmer and Pitman 1972).

Limitations to Planting : Confined mostly totemperate zones, and is sensitive to frost.

Management Systems : Regenerates under itsown shade (Sommerlatte 1990). It has goodlopping and coppicing ability when young.

117

ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA*LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: MEDICINEPods, roots, and bark are used for medicinalpurposes.

Use #2 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is medium dense, fairly strong,straight-grained, and does not warp. It workseasily but is not termite proof nor waterresistant (Sommerlatte 1990). It is useful as ageneral purpose timber and is used to makebeehives, mortars, water troughs, and boats.

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENTA. gummifera is nitrogen fixing and can beused for soil stabilization. Its leaves form agood mulch and it is a good shade tree. It isrecommended for alley farming systems,mixed cropping, and for plantation cropplantings with coffee and bananas.

Seed Treatments: Pods are pale brown, up to 18x2.5 em in size. Fresh seeds need no pretreatment. Soak previously stored seeds in cold water. Information about seed pretreatment for A. lebbeck suggests pretreatment by soaking in concentrated sulphuric acid for 5 minutes or soaking in cold water for 48 hours (Parkash 1991). Seeds can be stored for up to a year.

Seedling Management: Collect seed while still on tree to avoid insect damage.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : As single trees or in clusters near habitations, in fields, pastures and wetlands and along water courses. In Malawi, farmers intercrop A. gummifera as a shade tree among their tea bushes (Palmer ,and Pitman 1972). It has high potential for agroforestry (IFS 1989).

GroW1h Factors : Promising growth was reported in Oodoma region. In Zimbabwe it was reported to be fast growing, strongly fire resistant, and only slightly sensitive to frost (Palmer and Pitman 1972).

Umitations to Planting: Confined mostly to temperate zones, and is sensitive to frost.

Management Systems: Regenerates under its own shade (Sommerlatte 1990). It has good lopping and coppicing ability when young.

ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA" LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIOEAE)

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINE Pods, roots, and bark are used for medicinal purposes.

Use #2 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is medium dense, fairly strong, straight-grained, and does not warp. It works easily but is not termite proof nor water resistant (Sommerlatte 1990). It is useful as a general purpose timber and is used to make beehives, mortars, water troughs, and boats.

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENT A. gummffer8 is nitrogen fixing and can be used for soil stabilization. Its leaves form a good mulch and it is a good shade tree. It is recommended for alley farming systems, mixed cropping, and for plantation crop plantings with coffee and bananas.

117


ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA*

DISTRIBUTION

It is widespread in Tanzania except in thewest and south. It is well-known in theUsambara Mountains and on Mt. Kilimanjaro(RSCU 1992). A. schimperana performs wellin cool conditions in mountain areas. It cansurvive in lowland areas with relatively lowand constant temperatures, with mean annualtemperatures in the range of 14 to 20 degreesC. Mean annual rainfall should exceed 1000mm per year (Forest Division 1984).

118

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seed (direct sowingand seedlings) and wildlings.

....... ......

Seeds per kg

.1200 TSH rr.......

Sitviculture Research Centre 1991/92.......

Seed Treatments : Flowering occurs at the endof the dry season. Pods take about 5 monthsto mature, are dull brown, 15 to 35 cm inlength and 2 to 6 cm wide (Forest Division1984). Pods are very numerous, flat, papery,and oblong, up to 30x2.5 cm, and containmany seeds. Pods remain on the tree for longperiods (Dale and Greenway 1961). Hot

-:tV1inimurn'Attitifdii:ImY:..:.t.ofoxi-rrt4.m...mti4isits...freq-....:...-.

:1000::::

-.MaiiimUrri.:Térnperatiire(C)::i.


ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA *

DISTRIBUTION

It is widespread in Tanzania except in the west and south. It is well-known in the Usambara Mountains and on Mt. Kilimanjaro (RSCU 1992). A. schimpefana performs well in cool conditions in mountain areas. It can survive in lowland areas with relatively low and constant temperatures, with mean annual temperatures in the range of 14 to 20 degrees C. Mean annual rainfall should exceed 1000 mm per year (Forest Division 1984).

·Minjm:umAl1ifu~~(mj:'.············· :. Mal<Irri~.AltitiJ<:Ie·(mt!·· : .. : ... > . <M!!1imtJrn RaWiiii fmml.: .........•... : •............. Minjmilirlt~riiPe:fiitUrioi:(cy::·· . Maximum Temperature (C):- ...

. ... : ... 6: . .... 2JQO.: . .. ···.1000::

. ·14: 20:

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seed (direct sowing and seedlings) and wildlings.

::#.~~~~il~~~i •• ·: ••.. :.: ......... : ...••.....•• ::.. 8000 :~.~~d.Sl)tiicEi.s~.l~·oo:I~R.(!~i:l<g<: .... :$jliii(j$iii~r:teseiir(jIr~~t1tre.··1~9.1/92,

Seed Treatments: Flowering occurs at the end of the dry season. Pods take about 5 months to mature, are dull brown, 15 to 35 em in length and 2 to 6 cm wide (Forest Division 1984). Pods are very numerous, flat, papery, and oblong, up to 30x2.5 em, and contain many seeds. Pods remain on the tree for long periods (Dale and Greenway 1961). Hot

118

water pretreatment or soaking in 75 degrees Chot water and cooling is suggested for evengermination, but is not essential.

Stores for a long time if kept cool, dry, andinsect free. Seedlings may be outplanted after4 months in the nursery. Longer nurseryperiods are not advised because youngseedlings are very susceptible to pests.

Seedling Management : Easily raised fromseed. Seedlings grown from seed tend tothrive better than those raised from wildlings.The tree is also capable of regenerating underits own shade (Sommerlatte 1990).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Can be planted in mixtures, inlines along contours separating strips of grassor food crops on slopes (Forest Division1984).

Growth Cycle : Fast growing.

Limitations to Planting : Susceptibility to pestscould be a problem.

Management Systems : Pure stands should beavoided due to pest problems. It performsbetter when planted under or among othertrees and it is best to plant at wide intervalsin lines along contours separating grass orfood crops. Seedlings are ready foroutplanting after 4 months the in nursery.Due to susceptibility to pests, long retention inthe nursery should be avoided. Heightreaches about 20m (Forest Division 1984).

119

ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANALEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: MEDICINEAn infusion of the roots is added to porridgeand drunk for headaches and as a painreliever. The stem bark is also used in apreparation to treat warts. (Chhabra et al.1984).

Use #2 : LAND IMPROVEMENTA. schimperana is believed to fix nitrogen, isused to improve soil conditions, and for shade.

Use #3: GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is fairly strong, works easily and istermite proof (Sommerlatte 1990). Wood issuitable for tool handles, needles, and buildingmaterials.

water pretreatment or soaking in 75 degrees C hot water and cooling is suggested for even germination, but is not essential.

Stores for a long time if kept cool, dry, and insect free. Seedlings may be outplanted after 4 months in the nursery. Longer nursery periods are not advised because young seedlings are very susceptible to pests.

Seedling Manegement : Easily raised from seed. Seedlings grown from seed tend to thrive better than those raised from wildlings. The tree is also capable of regenerating under its own shade (Sommerlatte 1990).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Can be planted in mixtures, in lines along oontours separating strips of grass or food orops on slopas (Forest Division 1984).

Growth Cycle : Fast growing.

Limitations to Planting : Susoeptibility to pests could be a problem.

Management Systems: Pure stands should be avoided due to pest problems. It performs better when planted under or among other trees and it is best to plant at wide intervals in lines along contours separating grass or food orops. Seedlings are ready for outplanting after 4 months the in nursery. Due to susoeptibility to pests, long retention in the nursery should be avoided. Height reaohes about 20 m (Forest Division 1984).

ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA" LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINE An infusion of the roots is added to porridge and drunk for headaohes and es a pain reliever. The stem bark is also used in a preparation to treat warts. (Chhabra et a!. 1984).

Use #2 : LAND IMPROVEMENT A. schimperana is believed to fix nitrogen, is used to improve soil conditions, and for shade.

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is fairly strong, works easily and is termite proof (Sommerlatte 1990). Wood is suitable for tool handles, needles, and building materials.

119


ANNONA SENEGALENSIS*

DISTRIBUTION

Found within semiarid and subhumid regionsas a single shrub in the understorey of:savannah woodlands; open bush; along rivers;mixed scrub and rock at low to mediumaltitude; and in swampy forest in high rainfallareas. It is adaptable to a range of zones,including bush, savannah, and open patchesof forest (Palmer and Pitman 1972). It iswidely distributed throughout Tanzania whereit grows in wet lowland savannah by thecoast, in the Usambaras and in Lake Victoriabasin. A. senegalensis is found in Tanga,Tabora, Iringa, Ruvuma, Morogoro, Mbeya,and Coast regions. It is widespread inBrachystegia and Combretum woodlands (FAO1983).

120

r!)

Minirritirri*Tetriperatiire:(C)...MaXimuM-TériiPérriiiiré:(C) .. .

.20301930

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Tends to favour sandysoils (Palgrave 1988), but grows well in awide variety of soils including stony soils, onriver banks, fallow land, and along the coaston coral rocks with sandy loams.

Light Requirements : Strongly demanding.


ANNONA SENEGALENSIS*

DISTRIBUTION

Found within semiarid and subhumid regions as a single shrub in the understorey of: savannah woodlands; open bush; along rivers; mixed scrub and rock at low to medium altitude; and in swampy forest in high rainfall areas. It is adaptable to a range of zones, including bush, savannah, and open patches of forest (Palmer and Pitman 1972). It is widely distributed throughout Tanzania where it grows in wet lowland savannah by the coast, in the Usambaras and in Lake Victoria basin. A. ssnsgs/snsis is found in Tanga, Tabora, Iringa, Ruvuma, Morogoro, Mbeya, and Coast regions. It is widespread in Brschystsgis and Combrstum woodlands (FAO 1983).

·.~~%~·~:~:M~m·. M10lmum::fiBinfaifi-mmfi ' t.1ilXim4m:({~iBfali(~n1r: ' ,.' M,nimiiril::t::~nw~f~wi:idi::) 'i :M~~ilJ:\~i:n:T:l!tYip~'~~re(C)~' ,

REQUIREMENTS

. ............. .

··::~~6· ::'<'606:: ':2030/

1:9 ~O

Soil Requirements: Tends to favour sandy soils (Palgrava 1988), but grows well in a wide variety of soils including stony soils, on river banks, fallow land, and along the coast on coral rocks with sandy loams.

Ught Requiremants : Strongly demanding.

120

Influential Factors : Frequently occurs inplaces subject to burning. It has suckershoots that ate an adaptation to frequentburning (Sommerlatte 1990).

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seedlings andwildlings. Natural regeneration is by seed,root suckers, and coppicing.

Seed Treatments : The solid, edible fleshy fruitresembles that of its close relative, thecultivated custard apple. It measures about3x6 cm. Scarify seeds if raising seedlings in anursery.

Seedling Management : No efforts have beenmade to raise this species in Tanzania, butseedlings can be raised in the nursery.

SILVICULTURE

Growth Factors : Moderately fast growing.

Growth Cycle : Flowers from October throughDecember, but along the coast it flowersduring December through February. The fruitmatures during the long rains and is ediblefrom January through March (FAO 1983).

Management Systems : Sites should becleared of all vegetation before planting, andvegetation should be slashed during the firstfew years. Germination is good on recentlycultivated and burnt lands.

121

ANNONA SENEGALENSIS*(A. CHRYSOPHYLLA)

ANNONACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : FRUITA. senegalensis is a well-known fruit that issold in local markets. When eaten fresh, it issaid to be one of the preferred fruits of Africa.

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe leaf tips and bark are used to treat coldsand pneumonia, the fruits are used againstdiarrhoea, dysentery and vomiting, and theroot is also used for stomach problems. Thebark is prepared to treat intestinal worms aswell as dysenteries and the gum is used toseal cuts (Rulangaranga 1989).

Use #3 : FODDERThe leaves are sometimes used as fodder andare browsed by elephants. The fruits areeaten by baboons.

Influential Factors : Frequently occurs in places subject to burning. It has sucker shoots that are an adaptation to frequent burning (Sommerlatte 1990).

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seedlings and wildlings. Natural regeneration is by seed, root suckers, and coppicing.

Seed Treatments: The solid, edible fleshy fruit resembles that of its close relative, the cultivated custard apple. It measures about 3x6 cm. Scarify seeds if raising seedlings in a nursery.

Seedling Management: No efforts have been made to raise this species in Tanzania, but seedlings can be raised in the nursery.

SILVICULTURE

Growth Factors: Moderately fast growing.

Growth Cycle : Flowers from October through December, but along the coast it flowers during Decembar through February. The fruit matures during the long rains and is edible from January through March (FAO 1983).

Managament Systems: Sites should be cleared of all vegetation before planting, and vegetation should be slashed during the first few years. Germination is good on recently cultivated and burnt lands.

121

ANNONA SENEGALENSIS" (A. CHRYSOPHYllA)

ANNONACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : FRUIT A. senega/ensis is a well·known fruit that is sold in local markets. When eaten fresh, it is said to be one of the preferred fruits of Africa.

Use #2 : MEDICINE The leaf tips and bark are used to treat colds and pneumonia, the fruits are used against diarrhoea, dysentery and vomiting, and the root is also used for stomach problems. The bark is prepared to treat intestinal worms as well as dysenteries and the gum is used to seal cuts (Rulangaranga 1989).

Use #3 : FODDER The leaves are sometimes used as fodder and are browsed by elephants. The fruits are eaten by baboons.

INDIGENOUs MuLTIeuReoSE TREEs oF TANZANIA

AZANZA GARCKEANA

DISTRIBUTION

Found throughout the Tanzanian mainland inwooded grasslands, open woodland andthickets. It is particularly common in thewoodlands of Babati and Singida (RSCU1992). It grows naturally in a range ofaltitudes from 1000 to 2000 m above sealevel, from semiarid areas to areas of higherrainfall. A. gerckeana is often found on ornear termite mounds in deserted village fields.

122

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Seems to prefer lightyellow-brown to reddish-yellow gritty, sandyclay looms and often on black to dark greyclays and brown clays (FAO 1983).


PROPAGATION

... ..

Mini rritiri-i:.:Altitirdé;.(ni.). ...

:MO3(1.6(.1461 TértiPerattirts'(C):::-..

2066:

70v.

3::17::

Means of Propagation : Direct sowing,seedlings, root suckers, coppicing.

r.,: eedsper kg 4000


AZANZA GARCKEANA

DISTRIBUTION

Found throughout the Tanzanian mainland in woodad grasslands. open woodland and thickets. It is particularly common in tha woodlands of Babati and Singida (RSCU 1992). It grows naturally in a range of altitudes from 1000 to 2000 m above sea level. from semiarid areas to areas of higher rainfall. A. garckl1ana is often found on or near tarmite mounds in deserted village fialds.

>MinlmurriAltltude(rri}:. ~aximumAititud&(in) : .... ·····:~Cl6.# Miriif!lurr)fi8i~falllrnrn): MaximUro.R~lnf~1I (mo,) >: ••. . ... Miiiiintimt~mpiji'atur.&ICf : Maximum· Temperature·ter:··

···· .....•• 2.5<)" . ·>.·· .... 12·70.· • ............... :{

17··

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Seems to prefer light yellow-brown to reddish-yellow gritty. sandy clay loams end often on blaok to dark grey clays and brown olays (FAO 1983).


PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Direct sowing. seedlings. root suckers. coppicing.

40001

122

Seed Treatments : The fruit is a green, hardround capsule about 5 cm in size with anouter rind and glutinous inner flesh with brownseeds. The fruits ripen on the tree and mustbe picked off as they do not fall (Tredgold19861. Pretreatment is reported notnecessary by one author (RSCU 19921,although others report that seeds needscarification in order to germinate (Palmer andPitman 1972).

Seedling Management : Naturally regeneratesand germinates readily. It appears that itcould be easily raised in the nursery andplanted. However, natural regeneration maybe better than seedlings (RSCU 1992).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Palmer and Pitman note thatin the wild the tree suckers very freely andmay be unsuitable for a small garden. There islikely to be no adverse effects on crops due toa less extensive root system and a relativelysmall canopy.

Growth Factors : Fairly fast growing.

Growth Cycle : Flowers in wet season andfruits in dry season (April through August)(FAO 1983). Fruits are edible fromSeptember.

Limitations to Planting : Host to cotton stainerbeetles and other bugs and is not grown incotton producing areas (Palmer and Pitman1972).

Management Systems : Site should bepartially cleared before planting and intensiveweeding is needed for the first few year& (FAO1983). Young plants should be protectedfrom fire. Partial protection of woodlandswould likely help the natural regeneration ofthis species. It is able to tolerate pollardingand coppices well.

123

AZANZA GARCKEANAMAL VACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: FRUITThe whole fruit except the seeds is chewedlike gum, producing a sweet glutinous slime.The fruit is also used as a syrup and soup.

Use #2 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe sap wood is yellow and the heart wood isa deep brown. It is easily worked butgenerally only suitable for small buildingneeds, tool handles, oxen yokes, and domesticitems such as spoons.

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENTThe leaves of A. garckeana have many usesincluding green manure and mulch. Theleaves also provide an often used fodder.

Seed Treatments: The fruit is a green, hard round capsule about 5 cm in size with an outer rind and glutinous inner flesh with brown seeds. The fruits ripen on the tree and must be picked off as they do not fall (Tredgold 1986). Pretreatment is reported not necessary by one author (RSCU 1992), although others report that seeds need scarification in order to germinate (Palmer and Pitman 1972).

Seedling.ManagemElnt : Naturally regenerates and germinates readily. It appears that it could be easily raised in the nursery and planted. However, natural regeneration may be better than seedlings (RSCU 1992).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Palmer and Pitman note that in the wild the tree suckers very freely and may be unsuitable for a small garden. There is likely to be no adverse effects on crops due to a less extensive root system and a relatively small canopy.

Growth Factors: Fairly fast growing.

Growth Cycle : Flowers in wet season and fruits in dry season (April through August) (FAO 1983). Fruits are edible from September.

Umitations to Planting: Host to cotton stainer beetles and other bugs and is not grown in cotton producing areas (Palmer and Pitman 1972).

Management Systems: Site should be partially cleared before planting and Intensive weeding is needed for the first few yearll (FAO 1983). Young plants should be protected

. from fire. Partial protection of woodlands would likely help the natural regeneration of this species. It is able to tolerate pollarding and coppices well.

123

AZANZA GARCKEANA MALVACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 ; FRUIT The whole fruit except the seeds is chewed like gum, producing a sweet glutinous slime. The fruit is also used as a syrup and soup.

Use #2 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The sap wood is yellow and the heart wood is a deep brown. It is easily worked but generally only suitable for small building needs, tool handles, oxen yokes, and domestic items such as spoons.

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENT The leaves of A. garckaana have many uses including green manure and mulch. The leaves also provide an often used fodder.



DISTRIBUTION

Found in most arid, semiarid to subhumidtropical savannahs, and hot dry areas, alongwatercourses and in woodlands. It bordersseasonally inundated black clay plains andgrows well in valleys and on river banks indepressions, and on the slopes of rockyhills. B. aegyptiaca is found In Mikumi,Selous, Lake Manyara, and Tarangire NationalParks and Reserves (Rulangaranga 1989).

2,06800

124

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Found on varied soils. Itprefers valley soils but will grow in sand,sandy loams, clays, cracking clay, blackcotton, alluvial, gravelly, and stony soils(RSCU 1992). B. aegyptiace is known totolerate heavy clay soils (Teel 1984).

Influential Factors : Ecologically very flexiblewith excellent persistence. It withstandsoccasional flooding and is adaptable to a widerange of sites (Von Maydell 1986) and climaticconditions, but it can not tolerate prolongedwaterlogging (Kew 1984). It has gooddrought tolerance (Hall 1991) and is notdamaged by grass fires (except young trees),due to a deep tap root and thick bark.Invades areas having periodic fire and areas



DISTRIBUTION

Found in most arid, semiarid to subhumid tropical savannahs, and hot dry areas, along watercourses end in woodlands. It borders seasonally inundated black clay plains and grows well in valleys and on river banks in depressions, and on the slopes of rocky hills. B. aegyptiaca is found in Mikumi, Selous. Lake Manyara. and Tarangire Netional Parks and Reserves (Rulangaranga 1989).

::MiniiriUi;·{Altit~e·iful:::> ...... . )~1ii~Ai~t\;i#iI::@f::·:>· .. . Minimum:l'lai'lfelIJr.r1fT1)::;:. . ..

:Mii~ihiui6:·i'i8intiilltmmf.~.· .: •.... :.·Malt\tnumTem~e.f.lrtu1ii.:.r¢l:

... ':<300:

····1~· ·800

... 40·.

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirement. : Found on varied soils. It prefers valley soils but will grow in sand, sandy loams. clays. cracking C1'ay. black cotton. alluvial. gravelly. and stony soils (RSCU 1992). B. aagyptiaca is known to tolerate heavy clay soils (Teel 1984).

Influential Factors : Ecologically very flexible with excellent persistence. It withstands occasional flooding and is adaptable to a wide range of sites (Von Maydell 1986) and climatic conditions, but it cen not tolerate prolonged waterlogging (Kew 1984). It has good drought tolerance (Hall 1991) and is not damaged by grass fires (except young trees). due to a deep tap root and thick bark. Invades areas having periodic fire and areas

124

with heavy livestock activity. Young plantsare fairly termite resistant, but Bunea alcinoedefoliates the tree.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seedlings, cuttings,potted stock and root suckers.

Seeds per kg : 1000Germination Rate 1%) : 60Germination Length : 7 to 48 daysSeed Sources : 1000 TSH per kg - TanzaniaNational Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments : Fruit turns from green toyellow when ripe, each containing 1 pit.These can be stored for up to a year if kept airdry and insect free. When ready to plant,soak the fruit overnight in lukewarm wateruntil the pulp can be removed and the pitextracted. Recommended pretreatmentsinclude: intestinal scarification; boiling 7 to 10minutes and cooling; soaking 12 to 18 hoursin hot water; soaking for 24 hours in warmwater; and soaking overnight in warm water(FAO 1988).

Seedling Management : Does not withstandtransplanting well because of the deep taproot. For best results plant in a container withthe seed vertical (stem end down) (Teel1984). Plants should remain in the nursery for18 to 24 weeks before outplanting at thebeginning of the rainy season.

Because of the vigorous tap root, directsowing at the end of the dry season isrecommended. Average rooting success fromstem cuttings is about 60 to 70%. Seedspassed through the intestinal tract ofruminants germinate particularly well and canbe gathered where livestock are keptovernight.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Traditionally it has been, andstill is, actively managed. It is planted inagroforestry along the banks of irrigation

125

BALANITES AEGYPTIACABALANITACEAE

canals and as a boundary marker. The treeattracts numerous insect species and could beused in agroforestry as a trap tree (IFS 19891.B. aegyptiaca is worth considering for difficultsites, where water is the main limiting factor.

Growth Factors Grows slowly and requiresprotection as a seedling (Teel 1984).

Growth Cycle : Slow growing but veryresilient. Fruit and foliage appear at the heightof the dry season (Hall 1991). It producesseed in August and September. The first fruitis harvested between years 5 and 8 with theyield increasing until year 25. It can live tomore than 100 years.

Limitations to Planting : Attracts numerousinsects which may be a limitation.

Management Systems : Requires weeding andprotection from browsing up to the initialfruiting period (at least 3 years). Weeding isimportant due to slow growth, (FAO 1988) ashigh grass can compete for light. Weeds canalso impede regeneration and grass fires candestroy young plants.

It coppices vigorously. Roots spread far, andthrow up suckers at a considerable distancefrom the trunk (Stewart and Brandis 1972).

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINEThe fruits have been used in the treatment ofliver and spleen diseases. The fruit is alsoknown to kill the snails which carryschistosomiasis and bilharzia flukes (Tredgold1986). The roots are used for abdominalpains and as a purgative. Gum from the woodis mixed with maize meal porridge to treatchest complaints.

Use #2 : FRUITThe fruit pulp though bitter, is edible. Itproduces fruit even in dry years which makesit a highly appreciated food source in dryareas. Pounded fruits make a refreshing drinkwhich becomes alcoholic if left to ferment.

with heavy livestock activity. Young plants are fairly termite resistant. but Bunea a/cinoe defoliates the tree.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seedlings. cuttings. potted stock and root suckers.

Seeds per kg: 1000 Germination Rate (%) : 60 Germ!nation Length: 7 to 48 days SeedSourc:es: 1006TSH per kg • Tanzania NatiorialSeed CEintre 1991 . .

Seed Treatments: Fruit turns from green to yellow when ripe. each containing 1 pit. These can be stored for up to a year if kept air dry and insect free. When ready to plant. soak the fruit overnight in lukewarm water until the pulp can be removed and the pit extracted. Recommended pretreatments include: intestinal scarification; boiling 7 to 10 minutes and cooling; soaking 12 to 18 hours in hot water; soaking for 24 hours in warm water; and soaking overnight in warm water (FAO 1988).

Seadling Management: Does not withstand transplanting well because of the deep tap root. For best results plant in a container with the seed vertical (stem end down) (Teel 1984). Plants should remain in tha nursery for 18 to 24 weeks before outplanting at the beginning of the rainy season.

Becausa of the vigorous tap root, direct sowing at the end of the dry season is . recommended. Average rooting success from stem cuttings is about 60 to 70%. Seeds passed through the intestinal tract of ruminants germinate particularly well and can be gathered where livestock are kept overnight.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Traditionally it has been. and still is, actively managed. It is planted in agroforestry along the banks of irrigation

BALANITES AEGYPTIACA BALANITACEAE

canals and as a boundary marker. The tree attracts numerous insect species and could be used in agroforestry as a trap tree (lFS 1989). B. asgyptiaca is worth considering for difficult sites, where water is the main limiting factor.

Growth Factors: Grows slowly and requires protection as a seedling (Teel 1984).

Growth Cycle : Slow growing but very resilient. Fruit and foliage appear at the height of the dry season (Hall 1991). It produces seed in August and September. The first fruit is harvested between years 5 and 8 with the yield increasing until year 25. It can live to more than 100 years.

Limitations to Planting: Attracts numerous insects which may be a limitation.

Management Systems: Requires weeding and protection from browsing up to the initial fruiting period (at least 3 years). Weeding is important due to slow growth, (FAO 1988) as high grass can compete for light. Weeds can also impede regeneration and grass fires can destroy young plants.

It coppices vigorously. Roots spread far, and throw up suckers at a considerable distance from the trunk (Stewart and Brandis 1972).

IMPORT ANT USES

Use 81 : MEDICINE The fruits have been used in the treatment of liver and spleen diseases. The fruit is also known to kill the snails which carry schistosomiasis and bilharzia flukes (Tredgold 1986). The roots are used for abdominal pains and as a purgative. Gum from the wood is mixed with maize meal porridge to .treat chest complaints.

Use 112 : FRUIT The fruit pulp though bitter, is edible. It produces fruit even in dry years which makes it a highly appreciated food source in dry areas. Pounded fruits make a refreshing drink which becomes alcoholic if left to ferment.

125



Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODB. aegyptiaca has fine-grained, dense, andheavy heartwood. It is easily worked andtakes a good polish. Although valued forfurniture, it may be twisted and difficult tosaw. The wood is durable and resistant toinsects making it good for tool handles anddomestic items such as spoons.

OTHER USES : Root cuttings readily form alive fence. Protein rich leaves and shoots arean excellent source of fodder. The leavesmake very good mulch and the tree is nitrogenfixing.

It is also valued as firewood since it producesalmost no smoke and has a calorific value of4600 kcal per kg (Webb 1984).

126



Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD B. aagyptiaca has fine-grained. dense. and heavy heartwood. It is easily worked and takes a good polish. Although valued for furniture. it may be twisted and difficult to saw. The wood is durable and resistant to insacts making it good for tool handles and domestic items such as spoons.

OTHER USES: Root cuttings readily form a live fence. Protein rich leaves and shoots are an excellent source of fodder. The leaves make very good mulch and the tree is nitrogen fixing.

It is also valued as firewood since it producas almost no smoke and has a calorific value of 4600 kcsl per kg (Webb 1984).

126

SPECIES PRORLES

127

SPECIES PROFIlES

127


BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is widespread and scattered in openwoodlands or at lower altitudes, along rivervalleys, and in sandy soil in woodlands (RSCU1992). It also grows on termite mounds. B.discolor is found throughout Tanzaniaincluding Tabora, Mpwapwa, and Morogoro,but not in mountain forests (FAO 1983).

. .

.... :61

128

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Sandy clay loams. It isoften found on clays, and stream valley andriverine soils.


PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seed, root suckers andcoppicing.

Seed Treatments : The fruit is found in smalldrupes about 1 to 2 cm long, turning yellowishIn colour when ripe. The fleshy pulpsurrounds a kernel with 2 hard seeds(Tredgold 1986). Ripe fruits are collected


BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is widespread and scattered in open woodlands or at lower altitudes, along river valleys, and in sandy soil in woodlands (RSCU 1992). It also grows on tennita mounds. B. discolor is found throughout Tanzania including Tabora, Mpwapwa, and Morogoro, but not in mountain forasts (FAO 1983).

:Min1~ff.i>AJi:fui~~.l~r(, " "':::6 MaXlmum::Aldtude' (flit;t:, <:::,:'2000: : MiiliiT.ltiffi:RSintiliiimffifi: " ",,:::,256 :M8Xiri1iimj:tidnfsU:jmmF::":::::::,j'iii{ :Mii1im~m:t~m~~(~wi~j~)+:,,: :::,:::,: ,:,:>,:,',"',:,:1:7 M$~imLiffi:t'~per~tiii:.'ii:tct:: ',' ,:,', ' ," :::28:::

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Sandy clay loams. It is often found on clays, and stream valley and riverine soils.


PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seed, root suckers and coppicing.

Seed Treatments: The fruit is found in small drupes about 1 to 2 cm long, turning yellowish in colour when ripe. The fleshy pulp surrounds a kernel with 2 hard seeds (Tredgold 1986). Ripe fruits are collected

128

from the ground or picked from the tree.Germination takes some time due to the hardseed coat. Scarify seed or immerse in hotwater and allow to cool for 12 hours (RSCU1992).

SILVICULTURE

Growth Cycle : Fruit ripening occurs betweenJanuary and March, towards the end of thelong rains.

Management Systems : Partially clearvegetation initially and spot weed untilseedlings are well-established. There may bea need for fen zer since it is often found ontermite mounds (FAO 1983). Protection fromfire could promote natural regeneration.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: FRUITThe fruits are eaten fresh and the pulp can beused for a drink. Both are quite nutritious asthe fruit is very high in ascorbic acid andsugar.

Use #2: GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe yellow-brown wood is one of the hardestin East and Central Africa. It makes excellentfurniture, pestles, ladders, poles and is used ingeneral construction.

Use #3 : DYE

The roots produce a black colour, the woodbrown, and the bark red.

129

BERCHEMIA DISCOLORRHAMNACEAE

from the ground or picked from the tree. Germination takes some time due to the hard seed coat. S.carify seed or immerse in hot water and allow to cool for 12 hours (RSCU 1992).

SILVICULTURE

Growth Cycle : Fruit ripening occurs between January and March. towards the end of the long rains.

Management Systems : Partially clear vegetation initially and spot weed until seedlings are well-established. There may be a need for fert • .:er since it is often found on termite mounds (FAO 1983). Protection from fire could promote natural regeneration.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : FRUIT The fruits are eaten fresh and the pulp can be used for a drink. Both are quite nutritious as the fruit is very high in ascorbic acid and sugar.

Use #2 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The yellow-brown wood is one of the hardest in East and Central Africa. It makes excellent furniture. pestles. ladders. poles and is used in general construction.

Use #3: DYE The roots produce a black colour. the wood brown. and the bark red.

129

BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR RHAMNACEAE


BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS*

DISTRIBUTION

A dominant and ecologically important treeoccurring in open deciduous woodlands(Pa!grave 1988). In Tanzania its rangeincludes large areas of deciduous Miomboforest. It is widespread and abundant in allwoodland areas of Tanga, the eastern andsouthern highlands, and near the lakes in thewest (RSCU 1992). B. spiciformis prefers hotclimates.

.11(tinirnum*Ma*Mum AlfitOcieim)..:Miriimum Rainfall (mm)MaxiMum Rainfall .(Mrri)

130

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers sandy soil but isfound on a variety of soil types.

Light Requirements : Prefers open areas.

Influential Factors : Sensitive to frost.


BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS*

DISTRIBUTION

A dominant and ecologically important tree occurring in open deciduous woodlands (Palgrave 1988). In Tanzania its range includes large areas of deciduous Miombo forest. It is widespread and abundant in all woodland areas of Tanga, the eastern and southern highlands, and near the lakes in tha west (RSCU 1992). B. spiciformis prefers hot climates .

. Minimum·Altitude:(Ml:· : Miliilirium. Ai~itJde>(mr:: Minimum Reinfall (~).:

:. Maxiinum· Rainfall (mm):

....... 0:: ···12~Q:

·500· ·1206

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Prefers sandy soil but is found on a variety of soil types.

Ught Requirements: Prefers open areas.

Influential Factors: Sensitive to frost.

130

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Can be propagatedfrom seed and seedlings.

Seeds per kg : 2200 1

Seed Treatments : Fruits are yellow or reddish-brown woody pods up to 13 cm in length,which explode with a sharp crack, scatteringthe seed widely (Palmer and Pitman 1972).Seeds germinate easily without pretreatment.

Seedling Management : Seeds possess nodormancy and regenerate completely afterstarting. However, the seedlings are difficultto transplant.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : B. spiciformis is increasinglybeing cultivated and is recommended foragroforestry use in the Miombo areas ofTanzania.

Growth Factors : Slow growing.

Growth Cycle : The young leaves are verycolourful in the spring. The tree bears flowersfrom August to November (Palgrave 1988).

Management Systems : B. spiciformishybridizes easily with B. glaucescens and B.microphylla (Palgrave 1988).

BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS*LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY CAESALPINIOIDEAE)

131

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: FUEL WOODB. spiciformis is widely used for fuel, both ascharcoal and firewood. The tree is oftenheavily branched and in parts of southernTanzania the hard wood is highly sought forthese uses.

Use #2 : MEDICINEIn southern Tanzania B. spiciformis has severalmedicinal applications including using theroots to treat dysentery and stomachproblems.

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENTIt is an important shade tree. The leaves areknown to be a good fodder and would likelyprovide good mulch. The species is nitrogenfixing.

OTHER USES : The wood is pale brown, hard,heavy, but not very durable. It is used forbeehives, boats, and general construction. Itis considered to be a rather inferior generalpurpose timber.

B. spiciformis is considered to be a good beeplant due to its sweet smelling flowers. Theinner bark is used for local ropes.

BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS* LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY CAESALPINIOIDEAE)

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Can be propagated from seed and seedlings.

I Seeds per kg : 2200 I

Seed Treetments : Fruits are yellow or reddishbrown woody pods up to 13 em in length, which explode with a sharp crack, scattering the seed widely (Palmer and Pitman 1972). Seeds germinate easily without pretreatment.

Seedling Management: Seeds possess no dormancy and regenerate completely after starting. However, the seedlings are difficult to transplant.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: B. spiciformis is increasingly being cultivated and is recommended for agroforestry use in the Miombo areas of Tanzania.


Growth Cycle : The young leaves are very colourful in the spring. The tree bears flowers from August to November (Palgrave 1988).

Management Systems: B. spiciformis hybridizes easily with B. glaucescens and B. microphylla (Pal grave 1988).

131

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : FUELWOOD B. spiciformis is widely used for fuel, both as charcoal and firewood. The tree is often heavily branched and in parts of southern Tanzania the hard wood is highly sought for these uses.

Use #2 : MEDICINE In southern Tanzania B. spiciformis has several medicinal applications including using the roots to treat dysentery and stomach problems.

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENT It is an important shade tree. The leaves are known to be a good fodder and would likely provide good mulch. The species is nitrogen fixing.

OTHER USES: The wood i~ pale brown, hard, heavy, but not very durable. It is used for beehives, boats, and general construction. It is considered to be a rather inferior general purpose timber.

B. spiciformis is considered to be a good bee plant due to its sweet smelling flowers. The inner bark is used for local ropes.

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TRES OF TANZANIA

BREONADIA SALICINA

DISTRIBUTION

Grows in moist valleys, riparian woodlands,along streams and rivers, and in swampyareas (Pa'grave 1988).

132

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Easily grown fromseedlings. Cuttings placed in mud andwildlings are frequently used methods.

Seedling Management : Germination is moresuccessful in moist conditions. In Ruvumaregion, cuttings are placed in mud. Wildlingsappear to have a higher survival rate thannursery seedlings, which need to be at least 1m high to survive transplanting.


BREONADIA SALICINA

DISTRIBUTION

Grows in moist vallays, riparian woodlands, along streems end rivers, and in swampy areas (Palgrave 1988).

PROPAGATION

Meane of Propagation : Easily grown from seedlings. Cuttings placed in mud and wildlings are frequently used methods.

Seedling Managemant : Germination is more successful in moist conditions. In Ruvuma region, cuttings are placed in mud. Wildlings appear to have a higher survival rate than nursery seedlings, which need to be at leest 1 m high to survive transplanting.

132

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Very high potential foragroforestry in valleys with coffee and otheragricultural crops in southern Tanzania (RSCU1992). It is also planted on hill sides forerosion control.

Growth Cycle : Fairly fast growing.

Management Systems : Can be plantedsuccessfully in mixed woodlots in single linesand in rows at 2x2.5 m in southern Tanzania.It appears susceptible to weed competition.However it may be more resistant to dryperiods than the common fast growing treesof the area.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: TIMBERWood is yellowish, hard, heavy, very durable,and oily to the touch (Pa!grave 1988). It isalso termite resistant. It makes an excellenttimber which is highly valued for furniture andhouse construction. It is heavily exploited.

Use #2 : MEDICINEBark is soaked in water to prevent influenzafever. It is also used to cure stomachailments.

Use #3 : FIREWOODIt is a well-known firewood in southernTanzania.

133

BREONADIA SALICINA(ADINA, BREONADIA MICROCEPHALA)

RUBIACEAE

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Very high potential for agroforestry in valleys with coffee and other agricultural crops in southern Tanzania (RSCU 1992). It is also planted on hill sides for erosion control.

Growth Cycle: Fairly fast growing.

Management Systems: Can be planted successfully in mixed woodlots in single lines and in rows at 2x2.5 m in southern Tanzania. It appears susceptible to weed compatition. However it may be more resistant to dry periods than the common fast growing trees of the area.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : TIMBER Wood is yellowish. hard. heavy. very durable. and oily to the touch (Pal grave 1988). It is also termite resistant. It makes an excallent timber which is highly valued for furniture and house construction. It is heavily exploited.

Use #2 : MEDICINE Bark is soaked in water to prevent influenza fever. It is also used to cure stomach ailments.

Use #3 : FIREWOOD It is a well-known firewood in southern Tanzania.

133

BREONADIA SALICINA (ADINA. BREONADIA MICROCEPHALA)

RUBIACEAE

INDiGENous MULTIPURPOSE TREES 0,F TANZANIA

BRIDELIA MICRANTHA*

DISTRIBUTION

Found in forests by rivers, forest edges oropen woodlands, savannahs and secondaryforests, riverine woodlands, and galleryforests. It is adaptable to a variety of climates.The tree prefers sites along rivers and at forestedges at altitudes under 2500m (FAO 1986).B. micranthe is found in Mbeya, Tanga,Kilimanjaro, Morogoro, and Iringa(Rulangaranga 1989).

Status : The tree is becoming scarce due toover exploitation (RSCU 1992).

134

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Tolerates a wide varietyfrom sandy clay loams to clay loams. It growseasily in deep, moist soil.

Influential Factores : A fast growing indigenoustree. It can withstand 5 to 6 degrees C offrost if sheltered (Palmer and Pitman 1972).

.......

Q.

:. H2500...


BRIDELIA MICRANTHA *

DISTRIBUTION

Found in forests by rivers, forest edges or open woodlands, savannahs and secondary forests, riverine woodlands, and gallery forests. It is adaptable to a variety of climates. The tree prefers sites along rivers and et forest edges at altitudes under 2500 m (FAD 1986). B. miCfantha is found in Mbeye, Tango, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro, and lringa (Rulangaranga 1989).

Status: The tree is becoming scarce due to over exploitation (RSCU 1992).

:;M(Oiifulm;Alii~lidl!jmb : ..•.... :;:MlIxtmum::Aitifude:(m)·;· ... j.tinimurnj=iBinfaiClmm): : . :::t~~ir1i4rn:~81~filinl11m): ..

...... ·::/30i:( .::.2.500: ·800.

.. 2500

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Tolerates a wide variety from sandy clay looms to clay looms. It grows easily in deep, moist soil.

Influential Facto,. : A fast growing indigenous tree. It can withstand 5 to 6 degrees C of frost if shaltered (Palmer and Pitman 1972).

134

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seed and coppicing.

Seed Sources 700 TSH per kg -Silviculture Research Centre 1991/92.

Seed Treatments : Fruits are small, oval, andturn from green to black when mature. Treesdo not bear fruit each year. Pretreatmentappears unnecessary (RSCU 1992). As an oilseed it has short storage viability. It mayreproduce from cuttings as do other membersof the Euphorbia family (Teel 1984).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Commonly intercropped andmanaged by small scale farmers. It is no.tplanted near homesteads as it attractscaterpillars and birds (RSCU 1992).

Growth Cycle : In Tanzania flowering occursduring the rainy season (October to March),with fruits ripening towards the end of therainy season, extending into the dry season(April to July) (FAO 1986). Fruits are ediblemost of the summer.

Management Systems : It tolerates lopping,pollarding and coppicing. The crown is denseand broad, and not recommended forintercropping (Tee) 1984). Coppices readilyafter trees are felled. Root suckers areproduced if the roots are injured (FAO 1986).The tree is highly susceptible to competitionfrom weeds.

135

BRIDELIA MICRANTHA*EUPHORBIACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : FUEL WOODIt is regarded as one of the best fuelwoodtrees and is used for both firewood andcharcoal.

Use #2 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODA durable termite resistant wood that is inhigh demand for poles, tool handles, bows,and timber for interior carpentry.

Use #3 : MEDICINEThe roots are crushed and used for treatingstomach aches, tapeworms, diarrhoea,headaches, and sore joints (Rulangaranga1989). The leaf sap is used for sore eyes.

OTHER USES : The fruits are sweet, tastinglike currants and are readily eaten by children.

NOTES

The tree is host to hairy caterpillars whichfeed on leaves. In Nigeria and Uganda thetree is cultivated as food for silkworms, whichproduce a light brown silk (Tredgold 1986).

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seed and coppicing.

Seed Sources: 700 TSH per kg -Silviculture Research Centre 1991/92.

Seed Treatments: Fruits are small, oval, and turn from green to black when mature. Trees do not bear fruit each year. Pretreatment appears unnecessary (RSCU 1992). As an oil seed it has short storage viability. It may reproduce from cuttings as do other members of the Euphorbia family (Teel 1984).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Commonly intercropped and managed by small scale farmers. It is not planted near homesteads as it attracts caterpillars and birds (RSCU 1992).

Growth Cycle: In Tanzania flowering occurs during the rainy season (October to March), with fruits ripening towards the end of the rainy season, extending into the dry season (April to July) (FAO 1986). Fruits are edible most of the summer.

Management Systems: It tolerates lopping, pollarding and coppicing. The crown is dense and broad, and not recommended for intercropping (Teel 1984). Coppices readily after trees are felled. Root suckers are produced if the roots are injured (FAO 1986). The tree is highly susceptible to competition from weeds.

BRIDELIA MICRANTHA * EUPHORBIACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : FUELWOOD It is regarded as one of the best fuel wood trees and is used for both firewood and charcoal.

Use #2 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD A durable termite resistant wood that is in high demand for poles, tool handles, bows, and timber for interior carpentry.

Use #3 : MEDICINE The roots are crushed and used for treating stomach aches, tapeworms, diarrhoea, headaches, and sore joints (Rulangaranga 1989). The leaf sap is used for sore eyes.

OTHER USES : The fruits are sweet, tasting like currants and are readily eaten by children.

NOTES

The tree is host to hairy caterpillars which feed on leaves. In Nigeria and Uganda the tree is cultivated as food for silkworms, which produce a light brown silk (Tredgold 1986).

135


COMBRETUM MOLLE*

DISTRIBUTION

Common throughout Tanzania but more sowithin the coastal belt, in riverine forests, inwooded grasslands, and bushland. It is foundon rocky sites and stony hills (RSCU 1992).

Minimum Attitude:i.ro:: 6.1

: MaxiMdm Altitude (M)

136

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Well-drained soils.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seedlings and rootsuckers.

i..

eedsrper.isg : 1-0000:-1:5.0001


COMBRETUM MOLLE*

DISTRIBUTION

Common throughout Tanzania but more so within the coastal belt, in riverine forests, in wooded grasslands, and bushland. it is found on rocky sites and stony hills (RSCU 1992).

:Mini~~mAltitud~~mJ: . Ma)(fiiiumAltltudiiiiril :

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Well-drained soils.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seedlings and root suckers.

lOOOc> -150()0 I

136

Seed Treatments : Pretreatment is notnecessary. It germinates readily if seeds arefresh and not damaged by insects, Open fruitto extract seeds. It is reported to have a veryshort storage period (RSCU 1992).

SILVICULTURE

Growth Cycle : Slow growing.

Management Systems : Tolerates lopping andcoppicing.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINEA root decoction is use to treat abdominalpains and sterility (Chhabra et al. 1984). It isused to treat hookworms, stomach pains,snakebites, leprosy fever, and general bodyswelling (Rulangaranga 1989). It is regardedas a medicine for both humans and animals.

Use #2 : BEE PLANTThe sweetly scented flowers attract insectsincluding honey bees.

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is hard and used as building posts,poles, tool handles, and in construction. It isalso termite resistant.

137

COMBRETUM MOUE*(C. ATELANTHUM, GUEINZII)

COMBRETACEAE

Seed Treatments : Pretreatment is not necessary. It germinates readily if seeds are fresh and not damaged by insects. Open fruit to extract seeds. It is reported to have a very short storage period (RSCU 1992).

51L VICUL TURE

Growth Cycle: Slow growing.

Management Systems: Tolerates lopping and coppicing.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINE A root decoction is use to treat abdominal pains and sterility (Chhabra et al. 1984). It is used to treat hookworms, stomach pains, snakebites, leprosy fever, and general body swelling (Rulangaranga 1989). It is regarded as a medicine for both humans and animals.

Use #2 : BEE PLANT The sweetly scented flowers attract insects including honey bees.

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is hard and used as building posts, poles, tool handles, and in oonstruotion. It is also termite resistant.

137

COMBRETUM MOLLP (C. ATELANTHUM, GUEINZII)

COMBRETACEAE

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TFtEES Of TANZANIA

COMMIPHORA AFRICANA

DISTRIBUTION

Found on dry sites throughout Africa. InTanzania it grows in open savannah on rockysites with minimal rainfall (RSCU 1992). It isreported to tolerate a wide range of sites,including hot, rocky river beds, woodedravines, rocky ridges, lowland forests, andsavannahs. It is found in Morogoro, Rukwa,Arusha, Selous Game Reserve, Shinyanga,Mikumi National Park and Tanga(Rulangaranga 1989).

Mini AltitU de: Cm):;.. .

Me.*If11* #111t1i4.011).:Nlipirritiro:.flainfill (mm)Maximtim.Rain40

138

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Grows on a wide range ofsoils including red dolerte, sand, rockyescarpments, boulders, clays, and lateriticcrusts. It appears to grow best on calcareoussoils and sands (Von Maydell 1986).

Influential Factors : Fire and fairly termiteresistant.


COMMIPHORA AFRICANA

DISTRIBUTION

Found on dry sites throughout Africa. In Tanzania it grows in open savannah on rocky sites with minimal rainfall (RSCU 1992). It is reported to tolerate a wide range of sites, including hot, rocky river beds, wooded ravines, rocky ridges, lowland forests, and savannahs. It is found in Morogoro, Rukwa, Arusha, Selous Game Reserve, Shinyanga, Mikumi National Park and Tanga (Rulangaranga 1989).

·.Minlmijm:.Altitude(rDl~:··· :MB*"UiTiAltitticl~ .. (nit ( . Mil1jmtim·~iiinfltn(mmr: .. : Maximllm: R~i"t~lI.trTiml,

<> ·16()() .. '300.: .

. ~pp

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Grows on a wide range of. soils including red dolerite, sand, rocky escarpments, boulders, clays, and lateritic crusts. It appears to grow best on calcareous soils and sands (Von Maydell 1986).

Influential Factors: Fire and fairly termite resistant.

138

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Stakes, large cuttings,or seeds. It is easy to propagate withcuttings.

Seeds per kg : 8000Seed Sources : 1000 TSH per kg - TanzaniaNational Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments : C. africana produces apink-red fruit with stony seed inside. Notreatment is recommended.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Recommended for live fencesand hedges in dry areas. Does not competewith crops.


Growth Cycle : Comes into leaf at thebeginning of the dry season (Von Maydell1986).

Management Systems : Tolerates lopping.

139

COMMIPHORA AFRICANA(C. PILOSA)

BURSERACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: MEDICINEFruits are used for the treatment of typhoidfiver and as a remedy for stomach problems(Rulangaranga 1989). The powdered bark ismixed with porridge to cure malaria. The resinalso has medicinal uses including sealing anddisinfecting wounds. It is applied as a plasterand used for spasms. The fumes of burntresin are used as an insecticide (WestmanDraft) and an aphrodisiac.

Use #2 : FODDERThe leaves are browsed by goats, especially atthe end of the dry season when young leavesappear. The nutritive value of the leaves isabout 8 to 14% crude protein (Von Maydell1986).

Use /13 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood has a reputation of being termiteresistant, though soft. It is used in theconstruction of local houses, tool handles,beehives, spoons, water troughs, and formusical instruments.

OTHER USES : Roots, leaves, and fruits areedible. An edible oil is also extracted. Driedsap and bark are used as incense.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Stakes, large cuttings, or seeds. It is easy to propagate with cuttings.

Seeds per kg : 8000 Seed Sources: 1000 TSH per kg - Tanzania NationalSeed Centre 1991 .

Seed Treatments: C. africana produces a pink-red fruit with stony seed inside. No treatment is recommended.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Recommended for live fences and hedges in dry areas. Does not compete with crops.

Growth Factors: Slow growing.

Growth Cycle : Comes into leaf at the beginning of the dry season (Von Maydell 1986).

Managament Systems: Tolerates lopping.

COMMIPHORA AFRICANA (c. PILOSA)

BURSERACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINE Fruits are used for the treatment of typhoid fever and as a remedy for stomach problems (Rulangaranga 1989). The powdered bark is mixed with porridge to cure malaria. The resin also has medicinal uses including sealing and disinfecting wounds. It is applied as a plaster and used for spasms. The fumes of burnt resin are used as an insecticide (Westman Draft) and an aphrodisiac.

Use #2 : FODDER The leaves are browsed by goats, especially at the end of the dry season when young leaves appear. The nutritive value of the leaves is about 8 to 14% crude protein (Von Maydell 1986).

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood has a reputation of baing termite resistant, though soft. It is used in the construction of local houses, tool handles, beehives, spoons, water troughs, and for musical instruments.

OTHER USES: Roots, laavas, and fruits are edible. An edible oil is also extracted. Dried sap and bark are used as incense.

139


COMMIPHORA EMINII

DISTRIBUTION

In Tanzania it is found from the Coast hillforests, the Pugu Hills Forest Reserve andTanga, to Morogoro and Dodoma. It grows inlowland evergreen rainforests and woodlands(Rulangeranga 1989). It is found on rockysites.

Status : Now becoming rare (RSCU 1992).

ti/GriiinUM:.rttitittide:(itt)

Rainfall (mm)

140

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers clay or sand.

Influential Factors : C. eminii has no adverseeffects on crops due to a relatively lessextensivo root system and small canopy(RSCU 1992).


COMMIPHORA EMINII

DISTRIBUTION

In Tanzania it is found from the Coast hill forests, the Pugu Hills Forest Reserve and Tanga, to Morogoro and Oodoma. It grows in lowland evergreen rainforests and woodlands (Rulangaranga 1989). It is found on rocky sites.

Status: Now becoming rare (RSCU 1992).

MlriihlufuAttTfudalfu): .. .... . ...... . .......•...••... ·0 riitaximum)i,itittidejiTit! ·t5O<> ••. ijriimumfl~~f8!iirnmi·: ..·300 ... ~Mxirriitm.:Rllt!ifiill(;nmi.: .10qo

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Prefers clay or sand.

Influential Factors : C. eminii has no adverse effects on crops due to a relatively less extensive root system and small canopy (RSCU 1992).

140

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Large cuttings.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Grown with food crops, ingardens, around homesteads. It is planted asa quick growing hedge.


Management Systems : Tolerates pollarding.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: MEDICINEIt is used as a remedy for fever, snakebites,indigestion, constipation, and toothaches(Rulangaranga 1989).

Use #2 : FENCINGIt is often propagated as a quick growing livefence for boundary marking and for yamsupports. The wood is also used for fenceposts.

Use #3: GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is easy to work and is used forbeehives, building materials, and furniture.

141

COMMIPHORA EMINII(SUBS. ZIMMERMANNII)

BURSERACEAE

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Large cuttings.

SILVICULTURE

Plllnting Tvpes : Grown with food crops, in gardens, around homesteads. It is planted as a quick growing hedge.

Growth Fllctors : Fairly fast growing.

Management Systems: Tolerates pollarding.

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINE It is used as a remedy for fever, snakebites, indigestion, constipation, and toothaches (Rulangaranga 1989).

Use #2 : FENCING It is often propagated as a quick growing live fence for boundary marking and for yam supports. The wood is also used for fence posts.

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is easy to work and is used for beehives, building materials, and furniture.

141

COMMIPHORA EMINII (SUBS. ZIMMERMANN II)

BURSERACEAE


CORDIA AFRICANA*

DISTRIBUTION

A small to medium sized tree (4 to 15 m inheight) occurring at medium to low altitudes.It is often found in woodland and brush inwarm moist areas, and along river banks(Pa'grave 1988). In Tanzania it is common inpastureland, particulary in Arusha andKilimanjaro regions but is scattered elsewhere(RSCU 1992).

:Minimum Altitude.(m) : 1200.:-Mii)diritiiii.'Altittide (ml::Minimum Rainfall (mm) : 1000

142

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Found on a wide variety ofsoils. C. africana prefers light, deep, and well-drained soils and moist conditions. Alsosandy loams (Watkins 1960).

Influential Factors : Irregular shedding ofleaves which is often at different times fromneighbouring trees (Watkins 1960). It isnormally resistant to termites. It is frosttender.


CORDIA AFRICANA *

DISTRIBUTION

A small to medium sized tree (4 to 15 m in height) occurring at medium to low altitudes. It is often found in woodland and brush in warm moist areas, and along river banks (P.algrave 1988). In Tanzania it is common in pastureland, particulary in Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions but is scattered elsewhere (RSCU 1992).

:Miriifu~fuAltitUd~{rri). : Maximum Altitude . (m~ : >r\iiinir:nurnRairif8!iiinmi .. !

1200 2000 1000

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Found on a wide variety of soils. C. africana prefers light, deep, and welldrained soils and moist conditions. Also sandy loams (Watkins 1960).

Influential Fact0f8 : Irregular shedding of leaves which is often at different times from neighbouring trees (Watkins 1960). It is normally resistant to termites. It is frost tender.

142

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Wildlings, transplants(6 months) and seed. Coppices well.

Seed Treatments : Fruit is small, smooth andoval tipped with a small point, about 1.3 cm indiameter (Palmer and Pitman 1972). Collectripe fruits and sun dry until the coat is hard.Rub together to remove seed coat.

Pretreatment is not necessary. Germination isslow at first but fairly good after 3 weeks.The seed stores well for up to 1 year (Watkins1960).

Seedling Management : Seeding time is highlyvariable but August and September appearbest (Teel 1984). Seeds are normally sowndirectly in beds with germination beginning in2 weeks. Seedlings need about 4 to 6 monthsin the nursery.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Planted near dwellings,around fields and pastures, and as a shadetree.

Growth Factors : Moderate to slow growing.

Growth Cycle : C. africana has a rotation of35 to 45 years. It produces seed from Augustto September (ICRAF 1992).

Limitations to Planting : The tree usually haspoor form and a short bole.

Management Systems : Germination fromseed appears to be erratic but once started thetree grows fast and well. It can reach 7 to 8m in 7 years (Palgrave 1988) and can toleratepollarding, lopping, and coppicing.

143

CORDIA AFRICANA*(C. ABYSSINICA)BORAGINACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: SHADEOften found in cropland where it is managedfor shade. In northern Tanzania C. africana isfavoured as a shade tree for coffee because ofits short bole. It provides very good mulchand can be used in other mixed croppingsystems on cropland, pastureland, or range-land to improve microclimatic conditions.

Use #2 : BEE PLANTC. africana's sweetly scented flowers are veryattractive to honey bees and are known fortheir high quality honey production.

Use #3: GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is light, yet durable, moderatelysoft, fairly straight-grained, and relativelytermite and fungus resistant. It works andfinishes easily (Watkins 1960). The wood isused to make grain mortars, water containers,utensils, tool handles, furniture, beehives,containers for local brew, and shingles.

OTHER USES : Well-known and valued forfirewood, especially in the West UsambaraMountains.

Seeds per kg : 3500Germination Rate (%) 65Seed Sources : 1000 TSH per kg -Silviculture Research Centre 1991/92.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Wildlings, transplants (6 months) and seed. Coppices well.

Seeds per kg: ' ,Germination Rate (%) : Seed Souroes: 1000 TSH per kg -SilViculture'· Research Centre 1991/92.

3500 65

Seed Treatments: Fruit is small, smooth and oval tipped with a small point, about 1.3 em in diameter (Palmer and Pitman 1972). Collect ripe fruits and sun dry until the coat is hard. Rub together to remove seed coat.

Pretreatment is not necessary. Germination is slow at first but fairly good after 3 weeks. The seed stores well for up to 1 year (Watkins 1960).

Seedling Management: Seeding time is highly variable but August and September appear best (Teel 1984). Seeds are normally sown directly in beds with germination beginning in 2 weeks. Seedlings need about 4 to 6 months in the nursery.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Planted near dwellings, around fields and pastures, and as a shade tree.

Growth Factore : Moderate to slow growing.

Growth Cycle : C. africana has a rotation of 35 to 45 years. It produces seed from August to September (lCRAF 1992).

Limitations to Planting: The tree usually has poor form and a short bole.

Management Systems: Garmination from seed appears to be erratic but once started the tree grows fast and well. It can reach 7 to 8 m in 7 years (Palgrave 1988) and can tolerate pollarding, lopping, and coppicing.

CORDIA AFRICANA + (c. ABYSSINICA) BORAGINACEAE

IMPORT ANT USES

Use Ul : SHADE Often found in cropland whera it is managed for shade. In northern Tanzania C. africana is favoured as a shade tree for coffee because of its short bole. It provides very good mulch and can be used in other mixed cropping systems on cropland, pastureland, or rangeland to improve microclimatic conditions.

Use #2 : BEE PLANT C. africana's sweetly scented flowers are very attractive to honey bees and are known for their high quality honey production.

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is light, yet durable, moderately soft, fairly straight-grained, and relatively termite and fungus resistant. It works and finishes easily (Watkins 1960). The wood is used to make grain mortars, water containers, utensils, tool handles, furniture, beehives, oontainers for local brew, and shingles.

OTHER USES: Well-known and valued for firewood, especially in the West Usambara Mountains.

143

INDIGENOUS MuunPuRposE TFtEES OF TANZANIA

CORDIA SIN ENSIS

DISTRIBUTION

Found in so called 'grong water bushland' inlow altitude arid and semiarid areas. It prefersmoist river beds but is also found on termitemounds and in littoral scrub. In Tanzania C.sinensis is found in the coastal areas and inthe central and northern dry regions (RSCU1992).

REQUIREMENTS

Requirements : Prefers moist river beds butcan grow in stony or saline soils (RSCU 1992).

Influential Factors : Has adaptad to withstandflooding, even prolonged flooding (WestmanDraft). It is a useful tree in arid areas.

144

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Direct sowing,seedlings, and cuttings.

.

Seed Treatments : Fruit becomes round andbright orange as it ripens, and hangs inconspicuous clusters. Fruit is pulpy andsticky, and about 2 cm long. No treatmenthas been recornmended.


CORDIA SINENSIS

DISTRIBUTION

Found in so called 'grong water bushland' in low altitude arid and semiarid areas. It prefers moist river beds but is also found on termite mounds and in littoral scrub. In Tanzania C. sinensis is found in the coastal areas and in the central and northern dry regions (RSCU 1992).

REQUIREMENTS

Requirements: Prefers moist river bads but can grow in stony or saline soils (RSCU 1992).

Influential Factors : Has adapted to withstend flooding, even prolonged flooding (Westman Draft). It is a useful tree in arid areas.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Direct sowing, seedlings, and cuttings.

Seed Treatments: Fruit becomes round and bright orange as it ripens, and hangs in conspicuous clusters. Fruit is pulpy and sticky, and about 2 em long. No treatment has been recommended.

144

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Can tolerate a wide range ofsites. Growth patterns range from compact,densely growing shrubs to small compacttrees under 12 m.


Management Systems : Tolerates lopping,pollarding, and coppicing.

IMPORTANT USES

Use tt. : MEDICINEThe roots and bark are used for stomachdisorders in both children and adults. Adecoction of boiled roots is used to treatmalaria. It is reported that 3 finger sizedpieces of the root can cause an abortion(Westman Draft). Bark and roots are mixed totreat conjunctivitis in cattle.

Use #2: FRUITFruits are often put in porridge and are used asa sugar substitute.

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODIn Dodoma it is used in the construction oflocal houses and for roofs. It is also used fortool handles, walking sticks, clubs, and stools.

145

CORDIA SINENSIS(C. GHARAF, C. ROTHII)

BORAGINACEAE

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Can tolerate a wide range of sites. Growth patterns range from compact, densely growing shrubs to small compact trees under 12 m.

Growth Factors: FairlY fast growing.

Management Systems: Tolerates lopping, pollarding, and coppicing.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #', : MEDICINE The roots and bark are used for stomach disorders in both children and adults. A decoction of boiled roots is used to treat malaria. It is reported that 3 finger sized pieces of the root can cause an abortion (Westman Draft). Bark and roots are mixed to treat conjunctivitis in cattle.

Use #2 : FRUIT Fruits are often put in porridge and are used as a sugar substitute.

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD In Dodoma it is used in the construction of local houses and for roofs. It is also used for tool handles, walking sticks, clubs, and stools.

145

CORDIA SINENSIS (C. GHARAF, C. ROTHII)

BORAGINACEAE


CROTON MEGALOCARPUS*

DISTRIBUTION

Is a dominant upper canopy forest treereaching heights of 40 m or more (Dale andGreenway 1961). It is widespread in themountains of Arusha and Kilimanjaro.

...

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Light, deep, and well-drained (Egli and Kalinganire 1988).

146

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Direct sowing isrecommended. Can also be propagated fromseedlings and wildlings.

....,....,-,...,.. ....

. ... . . . .

$44.:$0.urce-:-:. 70Q::Tski.verkg, .-........,.... . . -.... .... . .. ... ...;.: ilyicOl.til.r.C:ResearOk..Cente.1991/9.2..

. . . - - . ..

Seed Treatments : Produces large seed incapsules with 3 lobes, about 2 to 3 cm inlength and 3 cm in diameter. Teel (1984)reports that germination is quick and that nopretreatment is required.

. .

.:*Si:i..e.O.s#4i.:..Kg.:... . . .... 11.00-:. .

Gettiiiiiiiign::te:..(....................... . ..... .. ...85.-.. .. .....,......,.... .. .

:-Germinatton:Length..- 5..0.0.VP.-::


CROTON MEGALOCARPUS*

DISTRIBUTION

Is a dominant upper oanopy forast tree reaohing heights of 40 m or more (Dale and Greenway 1961). It is widespread in the mountains of Arusha and Kilimanjaro.

.. ·.Minimuill·.Aititude·(ffij·:.· ·.M8411UrTi·Ai~tud.~!m).:·

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Ught, deep, and well· drained (Egli and Kalinganire 1988).

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Direot sowing is recommended. Can also be propagated from seedlings and wildlings.

$ij~d~.~~d~g.:. ··i.:··/· .. ·· ...... ..·f100 <3~r@h~ti~h:F41I~~~%i\> ....... . .. ·85:.· >tie.n.nJiiat~iili&lIgtf(:··.. 25(:f~Ys .. $.~.$.9.@l~{~.7ciQ..~I:f·per .:\<g •.......... / . • ·~\liiiQ~(t~I~:R~~~erqK¢~n~te 1.$91)92 ..

Seed Treatments: Produoes large seed in capsules with 3 lobes, about 2 to 3 cm in length and 3 om in diameter. Teel (1984) reports that germination is quick and that no pretreatment is required.

146

Seedling Management : Seeds cannot bestored for long periods because of the high oilcontent. The germination rate fallsdramatically if seeds are stored for more than9 months (Egli and Kalinganire 1988).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Near dwellings, in fields, andby swamps and watercourses. Egli andKalinganire (1988) advise to avoidintercropping because of its dense shade.However it is frequently found in Kikuyuagroforestry plantings in Kenya. In someareas it is not planted close to houses due tocultural beliefs (ICRAF 1992).

Growth Factors : Fast growing on appropriatesites.

Management Systems Tolerates lopping,pollarding and coppicing.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINEThe leaves, roots, and bark are used to treatstomach problems and pneumonia. It has ahigh oil content (30%) and high proteincontent (50%). The oil extract is reported tobe a forceful purgative (ICRAF 1992).

Use #2: LAND IMPROVEMENTIt makes a good live fence and the leaves areused for mulch and green manure.

Use #3 FIREWOODIt is highly regarded as firewood but is notrecommended for charcoal as the smokestings the eyes.

147

CROTON MEGALOCARPUS*EUPHORBIACEAE

Seedling Management: Seeds cannot be stored for long periods because of the high oil content. The, germination rate falls dramatically if seeds are stored for more than 9 months (Egli and Kalinganire 1988).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Near dwellings, in fields, and by swamps and watercourses. Egli and Kalinganire (1988) advise to avoid intercropping because of its dense shade. However it is frequently found in Kikuyu agroforestry plantings in Kenya. In some areas it is not planted close to houses due to cultural beliefs (lCRAF 1992).

Growth Factors: Fast growing on appropriate sites.

Management Systems: Tolerates lopping, pollarding and coppicing.

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINE The leaves, roots, and bark are used to treat stomach problems and pneumonia. It has a high oil content (30%) and high protein content (50%). The oil extract is reported to be a forceful purgative (lCRAF 1992).

Use #2 : LAND IMPROVEMENT It makes a good live fence and the leaves are used for mulch and green manure.

Use #3 : FlREWOOD It is highly regarded as firewood but is not recommended for charcoal as the smoke stings the eyes.

147

CROTON MEGALOCARPUS· EUPHORBIACEAE


DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON*

DISTRIBUTION

Is widely distributed, and tolerates a widerange of sites, especially on gravelly soils.A deciduous savannah tree or shrub, it willintertwine with other trees, and has a heavilybranched, many stemmed growth habit. It isfound in tropical lowlands and on various sitesin subhumid and semiarid areas.

In Tanzania it is found in low altitudesavannah or woodlands around Morogoro andltigi, down to the coast. Often it grows inareas where productive agriculture isimpossible due to shallow, rocky soils. This isan indication of the tree's hardiness but mayalso indicate that it can not effectivelycompete when conditions are better (ForestDivision 1984).

148

Status : D. melenoxylon is a national emblemprotected by law (UNEP 1988).

O.

Maxtmwn Temperature (C) 20

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Needs sufficiently moistsoils, preferably near water (Von Maydell1986).

Light Requirements : Light demanding.


DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON*

DISTRIBUTION

Is widely distributed, and tolerates a wide range of sites, especially on gravelly soils. A deciduous savannah tree or shrub, it will intertwine with other trees, and has a heavily

, branched, many stemmed growth habit. It is found in tropical lowlands and on various sites in sub humid and semiarid areas.

In Tanzania it is found in low altitude savannah or woodlands around Morogoro and ltigi, down to the coast. Often it grows in areas where productive agriculture is impossible due to shallow, rocky soils. This is an indication of the trae's hardiness but may also indicate that it can not effectively compete when conditions are better (Forest Division 1984).

Stetus : D. me/enoxy/on is a national emblem protected by law (UNEP 1988).

'~ir\ili:iu.ro:j@liJ(j~@f:>, ,. ::MIt~im~m:Ai~i.w~,~ (in)':,' , :'Minrm~mBli!i)fili'(iiimr; ,'" " :M8XimiimRainfainmm): ' ·Mi6i"1l(",}'~raru.ra{c::i::.: .:, ....•.. ·':MfI)(iriiiirYtT~p~iittire.(c;t:: •• :::>.:.

REQUIREMENTS

Ci 13.09

8QO, 1060'

o , 20,

Soil Requirements: Needs sufficiently moist soils, preferably near water (Von Maydell 1988).

Ught Requirements: light demanding.

148

Influential Factors : Does not regenerate wellnaturally (Von Maydell 19861. It is able towithstand fire and mature trees are damagedbut not usually killed by bush fires.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seed, wildlings,cuttings, root suckers, and coppice.

Seed Treatments : Pods are long, flat, papery,and about 4 cm in length with 1 to 4 seedsper pod. The pods do not burst open onmaturity. Pretreatment is not necessary.Seed germinates readily, but has a shortviability period and should be planted within afew months after collection.

Seed Considerations : Raising from stumpsmay be better than from potted seedlings.Plant a 2 year old stump 14 cm long (12 cmroot + 2 cm stem) in early or mid rains thenweed intensively.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Planted as individuals ormixed with fast growing trees which do notcast too much shade (Forest Division 1984).

Growth Factors : Growth is slow, especiallyin the first few years. Young trees coppicewell, but coppicing ability declines with age(Forest Division 1984). It survives if subjectedto competition for moisture and light, butheight and root collar development will benegligible.

Growth Cycle : It takes between 70 and 100years to reach maturity for harvesting (UNEP1988). Well tended trees will grow 0.6 to 0.7m in height per year and 1 to 1.5 cm indiameter per year. The tree is deciduous,losing its leaves briefly in the dry season(Forest Division 1984).

149

DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON*LEGUM1NOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE)

Management Systems : Planting early in therainy season gives better results than laterplanting (Forest Division 1984). Watersparingly so the seed does not rot. Seedlingsgrow well if areas are well weeded.

Side pruning may be needed for a clean bole.It may make economic sense to do intensiveweeding for the first 5 to 8 years, dependingon market prices for D. melanoxylon (Mugasha1983).

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : CRAFTSCarvings from African ebony made by theMakonde tribe are well-known outsideTanzania. The heartwood is very suitable fortraditional carvings and musical instrumentswhich are for sale throughout the country.The trade offers revenue to those who livenear otherwise unproductive sites.

The wood has considerable potential to earnforeign exchange from carvings and for use inEurope for musical instruments. It is used tomake piano keys and clarinets (Teel 1984).

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe roots can be used to treat abdominal pain,hernia, gonorrhoea, and in abortion (WestmanDraft). The bark from the root and the stem isan antidiarrhetic and the smoke of burningroots is inhaled to treat headaches andbronchitis. The juice from leaves can be usedto treat sore throats, heart problems,dysentery, syphilis, and gonorrhoea. Adecoction of the bark is used for cleaningwounds.

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENTThe leaves make good mulch, are used asgreen manure, and for foddei. It is alsothought to be nitrogen fixing.

Seeds per kg : 42000Germination Rate (%) 30Seed Sources : 1200 TSH per kg -Silviculture Research Centre 1991/92.1000 TSH per Kg pods - Tanzania NationalSeed Centre 1991.

Influential Factors : Does not regenerate well naturally (Von Maydell 1986). It is able to withstand fir,! and mature trees are damaged but not usually killed by bush fires.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seed, wildlings, cuttings, root suckers, and coppice.

Seeds per kg: . Germination Rate (%) : Seed Sources : 1200 TSH per kg

42000 30

: Silviculture Research Centre 1991/92. .1000TSH per Kg pods - Tanzania National Seed Centre 1991,.

Seed Treatments: Pods are long, flat, papery, and about 4 em in length with 1 to 4 seeds per pod. The pods do not burst open on maturity. Pretreatment is not necessary. Seed germinates readily, but has a short viability period and should be planted within a few months after collection.

Seed Considerations: Raising from stumps may be better than from potted seedlings. Plant a 2 year old stump 14 cm long (12 em root + 2 cm stem) in early or mid rains then weed intensively.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Planted as individuals or mixed with fast growing trees which do not cast too much shade (Forest Division 1984).

Growth Factors: Growth is slow, especially in the first few years. Young trees coppice well, but coppicing ability declines with age (Forest Division 1984). It survives if subjected to competition for moisture and light, but height and root collar development will be negligible.

Growth Cycle: It takes between 70 and 100 years to reach maturity for harvesting (UNEP 1988). Well tended trees will grow 0.6 to 0.7 m in height per year and 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter per year. The tree is deciduous, losing its leaves briefly in the dry season (Forest Division 1984).

DALBERGIA ~ELANOXYLON" LEGUMINOSAE !SUBFAMIL Y PAPILIONOIDEAE)

Management Systems : Planting early in the rainy season gives better results than later planting (Forest Division 1984). Water sparingly so the seed does not rot. Seedlings grow well if areas are well weeded.

Side pruning may be needed for a clean bole. It may make economic sense to do intensive weeding for the first 5 to 8 years, depending on market prices for D. melanoxylon (Mugasha 1983).

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 :'CRAFTS Carvings from African ebony made by the Makonde tribe are well-known'outside Tanzania. The heartwood is very suitable for traditional carvings and musical instruments which are for sale throughout the country. The trade offers revenue to those who live· near otherwise unproductive sites.

The wood has considerable potential to earn foreign exchange from carvings and for use in Europe for musical instruments. It is used to make piano keys and clarinets (Teel 1984).

Use #2 : MEDICINE The roots can be used to treat abdominal pain, hernia, gonorrhoaa, and in abortion (Westman Draft). The bark from the root and the stem is an antidiarrhetic and the smoke of burning roots is inhaled to treat headaches and bronchitis. The juice from leaves can be used to treat sore throats, heart problems, dysentery, syphilis, and gonorrhoea. A decoction of the berk is used for cleaning wounds.

Use #3 : LAN!) IMPROVEMENT The leaves make good mUlch, are used as green manura, and for fodde:. It is also thought to be nitrogen fixing.

149


DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA*

DISTRIBUTION

Grows in a variety of habitats: dry forests,woodlands, shrublands, open grassland, riverbanks, rocky hillsides, and coastal plains.Penetrates clear cut areas far into therainforest zone. It is common in grasslandsand on river banks in Arusha. Dodoma andSingida (RSCU 1992). It can form thickets onovergrazed sites (Dale and Greenway 1961).

..... ...................... ... .... .

150

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers heavy clay, loams,and sands and is reported to improve poorsoils (Von Maydell 1986).

Light Requirermmts : Demanding.

Influential Factors : The tree is fire resistant.It is difficult to eradicate because of abundantroot suckers. Pods are favoured by livestockand wild animals, and traes may needprotection. it may colonize abandonedgardens and overgrazed fields.


DICHROST ACHYS CINEREA *

DISTRIBUTION

Grows in a variety of habitats: dry forests. woodlands. shrublands. open grassland. river banks. rocky hillsides. and coastal plains. Penetrates clear cut areas far into the rainforest zone. It is common in grasslands and on river banks in Arusha. Dodoma and Singida (RSCU 1992). It can form thickets on overgrazed sites (Dale and Greenway 1961).

Mi~~¥nAlitt~d~ •• ittt):~:· MaXirnUrTi.A:ititi:jd((rlit<; ....

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Prefers heavy clay, loams, and sands and is reported to improve poor soils (Von Maydell 1986).

Light Requirements: Demanding.

Influential Fllctore : Tha tree is fire resistant. It is difficult to eradicate bacause of abundant root suckers. Pods are favoured by livestook and wild animals. and trees may need protection. It may colonize abandoned gardens and overgrazad fields.

150

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seedlings, directsowing, and root suckers. It is easilyestablished from root or stem cuttings.

ISeeds per kg : 39000J

Seed Treatments : Pods are dark brown, long,and twisted, each containing about 4 seeds.Pods may remain on the tree for severalmonths before falling. Seeds are hard andshould be scarified by mechanical or chemicalmeans (Kew 1984).

Seedling Management : Seeds prolificallywhen in open land (RSCU 1992).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Generally not planted nearhouses since it is very thorny.

Growth Factors : D. cinerea spreads quickly.

Management Systems : Root spreading shouldbe controlled. It tolerates coppicing, lopping,and pollarding.

151

DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA*(D. GLOMERATA, NYASSANA)


IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: FUELWOODIt is considered to be a valuable firewood andcharcoal species, notably in Dodoma.

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe bark is used to treat dysentery, tooth-aches and elephantiasis. The leaves are alaxative and used to treat gonorrhoea andboils. It is also a remedy for stomachproblems and can remove poison from snake-bites. It is used as an aphrodisiac and as anastringent for scorpion bites (Rulangaranga1989).

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is very heavy and hard, (fine darkbrown heartwood), termite resistant, butusually of small dimensions. It is used in theconstruction of houses, for tool handles, andas support for local grapes. Branches areused for fencing and for cattle bomas.

OTHER USES : The pods are high in proteinand are highly valued for goat fodder inDodoma. The flowers are regarded as a goodplant for honey bees, It is also nitrogen fixing.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seedlings, direct sowing, and root suckers. It is easily established from root or stem cuttings.

Seeds per kg : 39000 I

Seed Treatments: Pods are dark brown, long, and twisted, each containing about 4 seeds. Pods may remain on the tree for several months befora falling. Seeds are hard and should be scarified by mechanical or chemical means (Kew 1984).

Seedling Management: Seeds prolifically when in open land (RSCU 1992).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Generally not planted near houses since it is very thorny.

Growth Factors: D. cinerea spreads quickly.

Management Systems: Root spreading should be controlled. It tolerates coppicing, lopping, and pollarding.

DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA" (D. GLOME RATA, NYASSANA)

LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIOEAE)

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : FUELWOOD It is considered to be a valuable firewood and charcoal species, notably in Oodoma.

Use #2 : MEDICINE The bark is used to treat dysentery, toothaches and elephantiasis. The leaves are a laxative and used to treat gonorrhoea and boils. It is also a remedy for stomach problems and can remove poison from snakebites. It is used as an aphrodisiac and as an astringent for scorpion bites (Rulangaranga 1989).

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is very heavy and hard, (fine dark brown heartwood), termite resistant, but usually of small dimensions. It is used in the construction of houses, for tool handles, and as support for local grapes. Branches are used for fencing and for cattle bomas.

OTHER USES: The pods are high in protein and are highly valued for goat fodder in Oodoma. The flowers are regarded as a good plant for honey bees. It is also nitrogen fixing.

151


DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS*

DISTRIBUTION

A woodland and savannah tree, it iswidespread at medium to low altitudes inTanzania. It is more abundant along riverbanks and near swamps in Miombo woodlandsthan in wooded grasslands and lowlandrainforests (FAO 1983). D. mespiliformis isfound in Tabora, Morogoro, Dodoma, Mbeya,and Kilimanjaro.

152

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers rocky soils, alongseasonal watercourses and swamps. It growswell in red loams, volcanic and loamy sands,and termite mounds. The tree prefers moistsoils (FAO 1983).

Influential Factors : Susceptible to weeds. Itprefers areas with permanent water which


DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS *

DISTRIBUTION

A woodland and savannah tree, it is widespread at medium to low altitudes in Tanzania. It is more abundant along river banks and near swamps in Miombo woodlands than in wooded grasslands and lowland rainforests (FAO 1983). D. mespiliformis is found in Tabora, Morogoro, Dodoma, Mbeya, and Kilimanjaro.

:<M(Oimum"l~jifirii:;:::: :::.:.. .:350: <:M8Ximum:Ariiiutie(mf~·: ·<::.<.125.0 ::Minimumii8infeiijmmt::···· .... ... . <500. MaximumR8inf8ii:imm):;·: ...... .. 1270< ::MiNhl~mT~~t~W:r~(C)i····.:·.·· 16.: )~~j;(imi:im::J#.p~rj)~r~(Ci~ . ··27:

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Prefers rocky soils, along seasonal watercourses and swamps. It grows well in red loams, volcanic and loamy sands, and termite mounds. The tree prefers moist soils (FAO 1983).

Influential Factors: Susceptible to weeds. It prefers areas with permanent water which

152

helps in natural regeneration.


Growth Cycle : Flowers in the rainy seasonand fruits ripen in the dry season. Fruits areedible in February and March.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Propagated naturallyby seed, coppice, root suckers, and seedlings.

Seeds per kg : 3000 1

Seed Treatments : Seeds can be collected,pretreated and seedlings raised in the nursery.To break dormancy seeds should be soaked inboiling water (Von Maydell, 1986). Seed canbe stored for very long periods.

Seedling Management : Germination is good,but it may be delayed by low soil moisture andseed dormancy. Seeds are attacked by seedborers. Natural regeneration is often notadequate and is likely hindered by seeddormancy and low soil moisture (FAO 1983).

SILVICULTURE

Management Systems : Partially clear plantingareas and weed until trees are well-established(FAO 1983). Protection from fires could helpimprove crop stocking in natural forests.

153

DIOSPYROS MESFILIFORMIS*EBENACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINEThe leaves are used to treat fever, as wounddressings, and as a poison antidote. The barkand roots are used for diseases such asmalaria, syphilis, and leprosy. Different partsof the tree are also used to treat headaches,toothaches, and other body pains.

Use #2 : FRUITThe fruit is edible and eaten either fresh ordried. The fruit is also used in making abrandy is stored and eaten in times of foodshortages (FAO 1983).

Use #3 : TIMBERProduces black heartwood 'ebony'. Only afew trees yield this black wood after felling,which is pale at first and then graduallybecomes dark brown. The wood is hard,strong, fine-grained and is fungus and termiteresistant (RSCU 1992). It is used in makingtool handles, gun stocks, furniture, andcarvings.

OTHER USES : It makes a very good firewoodand charcoal as well as bee forage.

helps in natural regeneration.

Growth Factors: Slow growing.

Growth Cycle: Flowers in the rainy season and fruits ripen in the dry season. Fruits are edible in February and March.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Propagated naturally by seed, coppice, root suckers, and seedlings.

I Seeds per kg : 3000 I

Seed Treatments: Seeds can be collected, pretreated and seedlings raised in the nursery. To break dormancy seeds should be soaked in boiling water (Von Maydell, 1986). Seed can be stored for very long periods.

Seedling Management: Germination is good, but it may be delayed by low soil moisture and seed dormancy. Seeds are attacked by seed borers. Natural rageneration is often not adequate and is likely hindered by seed dormancy and low soil moisture (FAO 1983).

SILVICULTURE

Managament Systems: Partially clear planting areas and weed until trees are well-established (FAO 1983). Protection from fires could help improve crop stocking in natural forests.

DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS" EBENACEAE

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINE The leaves are used to treat fever, as wound dressings, and as a poison antidote. The bark and roots are used for diseases such as malaria, syphilis, and leprosy. Different parts of the tree are also used to treat headaches, toothaches, and other body pains.

Use #2 : FRUIT The fruit is edible and eaten either fresh or dried. The fruit is also used in making a brandy is stored and eaten in times of food shortages (FAO 1983).

Use #3 : TIMBER Produces black heartwood' ebony'. Only a few trees yield this black wood after felling, which is pale at first and then gradually becomes dark brown. The wood is hard, strong, fine-grained and is fungus and termite resistant (RSCU 1992). It is usad in making tool handles, gun stocks, furniture, and carvings.

OTHER USES: It makes a very good firewood and charcoal as well as bee forage.

153


ENTADA ABYSSINICA*

DISTRIBUTION

Widely distributed savannah species found inwoodlands and wooded grasslands. The treeprefers grassland and bush savannahconditions. E. abyssinica is found nearMwanza, in Tabora, Mbeya, Mtwara andMorogoro (Rulangaranga 1989).

-;Mairiftitrin:Altitii.d0-401)--.1'

154

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Tolerates a variety of soilsranging from loam to clay loams andsometimes friable clay over latente (FAO1986).


Influential Factors : Prefers open areas.

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TRfES OF TANZANIA

ENTADA ABYSSINICA*

DISTRIBUTION

Widely distributed savannah species found in woodlands and wooded grasslands. The tree prefers grassland and bush savannah conditions. E. abyssinica is found near Mwanza. in Tabora. Mbeya. Mtwara and Morogoro (Rulangaranga 1989).

>Mlnimut:riA(~w.!!~:(m):·:.:··· .: .. : .. Milx!roumAi~ii~d~(m~·: .......... : . MrnimumRaiOfSiHmmr::· ...... . rVta~iiTiiifnR~i~faii(inmf: ...••

M

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Tolerates a variety of soils ranging from loam to clay loams and sometimes friable clay over latarite (FAO 1986).


Influential Factors: Prefers open areas.

154

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seedlings and directsowing. The tree is propagated naturally byroot suckers, seed, and coppicing.

Seeds per kg : 3900Germination Rate (%) : 85

Seed Treatments : Has characteristic large flatpods, 15 to 50 cm long. Each seed breaksaway from the pod in an envelope on the innerskin of the pod, which acts as a wing, leavingthe skeleton of the pod on the tree (Dale andGreenway 1961). To propagate, remove theseeds from the pods. Put the seeds in hotwater and allow them to soak overnight.Plant in containers or pots. Pretreatment issometimes necessary because of the hardseed coat.

Seedling Management : Seed germination rateis very high, between 70 and 90%.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : E. abyssinica has goodpotential for agroforestry as it does notcompete with crops and may improve the soil.

Growth Factors : Fast growing on good sites.

Growth Cycle : Flowers in the rainy season.Fruits ripen towards the end of the rainyseason and into the dry season.

Management Systems : Planting on a clearedsite and slashing of vegetation may increasegrowth and yield (FAO 1986).

155

ENTADA ABYSSINICA*LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE)

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: MEDICINELeaves are used to treat fever and the bark isused for colds, stomach pains, and bronchialproblems.

Use #2 : LAND IMPROVEMENTFarmers report that E. abyssinica improves thesoil. It is thought to be nitrogen fixing. It issuitable for mulch and as a shade tree.

Use #3 : RITUALIt is used in rainmaking and other ceremonies.

ENTADA ABYSSINICA it LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE) ----------------------------------------

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seedlings and direct sowing. The tree is propagated naturally by root suckers, seed, and coppicing.

Seeds per kg : Germination Rate (%) :

3900 85

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINE Leaves are used to treat fever and the bark is used for colds, stomach pains, and bronchial problems.

Use #2 : LAND IMPROVEMENT Farmers report that E. abyssinica improves the soil. It is thought to be nitrogen fixing. It is suitable for mulch and as a shade tree.

Seed Treatments: Has characteristic large flat pods, 15 to 50 cm long. Each seed breaks Use #3 : RITUAL away from the pod in an envelope on the inner It is used in rainmaking and other ceremonies. skin of the pod, which acts as a wing, leaving the skeleton of the pod on the tree (Dale and Greenway 1961). To propagate, remove the seeds from the pods. Put the seeds in hot water and allow them to soak overnight. Plant in containers or pots. Pretreatment is sometimes necessary because of the hard seed coat.

Seedling Management: Seed germination rate is very high, between 70 and 90%.

S IL VICUL TURE

Planting Types: E. abyssinic8 has good potential for agroforestry as it does not compete with crops and may improve the soil.

Growth Factors: Fast growing on good sites.

Growth Cycle : Flowers in the rainy season. Fruits ripen towards the end of the rainy season and into the dry season.

Management Systems: Planting on a cleared site and slashing of vegetation may increase growth and yield (FAO 1986).

155


ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA*

DISTRIBUTION

A deciduous savannah species suitable for awide range of conditions. It is widespread inTanzania in various habitats including openwoodlands, forest clearings, grasslands, andlowland woodlands to 2000 m except in verydry or high altitude areas (RSCU 1992). E.abyssinica is found in Mbeya, Rukwa,Morogoro, Tabora, Arusha, the Coast andKagera (Rulangaranga 1989).

Maki (b).:

12.90

1500 :,

25

156

REQUIREMENTS

Soil requirements : Occurs on a variety of soilsfrom loams to clay loams. The tree prefersdeep well-drained soils on plateaus and slopes(Egli and Kalinganire 1988).

Ught Requirements : Moderately lightdemanding.

Influential Factors : Fairly fire and termiteresistant (RSCU 1992). E. abyssinica can begrown only on frost free sites.


ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA *

/ /

:,.1

! ..!

DISTRIBUTION

A deciduous sevennah species suitable for a wide range of conditions. It is widespread in Tanzania in various habitats including open woodlands, forest clearings, grasslands, and lowland woodlands to 2000 m except in very dry or high altitude areas (RSCU 1992). E. sbyssinica is found in Mbeya, Rukwa, Morogoro, Tabora, Arusha, the Coast and Kagera (Rulangaranga 1989).

·Mirifriiliri1:AltitJde.iriu:.·:. M8xinlw.n::Ai~t~~:im)\> .: ...

. MiOirnuri1R~i;'f8Itlmm)·: .... . ·MaliimtJro::R!Jji:\f~ifimm) <i: .: :Mininl(im.T~mp~r~ttit~:(Cfi: . .: MaidmumTemperstuie. (C(~·

. .......... " .... . ... :·.:::.: ... ·:·.60::: ··.i~9b ··:500 ·:j!50P ···:··:i5"'"

25

REQUIREMENTS

Soil requiremente : Occurs on a variety of soils from loams to clay loams. The tree prefers deep well-drained soils on plateaus and slopes (Egli and Kalinganire 1988).

Ught Requiremente : Moderately light demanding.

Influential Factors: Fairly fire and termite resistant (RSCU 1992). E. sbyssinics can be grown only on frost free sites.

156

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seedlings, cuttings,direct sowing, coppice, suckers andtruncheons, or stems.

Seeds per kg.: 6800Germination Rate (%) : 82Seed Sources : 800 TSH per kg - TanzaniaNational Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments : Pods are 15 to 25 cm inlength and should be collected as ripe fruitswhile still on the tree. Seeds are red with ablack spot, and are contained in woody blackpods. Seeds retain their viability for a longperiod, and may be stored indefinitely in cool,dry, insect free conditions. Seed does notrequire pretreatment. The seed of all Erythrinais poisonous.

Seedling Management : Low germination rateshave been reported (RSCU 1992) but Eglireports a germination rate of 90% with freshseeds (Egli and Kalinganire 1988). Directsowing, seedlings and transplants have equalsuccess. It has been noted that old treescoppice readily. Trees are easily propagatedfrom large cuttings which is the most commonmethod of reproduction (Teel 1984). Cuttingsare stripped of leaves and planted directly atthe beginning of the rainy season.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Recommended for planting inhigher areas as single shade trees, in rows, orto mark boundaries in cultivated areas. It canbe planted near dwellings, by fields, swamps,roads, and watercourses. It is alsorecommended for live hedges.

Growth Factors : Moderately fast growing.

Management Systems : The tree is easilycultivated and tolerates pollarding andcoppicing.

157

ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA*(E. TOMENTOSA)

LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIODOIDEAE)

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: MEDICINEThe bark of young stems is used to treattrachoma. It is also roasted and applied toburns and swellings. Powdered root is usedfor syphilis, anthrax, and snakebites(Rulangaranga 1989).

Use #2 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is light (495 kg per m3), easy towork, but is not durable and is liable to attackby insects and fungi (Egli and Kalinganire1988). It was reported that beehives, drums,crafts, toys, necklaces, and domestic itemssuch as spoons are made from the wood.

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENTIt is widely recognized as an ornamental andshade tree. It is nitrogen fixing, its leaves areused for mulch, and it is known for conservingsoil.

OTHER USES : Honey bees are also attractedby the flowers.

NOTES

It is protected by farmers and left standingwhen land is cleared for agriculture, indicatingthat it is highly valued.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seedlings, cuttings, direct sowing, coppice, suckers and truncheons, or stems.

Seeds per kg. : 6800 Germination: Rate (%) : 82 Seed Sources: 800 TSHper kg " Tanzania National Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments: Pods are 15 to 25 cm in length and should be collected as ripe fruits while still on the tree. Seeds are red with a black spot, and are contained in woody black pods. Seeds retain their viability for a long period, and may be stored indefinitely in cool, dry, insect free conditions. Seed does not require pretreatment. The seed of all Erythrina is poisonous.

Seedling Managament : Low germination rates have been reported (RSCU 1992) but Egli reports a gerrnination rate of 90% with fresh seeds (Egli and Kalinganire 1988). Direct sowing, seedlings and transplants have equal success. It has been noted that old trees coppice readily. Trees are easily propagated from large cuttings which is the most common method of reproduction (Teel 1984). Cuttings are stripped of leaves and planted directly at the beginning of the rainy season.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Recommended for planting in higher areas as single shade trees, in rows, or to mark boundaries in cultivated areas. It can ba planted near dwellings, by fields, swamps, roads, and watercourses. It is also recommended for live hedges.

Growth Factors: Moderately fast growh'g.

Management Systems: The tree is easily cultivated and tolerates pollarding and coppicing.

ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA" (E. TOMENTOSA)

LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIODOIDEAE)

IMPORTANT USES

Use 111 : MEDICINE The bark of young stems is used to treat trachoma. It is also roasted and applied to burns and swellings. Powdered root is used for syphilis, anthrax, and snakebites (Rulangaranga 1989).

Use 112 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is light (495 kg per m3), easy to work, but is not durable and is liable to attack by insects and fungi (Egli and Kalinganire 1988). It was reported that beehives, drums, crafts, toys, necklaces, and domestic items such as spoons are made from the wood.

Use 113 : LAND IMPROVEMENT It is widely recognized as an ornamental and shade tree. It is nitrogen fixing, its leaves are used for mulch, and it is known for conserving soil.

OTHER USES: Honey bees are also attracted by the flowers. .

NOTES

It is protected by farmers and left standing when land is cleared for agriculture, indicating that it is highly valued.

157


EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI

DISTRIBUTION

Succulent shrub common in the livestockrearing areas of Arusha, Dodoma, Mwanza,and Singida where it is planted as a boma andlive fence (RSCU 1992). E. tirucalli is widelydistributed, and adaptable to a range of sites,including marginal, drought prone zones.

158

.Minimum. .

....Minimum. uiafell (mm'

(C):Maximum-Ternperature ..


EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI

DISTRIBUTION

Succulent shrub common in the livestock rearing areas of Arusha, Dodoma, Mwanza, and Singida where it is planted 8S a boma and live fence (RSCU 1992). E. tirucal/iis widely distributed, and adaptable to a range of sites, including marginal, drought prone zones.

158

Mi~Jm:A~~Wile1m{{ .. ·······0

j<1QX1mi:im·AffiWdiS:(m~{ •.... ·.:: :.:: :.:·.·.··jl5oo:· :Mintmi!m:itiliritilii.tmmVi.·: :... . .. <:.:.:.:: :<2~O: ::M&ximumfiBihfail(mml::· . :;000. .~Bin)Jiontl\s.{.··H H. ... .... 4 :M.I;:;J;JiJtTi:t~~r~.t4/~(¢): .. : .. : .. ::.: ...•. :¥:~~;m4if(tiimp~i~~r~(G):~<::·".······ .

.. ~

.~7:

REQUIREMENTS

Soil RequireMents : Prefers a wide variety oflight-textured, neutral to acidic soils. Requiresgood drainage with available water table(Webb 1984).

Light Requirements : Demanding.

Influential Factors : Drought hardy and frosttender. The tree is not resistant to fire but isfairly safe from grazing animals. E. tirucallidoes not compete with crops.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Cuttings and seed.

Seedling Management : Live fences can beestablished from cuttings. Cut fresh branchesfrom a healthy bush. Take care to avoid directcontact with the milky sap, which can causeskin irritation. Plant at the onset of the rainyseason in shallow trenches about 20 cm deepwhere water can collect. It can also bepropagated easily from seed.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Planted as a low, live bomahedge and windbreak in dry areas andlivestock rearing areas. It is used mainly alongboundaries, enclosing dwellings, fields andswamps, along tracks, roads, and waterways.

Growth Factori : Medium to fast growing.

Limitations to Planting : E. tirucalli isunpleasant to handle. The latex is verypoisonous and dangerous to the eyes (humanmilk is a remedy). It harbours rodents.

Management Systems : Trim and top prune tomake a hedge.

159

EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLIEUPHORBIACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: LIVE FENCESIt is widely used both in towns and in ruralareas for hedges, fences, windbreaks, and tostabilize structures for soil conservation. It iscommonly used in Dodoma region for thesepurposes.

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe roots are boiled and the juice is consumedfor sterility problems in women and to treatsnakebites. It is also used to treat sorethroats and stomach ailments. The latex isvery irritating to the skin and can causetemporary blindness. Several deaths havebeen attributed to the use of E. tirucalli formedicinal purposes (Westman Draft).

Use #3 : POISONIn Tanzania the plant is well-known as a fishpoison and insect repellant for ants andmosquitos. The latex is en effective arrowpoison as it causes irritation at the woundwhich enhances absorption of the poison andacts as a cohesive (Westman Draft). Itstoxicity is thought to deter intruders when it isplanted as a hedge around the home.

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Prefers a wide variety of light-textured. neutral to acidic soils. Requires good drainage with available water table (Webb 1984).

Light Requirements: Demanding.

Influential Fllctors : Drought hardy and frost tender. The tree is not resistant to fire but is fairly safe from grazing animals. E. tirucalli does not compete with crops.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Cuttings and seed.

Seedling Management: Live fences can be established from cuttings. Cut fresh branches from a healthY bush. Take care to avoid direct contact with the milky sap. which can cause skin irritation. Plant at the onset of the rainy season in shallow trenches about 20 em deep where water can collect. It can also be propagated easily from seed.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Planted as a low. live boma hedge and windbreak in dry areas and livestock rearing areas. It is used mainly along boundaries. enclosing dwellings. fields and swamps. along tracks. roads. and waterways.

Growth FactorS: Medium to fast growing.

Limitations to Planting : E. tirucslli is unpleasant to handle. The latex is very poisonous and dangerous to the eyes (human milk is a remedy). It harbours rodents.

Management Systems: Trim and top prune to make a hedge.

EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI EUPHORBIACEAE

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : UVE FENCES It is widely used both in towns and in rura'l areas for hedges. fences. windbreaks. and to stabilize structures for soil conservation. It is commonly used in Dodoma region for these purposes.

Use #2 : MEDICINE The roots are boiled and the juice is consumed for sterility problems in women and to treat snakebites. It is also used to treat sore throats and stomach ailments. The latex is very irritating to the skin and can cause temporary blindness. Several deaths have been attributed to the use of E. tirucalli for medicinal purposes (Westman Draft).

Use #3 : POISON In Tanzania the plant is well-known as a fish poison and insect rep ell ant for ants and mosquitos. The latex is an effective arrow poison as it causes irritation at the wound which enhances absorption of the poison and acts as a cohesive (Westman Draft). Its toxicity is thought to deter intruders when it is planted as a hedge around the home.

159

INDtGENous MULTIPURPOSE TFtEES OF TANZANIA

FICUS SYCOMORUS*

DISTRIBUTION

The tree prefers sites associated with a highwater table, swamps, or along rivers andstreams, but it is also suited to savannahs. Itis left standing when riverine forests are cutdown (RSCU 1992).

fv1inimurn:Attituds:(il)::-Maximum Altitcde:(m) : " '2000

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers rich, well-drained,sandy soils with a shallow water table (VonMaydell 1986).

160

Influential Factors : Sensitive to frost. Whencultivated in a home garden it requiresconsiderable space as it is large, spreading,and very shady.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Cuttings.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Frequently found on villageboundaries and at market places. It isintercropped and in Kilimanjaro and Arushabananas are grown underneath.



FICUS SYCOMORUS *

DISTRIBUTION

The tree prefers sites associated with a high water table, swamps, or along rivers and streams, but it is also suited to savannahs. It is left standing whan riverine forests are cut down (RSCU 1992).

MinimuinAA.itui!e{m): .. "MaxirniJm·Altitljde(mr: ..

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Prefers rich, well-drained, sandy soils with a shallow water table (Von Maydell 1986).

Influentiel Factors: Sensitive to frost. When cultivated in a home garden it requires considerable space as it is large, spreading, and very shady.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propsgation : Cuttings.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Frequently found on village boundaries and at market places. It is intercropped and in Kilimanjaro and Arusha bananas are grown underneath.


160

Management Systems : Tolerates pruning andlopping.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: FODDERFruits are eaten by livestock, wild animals, andbirds. The leaves are fairly high in nutritivevalue with about 9% crude protein dry matter(Von Maydell 1986).

Use #2: LAND IMPROVEMENTF. sycomorus is often cited by farmers as animportant tree for soil and water conservationand ..nci improvement. It is used as a shadetree, for dune fixation, soil improvement, as amulch, and for water retention.

Use #3 : MEDICINEThe leaves are used to treat snakebites andjaundice. The latex is said to be effective forchest diseases, colds, and dysentery. In theliterature numerous other medicinalapplications are mentioned including barkremedies to treat coughs, throat infectionsand chest pains (Von Maydell 1986).

OTHER USES : Rcus species are widelyvalued for spiritual and sacred properties andas a focal point for resolving conflicts.

Fruits are round, from 2.5 to 5 cm in diameter,with a conspicuous opening with many bractsat one end, and of various colours. The fruitscan be dried and have a high food value(RSCU 1992). Two or more crops of figs maybe produced in a year.

The wood is light, pale, easy to work, but notvery durable.

161

FICUS SYCOMORUS*(F. GNAPHALOCARPA, F. MUCOSA)

MORACEAE

Management Systems: Tolerates pruning and lopping.

IMPORT ANT USES

Use # 1 : FODDER Fruits are eaten by livestock, wild animals, and birds. Th.e leaves are fairly high in nutritive value with about 9% crude protein dry matter (Von Maydell 1986).

Use #2 : LAND IMPROVEMENT F. syeomorus is often cited by farmers as an important tree for soil and water conservation and, ,000 improvement. It is used as a shade tree, for dune fixation, soil improvement, asa mulch, and for water retention.

Use #3 : MEDICINE The leaves are used to treat snakebites and jaundice. The latex is said to be effective for chest diseases, colds, and dysentery: In the literature numerous other medicinal applications are mentioned including bark remedies to treat coughs, throat infections and chest pains (Von Maydell 1986).

OTHER USES: Reus species are widely valued for spiritual and sacred properties and as a focal point for resolving confliots.

Fruits are round, from 2.5 to 5 cm in diameter, with a oonspicuous opening with many bracts at one end, and of various oolours. The fruits oan be dried and have a high food value (RSCU 1992). Two or more orops of figs may be produoed in a year.

The wood is light, pale, easy to work, but not very durable.

161

FICUS SYCOMORUS· (F. GNAPHALOCARPA, F. MUCOSA)

MORACEAE


FICUS THONNINGII

DISTRIBUTION

Widely distributed in upland forest, opengrassland, riverine, and rocky areas. It is alsofound in savannahs.

162

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Occurs on a wide varietyof soils, but prefers light, deep, and well-drained soils with neutral reaction to acid (Egliand Kalinganire 1988).

Influential Factors : Needs to be protectedfrom browsing animals when young.F thonningii is not planted near buildings asthe roots may crack foundations (RSCU1992).

Maximum AltitUde: (M) 2500Minimum Rainfalt (mm) 800

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURF'OSE TREES Of TANZANIA

FICUS THONNINGII

DISTRIBUTION

Widely distributed in upland forest, open grassland, riverine, and rocky areas. It is also found in savannahs.

··MInimum Altitude {m}: MexlmumAltimde(m) : NlinilTlurTiRainfait{mm):

1000 2500

800

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requiremente : Occurs on a wide variety of soils, but prefers light, deep, and welldrained soils with neutral reaction to acid (Egli and Kalinganire 1988).

Influential Fectors : Needs to be protected from browsing animals when young. F. thonningii is not planted near buildings as the roots may crack foundations (RSCU 1992).

162

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Propagated bycuttings and seeds dispersed by birds andanimals.

Seedling Management : It is more effective touse cuttings rather than to raise plants fromseed. Propagate by cuttings 20 to 50 cm atthe start of the rainy season. Rerooting isgood although sometimes slow. In Ugandathe tree is propagated by stakes (Dale andGreenway 1961).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Usually left standing incropland and along property boundaries androads. It can be planted as a shade tree(Sommerlatte 1990).

Growth Factors : Fast growing.

Growth Cycle : Fruiting trees sometimes shedtheir leaves.

Management Systems : Tolerates lopping andpollarding.

163

FICUS THONNINGII(F. NATALENSIS)

MOR ACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: LAND IMPROVEMENTIt is planted as a live fence with the intentionof using the leaves as mulch or green manure,for producing shade or for fodder. It is alsohighly regarded for its ability to store waterand conserve soil.

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe bark is quite important in local medicineas it can be used to treat colds, sore throats,diarrhoea, wounds, and to stimulate lactation.

Use #3 : FIBREBark cloth is obtained by cutting out a strip c rcylinder of bark which causes the tree toproduce a fine matted covering of red, slenderroots over the wound. This covering is usedas bark cloth.

OTHER USES : The tree is used for ceremonialand sacred purposes.

The wood is light (495 kg per ni3), easy towork, but not durable.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Propagated by cuttings and seeds dispersed by birds and animals.

Seedling Management: It is more effective to use cuttings rather than to raise plants from seed. Propagate by cuttings 20 to 50 cm at the start of the rainy season. Rerooting is good although sometimes slow. In Uganda the tree is propagated by stakes (Dale and Greenway 1961).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Usually left standing in cropland and along property boundaries and roads. It can be planted as a shade tree (Sommerlatte 1990).


Growth Cycle : Fruiting trees sometimes shed their leaves.

Management Systems: Tolerates lopping and pollarding.

FICUS THONNINGII (F. NATALENSIS)

MORACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : LAND IMPROVEMENT It is planted as a live fence with the intention of using the leaves as mulch or green manure, for producing shade or for fodder. It is also highly regarded for its ability to store water and conserve soil.

Use #2 : MEDICINE The bark is quite important in local medicina as it can be used to treat colds, sore throats, diarrhoea, wounds, and to stimulate lactation.

Use #3 : FIBRE Bark cloth is obtained by cutting out a strip L r cylinder of bark which causes the tree to produce a fine metted covering of red, slender roots over the wound. This covering is used as bark cloth.

OTHER USES: The tree is used for ceremonial and sacred purposes.

The wood is light (495 kg per m3), easy to work, but not durable.

163


FLACOURTIA INDICA

DISTRIBUTION

Found in a variety of climates and soils.Grows naturally in Brechystegia andCombretum woodland, wooded grassland, andbushland. It is found throughout Tanzania incoastal and inland areas, but it is nevercommon (FAO 1983). E indice is found inlringa, Morogoro, Tabora, Kilimanjaro, Tanga,Dodoma, arvd the Coast.

:::1V4Virnum:AltittVde:: .

:

:.:MtiViirii6M:TeMplaretirre

164

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Tolerates a variety of well-drained soils. It prefers mostly sandy soilsnear watercourses and red clay soils (FAO1983).


Influential Factors : Prefers a high water tableand a lot of sunlight (RSCU 1992). Youngplants need to be protected against fire (FAO1983).


FLACOURTIA INDICA

DISTRIBUTION

Found in a variety of climates and soils. Grows naturally in Brschystsgis and Combrstum woodland, wooded grassland, and bushland. It is found throughout Tanzania in coastal and inland areas, but it is never common (FAO 1983). F. indics is found in Iringa, Morogoro, Tabora, Kilimanjaro, Tanga, Oodoma, and the Coast.

MlnimtiJ,>MitudtI01l;· ..•.•.•.•..••••••••.. MaximumAltliUdii(iTiH .... H/ • Mi~inl~li:{f\liiJ;f8tHmm~·;<··· ..

····M$~i.rJiliiiiJ!!liiif~ll(iiimi •. : Miriini~roT~iiWer~iife"t¢J .. ~ ...• > .•..• MSiii';'(jnj>"tempiinlfuieCC);· •......•... ........

i/.·:o.··. i600 <>soci. t~®. .···i~(· . ....•• >~ •.•.

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Tolerates a variety of welldrained soils. It prefers mostly sandy soils near watercourses and red clay soils (FAO 1983).


Influential Factors : Prefers a high water table and a lot of sunlight (RSCU 1992). Young plants need to be protected against fire (FAO 1983).

164

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Coppice and fromseed (natural and artificial regeneration).

Seed Treatments : Fruit is a small, red, fleshy,round berry. It turns a dark reddish-blackwhen mature, and contains 4 to 10 brown,flattened, wrinkled seeds (Palmer and Pitman1972). Cracking or scarifying the hard seedcoat may improve germination.

Seedling Management : Can be propagatedfrom seed but little is known aboutgermination techniques.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Grown in fields and nearhome compounds.

Growth Factors : Moderate growth.

Growth Cycle : Flowering and fruiting occur atvarious times depending on the locality. Fruitripening occurs between December and July(FAO 1983). It takes about 5 to 8 monthsfrom flower fertilization to fruit ripening.

Limitations to Planting : The hard seed coatmay restrict natural regeneration and result inslow germination.

Management Systems : Partially clear site ofvegetation since it is a light demander. Slashand spot weed the young crop (FAO 1983).Protection from fire is needed.

165

FLACOURTIA INDICA(GMELINA INDICA)

FLACOURTIACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : FRUITThe flavour of the fruit tends to vary and whilesome varieties are sweet enough to be eatenraw, others are eaten only after cooking.Fruits are sold in the market and there is ahigh potential for processing into jams.

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe tree has many uses in local medicine.The fruits are usad for jaundice and enlargedspleens. The leaves and roots are taken forschistosomiasis, malaria, and diarrhoea. Theroots are used for hoarseness, pneumonia,intestinal worms and as an astringent, diuretic,and pain reliever.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Coppice and from seed (natural and artificial regeneration).

Seed Treatments: Fruit is a small, red, fleshy. round berry. It turns a dark reddish-black when mature, and contains 4 to 10 brown. flattened, wrinkled seeds (Palmer and Pitman 1972). Cracking or scarifying the hard seed coat may improve germination.

Seedling Management: Can be propagated from seed but little is known about germination techniques.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Grown in fields and near home compounds.

Growth Factors: Moderate growth.

Growth Cycle : Flowering and fruiting occur at various times depending on the locality. Fruit ripening occurs between December and July (FAO 1983). It takes about 5 to 8 months from flower fertilization to fruit ripening.

Limitations to Planting: The hard seed coat may restrict natural regeneration and result in slow germination.

Management Systems: Partially clear site of vegetation since it is a light demander. Slash and spot weed the young crop (FAO 1983). Protection from fire is needed.

FLACOURTIA INDICA (GMELINA INDICA)

FLACOURTIACEAE

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : FRUIT The flavour of the fruit tends to vary and while some varieties are sweet enough to be eaten raw, others are eaten only after cooking. Fruits are sold in the market and there is a high potential for processing into jams.

Use #2 : MEDICINE The tree has many uses in local medicine. The fruits are used for jaundice and enlarged spleens. The leaves and roots are taken for schistosomiasis, malaria, and diarrhoea. The roots are used for hoarseness, pneumonia, intestinal worms and as an astringent, diuretic. and pain reliever.

165


GREWIA BICOLOR*

DISTRIBUTION

A widely distributed species in dry savannahsin east and southern Africa. In Tanzania itranges from the coast to the highlands, alongriver courses and more abundantly in Babatiand Singida districts (RSCU 1992). It is foundon stony, rocky slopes, on steep river banks,low lying depressions, and flats in drydeciduous woodlands.

Minimum Rainfall (mm): 400966'

166

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers shallow sands(FAO 1988) and calcareous soils, rich sandsalong river banks, stony slopes, and sandycoastal areas (Von Maydell 1986). G. bicoloris sometimes found on clay or skeletal soils.

Influential Factors : Very drought resistant(FAO 1988).


GREWIA BICOLOR*

DISTRIBUTION

A widely distributed species in dry savannahs in east and southern Africa. In Tanzania it ranges from the coast to the highlands, along river courses and more abundantly in Babati and Singida districts (RSCU 1992). It is found on stony, rocky slopes, on steep river banks, low lying depressions, and flats in dry deciduous woodlands.

.. Minimum RaintiIiUmIDl·· Maximum~ai@lii.(mm)

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Prefers shallow sands (FAO 1988) and calcareous soils, rich sands along river banks, stony slopes, and sandy coa8talareas (Von Maydell 1986). G. bieolor is sometimes found on clay or skeletal soils.

Influential Factors : Very drought resistant (FAO 1988) .

166

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seed and cuttings.

Seeds per kg : 15000Seed Sources : Institut Sénégalais deRecherches Agricoles, Centre National deRecherches, Paro Forestier de Hann, BP2312, Dakar, Sénégal.

Seedling Management : Small round ediblefruits are about 5 mm in diameter, turningpurple or black when ripe. Highest survivalrates are likely with heel cuttings (FAO 1988).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Planted in fields, alongboundaries and possibly in small stands. It isreported to have potential for planting inlringa.

Growth Factors Slow growing but fruitsabundantly.

Growth Cycle : Flowering and fruiting occur inthe rainy season. Leaves fall during the dryseason.

Limitations to Planting : Lack of silvicultureland marketing information.

Management Systems : Tolerates pruning.

167

GREWIA BICOLOR*TILIACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: FRUITFruit is eaten fresh or sun dried and is well-liked by people in Dodoma and Arusharegions. The fruit also makes a good forage.In other parts of Africa a juice and an alcoholicdrink are made from the fruit (FAO 1988).

Use #2 : MEDICINEA decoction of the root or bark is used fordiarrhoea. The roots have also been reportedto be given to treat gonorrhoea and femalefertility and the bark for boils, sores,inflammation of the intestines, syphilis, and asa diuretic and laxative.

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is hard and durable and used forbuilding materials and domestic uses such asspoons, walking sticks, clubs, arrows, bows,and tool handles. The wood is used by theWaarusha and Masai for clubs and spears. Itis also a respected firewood.

OTHER USES : Twigs are used by waterdiviners to locate underground water (RSCU1992).

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seed and cuttings.

Seeds per kg : 15000 Seed Sources: Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles; Centre National de Recherches, Pare Forestier de Hann, BP 2312, Dakar, Senegal. ..

Seedling Management: Small round edible fruits are about 5 mm in diameter, turning purple or black when ripe. Highest survival rates are likely with heel cuttings (FAO 1988).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Planted in fields, along boundaries and possibly in small stands. It is reported to have potential for planting in Iringa.

Growth Factors: Slow growing but fruits abundantly.

Growth Cycle : Flowering and fruiting occur in the rainy season. Leaves fall during the dry season.

Limitations to Planting: Lack of silvicultural and marketing information.

Management Systems: Tolerates pruning.

GREWIA BleOLOR" TILIACEAE

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : FRUIT Fruit is eaten fresh or sun dried and is wellliked by people in Dodoma and Arusha regions. The fruit also makes a good forage. In other parts of Africa a juice and an alcoholic drink are made from the fruit (FAO 1988).

Use #2 : MEDICINE A decoction of the root or bark is used for diarrhoea. The roots have also been reported to be given to treat gonorrhoea and female fertility and the bark for boils, sores, inflammation of the intestines, syphilis, and as a diuretic and laxative.

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is hard and durable and used for building materials and domestic uses such as spoons, walking sticks, clubs, arrows, bows, and tool handles. The wood is used by the Waarusha and Masai for clubs and spears. It is also a respected firewood.

OTHER USES: Twigs are used by water diviners to locate underground water (RSCU 1992).

167

INDIGENouS MULTIPURPOSE TRF_Es oF TANZANIA

JUNIPERUS PROCERA*

DISTRIBUTION

A dominant coniferous tree in drier highaltitude forests, it prefers sites between thealtitudes of 1200 and 3200 m. Young treesare often found at the forest edge. It iscommon in West Usambaras, on theLivingstone Mountains in northern Tanzania,on the northern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro andon isolated mountains of Masailand (RSCU1992).

Status : Outlying populations are endangered.In Zimbabwe only 1 tree is known in the wild(Palgrave 1988).

168

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Seems to prefer well-drained soils no heavier than sandy clay.

Light Requirernents : Demanding.

Influential Factors : Resistant to fungal decayand termites. Older trees are susceptible toheart rot fungus, Fames juniperius (Dale andGreenway 19611.

:1500.

.1)118iriniiiitt..Aftfttiae 2066:400

maxiniuin.Rainfall (mm) 1200*. .

: MirilmoiernperatureAO) 7


JUNIPERUS PROCERA *

DISTRIBUTION

A dominant coniferous tree in drier high altitude forests. it prefers sites between the altitudes of 1200 and 3200 m. Young trees are often found at the forest edge. It is common in West Usambaras. on the Livingstone Mountains in northern Tanzania. on the northern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro and on isolated mountains of Massiland (RSCU 1992).

Status: Outlying populations are endangered. In Zimbabwe only 1 tree is known in the wild (Palgreve 1988).

:ii;';)hifu~Altit4d~:{n:d; .. Maximum Artitiid", (ml : . Miniflium~IliFlfilil(mm)·: <Miixi[JiuiTd:tsintaIi1mm)· : ·Miniffiw.n.Iernp"'ratur~(C):

REQUIREMENTS

·1500 2000 400

1200· 7

Soil Requirements: Seems to prefer welldrained soils no heavier than sandy clay.

light Requirements: Demanding.

Influential Factors: Resistant to fungal decay and termites. Older trees are susceptible to heart rot fungus. Fomes juniperius (Dale and Greenway 1961).

168

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seed and wildlings.

Seeds per kg : 35000-47000Germination Rate (%) 50Seed Sources : 2000 TSH per kg - TanzaniaNational Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments : Small cones are berry ordrupe-like when ripe, and waxy blue-green.They are the size of a small pea, eachcontaining 2 to 3 seeds (Dale and Greenway1961). Collect and dry ripened fruits in thesun and extract seeds in a mortar.

Pretreatment of seeds is not necessary. Theycan be sown directly in seed beds orcontainers. Seed viability is not a problem ifseed is less than a year old and has been keptin a cool dry place (Tee) 1984).

Seedling Management Seed is readilyavailable but has short viability, 6 to 12months. Due to the hard seed coat, hot wateror acid pretreatment is recommended.

Immerse in hot water at 100 degrees C for 1minute or soak in acid for 10 minutes. Use ofhot water is recommended in areas wheresulphuric acid is not easily available.Increases in germination rates from 68 to 78%have been measured 14 days after sowingwith treatment (Laurent and Chamshana1987).

169

JUNIPERUS PROCERA*CUPRESSACEAE

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Can be grown in plantations.However slow growth in Shume (Lushoto) hasdiscouraged planting (RSCU 1992). It shouldnot be grown on cropland as leaf fall is tooacidic (Teel 1984). It is preferable to growaround shambas.

Growth Factors : Fairly fast growing in openstands, but slow elsewhere.

Growth Cycle : Seeds are available in Januarythrough April, probably every year (Borota1975).

Limitations to Planting : Wildfires, browsingpressure, and demand for fast growing exoticsare constraints to promoting this species on alarger scale.

Management Systems : Seedlings take 1 to 2years in the nursery. Close initial spacing of2x2 m is recommended to limit low crowndevelopment. In Tanzania early prunings takeplace at years 2.5 and 6. The first thinning isin year 5, where 50% is removed.

Weedings have to be carried out at least oncea year during the establishment phase. Pruneand thin trees for timber and poles.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is of medium hardness, is veryresistant to termites, and durable againstrotting. It is apt to split when nailed (Dale andGreenway 1961). Main uses include houseconstruction, fence posts, shingles,transmission and other poles, flooring, dndwooden structures exposed to the weatherwhere durability is required, for examplebeehives, and pencils.

PROPAGATION

M,eans of Propagation: Seed and wildlings.

Seeds per kg : 35000-47000 Germination Rate (%) : 50 Seed Sources: 2000 TSH per kg - Tanzania National Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments: Small cones are berry or drupe-like when ripe, and waxy blue-green. They are the size of a small pea, each containing 2 to 3 seeds (Dale and Greenway 1961). Collect and dry ripened fruits in the sun and extract seeds in a mortar.

Pretreatment of seeds is not necessary. They can be sown directly in seed beds or containers. Seed viability is not a problem if seed is less than a year old and has been kept in a cool dry place (Teel 1984).

Seedling Management: Seed is readily available but has short viability, 6 to 1 2 months. Due to the hard seed coat, hot water or acid pretreatment is recommended.

Immerse in hot water et 100 degrees C for 1 minute or soak in acid for 10 minutes. Use of hot weter is recommended in areas where sulphuric acid is not easily available. Increases in germination rates from 68 to 78% have been measured 14 days after sowing with treatment (Laurent and Chamshana 1987).

JUNIPERUS PROCERA .. CUPRESSACEAE

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Can be grown in plantations. However slow growth in Shume (Lushoto) has discouraged planting (RSCU 1992). It should not be grown on cropland as leaf fall is too acidic (Teel 1984). It is preferable to grow around shambas.

Growth Factors: Fairly fast growing in open stands, but slow elsewhere.

Growth Cycle: Seeds are available in January through April, probably every year (Borota 1975).

limitations to Planting: Wildfires, browsing pressure, and demand for fast growing exotics ara constraints to promoting this species on a larger scale.

Management Systems: Seedlings take 1 to 2 years in the nursery. Close initial spacing of 2x2 m is recommended to limit low crown development. In Tanzania early prunings take place at years 2.5 and 6. The first thinning is in year 5, where 50% is removed.

Weedings have to be carried out at least once a year during the establishme'nt phase. Prune and thin trees for timber and poles.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is of medium hardness, is very resistant to termites, and durable against rotting. It is apt to split when nailed (Dale and Greenway 1961). Main uses include house construction, fence posts, shingles, transmission and othar poles, flooring, and wooden structures exposed to the weather where durability is required, for example beehives, and pencils.

169


KHAYA ANTHOTHECA

DISTRIBUTION

Occurs at medium to low altitudes inevergreen forests and riverine fringe forests.In Tanzania it is comrrionly found in thefoothills of mountain ranges, in well-drainedsoils, and swamp and riverine areas. It hasbeen successfully grown in South Africa,Cuba, and Puerto Rico (Francis ND).

170

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers moist, well-drainedsoils with subsoil moisture (Watkins 1960).K. anthotheca is found on fertile alluvial soils,stable, gently sloping riverbanks, and adjacentalluvial slopes.

Ught Requirements : Moderately shadetolerant when young and moderately intolerantwhen older (Francis ND).

Influential Factors : Normally resistant totermites. Young trees are prone to damagefrom the shoot borer Tragocephala variegate(Watkins 1980). It is very sensitiva to fire andfrost. Browsing animals can destroy youngplants or slow growth.


KHAYA ANTHOTHECA

DISTRIBUTION

Occurs at medium to low altitudes in evergreen forests and rivarine fringe forests. In Tanzania it is commonly found in tha foothills of mountain ranges, in well-drained soils, and swamp and riverine areas. It has been sucoessfully grown in South Afrioa, Cuba, and Puerto Rico (Francis NO).

::M.fiiiowm:t:tIliMiiiI::fffimt2:. :::M~~1Jfu~8i~f.llii:{furn.(::

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Prafars moist, well-drained soils with subsoil moisture (Watkins 1960). K. anthothecs is found on fertile alluvial soils, stable, gently sloping riverbanks, and adjacent alluvial slopes.

Ught Requirements: Moderately shade tolarant when young and moderately intolerant when older (Francis NO).

Influential Factol1l : Normally resistant to termites. Young trees lira prona to damaga from the shoot borer Trsgocephsls variagata (Watkins 1960). It is very sansitive to fire and frost. Browsing animals can destroy young plants or slow growth.

170

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seed, seedlings,stumps (24 months), transplants (9 to 12months).

Seeds per kg : 3000Germination Length : 3-4 weeksSeed Sources : 1500 TSH per kg -Silviculture Research Centre 1991/92.

Seed Treatments : It is reported that it is notpossible to dry and store K. anthotheca seed,due to short seed viability. Storing seed forlonger than 3 months is not recommended(RSCU 1992). Pretreatment of the seed is notnecessary.

Seedling Management : The tree regenerateswell by seed under a densely shaded canopy.When seedlings are grown in small containersthey should be outplanted when they reach 30cm and have fully developed compound leaves(Francis ND).

Nursery stock can be left to develop to astripling or a bare-rooted stock with a longshoot (1 to 2 m). The root system is onlyslightly pruned off. Seedlings are stripped ofleaves before being transported to the plantingsite to reduce transpiration losses (Nwoboshi1982),

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Used in intercropping.


Growth Cycle : A typical rotation is from 60 to80 years. The tree fruits from March to Julyand sometimes later (Palgrave 1988).K. anthotheca is reported to be insectpollinated (Francis NO).

Management Systems : Light shade isrecommended, possibly in a mixture withMelicia excelsa (Watkins 1960). Reportedspacings are 5x5 m in South Africa and2.4x2.4 m in Puerto Rico (Francis ND).K. anthotheca coppices poorly but it willcoppice if it is not too old when it is cut. It issensitive to competition from weeds and

171

KHAYA ANTHOTHECA(K. NYASICA)

MELIACEAE

grass. Hoeing and cleaning are necessary.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: TIMBERThe wood weathers well and resists borersand termites. It is moderately resistant tofunge) decay. The timber saws well but isinclined to be tough so shsrp equipment isneeded. It is a popular wood for furniture,flooring, panelling, and boat building.K. anthotheca is heavily used in Ruvumaregion for furniture. Large quantities of thisspecies have been exported from East Africa.

Use #2: MEDICINEThe bark is bitter, similar to quinine, and isused for colds. Oil from the seed is rubbedinto the scalp to kill insects.

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENTIt is used as a shade tree and as a windbreak.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seed, seedlings, stumps (24 months), transplants (9 to 1 2 months).

Seeds per kg : 3000 Germination Length: 3·4 weeks Seed:Sources :1500 TSH per kg· Silviculture Research Centre 1991/92.

Seed Treatments: It is reported that it is not possible to dry and store K. anthotheca seed, due to short seed viability. Storing seed for longer than 3 months is not recommended (RSCU1992). Pretreatment of the seed is not necessary.

Seedling Management: The tree regenerates

KHA VA ANTHOTHECA (K. NY ASICA)

MELIACEAE

grass. Hoeing and cleaning are necessary.

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : TIMBER The wood weathers well and resists borers and termites. It is moderately resistant to fungal decay. The timber saws well but is inclined to be tough so sharp equipment is needed. It is a popular wood for furniture, flooring, panelling; and boat building. K. an tho theca is heavily used, in Ruvuma region for furniture. Larg'e quantities of this species have been exported from East Africa.

Use #2 : MEDICINE The bark is bitter, similar to quinine, and is used for colds. Oil from the sead is rubbed into tho scalp to kHl insects.

well by seed under a densely shaded canopy. Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENT When seedlings are grown in small containers It is used as a shade tree and as a windbreak. they should be outplanted when they reach 30 em and have fully developed compound leaves (Francis NO).

Nursery stock can be left to develop to a stripling or a bare·rooted stock with a long shoot (1 to 2 mI. The root system is only slightly pruned off. Seedlings are stripped of leaves before being transported to the planting site to reduce transpiration losses (Nwoboshi 1982).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Used in intercropping.

Growth Factors: Fast growing.

Growth Cycle: A typical rotation is from 60 to 80 years. The tree fruits from March to July and sometimes later (Palgrava 1988). K. anthotheca is reported to be insect pollinated (Francis NO).

Management Systems : Light shade is recommended, possibly in a mixture with Me/icia exee/sa (Watkins 1960). Reported spacings are 5x5 m in South Africa and 2.4x2.4 m in Puerto Rico (Francis NO). K. an tho theca coppices poorly but it will coppice if it is not too old when it is cut. It is sensitive to competition from weeds and

171


LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA*

DISTRIBUTION

Usually grows near water at low to mediumaltitudes but not in evergreen forests (RSCU1992). It is found in Miombo woodlandsincluding Morogoro, Dodome, Mikumi NationalPark, Selous Game Reserve, and RuahaNational Park (Rulangaranga 1989).

Status : The tree is protected in South Africa(Pa!grave 1988).

172

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : L. capasse prefers well-drained soils.

Influential Factors : Very sensitive to fire(RSCU 1992). It is tolerant to a few degreesof frost.

INDIGENOUS MUL TIPlJRI'OSE TREES -of TANZANIA

LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA *

DISTRIBUTION

Usually grows near water at low to medium altitudes but not in evergreen forests (RSCU 1992). It is found in Miombo woodlands .including Morogoro, Dodoma, Mikumi National Park, Selous Game Reserve, and Ruaha National Park (Rulangaranga 1989).

Status: The tree is protected in South Africa (Pal grave 1988).

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requiremente : L. capsssa prefers welldrained soils.

Influential Factors: Very sensitive to fire (RSCU 1992). It is tolerant to a few degrees of frost.

172

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seed.

Seed Treatments : Pretreatment notnecessary. Use fresh seed. Pods are flat andgreyish, about 12x2.5 cm, with a wing alongone edge, and contain 1 to 5 seeds.

Seedling Management : The tree is easilyraised from seed.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Readily cultivated in gardens.It is used for reforestation in Dodoma.


Growth Cycle : Fruits are produced from IVIaythrough October (Palmer and Pitman 1972).The kidney shaped seeds are set free whenpods rot on the ground.

Management Systems : Young trees must beprotected against fire and browsing.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : BEE PLANTThe flowers are very fragrant and theabundant nectar readily attracts bees.

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe roots are used to treat stomach disorders,hookworms, and coughs. Rotenone, used inthe insecticide Derris, is extracted from theroots (RSCU 1992).

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is strong, fairly hard and heavy, andis used for making grain mortars and toolhandles.

173

LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA*LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE)

NOTES

Many Africans are superstitious about L.capassa as it is one of the rain trees. InTanzania the leaves are put into the luggageof travellers for protection during a journey.The tree is also known to be a reliableindicator of ground water.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seed.

Seed Treatments: Pretreatment not necessary. Use fresh seed. Pods are flat and greyish, about 12x2.5 cm, with a wing along one edge, and contain 1 to 5 seeds.

Seedling Management: The tree is easily raised from Seed.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Readily cultivated in gardens. It is used for reforestation in Oodoma.


Growth Cycle : Fruits are produced from May through October (Palmer and Pitman 1972). The kidney shaped seeds are set free when pods rot on the ground.

Management Systems: Young trees must be protected against fire and browsing.

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : BEE PLANT The flowers are very fragrant and the abundant nectar readily attracts bees.

Use #2 : MEDICINE The roots are used to treat stomach disorders, hookworms, and coughs. Rotenone, used in the insecticide Derris, is extracted from the roots (RSCU 1992).

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is strong, fairly hard and heavy, and is used for making grain mortars and tool handles.

LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA +

LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPIUONOIOEAE)

NOTES

Many Africans are superstitious about L. capassa as it is one of the rain trees. In Tanzania the leaves are put into the luggage of travellers for protection during a journey. The tree is also known to be a reliable indicator of ground water.

173


MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA*

DISTRIBUTION

A shrubby tree growing in lowlands andhighlands, from open woodland to dune scrub(RSCU 1992).

'

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers well-drained soils,but is found on a variety of types.

174

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Can be propagatedfrom seed, wildlings, or cuttings.

Lio.astis perkg 70000 I

Seed Treatments : Not recommended.Produces slim long pods up to 60x3 cm insize. Pods are yellow-brown and velvety (Daleand Greenway 1961). Use and store freshseeds.

INDIGENOUS MlJL TlPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA *

DISTRIBUTION

A shrubby tree growing in lowlands and highlands, from open woodland to dune scrub (RSCU 1992).

Minimum .Attittide(m)·; M8xiiriumAjti~de(m) :

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers well-drained soils, but is found on a variety of types.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Can be propagated from seed, wildlings, or cuttings.

70.00.0. I

Seed Treatments: Not recommended. Produces slim long pods up to 60.x3 cm in size. Pods are yellow·brown and velvety (Dale and Greanway 1961). Use and store fresh seeds.

174

SILVICULTURE

Planting Typés : Has good potential foragroforestry in the highlands and Miombowoodlands. It can be grown with crops onfarmland, and inside and along farmboundaries.


Growth Cycle : Produces fruit from January toSeptember (Palgrave 1988).

Management Systems : M. obtusifoliacoppices readily.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: MEDICINEThe root is boiled and used to treatbackaches, body pains, and to relieve stomachgas. Uses that have been cited in theliterature include: treatment for scrofula,hookworm, and snakebites with root powder;chewing roots to treat convulsions in children;and boiled roots, bark and leaves used as aninhalant (Westman Draft). The leaves are alsoused to tell fortunes.

Use #2 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is whitish, heavy, and durable. It isused for furniture, poles, in the construction oflocal houses, and tool handles.

Use #3 : FODDERBoth leaves and fruit are eaten by goats.

175

MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA*BIGNONIACEAE

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Has good potential for agroforestry in the highlands and Miombo woodlands. It can be grown with crops on farmland, and inside and along farm boundaries.


Growth Cycle : Produces fruit from January to September (Palgrave 1988).

Management Systems : M. obtusifolia coppices readily.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINE The root is boiled and used to treat backaches, body pains, and to relieve stomach gas. Uses that have been cited in the literature include: treatment for scrofula, hookworm, and snakebites with root powder; chewing roots to treat .convulsions in children; and boiled roots, bark and leaves used as an inhalant (Westman Draft). The leaves are also used to tell fortunes.

Use #2 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is whitish, heavy, and durable. It is used for furniture, poles, in the construction of local houses, and tool handles.

Use #3 : FODDER Both leaves and fruit are eaten by goats.

175

MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLlA· BIGNONIACEAE


MILICIA EXCELSA*

DISTRIBUTION

A large deciduous forest tree of lowland forestand wet savannah. It is widespreadthroughout tropical Africa and is very commonin many of the wetter lowlands of Tanzania.It is a forest pioneer species and survives inthe mature forest as a canopy tree(Sommerlatte 1990). It is found as ascattered tree in foothills of the coastalmountains, and in areas around Lake Malawiand Lake Victoria, below 1000 m (RSCU1992), including the Coast, Tanga, Morogoro,Dodoma, Iringa, labore, Ruvuma, and Kigoma.It can grow with about 700 mm annual rainfallif it has access to a supplementary source ofwater.

176

Status : M. excelsa is a reservad tree inTanzania. it is endangered in parts of itsrange due to extensive cutting.

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Tolerates a wide range offreely drained soils (Forest Division 1984). Itprefers deep, fertile, and moist loams (Borota1975); freely drained light red loams; or freely

Wiakirrnim Altitude:(M):' . 1200Miiimurn.J*iiafall.(rarril 1000

::Miixirtiurn Rainfall (mm):: 2000.:Minirnum:Ternperature.(C) 20:Maximum Temperature (C) 35


MILICIA EXCELSA *

DISTRIBUTION

A large deciduous forest tree of lowland forest and wet savannah. It is widespread throughout tropical Africa and is very common in many of the wetter lowlands of Tanzania. It is a forest pioneer species and survives in the mature forest as a canopy tree (Sommerlatte 1990). It is found as a scattered tree in foothills of the coastal mountains, and in areas around Lake Malawi and Lake Victoria, below 1000 m (RSCU 1992), including the Coast, Tenga, Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Tabora, Ruvuma, and Kigoma. It can grow with about 700 mm annual rainfall if it has access to a supplementary source of water.

Status: M. exes/sa is a reserved tree in Tanzania. It is endangered in parts of its range due to extensive cutting.

·:MiilimumAltiW:d:a : (ryl}: .. Mai(itft4mAI.tii~d~.imi: >:Mji:iiffiurriRainfaiHmm~· : : :Maxiri:iuinRainfiilJ{mm}: :MiilirnillnTe~erature(C) : <:l\i1aximum Temperature (e) :

REQUIREMENTS

o 1200 1000 2000

20 35

Soil Requirements: Tolerates a wide range of freely drained soils (Forest Division 1984). It prefers deep, fertile, and moist loams (Borota 1975); freely drained light red loams; or freely

176

drained, sandy soils of neutral to alkalinereaction. It can tolerate fairly high salinity.


Influential Factors : Does not toleratewaterlogging, and is susceptible to attacks bya gall insect.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Can be propagatedfrom stumps, seed, coppice, and root suckers.

eed Sources ; 200 TSH per kg - TanzaniaNational Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments : Fruits are collected fromthe ground in January and seeds should beextracted immediately by soaking in water(Borota 1975). Soak fully ripe fruit for 4 daysto remove pulp, then dry and sow seed.Longer soaking reduces seed viability. Sinceseed loses viability quickly, it should be storedin dry, cold, air tight conditions. After 1 yearthere is only 50% germination rate. Seed isbest if used within 3 months.

Pretreatment is not necessary (RSCU 1992).

Seedling Management : Coppices andregenerates well. It is not a prolific seeder.Germination is usually quick and good.Attention must be given to seedlings againstgall attack. Stumps (27 cm root length, 2 cmdiameter) or striplings (2.4 m tall) are gerierallytransplanted in the field (Forest Division1984).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Not suitable for close plantingdue to the incidence of leaf gall insect attack.Mixed or single tree planting is preferable.

Growth Factors : Relatively fast growing.

Growth Cycle Rotation is 60 to 80 years.

177

MILICIA EXCELSA*(CHLOROPHORA EXCELSA)

MORACEAE

Limitations to Planting : The need for specialplanting arrangements and managementrequires some technical advice.

Management Systems : Seedlings can beplanted after 12 to 18 months in the nursery.M. excelsa generally requires special plantingarrangements with wide spacing in order toreduce the incidence of gall attack (ForestDivision 1984). Seedlings under shade in theforest are fairly free from gall as is a plantwith a height of 4 m or more. A nurse tree isgenerally required, such as a fast growing treelike Trema orientalis or an agriculture crop likebanana. The nurse crop should be spaced atabout 2.7x2.7 m and M. excelsa at 9x9 m ingroups of up to 4 stumps, 60 cm apart (ForestDivision 1984). Vegetation should beremoved around the stumps and the areaweeded for 2 to 5 years. Thinning should bedone over years 4 to 8, retaining the besttrees in each group.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: TIMBERThe high quality timber is often used as a teaksubstitute. It is of significant commercialvalue and commands high pricesinternationally. Locally it is used for furniture,boat building, and general purpose buildingtimber. It resists termites well.

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe bark, its ashes, the leaves, and the latexare all used in local medicine. The latex isused to reduce tumours and obstructions ofthe throat and for stomach problems. Thebark is used to treat coughs, dysentery, heartproblems, and general tiredness.

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENTIt is often used as a shade tree and alongstreets as an ornamental. Its leaves are usedas mulch and it is also nitrogen fixing.

rSSeeds

per kg : 350000GerrnMation Rate (%) : 80Germination Length : 14-18 days

drained, sandy soils of neutral to alkaline reaction. It can tolerate fairly high salinity.

Light Requirements: Strongly demanding.

Influential Factors: Does not tolerate waterlogging, and is susceptible to attacks by a gall insect.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Can be propagated· from stumps, seed, coppice, and root suckers.

Seeds par kg : 350000 Gern:iina.~an<Rate (%) : 80 Germi/lat(ori . length : .. 14;18 days Seed.Sq.urce~; 200TSH per kg - Tanzania NationalS~ed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments: Fruits are collected from the ground in January and seeds should be extracted immediately by soaking in water (Borota 1975). Soak fully ripe fruit for 4 days to remove pulp, then dry and sow seed. Longer soaking reduces seed viability. Since seed loses viability quickly, it should be stored in dry, cold, air tight conditions. After 1 year there is only 50% germination rate. Seed is best if used within 3 months.

Pretreatment is not necessary (RSCU 1992).

Seedling Management: Coppices and regenerates well. It is not a prolific seeder. Germination is usually quick and good. Attention must be given to seedlings against gall attack. Stumps (27 cm root length, 2 cm diameter) or striplings (2.4 m tall) are gerierally transplanted in the field (Forest Division 1984).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Not suitable for close planting due to the incidence of leaf gall insect attack. Mixed or single tree planting is preferable.

Growth Factors: Relatively fast growing.

Growth Cycle : Rotation is 60 to 80 years.

MILICIA EXCELSA" (CHlOROPHORA EXCELS A)

MORACEAE

limitations to Planting: The need for special planting arrangements and management requires some technical advice.

Management Systems : Seedlings can be planted after 12 to 18 months in the nursery. M. exce/sa generally requires special planting arrangements with wide spacing in order to reduce the incidence of gall attack (Forest Division 1984). Seedlings under shade in the forest are fairly free from gall as is a plant with a height of 4 m or more. A nurse tree is generally required, such as a fast growing tree like Trema orientalis or an agriculture crop like banana. The nurse crop should be spaced at about 2.7x2.7 m and M. exee/sa at 9x9 min groups of up to 4 stumps, 60 cm apart (Forest Division 1984). Vegetation should be removed around the stumps and the area weeded for 2 to 5 years. Thinning should be done over years 4 to 8, retaining the best trees in each group.

IMPORT ANT USES

Use II' : TIMBER The high quality timber is often used as a teak substitute. It is of significant commercial value and commands high prices internationally. Locally it is used for furniture, boat building, and general purpose building timber. It resists termites well.

Use 112 : MEDICINE The bark, its ashes, the leavas, end the latex are all used in local medicina. Tha latex is used to reduce tumours and obstructions of the throat and for stomach problems. The bark is used to treat coughs, dysentery, heart problems, and general tiredness.

UseIl3:LANDIMPROVEMENT It is often used as a shade tree and along streets as an ornamental. Its leaves are used as mulch and it is also nitrogen fixing.

177

INDIGENous MULTIPURPOSE TFtEES OF TANZANIA

OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS*

DISTRIBUTION

An evergreen timber tree widely distributedand common in the wetter mountain forests ofTanzania: Southern Highlands, Kilimanjaro,Usambaras, Pares, Ulugurus, Tukuyu, andIringa (Watkins 1960).

Status : It is a resen/ed tree in Tanzania.

(n-)) :

fsifáxii.r:-aitii:'AiiitaCto ::Mhthim:RfòW(mrñ): 1000

: 1800

178

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers deep, fertile soilswith good drainage (Watkins 1960).

Influential Factors : Normally immune totermites. Considerable seed is lost to galldisease. It is susceptible to Armillarea molleafungus (Watkins 1960).


OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS*

DISTRIBUTION

An evergreen timber tree widely distributed and common in the wetter mountain forests of Tanzania: Southern Highlands, Kilimanjaro, Usambaras, Pares, Ulugurus, Tukuyu, and Iringa (Watkins 1960).

Status: It is a reserved tree in Tanzania.

Minirl)tlmAltitui.i~(m). : ...... . MiiXmJumAltitudij·1mj. :. MriiiiTiUmR8infalJ!mm): .. . M~XimWnRainfiiiICmm): .. .

1006 ·2800· 1000 1800

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Prefers deep, fertile soils with good drainage (Watkins 1960).

Influential Factors: Normally immune to termites. Considerable seed is lost to gall disease. It is susceptible to Armil/sres mel/ea fungus (Watkins 1960).

178

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Root suckers, seed,and transplants.

Seeds per kg 6600Germination Rate (%) 50Germination Length : 60-90 daysSeed Sources : 2000 TSH per kg - TanzaniaNational Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments : The fruit is a small drupeabout 1x0.5 cm in size. Collect fruits fromthe tree or ground. Remove outer pulpimmediately by soaking in water.Pretreatment is not necessary. Seed is easilypropagated, but seed viability is unknowntherefore using fresh seed is advisable (Teel1984). Seed can be stored for up ta 3months (RSCU 1992).

Seedling Management : Produces plenty ofseed in commercial quantities, but good seedyears ('mast') occur every 3 to 4 years. It iseasily raised using 9 month old transplants orretransplanted root suckers. Regeneration bysuckering and coppicing is very good (Watkins1960). The tree can be raised by liftingnatural root suckers which are produced inprofusion around and near the stumps of felledtrees. This practice is to be encouraged sincecamphor seeds are scarce except during the'mast' year (RSCU 1992).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : O. usambarensis is apromising plantation species in Kilimanjaro.Natural camphor forests in the Usambaras, andKilimanjaro are intensively managed (RSCU1992). The tree has a large, spreading crown,so should not be intercropped with light-requiring crops. It does not otherwiseinterfere with crops (Teel 1984).

Growth Factors : Fast growing. Young treesgrow at 2 m per year (Dale and Greenway1961).

Growth Cycle : Rotation length is between 60and 75 years.

179

OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS*LAURACEAE

Management Systems : Produces suckersafter felling, which may be controlled bycutting the roots some distance from thestump.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: TIMBERThe tree yields one of the most valuabletimbers of East Africa. It is resistant to fungaldecay, wood borers, and moderately resistantto termites (Watkins 1960). 0. usambarensisis moderately hard, heavy, and of mediumstrength and density. The timber is importantfor home construction, furniture, panelling,veneer, plywood, and heavy constructionalwork.

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe roots and inner bark are used in localmedicine. The root bark is used to treatmalaria.

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENTIt is a suitable species for certain types ofagroforestry practices including planting alongcontour strips, farm boundaries, roadsides,and in small woodlots for soil improvement(IFS 1989).

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Root suckers, seed, and transplants.

Seeds per kg : 6600 Germination Rate (%) : 50 Germination Length: 60-90 days Seed Sources: 2000 TSH per kg - Tanzania National Seed Centre 1991 .

Seed Treatments: The fruit i.s a small drupe about 1 xO.5 cm in size. Collect fruits from the tree or ground. Remove outer pulp immediately by soaking in water. Pretreatment is not necessary. Seed is easily propagated, but seed viability is unknown therefore using fresh seed is advisable (Teel 1984). Seed can be stored for up to 3 months (RSCU 1992).

Seedling Management: Produces plenty of seed in commercial quantities, but good seed years ('mast') occur every 3 to 4 years. It is easily raised using 9 month old transplants or retransplanted root suckers. Regeneration by suckering and coppicing is very good (Watkins 1960). The tree can be reised by lifting natural root suckers which are produced in profusion around and near the stumps of felled trees. This practice is to be encouraged since camphor seeds are scarce except during the 'mast' year (RSCU 1992).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : O. usambarensis is a promising plantation species in Kilimanjaro. Natural 'camphor forests in the Usambaras. and Kilimanjaro are intensively managed (RSCU 1992). The tree has a large, spreading crown, so should not be intercropped with lightrequiring crops. It does not otherwise interfere with crops (Teel 1984).

Growth Factors: Fast growing. Young trees grow at 2 m per year (Dale and Greenway 1961).

Growth Cycle : Rotation length is between 60 and 75 years.

OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS" LAURACEAE

Management Systems : Produces suckers after felling, which may be controlled by cutting the roots some distance from the stump.

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : TIMBER The tree yields one of the most valuable timbers of East Africa. It is resistant to fungal decay, wood borers, and moderately resistant to termites (Watkins 1960). O. usambaransis is moderately hard, heavy, and of medium strength and density. The timber is important for home construction, furniture, panelling, veneer, plywood, and heavy constructional work.

Uee #2 : MEDICINE The roots and inner bark are used in local medicine. The root bark is used to treat malaria.

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENT It is a suitable species for certain types of agroforestry practices including planting along contour strips, farm boundaries, roadsid~s, and in small woodlots for soil improvement (lFS 1989).

179

INDIGENOUS MULTIPUFtPOSE TFtEES OF TANZANIA

OLEA CAPENSIS*

DISTRIBUTION

It is found in lowland to upland dry evergreenforests, primarily on some of the wettermountain slopes in the northern part ofTanzania. In Arusha it grows in the mountainforests on the southeastern slopes of Mt.Meru, and is scattered on the slopes of Mt.Kilimanjaro (RSCU 1992).

Status : Needs to be well-managed to avoidbecoming rare.

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers deep, loamy, fertilesoils with good drainage. It is also found onfertile but powdery volcanic soils and deep

180

Maximum ....... . . . .

..minifyii.-.T..007.0ettogrec(c).:. .

7602600800

12001418

rich loams (Watkins 1960).

Light Requirements : Shade tolerant whenyoung.

Influential Factors : Normally immune totermites. It suffers from severe browsing bybuck and duiker but recovers well.


OLEA CAPENSIS *

DISTRIBUTION

It is found in lowland to upland dry avergreen forests, primarily on some of the wettar mountain slopes In the northern part of Tanzania. In Arusha it grows in the mountain forests on the southeastern slopes of Mt. Meru, and is scattered on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (RSCU 1992).

Stetua : Naads to be well-managed to avoid becoming rare.

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Prefers deep, loamy, fertile soils with good drainage. It is also found on fertile but powdery volcanic soils and deep

Mi~iIU~MA1~t4d~Jrn}:·· .. :M8XimumAititud~:imi:: i···.···· :li.1inimiimflSilif'aifimm)·: : . Maximum::RainfeiLlmmi:: . ·Mi(lirli~·t~~r~w~~:iC): ·.·M8xlm~mt~mp~f8turt\(C) "

rich loams (Watkins 1960).

.750 ····:2600

800 1200

14· Hi

Ught Requirements: Shade tolerant when young.

Influential Factors: Normally immune to termites. It suffers from severe browsing by buck and duiker but recovers well.

180

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Wildlings, seed,transplants, and striplings.

Seeds per kg : 3000Germination Rate (%) 35Germination Length : 2-6 monthsSeed Sources : 2000 TSH per kg - TanzaniaNational Seed Centre 1991,

Seed Treatments : Fruit is small (<1 cm),round, and hard, containing 1 seed per fruit.Collect ripe fruits from the ground or trees.Fruits are produced every 2 to 7 years. Soakin cold water for 48 hours to clean off all pulp,then dry in the sun for 5 days. Seed stores upto 3 months. It was noted that the seedsdigested by wild pigs and bush dovesgerminated in 4 to 6 months. A large portionof the seed is fertile and in the forestseedlings are abundant.

Seedling Management : Germination rateseems to be low and irregular; between 2 and9 months, with 3 to 5 months the average.Germination can occur as late as 2 years aftersowing (Forest Division 1984). Seed storagerequires refrigeration at low temperatures (3degrees C). Many seedlings die off as a resultof disease and damping off (Palmer andPitman 1972).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Grown in plantations in thehighlands in clusters at close spacing and incombination with Grevillea robusta or othermixtures. It is recommended as anagroforestry species in Tanzania. It is said tonot interfere with crops (Teel 1984).

Growth Factors : Growth is reported to be fastin young plants but much slower in oldertrees. Volumes from well-established standshave been recorded to be about 20 m3 per hafor a 25 to 30 year period (periodic MAI)(Forest Division 1984).

Growth Cycle : Rotation length is 75 years.

181

Limitations to Planting : A plantation in Usawas totally destroyed by elephant browsing.

Management Systems : Planting should bedone during the wettest part of the year. It isnecessary to reduce the risk of browsingdamage by outplanting tall seedlings (1.8 m)with all the lower leaves stripped off and onlythe terminal pair remaining (Forest Division1984). It can be planted in groups withGrevillea robusta serving as a nurse tree at aspacing for Grey/lea of 2.4x2.4 m and about9 plants of O. capensis, with an internalspacing of 1x1 m. It can be planted atintervals of 7 to S m. It tolerates lopping,pollarding, and coppicing.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: FUELWOODFirewood from O. capensis is reported to bethe best in Tanzania. It also makes excellentcharcoal.

Use #2 : TIMBERThe timber is heavy, strong, durable, andtermite resistant. It is used extensively forheavy construction purposes, veneers,building materials, and furniture. Planting ingroups at close spacing produces a goodsource of withers, and well formed trees canbe used for timber.

Uee #3 : FODDERO. capensis is a useful fodder tree asthe pods, seeds, and leaves can all he used forthis purpose.

OTHER USES : The bark is used in localmedicine.

OLEA CAPENSIS*(0. WELWITSCHII)

OLEACEAE

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Wildlings, seed. transplants, and striplings.

Seeds per kg : 3000 Germination Rate (%) : 35 Germination Length: 2-6 months Seed Sources: 2000 TSH per kg - Tanzania National Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments: Fruit is small « 1 em), round, and hard, containing 1 seed per fruit. Collect ripe fruits from the ground or trees. Fruits are produced every 2 to 7 years. Soak in cold water for 48 hours to clean off all pulp, then dry in the sun for 5 days. Seed stores up to 3 months. It was noted that the seeds digested by wild pigs and bush doves germinated in 4 to 6 months. A large portion of the seed is fertile and in the forest seedlings are abundant.

Seedling Management: Germination rate seems to be low and irregular; between 2 and 9 months, with 3 to 5 months the average. Germination can occur as late as 2 years after sowing (Forest Division 1984). Seed storage requires refrigeration at low temperatures (3

degrees C). Many seedlings die off as a result of disease and damping off (Palmer and Pitman 1972).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Grown in plantations in the highlands in clusters at close spacing and in combination with Grevillea robusta or other mixtures. It is recommended as an agroforestry species in Tanzania. It is said to not interfere with crops (Teel 1984).

Growth Factors: Growth is reported to be fast in young plants but much slower in older trees. Volumes from well-established stands have been recorded to be about 20 m3 per ha for a 25 to 30 year period (periodic MAl) (Forest Division 1984).

Growth Cycle: Rotation length is 75 years.

OLEA CAPENSIS· (0. WELWITSCHII)

OLEACEAE

Limitations to Planting: A plantation in Usa was totally destroyed by elephant browsing.

Management Systems: Planting should be done during the wettest part of the year. It is necessary to reduce the risk of browsing damage by outplanting tall seedlings (1.8 m) with all the lower leaves stripped off and only the terminal pair remaining (Forest Division 1984). It can be plented in groups with Grevillea robusta serving as a nurse tree at a spacing for Grevillea of 2.4x2.4 m and about 9 plants of O. capensis, with an internal spacing of lxl m. It can be planted at intervals of 7 to 8 m. It tolerates lopping, pollarding, and coppicing.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : FUELWOOD Firewood from O. capensis is reported to be the best in Tanzania. It also makes excellent charcoal.

Use #2 : TIMBER The timber is heavy, strong, durable, and termite resistant. It is used extensively for heavy construction purposes, veneers, building materials, and furniture. Planting in groups at close spacing produces a good source of withers, and well formed trees can be used for timber.

Use #3 : FODDER O. capensis is a useful fodder tree as the pods, seeds, and leaves can all be used for this purpose.

OTHER USES: The bark is used in local medicine.

181

INDiGmous MULTIPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

OLEA EUROPAEA

DISTRIBUTION

A tall tree or stunted shrub able to tolerateextreme soil and climate conditions. It iswidely distributed in dry forest and forestmargins. In Tanzania it is found in driermountain areas of Usa, Kilimanjaro, Pare, andMbulu (RSCU 1992).

Minimum Altitude (m) : 700.

Max(rnum Altitude (m1 : 3000

182

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers good forest soiland sites with lime rich soils.

Influential Factors : It is hardy and tolerant ofdrought and frost once established.


OLEA EUROPAEA

DISTRIBUTION

A tall tree or stunted shrub able to tolerate extreme soil and climate conditions. It is widely distributed in dry forest and forest margins. In Tanzania it is found in drier mountain araas of Usa, Kilimanjaro, Pare, and Mbulu (RSCU 1992) .

.. Mil)imlJrilAltittide· (m) : .. N!.a;;cilTIIJmAitit\.t(je (tM:

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Prefars good forest soil and sites with lime rich soils.

Influential Factors : It is hardy and tolerant of drought and frollt once established.

182

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Wildlings, seed, andcuttings.

ISeeds per kg : 14500

Seed Treatments : Fruit is small (1 cm), roundand hard, containing 1 seed per fruit. Thefruit pulp should be removed and the seedsdried before transporting or storing.

Pretreatment is not necessary for fresh seeds.Soak old seed in water for 48 hours (RSCU1992). They can be stored for about 2months.

Seedling Management : The species is a poorseeder and germination rates are generally low(RSCU 1992).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Planted along boundaries,roads, and near home compounds. Rootgrowth is very extensive under the soil, andmay compete in agroforestry situations.

Growth Factors : Generally believed to beslow growing, but grows rather quickly undergood conditions. It is very hardy (Palmer andPitman 1972).

Limitations to Pianting : Seedlings are difficultto raise.

Management Systems : Commercial edibleolives can be successfully grafted onto 0:europaea (Palgrave 1988).

183

OLEA EUROPAEA(O. AFRICANA, 0. CHRYSOPHYLLA)

OLEACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: MEDICINEAn infusion of bark is used to relieve colic.Leaves are used as a gargle for sore throatsand an infusion of leaves is used as an eyelotion for humans and animals (Palgrave1988). Sticks are also used and sold fortoothbrushes.

Use #2 : FUELWOODIt is a pleasant smelling firewood. It makesgood charcoal and firewood because of itshigh density and calorific value. However, it isthought to be too slow growing to raise foronly this purpose.

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is close grained, hard, and verystrong. It works well and takes a nice finish.It is highly regarded for furniture, flooring,carvings, water containers, and walkingsticks. It is also used for fencing. Anotherimportant use is for milk storage containers.It is regarded as one of the best woods forthis purpose.

OTHER USES : The fruits are edible and itsflowers attract bees.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Wildlings, seed, and cuttings.

Seeds per kg : 14500

Seed Treatments: Fruit is small (1 cm), round and hard, containing 1 seed per fruit. The fruit pulp should be removed and the seeds dried before transporting or storing.

Pretreatment is not necessary for fresh seeds. Soak old seed in water for 48 hours (RSCU 1992). They can be stored for about 2 months.

Seedling Management: The species is a poor seeder and germination rates are generally low (RSCU 1992).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Planted along boundaries, roads, and near home compounds. Root growth is very extensive under the soil, and may compete in agroforestry situations.

Growth Factors: Generally believed to be slow growing, but grows rather quickly under good conditions. It is very hardy (Palmer and Pitman 1972).

Umitatlons to Planting: Seedlings are difficult to raise.

Management Systems: Commercial edible olives can be successfully grafted onto 0: europaea (Palgrave 1988).

OLEA EUROPAEA (0. AFRICANA, o. CHRYSOPHYLLA)

OLEACEAE

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINE An infusion of bark is used to relieve colic. Leaves are used as a gargle for sore throats and an infusion of leaves is used as an eye lotion for humans and animals (Pal grave 1988). Sticks are also used and sold for toothbrushes.

Use #2 : FUElWOOD It is a plaasant smelling firewood. It makes good charcoal and firewood because of its high density and calorific value. However, it is thought to be too slow growing to raise for only this purpose.

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is close grained, hard, and very strong. It works well and takes a nice finish. It is highly regarded for furniture, flooring, carvings, water containers, and walking sticks. It is also used for fencing. Another important use is for milk storage containers. It is regarded as one of the best woods for this purpose.

OTHER USES: The fruits are edible and its flowers attract bees.

183


OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA*

DISTRIBUTION

A large herb grass (bamboo) growing in opengrassland, lowlands, and highlands, often onhills or along intermittent watercourses. It iswidespread but irregular although generallyclose together in pure stands. Most hardy ofthe 3 African species, it is often found on verypoor soils in Tanzania (RSCU 1992).

184

REQUIREMENTS

SoII Requirements : Slopes and well-drainedsoils. It can be found on very poor soils.

Influential Factors : Survives fire in its naturalhabitat.

IVIinirnUM-Attittide : 500Maxiinvin : 2600.1


OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA *

DISTRIBUTION

A large herb grass (bamboo) growing in open grassland, lowlands, and highlands, often on hills or along intermittent watercourses. It is widespread but irregular although generally close together in pure stands. Most hardy of the 3 African species, it is often found on very poor soils in Tanzania (RSCU 1992) .

• MiIli~m:Altit(jd~i";") : ..... .. Maxrmum.~ltitude{ml: .. .

.500. i)¢CX(

REQUIREMENTS

Soli Requirements: Slopes and well-drained soils. It can be found on very poor soils.

Influential Factol'6 : Survives fire in its natural habitat.

184

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Cuttings and rhizomeslike sugar cane. Seed is rare.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Has potential for agroforestryand for planting around homes.

Growth Factors : Very fast growing.

Growth Cycle : Flowering occurs gregariouslyover wide areas about every 70 years. Theclump dies and sprouts 1 year later fromrhizomes. Evidence indicates that each plantflowers once in its life time and then dies(Palgrave 1988).

Management Systems : Needs to be controlledby cutting.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : BEVERAGEIt is used in the production of alcohol endwine. In parts of Tanzania women depend onthis species for local beer production as amajor source of income.

Use #2 : FIBREIt is used to make various types of localbaskets for transporting produce, such astomatoes in Iringe.

Use #3 : BUILDING MATEFUALSIt is in high demand as a building material. Itis used for scaffolding, furniture, generalhouse construction, and fencing. Fences aresusceptible to damage by termites and borers.The small stems are used for pipes and arrowshafts.

OTHER USES : It is used for soil erosioncontrol and the rehabilitation of degradedsites.

185

OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA*POACEAE

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Cuttings and rhizomes like sugar ca~e. Seed is rare.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Has potential for agroforestry and for planting around homes.

Growth Factors: Very fast growing.

Growth Cycle: Flowering occurs gregariously over wide areas about every 70 years. The clump dies and sprouts 1 year later from rhizomes. Evidence indicates that each plant flowers once in its life time and then dies (Palgrave 1988).

Management Systems: Needs to be controlled by cutting.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : BEVERAGE It is. used in the production of alcohol and wine. In parts of Tanzania women depend on this species for local beer production as a major source of income.

Use #2 : FIBRE It is used to make various types of local baskets for transporting produce, such as tomatoes in Iringa.

Use #3 : BUILDING MATERIALS It is in high demand as a building material. It is used for scaffolding, furniture, general house construction, and fencing. Fences are susceptible to damage by termites and borers. The small stems are used for pipes and arrow shafts.

OTHER USES: It is used for soil erosion control and the rehabilitation of degraded sites.

185

OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA" POACEAE

INDIGENOUS MULTIPLIFtPOSE TFtEES OF TANZANIA

PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA*

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is widely distributed in Tanzania onflat ground, on sandy soils in open deciduouswoodland near the coast; in savannah areas;several types of woodland, especially nearwater; and scattered in upland grassland (FAO1983). It is found in Kondoa district, aroundLake Victoria, and in western Brechystegiadeciduous forests. Dense stands are found inlringa and Mbeya regions.

1 O

400..2600:

. .

30

186

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers lightyellowish-brown to reddish-yellow, gritty,sandy clay foams, red to dark red friable clayswith latente horizon, and yellow-red loamysands (FAO 1983).

Influential Factors : Some farmers believe thatthis tree is an indicator of a high water table(Palmer and Pitman 1972). It is resistant tofire.

INDIGENOUS MUL TIPlJRPOSE TREES Of TANZANIA

PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA *

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is widely distributed in Tanzania on flat ground, on sendy soils in open deciduous woodland near the coast; in savannah areas; several types of woodland, especially near water; and scattered in upland grassland (FAO 1983). It is found in Kondoa district, around Lake Victoria, and in western 8rachysfsgia deciduous forests. Dense stands are found in lringe and Mbeya regions.

MiilfiTitiiriAliitiJilelITil;, •· •• i ..... M~un'iAi~t~~e·tmn •••...•...... .Mi~iii'i(JfuRa{fif~il (mmi: i .M~~~ .. RWif~liJmmii ..

•• ~@1~~~te~p~~ciliu,:elt); .. . MaX!il1UiiiT:~pei'attife(C) ;.

····0<

··190cr· ···.400

"·2309" . ·······ici.

30

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Prefers light yallowish-brown to reddish-yellow, gritty, sandy clay loams, red to dark red frieble clays with laterite horizon, and yellow-red loamy sands (FAO 1983).

Influential Factors: Some farmers believe that this tree is an indicator of a high water table (Palmer and Pitman 1972). It is resistant to fire.

186

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seed and vvildlings.The tree coppices naturally.

Seed Treatments : P. curatellifolia prolificallybears rounded, olive-green fruits 2.5 to 3.8cm in size, but on an erratic basis. It maybear fruit only every other year. Whenmature, the fruits turn yellow-red and fall tothe ground. There is 1 kernel per fruit, whichis pulpy, similar to a mango. Fruits collectedfor propagation should be checked for insectinfestation which affects seed viability. Aftercollection,-fruits should be protected frominsects. Ptetreatment is not necessary butwould improve germination (FAO 1983). Theseed can be stored.

Seedling Management : Little is known aboutpropagation by seed but the hard seed coatmay hinder germination. Natural regenerationis predominantly by root suckers, whichappears feasible and adequate in areas wherethe species is semicultivated on farm land.

SiLVICULTURE

Planting Types : Persists in cultivated landsand secondary bushland.

Growth Cycle : Flowers and fruits concurrentlyduring the wet and dry seasons. It takesabout 9 months from flower fertilization tofruit ripening. It flowers from June throughJanuary, and fruits from August to May in theLushoto Herbarium (FAO 1983).

Management Systems : Potted nursery stockcould be planted in partially cleared fields.

187

PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIACHRYSOBALANACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: FRUITIt is considered to be one of the best fruits oftropical Africa (Tredgold 1986). In Tanzania itis sold in the market. The fruits can be sundried and stored for reserve food. The seedkernel has a high oil content which is edibleand oil can be extracted from it. The oil isused in cooking and in paint and varnish.

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe bark is used to treat pneumonia and as aninfusion to treat fever. It is also applied tofractures.

Use #3: GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is hard, heavy, borer proof, andreddish. It makes very good rafters andcanoes. It is also used for firewood.

ISeeds per kg 300

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seed and wildlings. The tree coppices naturally.

I Seeds per kg : . 300

Seed Treatments: P. curatellifolia prolifically bears rounded, olive-green fruits 2.5 to 3.8 cm in size, but on an erratic basis. It may bear fruit only every other year. When mature, the fruits turn yellow-red and fall to the ground. There is 1 kernel per fruit, which is pulpy, similar to a mango. Fruits collected for propagation should be checked for insect infestation which affects seed viability. After collection, 'fruits should be protected from insects. Pretreatment is not necessary but would improve germination (FAO 1983). The seed can be stored.

Seedling Management: Little is known about propagation by seed but the hard seed coat may hinder germination. Natural regeneration is predominantly by root suckers, which appears feasible and adequate in areas where the species is semicultivated on farm land.

SiLVICULTURE

Planting Types : Persists in cultivated lands and secondary bushland.

Growth Cycle: Flowers and fruits concurrently during the wet and dry seasons. It takes about 9 months from flower fertilization to fruit ripening. It flowers from June through January, and fruits from August to May in the Lushoto Herbarium (FAa 1983).

Management Syetems : Potted nursery stock could be planted in partially cleared fields.

PARINARI CURATELLIFOLlA" CHRYSOBALANACEAE

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : FRUIT It is considered to be one of the best fruits of tropical Africa (Tredgold 1986). In Tanzania it is sold in the market. The fruits can be sun dried and stored for reserve food. The seed kernel has a high oil content which is edible and oil can be extracted from it. The oil is used in cooking and in paint and varnish.

Use #2 : MEDICINE The bark is used to treat pneumonia and as an infusion to treat fever. It is also applied to fractures.

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is hard, heavy, borer proof, and reddish. It makes very good rafters and canoes. It is also used for firewood.

187

INDIGENOUS MULTIPUPPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS*

DISTRIBUTION

Widespread in Tanzania throughout thewoodland in the coastal plain; in savannahwoodlands and grasslands in Kilwa, Lindi,Morogoro, and Tabora (RSCU 1992); inMiombo savannah; and in Miombo dry forestsas scattered trees. It is found in the north toLake Victoria (Borota 1975). It probablyprefers sites with more alkaline soils and anopen understorey.

...MaxieiUtp. Altitude-(ei)Miniieurn:Rainfall.(mm)Wiegiretire; Rainfall-(.MM)

188

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Adaptable to red loemsand deep sandy soils, but not coastal sands orblack clays. Prefers soils whose physicalcharacteristics permit water to rapidly draindown the profile, at least through the top 30cm (Boaler 1966).

Ught Requirements : Demanding.

Influential Factors : P. angolensis is able tosurvive annual fires after the tree has reachedpole size. It is sensitive to frost. Youngseedlings may be susceptible to termites andcrickets (Borotal 975).


PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS *

DISTRIBUTION

Widespread in Tanzania throughout the woodland in the coastal plain; in savannah woodlands and grasslands in Kilwa. Lindi. Morogoro. and Tabora (RSCU 1992); in Miombo savannah; and in Miombo dry forests as scatterad trees. It is found in the north to Lake Victoria (Borota 1975). It probably prefers sites with more alkaline soils and an open understorey.

MinlmurriAltmrrie1mLi:,: ' 'Maldmlirn' Altiiude.(mi:· ',MinifnIjM·Ralnf8l!. (mrn): . M~l<irn\irr\ RainfaU(mm),

"0 1650,

700: 1500

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Adaptable to red loams and deep sandy soils. but not coastal sands or black clays. Prefers soils whose physical characteristics parmit water to rapidly drain down the profile. at least through the top 30 em (Boaler 1966).

Ught Requirements: Demanding.

Influential Fac10rs : P. ango/ensis is able to survive annual fires after the tree has reached pole size. It is sensitive to frost. Young seedlings may be susceptible to termites and crickets (Borota'1975).

188

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seedlings and stumps.

Seeds per kg : 4200Germination Rate (%): 50Seed Sources : 4000 TSH per kg - TanzaniaNational Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments : Pods are winged, disc-shaped with a diameter of 8 to 10 cm, andcontain 1 or 2 seeds. The pods do not splitopen, and must be opened manually. Boalernotes that it is difficult to open the podswithout damaging the seeds (1966). Seedwhich has been filed or scarified gerrninatesmore readily than untreated seed, but eventhis may have limited results. Chipping thefruit at one edge hastens germination(Nvvoboshi, 1982). Repeated wetting anddrying induces fruit opening, after which theseed will germinate inside the open fruit(Boaler 1966). Burning may also assist fruitopening and germination. About 50% ofPterocarpus fruits contain seed and theremainder are barren.

Seedling Management : It is reported thatcuttings grow well but that they must beplanted when the sap is rising (October insouthern Africa) (Palmer and Pitman 1972).Boalar (1966) reports Oto 30% success byvegetative propagation. Best successoccurred when using young, vigorous shootscut and put into the ground, just before theprerain flush in September in Tanzania. Suchcuttings need regular watering after planting.

Nursery stock can be left to develop tostriplings or to bare-rooted stock with a longshoot of 1 to 2 m. The root system is onl'Yslightly pruned off. Seedlings are stripped ofleaves before transporting to the planting sitein order to reduce transpiration losses(Nwoboshi 1982).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Grown in woodlots,plantations, and around homes as live fences.

Growth Factors Slow growth is reported inDodoma.

189

PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS*LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE)

Growth Cycle : The tree has a rotation lengthof 40 to 75 years. Life expectancy is 60 to90 years. P. angolensis begins to producefruit at about 20 years of age, but fruiting islight until 35 years. Trees will continue toproduce fruit until they die (Boaler 19661.Fruits are collected from the ground fromAugust through October.

Management Systems : Site preparationrequires clear cutting, control of fire and ofcompetition for the first 10 years of theplantation (Boalar 1966). Spacing in a purestand should not be closer than 5x5 m.

In the seedling stage, the above ground partsof the plant die back each year until the rootsystem has grown sufficiently to support ashoot capable of surviving the dry season.Shoots rarely grow more than 15 cm. Thismakes using the species difficult in plantationforestry (Boaler 1966). Boalar lists 4 externalconditions necessary for the most rapidgrowth from seedling to sapling: full light,absence of fire, no root competition, andadequate supply of mineral nutrients. Annualburning is said to slow the development ofseedlings but promotes sapling growth.

I MPORTANT USES

Use #1 : TIMBEROne of the best known, most generally usedand most valuable af all woods in southerntropical Africa. Very durable, strong, mediumhard and dense, it is easy to work, (Borota1975) and is heavily exploited. It is used as ageneral purpose timber, for furniture, boatconstruction, for poles, and occasionally forfirewood.

Use #2 : MEDICINEIt is used to treat numerous diseasesthroughout Africa. The root Is believed tocure malaria, black water fever, andgonorrhoea (Palgrave 1988). The bark is usedas a general purpose treatment for headaches,stomach aches, mouth sores, and rashes.

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENTP. angolensis is nitrogen fixing and is used forsoil conservation, dune fixation, and as anornamental. Leaves and shoots are also usedas fodder and it is regarded as a good beeplant.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seedlings and stumps.

Seeds per kg : '4200 Germination Ra1e (%) : 50 Seed Sources; 4000 TSH per kg - Tanzania National Seed Centre 1991 .

Seed Treatments: Pods are winged, discshaped with a diameter of 8 to 10 cm, and contain 1 or 2 seeds. The pods do not split open, and must be opened manually. Boaler notes that it is difficult to open the pods without damaging the seeds (1966). Seed which has been filed or scarified germinates more re;;ldily than untreated seed, but even this may have limited results. Chipping the fruit at ona edge hastens germination (Nwoboshi, 1982). Repeated wetting and drying induces fruit opening, after which the seed will germinate inside the open fruit (Boaler 1966). Burning may also assist fruit opening and germination. About 50% of Pterocarpus fruits contain seed and the remainder are barren.

Seedling Management; It is reported that cuttings grow well but that they must be planted when the sap is rising (October in southern Africa) (Palmer and Pitman 1972). Boaler (1966) reports 0 to 30% success by vegetative propagation. Best success occurred when using young, vigorous shoots cut and put into the ground, just before the prerain flush in September in Tanzania. Such cuttings need regular watering after planting.

Nursery stock can be left to develop to striplings or to bare-rooted stock with a long shoot of 1 to 2 m. The root system is only slightly pruned off. Seedlings are stripped of leaves before transporting to the planting site in order to reduce transpiration losses (Nwoboshi 1982).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types; Grown in woodlots, plantations, and around homes as live fences.

Growth Factors : Slow growth is reported in Dodoma.

PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS" LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE)

Growth Cycle : The tree has a rotation length of 40 to 75 years. life expectancy is 60 to 90 years. P. ango/ensis begins to produce fruit at about 20 years of age, but fruiting is light until 35 years. Trees will continue to produce fruit until they die (Boaler 1966). Fruits ara collected from the ground from August through October.

Management Systems: Site preparation requires clear cutting, control of fire and of competition for the first 10 years of the plantation (Boaler 1966). Spacing in a pure stand should not be closer than 5x5 m.

In the seedling stage, the above ground parts of the plant die back each year until the root system has grown sufficiently to support a shoot capable of surviving the dry season. Shoots rarely grow more than 15 cm. This makes using the species difficult in plantation forestry (Boaler 1966). Boaler lists 4 external conditions necessary for the most rapid growth from seedling to sapling; full light, absence of fire, no root competition, and adequate supply of mineral nutrients., Annual burning is said to slow the development of seedlings but promotes sapling growth.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : TIMBER One of the best known, most generally used and most valuable of all woods in southern tropical Africa. Very durable, strong, medium hard and dense. it is easy to work, (Borota 1975) and is heavily exploited. It is used as a general purpose timber, for furniture, boat construction, for poles, and occasionally for firewood.

Use #2 ; MEDICINE It is used to treat numerous diseases throughout Africa. The root is believed to cure malaria, black water fever, and gonorrhoea (Palgrave 1988). The bark is used as a general purpose treatment for headaches, stomach aches, mouth sores, and rashes.

Use #3 ; LAND IMPROVEMENT P. angolensis is nitrogen fixing and is used for soil conservation, dune fixation, and as an ornamental. leaves and shoots are also used as fodder and it is regarded as a good bee plant.

189

INDIOENOUs MULTiPURPosE TFtEES OF TANZANIA

RAU VOLFIA CAFFRA*

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is widely distributed in riverineBrachystegia woodlands, lowland rainforests,dry montane forests and montane rainforests,in swamps and riverine forests (FAO 1986). Itis found in Kilimanjaro, Tanga, Coast, hinge,Dodoma, Arusha, and Morogoro.

:

-:-Minfrogri::TáropgrAtoret-::fe)Maximum Tér4iiiiiitiire (C.):

190

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Appears to be adapted tofairly fertile soils that are well-drained. Itprefers loamy sands to sandy loam soils but isalso common in volcanic rocks which mayindicate that it has adapted to fairly fertilesoils (Forest Division 1984).

Light Requirements : Requires shade whenyoung, but old trees do not tolerate shade.

Influential Factors : Proximity to ground wateror rivers appears to be essential if rainfall islacking or during the dry season.


RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA *

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is widely distributed in riverine Brachystegia woodlends, lowland rainforests, dry montane forests and montane rainforests, in swamps and riverine forests (FAO 1986). It is found in Kilimanjaro, Tanga, Coast, lringa, Dodoma, Arusha, and Morogoro.

Mi,;jm~~AI~ti.i~~lm)~ '. ..•. . ..... ····500.> M~iti:1~AI#N\:t~jmF: '. .. •.•.. .<2100 ·Ml;ijmu"{R~infiiinmmr\·.·· '.' .•... ">500. <Max~mumRainfaii:tminl:···· . .1270 Mil!imumT.ernP.~r.a.~~r&j¢):.·.·.··· .. • .·······;:6 . lvIaxim!J.ffiT~ni~r~t(jx~ (C:l;. . .•.•• ')2.4

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Appears to be adapted to fairlY fertile soils that are well·drained. It prefers loamy sands to sandy loam soils but is also common in volcanic rocks which may indicate that it has adapted to fairly fertile soils (Forest Division 1984).

Ught Requiremente: Requires shade when young, but old treas do not tolarate shade.

Influential Factors: Proximity to ground water or rivers appeers to be essential if rainfall is lacking or during tha dry saason .

190

PROPAGATION

Nleans of Propagation : Seed and stumps. Itis easily grown by seedlings. The treenaturally regenerates by coppice, suckers,seed, and root suckers.

Seed Treatments : Fruits are small rounddrupes, about 1.3 cm in diameter, becomingblack and wrinkled when mature. There are 1or 2 seeds per fruit. Extract seeds from ripefruits by soaking in water; no otherpretreatment is necessary. Plant immediately,as seeds rapidly lose their viability (ForestDivision 1984). Seedlings reach 24 to 30 cmin height in 6 months, and may be thenoutplanted ( Forest Division 1984).

Seedling Management : Seed germinates afterstaying on the forest floor for a long time(FAO 1986). In Lushoto wildlings that werepicked, potted, and planted after 8 months alldied the following season.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : R. caffra is used inagroforestry systems (highland coffee andbanana fields). Once economic products aredetermined, large scale plantations may befeasible. Trees should not be raised neardwellings, as some parts of the tree arepoisonous, and may be toxic to children andlivestock.

Growth Factors : A fast growing, easilycultivated tree, often grown in gardens insouthern Africa (Palmer and Pitman 1972). InKenya it was reported to grow to 27 m in wetforests (Dale and Greenway 1961).

Growth Cycle : In Tanzania, flowering occursduring the long rains, and fruit ripens duringthe dry season extending into the short rainyseason, February to November (FAO 1986).

Management Systems : There is a need toovercome problems of dieback.

191

RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA*(R. NATALENSIS)

APOCYNACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: MEDICINER. caffra has many traditional medicinalapplications as well as established modernpharmaceutical uses. The bark is used totreat rheumatism, pneumonia, and colic. Theroot is used for insomnia, and intestinalworms. It is also used to treat malaria,hypertension, and psychosis (Rulangaranga1989).

Use #2 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is rather soft and not durable. It isused for poles, domestic items such asspoons, tool handles, containers, and pipesand as firewood.

Use #3 : BEE PLANTIt is an important plant in beekeeping inTanzania due to its small white pleasantlyscented flowers.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propaga'tion : Seed ,and stumps. It is easily grown by seedlings. The tree naturally regenerates by coppice, suckers, seed, and root suckers.

Seed Treatments: Fruits are small round drupes, abo'ut 1.3 cm in diameter, becoming black and wrinkled when mature. There are 1 or 2 seeds per fruit. Extract seeds from ripe fruits by soaking in water; no other pretreatment is necessary. Plant immediately, as seeds rapidly lose their viability (Forest Division 1984). Seedlings reach 24 to 30 em in height in 6 months, and may be then outplanted (Forest Division 1984).

Seedling Management: Seed germinates after staying on the forest floor for a long time (FAO 1986). In Lushoto wild lings that were picked, potted, and planted after 8 months all died the following season.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : R. caffra is used in agroforestry systems (highland coffee and banana fields). Once economic products are determined, large scale plantations may be feasible. Trees should not be raised near dwellings, as some parts of the tree are poisonous, and may be toxic to children and livestock.

Growth Factors: A fast growing, easily cultiveted tree, often grown in gardens in southern Africa (Palmer end Pitman 1972). In Kenya it was reported to grow to 27 m in wet forests (Dale and Greenway 1961).

Growth Cycle: In Tanzania, flowering occurs during the long rains, and fruit ripens during the dry season extending into the short rainy season, February to November (FAO 1986).

Management Systems : There is a need to overcome problems of dieback.

191

RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA +

(R. NATALENSIS) APOCYNACEAE

IMPORT ANT USES

Use 1/ 1 : MEDICINE R. caffra has many traditional medicinal applications as well as established modern pharmaceutical uses. The bark is used to treat rheumatism, pneumonia, and colic. The root is used for insomnia, and intestinal worms. It is also used to treat malaria, hypertension, and psychosis (Rulangaranga 1989).

Use 112 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is rather soft and not durable. It is used for poles, domestic items such as spoons, tool handles, containers, and pipes and as firewood.

Use 1/3 : BEE PLANT It is an important plant in beekeeping in Tanzania due to its small white pleasantly scented flowers.

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES 0,F TANZANIA

SALVADORA PERSICA

S. persica is widespread in all districts ofTanzania, notably in thorn shrubs, desert floodplains, and grassy savannah (RSCU 1992). Itis also found in valleys, on dunes, and termitemounds. It is found where ground water isreadily available, on river banks, on theperimeters of waterholes, in seasonally wetsites, and along drainage lines in arid zones.

.... . .

:IWnimum-AftitudeArn).::soo300

192

Soil Requirements : Adapted to alkaline or verysaline soils, usually clay-rich, and soils withoutsalt. It prefers clays, but is found on loams,black soils, and sand (FAO 1988).

DISTRIBUTION REQUIREMENTS

Influential Factora : EMremely well-adapted toarid conditions, is salt tolerant and verydrought resistant. Cultivated seedlings andtrees must be protected from browsing byanimals (FAO 1988). The tree produces manybranches.0.:

INDtGENOUS MUL TIPlJRPOSE TREES Of TANZANIA

SALVADORA PERSICA

DISTRIBUTION

S. peTs/oa is widespread in all districts of Tanzania, notably in thorn shrubs, desert flood plains, and grassy savannah (RSCU 1992). It is also found in valleys, on dunes, and termite mounds. It is found where ground water is readily available, on river banks, on the perimeters of waterholes. in seasonally wet sites, and along drainage lines in arid zones.

.··MioifutirriAttittid~(m):· M~xi,ritJili:Altib.ICJe(rYt)~ :.:.. . .. :Miru.mu~::~iliftf8.1l{mijl)<:i···: ... MeXirii~:~8iof~l!jmmt;:··:·

·.0·: 1800

'::·':300. :· .. ·: .. ·jQ.99

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Adapted to alkaline or very saline soils, usually clay-nch, and soils without selt. It prefers clays, but is found on loams, black soils, and sand (FAO 1988).

Influential Factors : Extremely well-adapted to arid conditions, is salt tolerant end very drought resistant. Cultivated seedlings and trees must be protected from browsing by animals (FAO 1988). The tree produces many branches.

192

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Readily germinatesfrom seed and coppices well.

Seeds per kg : 3400Germination Length : 24 hours

Seed Treatments : Fruits are small, round, andpea-sized, bearing 1 seed per fruit. Seeds turnfrom white to pink or purple-red and are semi-transparent when mature. Pretreatment is not.ouessary (RSCU 1992). Seeds exhibit no

dormancy but the fruit pulp containsgermination inhibitors which should beremoved before sowing. Seed can be storedfor about 1 month.

Seedling Management : Seedlings have beenraised in the nursery 3 years prior to planting(FAO 19861.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Grown in plantations orhedges. The tree has potential for reclaimingsaline soils.

Growth Factors : S. persica is slow growing.

Management Systems : Coppices well.Branches are cut repeatedly to produce shortstems that are harvested for toothbrushes(FAO 1986).

193

SALVADORA PERSICASALVADORACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: TOOTHBRUSHESYoung stems of 3 to 5 mm are used astoothbrushes and sold in most major marketsthroughout Tanzania. A toothstick is also saidto relieve toothache and gum disease, and theleaves are used as a mouthwash and for toothand gum problems. The bark is said tocontain an antibiotic which suppress growthof bacteria and the formation of plaque in themouth (RSCU 1992).

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe roots are prepared as a salve and rubbedon the face for headaches. They are used forgeneral body pain, gonorrhoea, back pains,chest diseases, and stomach aches. Latexfrom the bark is used for treating sores.Seeds are used as a tonic and seed oil is usedon the skin for rheumatism.

Use #3 : FODDERLeaves make good fodder as they have a highwater content (15 to 36%) and are rich inminerals (FAO 1986). The leaves are readilyconsumed by goats and cattle and the fodderis available during the dry season. The highsalt content of the leaves is said to affect thetaste of the milk.

NOTES

The leaves and bark contain the alkaloidtrimetylamine. The seed is rich in oil andcontains lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids.There is potential for making soaps, candles,and using it as a substitute for coconut oil(FAO 1986).

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Readily germinates from seed and coppices well.

Seeds per kg : Germination Length:

3400 24 hours

Seed Treatments: Fruits are small, round, and pea-sized, bearing 1 seed per fruit. Seeds turn from white to pink or purple-red and are semitransparent when mature. Pretreatment is not .~(;essary (RSCU 1992). Seeds exhibit no

dormancy but the fruit pulp contains germination inhibitors which should be removed before sowing. Seed can be stored for about 1 month.

Seedling Management: Seedlings have been raised in the nursery 3 years prior to planting (FAO 1986).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Grown in plantations or hedges. The tree has potential for reclaiming saline soils.

Growth Factors: S. persica is slow growing.

Management Systems : Coppices well. Branches are cut repeatedly to produce short stems that are harvested for toothbrushes (FAO 1986).

SAL V ADORA PERSICA SALVADORACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : TOOTHBRUSHES Young stems of 3 to 5 mm are used as toothbrushes and sold in most major markets throughout Tanzania. A toothstick is also said to relieve toothache and gum disease, and the leaves are used as a mouthwash and for tooth and gum problems. The bark is said to contain an antibiotic which suppress growth of bacteria and the formation of plaque in the mouth (RSCU 1992).

Use #2 : MEDICINE The roots are prepared as a salve and rubbed on the face for headaches. They are used for general body pain, gonorrhoea, back pains, chest diseases, and stomach aohes. Latex from the bark is used for treating sores. Seeds are used as a tonic and seed oil is used on the skin for rheumatism.

Use #3 : FODDER Leaves make good fodder as they have a high water content (15 to 36%) and are rich in minerals (FAO 1986). The leaves are raadily consumed by goats and cattle and the fodder is available during the dry season. The high salt content of the leaves is said to affect the taste of the milk.

NOTES

The leaves and bark contain the alkaloid trimetyfamine. The seed is rich in oil and contains lauric. myristic, and palmitic acids. There is potentiel for making soaps, candles. and using it as a substitute for coconut oil (FAO 1986).

193


STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES*

DISTRIBUTION

A small tree growing in woodlands, mixedforests, deciduous woodlands, lowlands, andMiombo woodlands (FAO 1983). It iswidespread throughout Tanzania inBrachystegia woodlands and is found in Iringa,Ruvuma, Dodoma, Kigoma, Tabora, andTanga.

194

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers sites on deepsandy soil and on rocky slopes (Palmer andPitman 1972). It is found on black todark-grey clays and yellow-red loamy sands(FAO 1983).


Influential Factors : S. cocculoides is usuallyleft when fields are cleared. It prefers opengrowing conditions. Saplings need to beprotected from fire.

Minimum Altitude .-400

mii)00,0.'.6.::Alp,ttitle(fil):: 2000..Minimum .... . .. .. .. .

600:1.00)41)11.-476:FteIrklAR:.(fIrn) . 1200-Minimum Temperature (g) 14...Maximuril Temperature (D) 25


STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES*

DISTRIBUTION

A small tree growing in woodlands, mixed forests, deciduous woodlands, lowlands, and Miombo woodlands (FAO 1983). It is widespread throughout Tanzania in Brschystegis woodlands and is found in Iringa, Ruvuma, Oodoma, Kigoma, Tabora, and Tanga.

Minfffitii1'lAitth;~~(mf~··. . ...•.....•.... MaxmiiJrTi·Aititude··(mt: . Mirilmum·R8iM8i:j>(mffi).:> .• ··

•. MalCiffiillTI~iM8ii4iiII1): . ·Mil1jm(Jm.Terliperatu~~.·(c;:i: .. :Maxiinuif,T:Eimp~rtJtti~>(di:: ...

··460 2000 HSOo< 1200.

14 ..25.

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Prefers sites on deep sandy soil and on rocky slopes (Palmer and Pitman 1972). It is found on black to dark-grey clays and yellow-red loamy sands (FAO 1983).

Ught Requirements: Demanding.

Influential Foct0f8 : S. coccu/oides is usually left when fields ara cleared. It prefers open growing conditions. Saplings need to be protected from fire .

194

\'\1..

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seed, coppice, androot suckers.

Seed Treatments : The large fruits, 7 to 13 cmin diameter, are hard shelled and smooth, andlight-green or yellow in colour. The fruitscontain bony seeds which are said to bepoisonous (Palmer and Pitman 1972). Thehard seed coat requires pretreatment. It isrecommended that fresh seed be soaked inhot water for 24 to 48 hours (RSCU 1992).

Seedling Management : Seeds do notgerminate readily. Annual fires soften thecoat. Root suckers are easily produced bywounding the tree (fire, trampling by animals).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Planted along boundaries andnear home compounds.


Growth Cycle : Flowers during the rainyseason and fruits ripen in the dry season. Thefruit can take up to a year to ripen.

Management Systems : The species issemicultivated. It can be raised in the nurseryand planted on a cleared site. Weeds andclimbers need to be cleared until trees areestablished. The tree coppices well.

195

STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES*(S. SCHUMANNIANA)

LOGANIACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: MEDICINEThe fruit is mixed with honey or sugar to treatcoughing. The root can be chewed toalleviate eczema and is an alleged cure forgonorrhoea (FAO 1983).

Use #2 : FRUITThe ripe fruit is eaten mainly by children, butalso by adults. It has a pleasant taste. Thetree is often retained and protected because ofthe fruit. The fruit is also used to make a dyeto colour trays and containers which providesprotection frominsect attacks. It is use' i as asoap for washing clothes.

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is white and tough, rather soft, andpliable. It is used primarily for buildingmaterials and tool handles.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seed. coppice. and root suckers.

Seed Treatments : The large fruits. 7 to 13 em in diameter. are hard shelled and smooth. and light-green or yellow in colour. The fruits contain bony seeds which are said to be poisonous (Palmer and Pitman 1972). The hard seed coat requires pretreatment. It is recommended that fresh seed be soaked in hot water for 24 to 48 hours (RSCU 1992).

Seedling Management: Seeds do not germinate readily. Annual fires soften the coat. Root suckers are easily produced by wounding the tree (fire. trampling by animals).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Planted along boundaries and near home compounds.


Growth Cycle : Flowers during the rainy season and fruits ripen in the dry season. The fruit can take up to a year to ripen.

Management Systems: The species is semicultivated. It can be raised in the nursery and planted on a cleared site. Weeds and climbers need to be cleared until trees are establishad. The tree ooppices wen.

STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES" (S. SCHUMANNIANA)

LOGANIACEAE

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINE The fruit is mixed with honey or sugar to treat coughing. The root can be chewed to alleviate eczema and is an alleged cure for gonorrhoea (FAO 1983).

Use 112 : FRUIT The ripe fruit is eaten mainly by children. but also by adults. It has a pleasant taste. The tree is often retained and protected because of the fruit. The fruit is also used to make a dye to colour trays and containers which provides protection from· insect attacks. It is use-l 3S a soap for washing clothes.

Use 113 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is white and tough. rather soft. and pliable. It is used primarily for building materials and tool handles.

195

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANLA

SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE*

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is widespread on the Tanzanianmainland in lowland and mountain rainforests,forest fringes along streams, riverine andswampy forests. It is also found in openBrachystegla-Feurea woodlands (FAO 1983).

IVinfrOurn Altitude 4,r4) :MO4T-wt.-Maps:1o..

'exium

IT

O

196

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers permanently fresh,moist, well-drained soils with a high watertable (RSCU 1992).


Influential Factors : Uable to attack by aCerambycid beede larva which can make thetimber defective (Sommerlotto 1990).

SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE *

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is widespread on the Tanzanian mainland in lowland and mountain rainforests, forest fringas along streams, riverine and swampy forests. It Is slso found In open Brschystsgla-Fsurss woodlands (FAO 1983).

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requlrement1l : Prefers pennsnently fresh, moist, weli-drained solis with a high water tsble (RSCU 1992).

Ught Requlroment1l : Strongly demanding.

Influential FllctOOll : Wabls to sttack by 8

Cersmbycld beetle larva which can make the timber defective (Sommerlatte 1990).

196

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Potted seedlings,wildlings, direct sowing, and coppicing.

Seeds per kg : 3000.Garmination Rete (%) 85'Germination L.ength : 25-30 days"..Seed:Sóinces.:'000 kg -.::Silviciiiture:.Fiesererch Centre 1991/92.

Seed Treatments : Fruit is oval, up to 2.5 cmlong, containing a single large stone. Ediblefruits turn purple-black and juicy when mature.Pretreatment of the seed is not necessary,however it must be sown immediately as theseed may spoil within 24 hours if stored(RSCU 1992).

Seedling Management : Germination is verygood and uniform. Direct sowing in pots is arecommended propagation technique. Forsuccessful germination and establishment, theseed should be exposed to mineral soil andmoisture (FAO 1983). Natural regeneration isadequate in natural forests.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Palmer and Pitman note thatthis species has probably never beencultivated in southern Africa, although it hasoccasionally been preserved in gardens. It hasan ability to hybridize with other species in thegenus, and is 'appallingly variable' (Dale andGreanway 1981).

Growth Cycle : Fruit ripens between Februaryand May (FAO 1983).

Management Systems : Planted on clearedsites. Tolerates pollarding and is able tocoppice. Crop refining in natural forests couldincrease growth potential (FAO 1983).

197

SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE*MYRTACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : FRUIThe fruits are highly regarded especially bychildren. Ripe fruit is generally picked fromthe tree. It must be picked immediately fromthe ground so that it does not spoil.

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe fruit is used to treat dysentery and thebark is used for diarrhoea,

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is hard, strong and easy to work. Itis used for construction material, timber,firewood, and charcoal. The smoke fromburning wood is used to season milkcontainers.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Potted seedlings. wild lings. direct sowing. and coppicing.

Seed~~~kg: 3000. Germinatio;, Rate (%) :85 GerlTli!lation Lerigth: . 25"30 days :SiiEid:~ojjrQ.~~.:.8~9TSH.per kg- . :$livic~~~re> Ri!~e:arch Centre 1991/92.

Seed Treatments: Fruit is oval. up to 2.5 cm· long. containing a single large stone. Edible fruits turn purple-black and juicy when mature. Pretreatment of the seed is not necessary. however it must be sown immediately as the seed may spoil within 24 hours if stored {RSCU 1992}.

Seedling Management: Germination is very good and uniform. Direct sowing in pots is a recommended propagation technique. For successful germination and establishment. the seed should be exposed to mineral soil and moisture (FAO 1983). Natural regeneration is adequate in natural forests.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Palmer and Pitman note that this species has probably never been cultivated in southern Africa. although it has occasionally been preserved in gardens. It has an ability to hybridize with other species in the genus. and is 'appallingly variable' (Dale and Greenway 1961).

Growth Cycle : Fruit ripens between Februery and May (FAO 1983).

Management Systems: Planted on cleared sites. Tolerates pollarding and is able to coppice. Crop refining In natural forests could increase growth potential (FAO 1983).

SVZYGIUM GUINEENSE* MYRTACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : mUll The fruits are highly regarded especially by children. Ripe fruit is generally picked from the tree. It must be picked immediately from the ground so that it does not spoil.

Use #2 : MEDICINE The fruit is used to treat dysentery and the bark is used for diarrhoea.

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is hard. strong and easy to work. It is used for construction material. timber. firewood. and charcoal. The smoke from burning wood is used to season milk oontainers.

197


TAMARINDUS INDICA*

DISTRIBUTION

A very adaptable species occurring throughoutTanzania in woodland, bushland and thornbush areas, and in depressions and valleys. Tindica is often found growing alongwatercourses, ponds, end riverbanks. It doesnot grow In marshy or stagnant water orclogged solls. It avoids seasonally floodedand waterlogged sites although It may occuron or beside raised microsites such as termitemounds and anthills (Kew 1984). T. indicaoften occurs in the same conditions as thebaobab.

198

REQUIREMENTS

Soli Requirements : Tolerates a wide range of°oils. T. indica grows in coastal sands, rockyeoils, wet soils, but it requires well-drainedsites. It prefers sandy or deep alluvial soils,with water at depth (RSCU 1992).

Light Reqtrkements : Demanding. It does notappear to regenerate underneath its owncanopy (Parrotta 1990).

INDIGENOUS MUlTII'URPOSC TREES OF TANZANIA

TAMARINDUS INDICA *

DISTRIBUTION

A very adaptable spaoles occurring throughout Tanzania in woodland, bushland and thorn bush areas, and In depressions and valleys. r. indics is often found growing along watercourses, ponds, and riverbanks. It does not grow In marshy or stagnant water or clogged soils. It avoids seasonally flooded and waterlogged sites although it may occur on or beside raised micro sites such 118 termite mounds and enthilis (Kew 1984). T. indic8 often occurs in the seme oonditions as the baobab.

:::Mlhlfu\k{Al~tWi~:::citif«:":':':':i:':::" /::::::::::::':::';::;:::::}(( ::M~lffi{~tiliUd~::fu)f::::::::::':" :.: ':':',:,::.j:~::, j';1illi'nfuniiij)Jilfflii::ftnfu}:t\·:,:·· ':":"::::::::'6&>::. )~~~mJ~!ij"-f~nmmFr:' .. ::·i6&f :::M!~;:::f~~~~:ti::jQi·;:: .... :. . .. :,2tf;

REQUIREMENTS

Soli Requirements: Tolerates a wide fange of ooils. r. indica grows in coselsl lIandll, rocky soils, wet soils, but It requirell well·drained sites. It prefero sandy or daep alluvial 80110,

with water at depth (RSCU 1992).

Ught RequirlimentIJ : Demanding. It does not appElar to regenerate underneath Its own oanopy (Parrotta 1990).

198

Influential Factors : Seedlings need to beprotected from frost and browsing livestock.The tree is susceptible to fire, and is verysensitive to frost. Many insects attack thefruits and seeds, none causing serious damage(Parkash 1991). It is able to withstanddrought.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Usually propagatedfrom seed but wildlings, root suckers orcuttings may be used.

Seeds per kg :. 1000Gerrriihátigri:Rtie:().: ..S1)..

. . .

-.Geriaination:lerigth : 10 days -.2 monthS::..Seod Sourcos 1200....... .....TS1 sr.Tnnzania.

Seed Treatments : Pods are variable, curvedand oblong, and about 20 cm in length. Theycontain from 1 to 10 seeds each, which areconnected by tough fibres running throughsticky pulp (Dale and Greenway 1961). Seedpods should be collected from healthy treesduring the early part of the year. Soak thefruit to remove the pulp, extract seeds fromthe pods and allow them to air dry beforewinnowing. Clean, dry seed may be stored ingunny bags in a cool, dry place. Nopretreatment is required. The seed germinatesreadily and grows well in pots.

The Forest Division notes that it is customaryin Tanzania to pretreat seed before planting bysoaking in cold water for 24 hours, althoughoven with pretreatment germination is irregularand may take up to 2 months (Forest Division1984). Seed retains its viability for about 6months (Parkash 1991) but can be stored formore than 2 years if protected from insects(RSCU 1992).

Seedling Management : It is known to coppiceand respond to root exposure and injury byroot sucker production. These characteristicscould be taken advantage of if T. indica weregrown for woad and charcoal (Forest Division1984). Direct sowing is often the bestmethod of propagation (Parkash). Place seedsdirectly In holes 30 cm deep, 5 cm apart, inlines that are 4 to 5 m apart. It may also besown in patches with 8 to 10 seeds per patch.

TAMARINDUS INDICALEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY CAESALPINIOIDEAE)

199

Other reports indicate that the viability isrelatively good and that seeds can be directlysown in nursery beds or open ground (FAO1983).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Recommended for planting inthe interior lowlands and wetter parts of thesemiarid zone in Tanzania. It is popular foragroforestry in Tanzania. T. indica is notrecommended as a shade tree due toallelopathic effects on understorey plants(Parrotta 1990). It is used along roads and forboundary plantings.

Growth Factors : Grows slowly, but isconsidered a promising species in Dodoma.Fruit yields of 150 to 200 kg per year per tree(12 to 16 tonnes per ha) have been reported(Forest Division 1984).

Growth Cycle : Tamarind begins flowering andfruiting from 6 to 15 years of age, producingabundant fruit crops almost every yearthereafter. The tree is long lived, over 200years in some cases (Forest Division 1984).The suggested rotation for timber is 50 to 60years. Fruits are edible in June and July.

Management Systems Outplant when therainy season begins. It should not be plantedin low areas where the roots may becomewaterlogged. In some countries it is plantedat a spacing of 5x5 m, which may be thinnedto 10x10 m as the trees mature; linearspacing is 10 to 15m (Parkash 1991). It isused also as a firebreak and planted atspacings of 2.5x2.5 m or 3x3 m for firewoodplantations. Weeding Is required during thefirst year, with hoeing around the trees untilthey are well-established. Plantations may beestablished by direct sowing along clearedlines (Ferrate 1990). It coppices well.

T AMARINDUS INDICA" LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY CAESALPINIOIDEAE)

Influential Factors: Seedlings need to be protected from frost and browsing livestock. The tree is susceptible to fire, and is very sensitive to frost. Many insects attack the fruits and seeds, none causing serious damage (Parkash 1991). It is able to withstand drought.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Usually propagated from seed but wildlings, root suckers or cuttings may be used.

.. ... ...

Sceeds·per.kg : .. .... 1000 Gemiii1~tionRa:te(%): .90 G~riiiinatiorii::engtfi::H)days •. 2 months :.~~e.ti:~()~rc~~ .. :J2~(:)t$H.pej;: kg :.~·T/lrii~@i •. : NIl~f)!!I:$e.~<1.·¢iffitr:e..J~$.J{ ..... .. . .... . ..

Seed Trellltments : Pods are variable, curved and oblong, and about 20 em in length. They contain from 1 to 10 seeds each, whioh are oonneoted by tough fibres running through sticky pulp (Dale and Greenway 1961). Seed pods should be collected from healthy trees during the early part of the year. Soak the fruit to remove the pulp, extract seeds from the pods and allow them to air dry before winnowing. Clean, dry seed may be stored in gunny bags in a cool, dry place. No pratreatment is required. The seed germinetes raadily and grows well in pots.

The Forest Division notes that it is customary in Tanzania to pretreat seed before planting by soaking in cold water for 24 hours, although even with pretreatment germination is Irregular and may take up to 2 months (Forest Division 1984). Seed retains its viability for sbout6 months (Parkash 1991) but can be stored for more than 2 years if protected from insects (RSCU 1992).

Seedling Management: It is known to coppice and respond to root exposure and injury by root sucker production. These characteristics could be taken advantage of if T. indica were grown for wood and oharcoal (Forest Division 1984). Direct sowing is often the best method of propagation (Parkash). PIece seeds directly In holes 30 cm deep, 5 cm apart, in lines thet are 4 to 5 m apart. It may also be sown in patches with S to 10 seeds per patch.

Other reports indicate that the viability is relatively good and that seeds can be directly sown in nursery beds or open ground (FAO 1983).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Recommended for planting in the interior lowlands and welter parts of the semiarid zone in Tanzania. It is popular for agroforestry in Tanzania. T. indica is not recommended as a shade tree due to allelopethic effects on understorey plants (Parrotta 1990). It is used along roads and for boundary plantings .

Growth Factors: Grows slowly, but is considered a promising species in Dodoma. Fruit yields of 150 to 200 kg per year per tree (12 to 16 tonnes per hal have been reported (Forest Division 1984).

Growth Cycle : Tamarind begins flowering and fruiting from 6 to 15 years of age, producing abundant fruit crops almost every year thereafter. The tree is long lived, over 200 years in some cases (Forest Division 1984). The suggested rotation for timber is 50 to 60 years. Fruits are edible in June and July.

Management Syeteme : Outplant when the reiny sesson begins. It should not be planted in low areas where the roots may beoome waterloggad. In some countries It is planted at e spacing of 5x5 m, which may be thinned to 10x10 m as the trees mature; linear spacing is 10 to 15 m (Parkash 1991). It Is used also 8S II firebreak and planted at spacings of 2.5x2.5 m or 3x3 m for firewood plantations. Weadlng Is required during the first year, with hoeing around the treas until they are well-established. Plantations may be established by direct sowing along oleared lines (Perrotta 1990). It coppicas well.

199

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOsE TREES OF TANZANIA

TAMARINDUS INDICA

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: FRUITIt is eaten by people either directly, as acondiment, or as a drink. The fruits are sold inthe market in Dodoma. It is an excellentsource of vitamin 13 (thiamine and niacin) andcontains small amounts of carotene andvitamin C (Parrotta 1990).

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe tree has many medicinal uses in Tanzania.The fruit pulp is used as a laxative, the bark isused to cure sore throats, the leaves are usedfor stomach problems, and the roots are usedto treat heart pains. Crushed leaves are puton wounds and abscesses. Juice fromcrushed leaves is taken with porridge to stopvomiting.

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is hard, heavy, and dark brown. Itis difficult to work but easy to polish andtermite resistant. It is used to make furniture;as a timber; to make domestic items such astool handles, pestles and mortars; for fence.posts; and boats. It is also regarded as agood firewood and charcoal.

OTHER USES : The flowers are reported tomake good honey (Parrotta 1990). Ash,which is rich in tannin, is used for tanninghides. The tree is host of one of the wildsilkworms (Hypsiodes loennis).

NOTES

It is one of the most widely used trees in itsrange and should reoelve more attention inforestry and research activities.

200


TAMARINDUS INDICA'

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : FRUIT It is eaten by people either directly, as a condiment, or as a drink. The fruits are sold in the market in Dodoma. It is an excellent source of vitamin B (thiamine and niacin) and contains small amounts of carotene and vitamin C (Parrotta 1990).

Use 112 : MEDICINE The tree has many medicinal uses in Tanzania. The fruit pulp is used as a laxative, the bark is used to cure sore throats, the leavas are used for stomach problems, and the roots are used to treat heart pains. Crushed leavss ars put on wounds and abscesses. Juice from crushed leaves is taken with porridge to stop vomiting.

Use 113 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is hard, heavy, and dark brown. It is difficult to work but easy to polish and termite resistant. It is used to make furniture; as a timber; to make domestic items such as tool handles, pestles end mortars; for fence

.posts; and boats. It is also regarded as a good firewood and charcoal.

OTHER USES: The flowers are reported to make good honey (Parrotta 1990). Ash, which is rich in tannin, is used for tanning hides. The tree is host of one of the wild silkworms (Hypsiodes vulllitti jotlf/nis).

NOTES

It is one of the most widely used trees in its range and should receive more attention in forestry and reseerch activities.

200

SPECIES PROFILES

201

SPECIES PROALES

201


TECLEA NOBILIS

DISTRIBUTION

T. nobNs is widely distributed in wet highlandforeste, particularly in northern Tanzania andthe Lake zone. It is found in bushland andsavannah, often with Podocarpus andJuniperus (RSCU 1992). In Kenya It is a largeforest tree, but grows as a small forestundershrub in Uganda (Dale and Greenway1961). T. nobIlls prefers sitas in highlandforests between the altitudes of 1700 and2700 m.

202

PROPAGATION

MOS11113 of Propagation : Seeds.

Seed Treatments : Fruit is red, about 2 cmlong, with a single seed. No seed treatmentsare recommended.

Seedling Management : It is not a prolificseeder and the germination rate is low.

IN04GENOUS MUlTIPURPOSE TREES Of TANZANIA

TECLEA NOBILIS

DISTRIBUTION

T. nobilis is widely distributed In wet highiand forests, particularly In northem Tanzania and the Lake lone. It Is found in bushiand and savannah, often with PodoclNpus and Juniperus (RSCU 1992). In Kenya It is a lerge forest tree, but grows as a small forest undershrub in Uganda (Dele and Greenway 1961). T. nobl/is prefers sites in highlend forests between the altitudes of 1700 and 2700m.

:.: .. :.· .•. ~.·::.··.·:.·.~ .. ;: .• :.~r.·~:.:::.: .. ':.,~.:.::.:: ... ::::A.:·:A·.·::.itt.·f·.~ .• ·\tud.:.·w:.··.'::.::...·:.~.:6: .. : .. : •. ~: .. ·.m(::m::.:.).:i .. ;:~~:::·,,·:::.:: ..• ::.:::.·.:::·::::>::·'::::::::::~~i{: Ma""Uu... U '"' , -::::::·.::/::::·:::·:::::::::::~1.$.t

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seeds.

Seed Treatments: Fruit is red, about 2 em long, with a single seed. No seed treatments are reoommended ..

Seedling Management: It is not a prolific seeder and the germination rate is low.

202

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Reported to be compatiblewith crops, but experience is quite limited(Teel 1984).

Growth Factors : Moderate to slow growing.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINEBoth the leaves and roots are used in localmedicine. The roots are used to treat coldsand chest problems.

Use #2: GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is moderately hard, tough, and paleand is used for walking sticks, tool handles,bowls, clubs, spear shafts, poles, and hoepins.

Use #3: LAND IMPROVEMENTFarmers consider T. nobilis useful for soil andwater conservation.

203

TECLEA NOBILISRUTACEAE

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Reported to be compatible with crops, but experience is quite limited (Teel 1984).

Growth Factors: Moderate to slow growing.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINE Both the leaves and roots are used in local medicine. The roots are used to treat colds and chest problems.

Use #2 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is moderately hard, tough, and pale and is used for walking sticks, tool handles, bowls, clubs, spear shafts, poles, and hoe pins.

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENT Farmers consider T. nobilis useful for soil and water conservation.

203

TECLEA NOBILIS RUTACEAE


TERMINALIA SERICEA

DISTRIBUTION

T. sericee is scattered in open woodlands, oras a dominant or co-dominant in mixeddeciduous foresta. It thrives in a range of soiltypes, moisture conditions, and drainageconditions as long as light is not a limitingfactor (Pohjonen 1992). It seldom makes purestands in late successional stages. T. sericeais common as a shrub or bush of 6 to 9 m, butindividual trees may reach 23 m In height. Itthrives in deep sandy soil with moderaterainfall (Pa!grave 1988).

204

REQUIREMENTS


Influential Factors : It is adaptable to droughtand moderately adaptable to saline soils. Itcan tolerate some frost. T. sericea is reportedto form dense thickets when cut or burnt, andbecomes weedy, preventing the growth ofgrass (Palmer and Pitman, 1972).

INDIGENOUS MUlTIPIJRPOSE TREES Of TANZANIA

TERMINALIA SERICEA

------------

DISTRIBUTION

T. SfJriCfJ8 is scattered in open woodlands, or as a dominant or co-dominant in mixed deoiduous forests. It thrives in a ranga of soil types, moisture oonditions, and drainage oonditions as long as light is not a limiting factor (PohJonen 1992). It aaldom makes pure stands in late successional stages. T. SeriCfJ8

is oommon as a shrub or bush of 6 to 9 m, but individual trees may reaoh 23 m in height. It thrives in deep sandy 8011 with moderate relnfall (Pelgrava 1988).

REOUIREMENTS

Ught Requlremente : Demanding.

Influential Faotora : It is adaptable to drought and moderataly adaptable to saline soils. It oan tolerate some frost. T. SeriCfJ8 is reported to form dense thlokets when out or burnt, and beoomes weedy, preventing the growth of grass (Palmer and Pitman, 1972).

204

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seed. It naturallyregenerates readily.

Seed Treatments : Fruits are oval, winged, aresoft pink when mature, and contain 1 seed perfruit. The pink colour darkens with age.Fruits are sometimes parasitized and becomedeformed, twisted, and hairy.

Seedling Management : T. sericea seeds andregenerates readily as open sites becomeavailable (Pohjonen 1992).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Recommended forreforestation, agroforestry, and landimprovement.

Growth Factors : T. ser/ces is a promising treein Dodoma.

Growth Cycle : In the later stages ofsuccession it is found as an individual tree.

Management Systems : An easily establishedaggressive species. Since T. ser/ces shadesout weeds and climax species are allowed toestablish themselves.

205

TERMINALIA SERICEACOMBRETACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: LAND IMPROVEMENTThe tree improves sites by drainingwaterlogged soils, shading out weeds, andenriching impoverished soils. It is also usedfor erosion control.

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe roots are used to treat bilharzia, colic,pneumonia, and diarrhoea. The leaves areused for stomach disorders. A glucoside,nerifolin, has been isolated and found to havean effect on the heart (Palgrave 1988). Thetree may be poisonous (Westman Draft).

Use #3: GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is yellow, hard, heavy, very tough,and resistant to both termites and borers. It isused extensively for fence posts and toolhandles. T. ser/ces is known to make goodcharcoal and is also used for construction,furniture, and firewood. The bark is cut intostrips and is used as a rope to tie framestogether and to hang beehives.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seed. It naturally regenerates readily.

Seed Treatments: Fruits are oval, winged, are soft pink when mature, and contain 1 seed per fruit. The pink colour darkens with age. ·Fruits are sometimes parasitized and become deformed, twisted, and hairy.

Seedling Management: T. seric6a seeds and regenerates readily as open sites become available (Pohjonen 1992).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Recommended for reforestation, agroforestry, and land improvament.

Growth Factors : T. sedcea is a promising tree in Oodoma.

Growth Cycle: In the later stages of succession it is found as an individual tree.

Management Systems : An easily established aggressive species. Since T. sericea shades out weeds and climex species ere allowed to establish themselves.

TERMINALIA SERICEA COMBRET ACEAE

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : LAND IMPROVEMENT The tree improves sites by draining waterlogged soils, shading out weeds, and enriching impoverished soils. It is also used for erosion control.

Use #2 : MEDICINE The roots are used to treat bilharzia, colic, pneumonia, and diarrhoea. The leaves are used for stomach disorders. A glucoside, nerifolin, has been isolated and found to have an effect on the heart (Palgrave 1988). The tree may be poisonous (Westman Draft).

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD The wood is yellow, herd, heavy, very tough, and resistant to both termites end borers. It is usad extensively for fence posts and tool handles. T. sericea is known to make good charcoal and is also used for construction, furniture, and firawood. The bark is cut into strips and is used as a rope to tie frames together and to hang beehives.

205


TREMA ORIENTAL'S*

DISTRIBUTION

T. orientalis is widely distributed through arange of altitudes in higher rainfall areas. It iscommon along the margins of lowland andupland forests, extending into riverine forestsand forest gaps. T. orientalis is a pioneerspecies and is found in clearings and onabandoned farmland (FAO 1986). It is foundthroughout Tanzania on suitable sites,including the Coast, Dodoma, and Tabora.

206

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers sites on well-drained, exposed soils without leaf litter,demonstrating an ability to becomeestablished on poor or disturbed sol? (ForestDivision 1984).

Influential Factors : It quickly invades clearingsand disturbed soil.

INDIGENOUS MULT!PURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

TREMA ORIENT ALiS *

DISTRIBUTION

T. orienta/is is widely distributed through II rllnge of altitudes in higher rainfalilireas. It is common along the margins of lowland and upland forests, extending Into riverine forests and forest gaps. T. orienta/is is a pioneer species and is found in clearings and on abandoned farmland (FAO 1986). It is found throughout Tanzania on suitable sites, including the Coast, Dodoma, and Tabora.

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers sites on welldrained, exposed soils without leaf litter, demonstrating an ability to become established on poor or disturbed soil (Forest Division 1984).

Influential Fac10rs : It quickly invades clearings and disturbed soil.

206

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seed, cuttings, or bycoppice.

Seed Sources : 1800 TSH per kg -Silviculture Research Centre 1991/92.

Seed Treatments : Fruits are small and round,turning black when mature, about 3 to 5 mmin diameter. Collect ripe fruits directly fromhealthy trees. Seed may be air dried andstored for up to 6 months, but may also beplanted immediately. No pretreatment isrequired (RSCU 1992). Germination occurswithin 10 to 30 days, with 70 to 80% of theseeds germinating. Full light encouragesgermination. Seedlings show rapid growth ina nursery, and will reach 1 m within 6 weeksof germination. Seedlings may be outplantedafter 3 months in the nursery (Forest Division1984).

Seedling Management : Reported to germinateeasily from seed. Full light encouragesgermination.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Recommended for planting inlower and wetter parts of the highland zone.It could be used as a shade plant for coffee orcardamom or for the rehabilitation of poorsites (Forest Division 1984). It does not -compete with crops.

Growth Factors : Very fast growing (RSCU1992). The fastest growth occurs in warm,moist areas with consistent temperatures.

Growth Cycle : Flowers throughout the year.It generally lives only 8 to 10 years (ForestDivision 1984).

Limitations to Planting : Short lifespan.

Management Systems : Foliage is browsed bylivestock and wild animals. Cultivated trees

207

TREMA ORIENTALIS*(T. GUINEENSIS)

ULMACEAE

require protection. The tree has the ability tocoppice readily.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: MEDICINEThe leaves are used to treat coughs and sorethroats and the bark is used to make a coughsyrup. Other reported uses include remediesfor asthma, bronchitis, gonorrhoea, malaria,yellow fever, toothaches, and intestinal worms(Rulangaranga 1989). The tree also containssapiens, condensed tannins, and otherchemical constituents important forpharmaceuticals (FAO 1986). It is used as aninsect repellant and an antidote to generalpoisoning.

Use #2 : LAND IMPROVEMENTT. orientalls is nitrogen fixing and consideredto have immediate potential for therehabilitation of poor exposed soils. Theleaves can also provide mulch and the tree canbe used for shade without affecting crops.

Use #3: FODDERThe leaves, pods, and seeds are used asfodder.

NOTES

It is a host tree for butterflies. The fruitattracts birds; bees are attracted to theflowers. The timber is considered to be poorand of only fair quality, but the wood is usedfor firewood, charcoal, poles, and posts.

Seeds per. kg 370000Germination Rate (%) : 75Germination Length : 10-30 days

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seed, cuttings, or by coppice.

Seeds per. kg: 370000 Germinationflate (%) : 75

"GerminatiimLength:' 10·30 days Seed.salirees :1 aoOTSH per kg . SllvicultUre Re.search Cantre 1991/92,

Seed Treatments: Fruits are small and round, turning black when mature, about 3 to 5 mm in diameter. Collect ripe fruits directly from healthy trees. Seed may be air dried and stored for up to 6 months, but may also be planted immediately. No pretreatment is required (RSCU 1992). Germination occurs within 10 to 30 days, with 70 to 80% of the seeds germinating. Full light encourages gennination. Seedlings show rapid growth in a nursery, and will reach 1 m within 6 weeks of germination. Seedlings may be outplanted after 3 months in the nursery (Forest Division 1984).

Seedling Management: Reported to germinate easily from seed. Full light encourages germination.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Recommended for planting in lower and wetter parts of the highland zone. It could be used as a shade plant for coffet) or cardamom or for the rehabilitation of poor sites (Forest Division 1984). It does not· compete with crops.

Growth Factors: Very fast growing (RSCU 1992). The fastest growth occurs in warm, moist areas with consistent temparatures.

Growth Cycle: Flowers throughout the year. It generally lives only 8 to 10 years (Forest Division 1984).

Limitations to Planting: Short lifespan.

Management Syeteme : Foliage' is browsed by livestock and wild animals. Cultivated trees

TREMA ORIENTALlS· (T. GUINEENSIS)

ULMACEAE

require protection. The tree has the ability to coppice readily.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINE The leaves are used to treat coughs and sore throats and the bark is used to make a cough syrup. Other reported uses include remedies for asthma, bronchitis, gonorrhoea, malaria, yellow fever, toothaches, and intestinal worms (Rulangaranga 1989). The tree also contains sapiens, condensed tannins, and other chemical constituents important for pharmaceuticals (FAO 1986). It is used as an insect repellant and an antidote to general poisoning.

Use #2 : LAND IMPROVEMENT T. orienta/is is nitrogen fixing and considered to have immediate potential for the rehabilitation of poor exposed soils. The leaves can also provide mulch and the tree can be used for shade without affecting crops.

Use #3 : FODDER The leaves, pods, and seeds are used as fodder.

NOTES

It is a host tree for butterflies. The fruit attracts birds; bees are attracted to the flowers. The timber is considered to be poor and of only fair quality, but the wood is used for firewood, charcoal, poles, and posts.

207

INDIGENOUS MULTWURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

TRICHILIA EMETICA

DISTRIBUTION

A widely distributed tree of the high forest, inareas with moderate to high meantemperatures at lower elevations (FAO 1986).It Is more abundant in open riverine-alluvlallowland rainforests and open savannahwoodlands, generally near rivers. T. emeticais found in Kigoma, Mbeya, Tabora, Morogoro,Dodome, fringa, and Tanga.

208

REQUIREMENTS

Soli Requkaments : Alluvial soilsrecommended (FAO 1986). It prefers well-drained, rich soil with high ground water(RSCU 1992).

Influential Factors : If rainfall is lacking it mustbe near to ground water sources or a river. T.

emetica Is norrnally immune to termites.

INDIGENOUS MULllI'URPOSf TREES OF TANZANIA

TRICHILIA EMETICA

DISTRIBUTION

A widely distributed tree of the high forest, in areas with moderate to high moan temperatures at lower elevations (FAO 1986). It.is more abundant in open riverine-alluvial lowland rainforests and open savannah woodlands, generally near rivers. T. emetic8 is found in Kigoma, Mbeye, Tabora, Morogoro, Dodoma, Irlnga, and Tanga. REQUIREMENTS

Soli Requirement. : Alluvial soils reoommended (FAO 1986). It prefers well· drained, rich soil with high ground water (RSCU 1992).

InfluentUl! FactOOJ : If rainfall ill lacking it must be near to ground water sources or a river. r. emeticels normally immune to termites.

208

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seed, transplants,cuttings, and root suckers. Regeneratesnaturally by seed, root suckers, and coppice,but only under seed trees.

Seeds per kg : .1950'Germination Length : 15-23 days. Seed Sources: 2000 TSH per kg - Tanzania.Natiénét Seed Centre 1991.

Seed Treatments : The small fruits are about1.9 cm in diameter, turning crimson whenmature., The fruit has 3 or 4 lobes, eachcontaining 1 or 2 bean-like black and redSeeds. Collect seed from capsules that areopening on the tree. Place in water, anddiscard any floating seed, which will notgerminate. Seeds have a short period ofviability, and should be sown within 3 days ofcollection. No pretreatment is needed.Seedlings may be outplanted after 6 to 8months (Forest Division 1984).

Seedling Management : Owing to loss of seedviability, sow fresh seeds. Seeds areextremely poisonous (RSCU 1992). Cuttingsare susceptible to termites and seeds are oftenattacked by a weevil borer (Watkins 1960).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : The speoles Is recommendedfor planting In the coastal and interior lowlandzones as en ornamental or shade tree forwhich it is well-known. T. emetics issometimes planted In reforestation projectsand has potential for agroforestry (ForestDivision 1984).

Growth Factors : The tree Is fairly fastgrowing.

Growth Cycte : Rotation length Is 60 to 80years (Watkins 1960). The tree flowers fromAugust to October, and fruits mature fromFebruary through April (FAO 1986). Seedproduotion tends to be irregular from year toyear.

209

TRICHILIA EMETICA(T. ROKA)

MELIACEAE

Management Systems : Palmer and Pitmannote that young trees grow up in the deepshade of parent trees and are generally foundin smell groups of various sized individuals(Palmer and Pitmen 1972). In pure stands,spacing should be 3x3 m triangular spacing forfruit production or 6x6 m in combination withagricultural crops. Outplanted seedlingsrequire some shade, and 30 trees per ha ofthe original vegetation should be left standingto provide shade. Seedlings can betransplanted from the nursery after 6 to 8months. Seedlings are sensitive to weedcompetition. Removing herbaceous materialfrom the site before planting, and continuousweeding is required for the first few yearsafter planting (Forest Division 1984). The treecoppices well.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : SOAPSeeds produce an oil that is used in theproduction of soap. The oil has been enexport product in the past.

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe bark is a remedy for pneumonia, and theroots are used to treat colds and as apurgative. The seed oil is applied to sores,ringworms, other parasites, and skin diseases.The root is also used to induce labour inpregnant women (FAO 1986).

Use #3: GENERAL PURPOSE WOODThe wood is suitable for Indoor uses, and leused to make furniture, poles, and as timber.The wood Is sometimes treated. It is alsoused for firewood.

OTHER USES: T emetIce is an excellentshade tree and has been planted aswindbreaks and for water catchmentrehabilitation.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Seed, transplants, cuttings, and root suckers. Regenerates naturally by seed, root suckers, and coppice, but only under seed trees.

.Seeds>per k~; •.. .. .19~ c:;ei'riiinationLengi6: .. ·15~23days

.. SliedSoufaes : 2000 TSHper kg <ranzailia .. J:-J~~on~I$6edCentr~ 19S11 ; .... . ...

Seed Treatmente : The small fruits ere about 1.9 cm in diameter, turning crimson when mature. The fruit has 3 or 4 lobes, each containing 1 or 2 bean-like black and rad seeds. Collect seed from capsules that are opening on the tree. Place in water, and discard any floating sead, which will not germinate. Seeds have a short period of viability, and should be sown within 3 days of collection. No pretreatment is needed. Seedlings may be outplanted after 6 to 8 months (Forest Division 1984).

Seedling ManllgElment : Owing to loss of seed viability, sow fresh seads. Seeds ere extremely poisonous (RSCU 1992). Cuttings are susceptible to termites and seeds are often attaokad by a weevil borar (Watkins 1960).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : The species is recommended for planting in the ooastal and interior lowland zones as an ornamental or shade tree for which it 1s well-known. To emetics is sometimes plantad in reforestation projeots and has potential for agroforestry (Forest Division 1984).

Growth Factofll : The tree Is fairly fast growing.

Growth Cycle : Rotation length is 60 to 80 years (Watkins 1960). The tree flowers from August to Octobar, and fruits mature from February through April (FAO 1986). Seed produotlon tends to be irregular from year to year.

TRICHIUA EMETICA (T. ROKA)

MELIACEAE

Management Systems: Palmer and Pitman note that young trees grow up in the deep shade of parent trees and are generally found in small groups of various sized individuals (Palmer and Pitman 1972). In pure stends, spacing should be 3x3 m triangular spacing for fruit production or 6x6 m in combination with agricultural crops. Outplanted seedlings require some shade, and 30 trees per ha of the original vegetation should be left standing to provide shade. Seedlings can be transplanted from the nursery after 6 to 8 months. Seedlings are sensitiva to weed competition. Removing herbaceous material from the site before planting, and continuous weeding is required for the first few years after planting (Forest Division 1984). The tree coppices well.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: SOAP Seeds produce an oil thet is used in the production of soap. The oil has been an export product in tha past.

Use 112 : MEDICINE The bark is a remedy for pneumonia, and the roots are used to treet colds and es a purgetive. The sead oil is epplied to sores, ring worms, other parasites, and skin diseases. The root is also usad to induce labour in pregnant women (FAO 1986).

Usa 113 : GENERAl. PURPOSE WOOD The wood is suitable for indoor uses, end is used to make furniture, poles, end as timber. The wood is sometimes treatad. It is also usad for firewood.

OTHEI'I USES : T. emetlcB is an excellent shede tree and has baen planted as windbreaks and for water oatchment rehabilitation.

209

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TRES OF TANZANIA

UAPACA KIRKIANA*

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is found in lowland forest, secondaryMiombo woodland such as clearings and gaps,open woodland, and amongst rocks at mediumaltitudes with good rainfall. U. kirklana occursin Gaita, Njombe, Ruvuma, Tabora, Mbeya,and lringa (FAO 1986).

210

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Tolerates poor, shallowsoils, gravel, and sandy loam soils.

Influential Factors : It is always found on poorand shallow soils (RSCU 1992).

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Seed, cuttings,wildlings, root suckers, and coppice. Naturalregeneration may be the most reliable method.

Seed Treatments : Pretreatment is notnecessary. Seed does not store well.

INDIGENOUS MUlTll'UAPOSE TREES Of TANZANIA

UAPACA KIRKIANA *

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is found in lowland forest, secondary Mioinbo woodland such a8 clearings and gaps, open woodland, and amongst rooks at medium altitudes with good rainfall. U. kirkisna oocurs in Gaita, Njombe, Ruvuma, Tabora, Mbeya, and lringa (FAO 1986).

::MiiJjmliH{:M~Mi~:lffi{{:: .. >:~tmi:im.:Aj~~~ii~jrnt:i·: ... :},1iOirnum::RliinffiiUmmr:;:·:::: :::~~~:::~~~hl~((¥Mt~::::::: . "., .

:::fjficJ::: "::j~QQ>

·.··· .. :::::/500\ ::j::iio.:

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requiraments : Tolerates poor, shallow soils, gravel, and sandy loem soils.

Influential FactOffl : It is always found on poor and shallow soils (RSCU 1992).

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Saed, outtings, wildlings, root suckers, and coppice. Natural regeneration may be the most reliable method.

Seed Treatrnsnts : Pratreatmant is not necessary. Seed does not store well.

210

Seedling Management : Seed does not remainviable long so it must be sown fresh.Germination is good and natural regenerationis adequate.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Used in agroforestry, aroundhome compounds, and boundaries especiallyin Miombo woodlands. It is left standing oncleared land.


Groi.vth Cycle : U. kirkiana flowers and fruitsduring the rainy season, and fruits ripen fromSeptember through December (FAO 19861.Fruits are edible from October throughFebruary.

Management Systems : The tree hascoppicing ability. Natural regeneration isreliable but protection of wildlings isimportant.

211

UAPACA KIRKIANA*(U. GOETZEI)

EUPHORBIACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: FRUITU. kirkiana is highly regarded for its fruit.Trees are generally retained for the fruit,which are eaten by children and adults, andused to make a sweet beer sold in the marketin Ruvuma. It is an important famine food inthe drier areas of Tanzania. It is oftenprepared as a sweetmeat or jam, especially inneighbouring countries. There is considerablepotential for domestication of this speciesconsidering its popularity with farmers.

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe root is used to treat indigestion.

Use #3 : FUELWOODCharcoal from this tree is highly regarded andmany trees are cut for this purpose. It is alsoused for firewood in areas where the demandfor charcoal is low.

OTHER USES : Flowers are valuable for honeyproduction.

The wood is fairly durable, straight-grainedwith white sap wood and red-brown figuredheartwood. It is termite resistant. It is usedto make furniture, for domestic uses such asspoons, and as timber.

Seedling Management: Seed does not remain viable long so it must be sown fresh. Germination i~ good and natural regeneration is adequate.

S IL VICUL TURE

Planting Types : Used in agroforestry, around home compounds, and boundaries especially in Miombo woodlands. It is left standing on cleared land.


Growth Cycle: U. kirkiana flowers and fruits during the rainy season, and fruits ripen from September through December (FAO 1986). fruits are edible from October through February.

Management Systems: The tree has coppicing ability. Natural regeneration is reliable but protection of wildlings is important.

UAPACA KIRKIANA .. (U. GOETZE!)

EUPHORBIACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : FRUIT U. kirkiana is highly regarded for its fruit. Trees are generally retained for the fruit, which are eaten by children and adults, and used to make a sweet baer sold in the market in Ruvuma. It is an important famine food in the drier areas of Tanzania. It is often prepared as a sweetmeat or jam, especially in neighbouring countries. There is considerable potential for domestication of this species considering its popularity with farmers.

Use #2 : MEDICINE The root is used to treat indigestion.

Use #3 : FUElWOOD Charcoal from this tree is highly regarded and many trees are cut for this purpose. It is also used for firewood in areas where the demand for charcoal is low.

OTHER USES: Flowers are valuable for honey production.

The wood is fairly durable, straight-grained with white sap wood and red-brown figured heartwood. It is termite resistant. It is used to make furniture, for domestic uses such as spoons, and as timber.

211

INDIO:7100S MULTIPURPOSE TRIES Of TANZANIA

VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is widespread in Tanzania in riverinelowland forests and Brachystegia-Combretumwoodlands. It is more abundant in open,cleared areas than In closed forests. It is ableto tolerate a wide variety of sites, includingwoodlands, bush, scrub, stony outcrops, anddunas. V. madagascariensis is found inKilimanjaro, Arusha, Dodoma, Singida, andTabora (FAO 1983).

212

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Tolerates volcanic ashsoils; light yellowish-brown to reddish-yellow,gritty, sandy clay loams; red to dark red,friable clays with latente and yellow-red loamysands (FAO 1983).


Influential Factors : Not resistant to fires.


VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is widespread In Tenzenia in riverine lowland forests and Bnlchystegia-Combretum woodlands. It is more abundant in open, cleared areas than in closed forests. It is able to tolerate a wide variety of sites, including woodlands, bush, scrub, stony outcrops, and dunes. V. madagsscarlensis is found in Kilimanjaro, Arusha, Dodoma, Singida, and Tabora (FAO 1983).

M

REQUIREMENTS

Soli Requirements: Tolarates volcanic ash soils; light yallowish-brown to reddish-yallow, gritty, sendy clay loams; red to dark red, friable clays with leterite and yellow-red loamy sands (FAO 1983).

Ught Requirementll : Demanding.

Influential Factors: Not resistant to fires.

212

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Regenerates naturallyby seed and coppice, and may be grown in anursery.

Seed Treatments : Fruits are round, up to 4cm in diameter and contain 3 seeds. It isnecessary to break dormancy by scarifying thehard seed coat.

Seedling Management : The longer seed stayson the ground in natural conditions, the softerthe coat becomes, thus facilitatinggermination.

SIL VICULTURE

Planting Types : Tree is retained andsemicultivated on farms. It is grown alongboundaries and home compounds.

Growth Cycle : Flowering occurs in Octoberthrough February. Fruit ripens in Dodoma,Singida, Tabora from April through July, andAugust through December in Kilimanjaro andArusha (FAO 1983).

Management Systems : Crop refining innatural open areas, and protection from lateforest fires could promote regeneration andgrowth. Since it is a light demander, the siteshould be cleared of most vegetation.Weeding is important until the trees areestablished.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : FRUITFruits are edible and sold in markets. Farmersretain this species for the fruit.

Use #2 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODIt is used in building construction and forfire wood.

213

VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISRUBIACEAE

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Regenerates naturally by seed and coppice, and may be grown in a nursery.

Seed Treatments: Fruits are round, up to 4 cm in diameter and contain 3 seeds. It is necessary to break dormancy by scarifying the hard seed coat.

Seedling Mal')lIgement : The longer seed stays on the ground in natural conditions, the softer the coat becomes, thus facilitating germination.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Tree is retained and semi cultivated on farms. It is grown along boundaries and home compounds.

Growth Cycle : Flowering occurs in October through February. Fruit ripens in Dodoma, Singida, Tabora from April through July, and August through December in Kilimanjaro and Arusha (FAO 1983).

Management Systems: Crop refining in natural open areas, and protection from late forest fires c·ould promote regeneration and growth. Since it is e light demander, the site should be cleared of most vegetation. Weeding is important until the trees are established.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : FRUIT Fruits are edible and sold in markets. Farmers retain this species for the fruit.

Use 112 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD It is used in building construotion and for firewood.

213

VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS RUBIACEAE


VITEX DONIANA*

DISTRIBUTION

A widespread deciduous forest tree largelyfound in coastal woodlands end savannah, butalso in wetter areas at lower altitudes and onZanzibar and Pemba islands. It is found indeciduous woodlands (especiallyBrachystegia), secondary forests, and dryforests. It is not found in montane rainforestsand the Dodoma thicket belt (FAO 1983).

214

REQUIREMENTS

SoII Requirements : Found on fields, fellows,and on alluvial soils (Von Maydell 1986).

Influential Factors : Requires a high watertable.


VITEX DONIANA *

DISTRIBUTION

A widespread deoiduous forest tree largaly found in coastal woodlands and savannah. but also In wetter areas at lower altitudes and on Zanzibar and Pamba islands. It is found in daoiduous woodlands (especially Brachystsgisl. secondary forests. and dry forests. It is not found in montene rainforests and the Oodoma thioket belt (FAO 19831. REQUIREMENTS

Soli Requirements: Found on fields. fallows. and on alluvial soils (Von Maydell 19861.

Influential FaetOflS : Requires a high water table.

214

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Propagation methodsinclude wildlings, seed, coppice, and rootsuckers.

Seeds per k

Seed Treatments : Fruit is oblong, about 3 cmlong, turning black when mature. Removeseeds from fleshy pulp and soak themovernight in lukewarm water. The hard seedcoat needs to be broken. Dry the seedsbefore planting in pots (3 seeds per pot).Outplant in an area with good access towater.

Seedling Management : Trees regeneratenaturally by seed and root suckers. Seedsneed a very long time to germinate (VonMaydell 1986). Germination is mostsuccessful with fresh seeds. Forest fires mayhelp break the seed coat before germination(RSCU 1992).

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Grown in fields and alongboundaries. It is occasionally planted aroundhome compounds (Von Maydell 1986).

Growth Factors : Hes a moderate growth rate.

Growth Cycle : Flowers from August throughNovember, and fruits from January to April(FAO 1983).

Management Systems : Natural regenerationoccurs by seeds, coppice, and root suckers.

216

VITEX DONIANA(V. CUNEATA, V. CIENKOWSKII)

VERBENACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: FRUITThe edible fruit is sweet, tastes like prunes,and is occasionally sold.

Use #2 : MEDICINEThere are numerous medicinal uses for thistree. V. don/ano is used to treat anemia andthe root is used for gonorrhoea (FAO 1983).It is also supposed to improve fertility and isused to treat jaundice, leprosy, and dysentery(Von Maydell 1986).

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENTV. donjons is nitrogen fixing and its leaves areused for mulch.

OTHER USES : The tree produces a teak-liketermite resistant timber (RSCU 1992). VonMaydell (1986) reports that the wood isintensely attacked by insects. It is mediumhard and suitable for light building material,furniture, carvings, and boats. It is also usedfor firewood and charcoal. The leaves, pods,and seeds are good fodder.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Propagation methods include wildlings, seed, coppice, end root suckers.

Seed Treatm!lnts : Fruit is oblong, about 3 em long, turning black when mature. Remove seeds from fleshy pulp and soak them overnight in lukewarm water. The hard seed coat needs to be broken. Dry the seeds before planting in pots (3 seeds per pot). Outplent in an area with good access to water.

Seedling Management: Trees regenerate naturally by seed and root suckers. Seeds need a very long time to germinate (Von Maydell 1986). Germination is most suocessful with fresh seeds. Forest fires may help break the seed coat before germination (RSCU 1992).

SILVICULTURE

Plantlng Types: Grown in fields and along boundaries. It is oocasionally planted around home compounds (Von Maydell 1986).

Growth Factors: Hes a moderate growth rate.

Growth Cycle : Flowers from August through November, and fruits from January to April (FAO 1983).

Mansgement Systems: Natural regeneration occurs by seeds, coppice, and root suokers.

VITEX DONIANA" (V. CUNEATA, V. CIENKOWSKII)

VERBENACEAE

IMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : FRUIT The edible fruit is sweet, tastes like prunes, and is oocasionally sold.

Use #2 : MEDICINE There arB numerous medicinal USBS for this tree. V. doniana is used to treat anemia end the root is used for Ilonorrhoea (FAO 1983). it is also supposed to improve fertility and is used to treat jaundioe, leprosy, and dysentery (Von Maydell 1986).

Use #3 : LAND IMPROVEMENT V. doniana is nitrogen fixing and its leaves ere used for mulch.

OTHER USES: The tree produces a tsak·like termite resistant timber (RSCU 1992). Von Maydeli (1986) reports thet the wood is intensely attacked by inseots. It is medium hard and suitable for light building material, furniture, carvings, and boats. It is elso u9ad for firewood and oharooal. The leaves, pods, and seeds are good fodder.

215


WARBURGIA SALUTARIS

DISTRIBUTION

This spreading evergreen is widely distributedin lower rainforests, drier highland forestareas, and in secondary bushlands andgrasslands (Dale and Greenway 1961). It iscommon in Babati district. It is found inArusha, Tanga, Mwanza, Shinyanga, Dodoma,Kigoma, Tabora, Rukwa, Mbeya, Morogoro,and lringa (Rulangaranga 1989).

Status : May be threatened because of thehigh demand for its medicinal bark.

Maximum Altitude (m) 2000

216

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Can be propagated byseed (direct sowing and seedlings), cuttings,and wildlings.

Seed Treatments : Fruits are oval berries 4 cmin diameter, turning dark purple when ripe.Wash the fruit and sow fresh seeds promptlyes they lose viability quickly when stored.

Seedling Management : Regeneration isprimarily from seed and germination rates aregood. The seeds are hard to collect, but can


WARBURGIA SALUTARIS

DISTRIBUTION

This spreading evergreen is widely distributed in lower rainforests, drier highland forest areas, and in secondary bushlands and grasslands (Dale and Greenway 1961). It is common in Sabati district. It is found in Arusha, Tanga, Mwanza, Shinyanga, Oodoma, Kigoma, Tabora, Rukwa, Mbeya, Morogoro, and Iringa (Rulangaranga 1989).

Statu8 : May be threatened because of the high demand for its medicinal bark.

i0.i~m~.mAii~ty'#~:jmft::::: .• ·:::. ::.: •.•• :.: ::::.::/jo.~. ·:M~~Wi:ifflAI~i~~(.i~.~iiit{:::·:::···· ..... :.::~@.

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Can be propagated by seed (direct sowing and seedlings), cuttings, and wildlings.

Seed Treatments: Fruits are oval berries 4 cm in diameter, turning dark purple when ripe. Wash the fruit and sow fresh seeds promptly as they lose viability quickly when stored.

Seedling Management: Rageneration is primarily from seed and gennination rates are good. The seeds are hard to collect, but can

216

be obtained in Kenya (Tee) 1984). The tree isknown to reproduce from cuttings.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : Grown as single trees andalong boundaries.

Growth Factors : W. salutaris is fairly slowgrowing.

Growth Cycle : Flowers at the beginning ofthe rains and fruits form late in the rainyseason. The fruits may remain on the tree fora long time (FAO 1986).

Management Systems : The tree hascoppicing ability.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: MEDICINEThe medicinal properties of this species havebeen known for a long time- and it is still highlyregarded for its medicinal uses. The bark issold in most major markets in Tanzania anddemand appears to be high. The inner barkhas many uses as a treatment for malaria,colds, chest pains, coughs, diarrhoea, musclepains, stomach aches, and general body pains(Rulangaranga 1989).

Use #2 : LAND IMPROVEMENTIt is nitrogen fixing and can be used for greenmanure and mulch. It also provides goodshade.

Use #3 : FODDERThe leaves, pods, and seeds all provide goodfodder.

OTHER USES : The heartwood is oily,aromatic, and pale, and darkens with exposureto air. It saws and polishes well but is notdurable (Palgrave 1988). It is used asfirewood and occasionally as timber.

In many places the leaves are used to flavoursoups and curries.

217

WARBURGIA SALUTARIS(W. UGANDENSIS)

CANELLACEAE

be obtained in Kenya (Teel 1984). The tree is known to reproduce from cuttings.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types: Grown as single trees and along boundaries.

Growth Factors: W. salutaris is fairly slow growing.

Growth Cycle : Flowers at the beginning of the rains and fruits form late in the rainy season. The fruits may remain on the tree for a long time (FAO 1986).

Management Systems: The tree has coppicing ability.

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1 : MEDICINE The medicinal properties of this species have been known for a long time and it is still highly regarded for its medicinal uses. The bark is sold in most major markets in Tanzania and demand appears to be high. The inner bark has many uses as a treatment for malaria, colds, chest pains, coughs, diarrhoea, muscle pains, stomach aches, and general body pains (Rulangaranga 1989).

USB #2 : LAND IMPROVEMENT It is nitrogen fixing and can be used for green manure and mulch. It also provides good shade.

Use #3 : FODDER The leaves, pods, and seeds all provide gQod fodder.

OTHER USES: The heartwood is oily, aromatic, and pale, and darkens with exposure to air. It saws and polishes well but is not durable (Palgrave 1988). It is used as firewood and occasionally as timber.

In many places the leaves are used to flavour soups and curries.

217

WARBURGIA SALUTARIS (W. UGANDENSIS)

CANELLACEAE

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANLA

XIMENIA AMERICANA

DISTRIBUTION

A mostly solitary tree dispersed in opencountry, savannahs, gallery forests, alongcoastal areas, in the understorey of dryforests, in dry woodlands, or on riverbanks. InTanzania it is more abundant in bushland andsemiarid zones. X. americana is found inArusha, Tabora, Dodoma, Morogoro, Coast,and hinge (FAO 1983).

218

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Found on many kinds ofsoils, often poor and dry, including clays, clayloams, loamy sands, sandy clay foams andsands (FAO 1986).

Influential Factors : The tree is droughtresistant (RSCU 1992).


XIMENIA AMERICANA

DISTRIBUTION

A mostly solitary tree dispersed in open country, savannahs, gallery forests, along coastal areas, in the understorey of dry forests, in dry woodlands, or on riverbanks. In Tanzania it is more abundant in bushland and semiarid zones. X. americana is found in Arusha, Tabora, Dodoma, Morogoro, Coast, and lringa (FAO 1983). REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Found on many kinds of soils, often poor and dry, including clays, clay loams, loamy sends, sandy clay loams and sands (FAO 1986).

Influential Factors: Tha traa is drought rasistant (RSCU 1992).

218

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Propagated from seedand cuttings. Vegetative propagation isprobably possible (Von Nlaydell 1986). Thetree regenerates naturally from seed andcoppice.

.Seeds perkg i4op

Seed Treatments : Oval fruits are about 3 cmlong and contain 1 seed each. Fruits areyellow or red, thin skinned, and plum-like andmust be picked from the tree as they perishquickly. Pretreatment of the seed is matnecessary. Fresh seed should be sown forgood germination, The seed can be stored forlong periods,

Seedling Management : There is littleexperience with raising seedlings andoutplanting them, but it appears highlypossible. Germination is satisfactory.

SILVICULTURE

Planting Types : X. americana is useful in aridand semiarid areas.

Growth Cycle : On good sites trees producefruit in and after year 3. It flowers and fruitsthroughout tho year, independent of climaticregimos (FAO 1983). Seeds are collected inJuly and August at the coast (RSCU 1992).

Limitations to Planting : Seedlings appear tobe susceptible to drought and fire.

Management Systems : Regeneration innatural forests is very sparse, so partialprotection of its natural habitat could promotenatural regeneration.

219

XIMENIA AMERICANAOLACACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: FRUITThe fruit is thirst quenching. It is used as adrink and in making jams and jellies, It wasreported that the Sandawe rely on the fruit asa staple.

Use #2 : MEDICINEThe bark, fruit, and leaves have many uses inlocal medicine for people and animals.Leaves and twigs are used for fever, colds,and as a laxative and eye lotion. Leaves areused for headaches (especially in children),angina, and as a poison antidote. Roots areused for skin problems, headaches, venerealdisease, sleeping sickness, oedema, and as apoison antidote.

The fruit is useful in habitual constipation andthe bark is usad for febrile headaches, in bathwater for sick children, for kidney and heartcomplaints, and can be applied to skin ulcers.A decoction of roots or fruits is used to treatdysentery in calves.

Use #3 : FIREWOODFirewood is the principle use of the wood,mainly because the trunk is rather small. Thewood is very hard and dense (0.89 to 0.91 grper cm') (FAO 1986).

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Propagated from saed and cuttings.' Vegetative propagation is probably possible (Von Maydell 1986). The tree regenerates naturally from seed and coppice.

XIMENIA AMERICANA ·OLACACEAE

IMPORT ANT USES

Use 111 : fRUIT The fruit is thirst quenching. It is used as a drink and in making jams and jellies. It was reported that the Sandawfl rely on the fruit as a staple.

l· .. _s_e._ed.· ... _.s_ .. p_e_r_k.·_9_.: __ ~,..... ____ "_· ._1.~·.40_· _0-1 .. 1 Use 112 : MEDICINE The bark, fruit, and leaves have many uses in local medicine for p()ople and animals.

Seed Treotments : Oval fruits are about 3 cm long and contain 1 seed each. Fruits are yellow or red, thin skinned, and plum-like and must be picked from the tree as they perish quickly. Pretreatment of the seed is not necessary. Fresh seed should be sown fer good germination. The seed can be stered fer Ipng perieds.

Seedling Management: There is little experience with raising seedlings and outplanting them, but it appears highly possible. Germination is satisfactory.

SILVICULTURE

fllmting Types: X. americana is useful in arid and semiarid areas.

Growth CycIG : On good sites trees produce fruit in and after year 3. It flowers Ilnd fruits throughout the year, independent of climatic regimes (FAO 1983). Seeds Bre collected in July and August at the ceast (RSCU 1992).

Limitations to Planting: Seedlings appear te be susceptible to drought and fire.

Management Systems: Regeneration in natural forests is very sparse, so partial protection ef its natural habitat could premeta natural regeneration.

219

Leaves and twigs are used for fever, colds, and as a laxative and eye lotion. Leaves are used for headaches (especially in children), angina, and as a poison antidote. Roots are used for skin problems, headaches, venereal disease, sleeping sickness, oedema, and as a poison antidote.

The fruit is useful in habitual constipatien and the bark is used for febrile haadaches, in bath water for sick children, for kidney and heart complaints, and can be applied to skin ulcers. A decoctien ef reets or fruits is used to treat dysentery in calves.

Use 113 : I'IREWOOD Firewood is the principle usa of the wood, mainly because the trunk is rather small. The wood is very hard and dense (0.89 te 0.91 gr per em") (FAO 1986).


XIMENIA CAFFRA*

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is widespread throughout Tanzania indry wooded bushland and wooded grassland,but is more abundant in coastal and lowlanddry woodland. It is found in Anisha, Iringa,Tanga, Tabora, Dodoma, Morogoro, and Coastregions (FAO 1983)

220

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements : Prefers clay loams, clays,compacted loamy sand, sandy clay loams, andfriable clays with latente horizon (FAO 1983).

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation : Regenerates naturallyby seed, coppice, and root suckers. Nurseryseedlings are a good possibility.

Seed Treatments : The oval fruits are about 3cm long and contain 1 seed each. Fruits areorange or red when ripe. It is possible thatseeds need no treatment.


XIMENIA CAFFRA *

DISTRIBUTION

The tree is widespread throughout Tanzania in dry wooded bushland and wooded grassland, but is more abundant in ooastal and lowland dry woodland. It is found in Arusha, lringa, Tanga, Tabora, Dodoma, Morogoro, and Coast regions (FAO 1983)

::::Ml~)m'~m ::AWi~~~~jm)\::::'·· . ":::" ···.:: .. <:{,i~:·: <:M~~tmi:!m:.AI~wM:tmL: ... <: ··2pQQ MlnimumRfjintaiitmrnii .... :.::21)0:

jiiiaxilnumRalllfaii::tmmi.<:.::::: .. : ·:1:2:10.:: :Mt~m~n:lr~mperawr~(¢):::: ·:<14: ::Mi!~J.m~mTt®.piir!;@i.e(CJ.:i:<·<: .. H ~o

ML

REQUIREMENTS

Soil Requirements: Prefers olay loams, clays, compacted loamy sand, sandy clay loams, and friable cleys with leterite horizon (FAO 1983).

PROPAGATION

Means of Propagation: Regenerates naturally by seed, ooppice, and root suckers. Nursery seedlings are a good possibility.

Seed Treatments : The ovel fruits are ebout 3 em long and contain 1 seed eeoh. Fruits are orange or red when ripe. It is possible thet seeds need no treatment.

220

Seedling Management : X. caffra has goodseed germination capacity and profuse naturalregeneration, but saplings may succumb toprolonged drqught or forest fires.

SILVICULTURE

Growth Cycle : Flowers in the dry seasontowards the onset of the rains. The fruitripens during the rains.

Management Systerns Partial protection ofnatural woodland could help promoteregeneration.

221

XIMENIA CAFFRA*OLACACEAE

IMPORTANT USES

Use #1: FRUITThe ripe fruit pulp is edible, though bitter.

Use #2 : OILThe seed yields a viscous, non-drying oil thathas many applications. It is used to softenanimal hides, bow strings, and for a generalbody ointment.

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOODWood is hard and fine-grained. It is used tomake tool handles, spoons and in generalconstruction. It is also used as firewood.

OTHER USES : The roots are used to treatabscess, severe stomach aches, or colic, andagainst malaria and bilharzia. The tree is alsoused for syphilis, hookworm, and chest pains(Hedberg 1983). The roots are pounded andboiled with maize flour for porridge which iseaten to prevent sterility in women.

Seedling Management: X. caffra has good seed germination capacity and profuse natural regeneration. but saplings may succumb to prolonged drqught or forest fires.

SILVICULTURE

GroW1h Cycle : Flowers in the dry season towards the onset of the rains. The fruit ripens during the rains.

Management Systems: Partial protection of natural woodland could help promote regeneration.

221

XIMENIA CAFFRA" OlACACEAE

iMPORT ANT USES

Use #1 : FRUIT The ripe fruit pulp is edible. though bitter.

Use #2: OIL The seed yields a viscous. non-drying oil that has many applications. It is used to soften animal hides. bow strings. and for a general body ointment.

Use #3 : GENERAL PURPOSE WOOD Wood is hard and fine-grained. It is used to make tool handles. spoons and in general construction. It is also used as firewood.

OTHER USES: The roots are used to treat abscess. severe stomach aches. or colic. and against malaria and bilharzia. The tree is also used for syphilis. hookworm. and chast pains (Hedberg 1983). The roots are pounded and boiled with maize flour for porridge which is eaten to prevent sterility in women.

Appendix A: References and ReadingsBadi, Kemal 1-,Iassan, et al. The Forests of the Sudan. Khartoum. 1989

Boaler, S.B. The Ecolor of Pteroca ius an olensis D.C. in Tanzania. H.M. Stationery Office,London. 1966

Borota, Jan. Provenance Studies of the Major and Economically Important Species in Tanzania.Zbornik Vedeckych Prac, Zvolene. 1975

Brennan, J.P.M. and P.J. Greenway. Checklist of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the BritishEmpire No. 5: Tanganyika Territo Part II. Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford. 1949

Bryce, J.M. The Commercial Timbers of Tanzania. Tanzania Forest Division, Utilization Section,Moshi, Tanzania. 1967

Carter, E.J. From Seed to Trial Establishment. DFR User Series No. 2. CommonwealthScientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Canberra. 1987

Chhabra, S.C., et al. Plants used in Traditional Medicine in Eastern Tanzania. II. Angiosperms(Capparidaceae to Ebenaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28:339-359. 1989

Chhabra, S.C., F.C. Uiso and E.N. Mshiu. Phytochemical Screening of Tanzanian MedicinalPlants. Journal of Ethnopharrnacotogy 1:157-179. 1984

Dale, I.R. and P.J. Greenway. Kenya Trees and Shrubs. Buchanan's Kenya Estates Ltd., inassociation with Hatchards, London. 1961

Dalziel, J.M. Useful Plants of West Tro 'cal Africa. Crown Agents, London. 1937

Duke, J.A. Handbook of Le umes of World Economic Importance. Plenum, New York andLondon. 1981

Duke, J.A. The USDA Economic Botany Laboratory's Data Bank on Minor Economic PlantSpecies. In Plants: The Potential for Extractin Protein Medicines antl other Useful Chemicals.Workshop Proceedings, Washington, D.C. 1983

Egli, Arnold and Antoine Kalinganire. Les Arbres et Arbustos A roforestiers au Rwanda. Institutdes Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda. 1988

Errington, Leah and Sylvester M. Chisumpa. Natural Dyes of Zambia. Nlission Press, Ndola,Zambia. 1987

ESMAP. Tanzania Energy Assessment. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1988

FAO. Databook on Endangered Tree and Shrub Species and Provenances. FAO, Rome. 1986

FAO. Food and Fruit-Bearing Forest Species-Examples from East Africa.Forestry Paper 44/1. FAO, Rome. 1983

FAO. Fruit-Bearing Forest Trees. Forestry Paper 34. FAO, Rome. 1982

FAO. Fruit-Bearing Forest Trees: Technical Notes. FAO, Rome. 1982

FAO. (Falconer, J.) The Mejor Significance of Minor Forest Products. Community Forestry Note6. FAO, Rome. 1990

REFERENCES

A - 1

REFERENCES

Appendix A: References and Readings Badi, Kamall;lassan, et al. The Forests of the Sudan. Khartoum. 1989

, Boaler. S.B. The Ecology of Pterocarpus angolensis D.C. in Tanzania. H.M. Stationery Office, London. 1966

Borota, Jan. Provenance Studies of the Major and Economically Important Species in Tanzania. Zbornik Vedeckych Prac, Zvolene. 1975

Brennan. J.P.M. and P.J. Greenway. Checklist of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the British Empire No.5: Tanganyika Territory. Part II. Imperial Forastry Institute, Oxford. 1949

Bryce, J.M. The Commercial Timbers of Tanzania. Tanzania Forest Division, Utilization Section, Moshi, Tanzania. 1967

Carter, E.J. From Seed to Trial Establishment. DFR User Series No.2. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Canberra. 1987

Chh8br~, S.C., et al. Plants used in Traditional Medicine in Eastern Tanzania. II. Angiosperms (Capparidaceae to Ebenaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacologv, 28:339-359. 1989

Chhabra, S.C., F.C. Uiso and E.N. Mshiu. Phytochemical Screening of Tanzanian Medicinal Plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1 :157-179. 1984

Dale, I.R. and P.J. Greenway. Kenva Trees and Shrubs. Buchanan's Kenya Estates Ltd., in association with Hatchards, London. 1961

Dalziel, J.M. Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Crown Agents, London. 1937

Duke, J.A. Handbook of Legumes of World Economic Importance. Plenum, Naw York and London. 1981

Duke, J.A. The USDA Economic Botany Laboratory's Data Bank on Minor Economic Plant Species. In Plants: The Potential for Extraoting Protein. Medicines. and other Useful Chemicals. Workshop Proceedings, Washington, D.C. 1983

Egli, Arnold and Antoine K(llinganire. Les Arbras at Arbustas Agroforastiers au Rwanda. Institut des Scienoes Agronomiques du Rwanda, Butere, Rwanda. 1988

Errington, Leah and Sylvester M. Chisumpa. Natural Dyes of Zambia. Mission Press, Ndola, Zambia. 1987

ESMAP. Tanzania Energy Assassment. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1988

FAO. Databook on Endangered Tree and Shrub Species and Provenances. FAO. Rome. 1986

FAO. Food end Fruit-Bearing Forest Species-Examples from East Africa. Forastry Paper 44/1. FAO, Rome. 1983

FAO. Fruit-Bearing Forest Trees. Forestry Paper 34. FAO, Rome. 1982

FAO. Fruit-Bearing Forest Trees: Technical Notes. FAO, Rome. 1982

FAO. (Falconer, J.) The Maior Significance of Minor Forest Products. Community Forestry Note 6. FAO, Rome. 1990

A - 1


FAO. (Booth, F.E.M. end G.E. Wickens.) Non-Timber Uses of Selected Arid Zone Trees andShrubs in Africa. Conservation Guide 19. FAO, Rome. 1988

FAO. Some Medicinal Forest Plants of Africa and Latin America. Forestry Paper 67. FAO,Rome. 1986

Farsi, S.S. Swahili Sayings from Zanzibar 1. Eastern Africa Publications Ltd., Arusha. 1958

Farsi, S.S. Swahili Sayings from Zanzibar 2: Riddles and Superstitions..Eastern AfricaPublications Ltd., Arusha. 1958

Fernandes, E.C.M., et al. The Chagga Home Gardens: a Multistoried Agroforestry CroppingSystem on Mt. Kilimanjaro. Agroforestrv Systems 2:13-86. 1984

Forest Division, Tanzania Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism. Trees for VillageForestry. The fVlinistry, Dar es Salaam. 1984

Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Seeds of Woody Plants in the UnitedStates. USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 450. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.1974

Francis, John K. and Albert Bokkestijn. Khaya nyasica. S0-ITF-SM9. ND

Goor, A.Y. and C.W. Barney. Forest Tree Planting in Arid Zonas. 2nd Edition. The Ronald PressCompany, New York. 1976

Hall, John B. and Daniel H. Walker. Balanites Aegyptiaca, A Monograph. University of Wales,Bangor. 1991

'Hamilton, A.C. and R. Bensted-Smith, editors. Forest Conservation in the East UsambaraMountains, Tanzania. The Tropical Forest Programme of the World Conservation Union and theForest Division, Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism, Gland, Switzerland and Dares Salaam. 1989

Hartmann, Hudson T. and Dale E. Kester. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. 4thEdlion. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 1983

Hedberg, Ingo, et al. Inventory of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine in Tanzania. Part III.Plants of the Families Papilionaceae-Vitaceee. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 9:237-260. 1983

Hedberg, Inge, et al. Inventory of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine in Tanzania. Part III.Plants of the Families Dilleniaceae-Opiliaceae. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 9:105-128. 1983

Hines, Deborah. Energy Assessment for lringa Town. Paper submitted to DANIDA, Dar esSalaam. 1991

Hines, Deborah. Farm Forestry Development in Ruwrna Region-Proiect Document.International Labour Organisation, Geneva. 1992

Hora, F. Bayard and P.J. Greenway. Checklists of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the BritishEmpire-Tanganyika Territory. Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford. 1940

International Centre for Research in Agroforestry. A Selection of Useful Trees and Shrubs forKenya. ICRAF, Nairobi. 1992

International Foundation for Science (IFS). Trees for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. IFS,Stockholm. 1989

A - 2


FAO. (Booth. F.E.M. and G.E. Wickens.) Non-TImber Uses of Selected Arid Zone Trees and Shrubs in Africa. Conservation Guide 19. FAO. Rome. 1988

FAO. Some Medicinal Forest Plants of Africa and latin America. Forestry Paper 67. FAO. Rome. 1986

Farsi. S.S. Swahili Sayings from Zanzibar 1. Eastern Africe Publications ltd .• Arusha. 1958

Farsi. S.S. Swahili Savings frcm Zanzibar 2: Riddles and Superstitions .. Eastern Africa Publicetions ltd .• Arusha. 1958

Fernandes. E.C.M .• at al. The Chagga Home Gardans: a Multistoried Agroforestry Cropping System on Mt. Kilimanjaro. Agroforestrv Systems 2:13-86.1984

Forest Division. Tenzanie Ministry of lands. Natural Resources and Tourism. Trees for Village Forestry. The Ministry. Dar as Salaam. 1984

Forest Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 450. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 1974

Francis. John K. and Albert Bokkestijn. Khaya nyasica. SO-ITF-SM9. NO

Goor. A.Y. and C.W. Barney. Forest Tree Planting in Arid Zones. 2nd Edition. The Ronald Press Company. New York. 1976

Hall. John B. and Daniel H. Walker. Balanites Aegyptiaca. A Monograph. University of Wales. Bangor. 1991

'Hamilton. A.C. and R. Bensted-Smith. editors. Forest Conservation in the East Usambara Mountains. Tanzania. The Tropical Forest Programme of the World Conservation Union and the Forest Division. Ministry of lands. Natural Resources and Tourism. Gland. Switzerland and Dar es Salaam. 1989

Hartmann. Hudson T. and Dale E. Kester. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. 4th Edition. Prentice-Hall. Englawood Cliffs. New Jersey. 1983

Hedberg. Inga, et al. Inventory of Plants Usad in Traditional Medicine in Tanzania. Part III. Plants of the Families Pepilionacaae-Vitaceae. Journal of EthnoDharmacology. 9:237-260. 1983

Hedberg, Inga, et al. Inventory of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine in Tanzania. Part III. Plants of the Familias Dilleniaceae-Opiliaceae. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 9:105-128. 1983

Hines, Deborah. Energy Assessment for lringa Town. Paper submitted to DANIDA. Dar es Salaam. 1991

Hines. Deborah. Farm Forestry Development in Ruwma Region-Project Document. International Labour Organisation, Geneva. 1992

Hora, F. Bayard and P.J. Greenway. Chacklists of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the British Empire·Tanganyika Territory. Imperial Forestry Institute. Oxford. 1940

International Centre for Research in Agroforestry. A Selection of Useful Trees and Shrubs for Kenya. ICRAF, Nairobi. 1992

International Foundation for Sciance (lFS). Trees for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. IFS, Stockholm. 1989

A-2

_

Irvine, F.R. Woody Plants of Ghana With Special Reference To Their Uses. Oxford UniversityPress, London. 1961

Johansson, Lqrs and Peter Westman. The Forests, Trees, and People Project in Babati District,Tanzania: Experiences from Field Work and Studies 1987-1990. Working Paper 204. SwedishUniversity of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. 1992

Kajembe, George. Indigenous Management Systems as a Basis for Community Forestry inTanzania: A Case Study of Dodoma Urban and Lushoto Districts, Draft. 1992

Kamweti, D. Tree Planting in Africa, South of the Sahara. Environment Liaison Centre, Nairobi.1982

KarmaII, John, The Beautiful Plants of Kenya. Westlands Sundries Ltd., Nairobi. 1988

Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. Forage and Browse Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Africa..itternational Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1984

Laurent, N. and S.A.O. Chamshama. Studies on the Germination of Erythrina abyssinica andJuniperus procera. The International Tree Crops Journal 4:291-298. 1987

Lindstrom, Jan and Rose Kingamkono. Foods from Forests, Fields and Fa!lows. Working Paper184. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. 1991

Mabula, Charles K. Special Project on Botanical Survey Collection and Identification atSambasha Hill Forest. Draft. Forestry Training Institute, Olmotonyi, Arusha. 1990

Mugasha, A.G. The Effects of Planting Season, Different Planting Materials and WeedingMethods on Early Performance of Dalbergia melanoxyion at Kwamarukanga, Korogwe,Tanzania, O.D.C. 232.49. Tanzania Silviculture Research Note No. 43. Silviculture ResearchCentre, Lushoto. 1983

Mwihomeke, Steve, et al. A Report on the Identification of Indigenous Species and Shrubs foroforest lgah_elL_Mbin a District; Silvicultura Research Centre, Lushoto. 1991

National Tree Seed Centre. National Tree Seed Project Seed Catalogue. NTSC, Morogoro,Tanzania. 1991-1992

Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association. Acacia tortilis: Fodder Tree for Desert Sands. NFTHighlights. Waimanalo, Hawaii. April 1991

Nwoboshi, Louis Chelunor. Tropical Silviculture:Principles and Techniques. lbadan UniversityPress, lbadan. 1982

Oduol, Peter A. and Elijah W. Akunda. Tropical Rainforest Tree Species with AgroforestryPotential. In Trees for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Foundation for Science,Stockholm. 1989

Ojiambo, J. A. The Trees of Kenya. Kenya Literature Bureau, Nairobi. 1978

O'Ktingati, A. et al. Plant Species in the Kilimanjaro Agroforestry System. AgroforektuSystems 2:177-186, 1986

Olfield, S. Rare Tropical Timbers. IUCN Publications Services, Gland, Switzerland. 1988

Palgrave, K.C. Trees of Central Africa. National Publications Trust of Rhodesia and Nyasaland,Salisbury. 1956

A - 3

REFERENCES

Irvine, F.R. Woody Plants of Ghana With Special Reference To Their Uses. Oxford University Press, London. 1961

Johansson, Lars and Peter Westman. The Forests. Trees, and People Project in Babati District, Tanzania: EXPeriences from Field Work and Studies, 1987-1990. Working Paper 204. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. 1992

Kajembe, George. Indigenous Management Systems as a Basis for Community Forestry in Tanzania: A Case Study of Dodoma Urban and Lushoto Districts. Draft. 1992

Kamweti, D. Tree Planting in Africa, South of the Sahara. Environment Liaison Centre, Nairobi. 1982

Karmali, John. The Beautiful Plants of Kenya. Westlands Sundries Ltd., Nairobi. 1988

Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. Forage and Browse Plants for Arid and Semi-Arid Africa. d1ternational Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1984

Laurent, N. and S.A.O. Chamshama. Studies on the Germination of Erythrina abyssinica and Juniperus procera. The International Tree Crops Journal, 4:291-298. 1987

Lindstrom, Jan and Rose Kingamkono. Foods from Forests, Fields and Fallows. Working Paper 184. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. 1991

Mabula, Charles K. Special Project on Botanical Survey Collection and Identification at Sambasha Hill Forest. Draft. Forestry Training Institute, Olmotonyi, Arusha. 1990

Mugasha, A.G. The Effects of Planting Season. Different Planting Materials and Weeding Methods on Early Performance of Dalbergia melanoxylon at Kwamarukanga. Korogwe. ~. O.D.C. 232.49. Tanzania Silviculture Research Note No. 43. Silviculture Research Centre, Lushoto. 1983

Mwihomeke, Steve, et al. A Report on the Identification of Indigenous Species and Shrubs for Agroforestry Use in Mbinga District. Silviculture Research Centre, Lushoto. 1991

National Tree Seed Centre. National Tree Seed Project Seed Catalogue. NTSC, Morogoro, Tanzania. 1991-1992

Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association. Acacia tortills: Fodder Tree for Desert Sands. m Highlights. Waimanalo, Hawaii. April 1991

Nwoboshi, Louis Chelunor. Tropical Silviculture:Principles and Techniques. Ibaden University Press, Ibadan. 1982

Oduol, Peter A. and Elijah W. Akunda. Tropical Rainforest Tree Species with Agroforestry Potential. In Trees for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Foundation for Science, Stockholm. 1989

Ojiambo, J. A. The Trees of Kenya. Kenya Uterature Bureau, Nairobi. 1978

O'Ktingati, A. et al. Plant Species in the Killmanjaro Agroforestry System. Agrofores'!!:y Systems 2: 177-186, 1986

Olfield, S. Rare Tropical Timbers. IUCN Publications Services, Gland, Switzerland. 1988

Palgrave. K.C. Trees of Central Afrioa. National Publications Trust of Rhodesia end Nyasaland, Salisbury. 1956

A-3


Palgrave, K.C. Trees of Southern Africa, Revised Edition. C. Struik Publishers, Cape Town/Johannesburg. 1988

Palmer, Eve and Norah Pitman. Trees of Southern Africa. A.A. Ba'kern°, Cape Town. 1972

Palmer, Eve. A Field Guide to the Trees of Southern Africa. Collins, London. 1977

Parkash, Ram. Propagation Practices of Important Indian Trees. International Book Distributors,Ochre Dun. 1991

Parrotta, John A. Tamarindus indica L. SO-ITF-SIVI-30. June 1990

Pohjonen, Veli M. Terminalia sericea: Northern Namibia's Hardy Pioneer. Agroforestry Today,4: 1. 1992

Poschen, Peter and Karlyn Eckman. Forestry (Pre)Assessment for Ruvuma Region. InternationalLabour Office, Geneva. 1989

Pudden, H.H.C. Exotic Forest Trees in the Kenya Highlands. Colony and Protectorate of Kenya,Nairobi. 1957

Pullinger, J. and A. Kitchin. Trees of Malawi. Blantyre Publishing, Blantyre, Malawi. 1970

Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU). A Selection of Useful Trees and Shrubs for Tanzania.Draft. Nairobi. 1992

Roche'eau, D., F. Weber, and A. Field-Juma. Agroforestry in Dryland Africa. InternationalCouncil for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi. 1988

Ruffo, C.K. A Report on the Identification of Species for Image Forest Inventory-lrinea Region.Tanzania Forestry Research Instituto, Lushoto. ND

Ruffo, C.K. An Introduction to the Economic Botany of Tanzania. Silvicultura ResearchInstitute, Lushoto. 1981

Ruffo, C.K., et el. An Annotated List of Plant Species Covered During a Botanical Survey infringe District. Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Lushoto. 1980

Rulangaranga, Z.K. Some Important Indigenous Medicinal and Aromatic Plante in the Wild Floraof Tanzania Mainland. Tropical Forestry Action Plan, Working Paper 24. Tanzania Ministry ofLands, Natural Resources and Tourism, Dar es Sealam. 1989

Sangai, G.R. Dictionary of Native Plant Names in the Bondei. Shembaa and Ziqua Languages.Draft. 1963

Shehaghllo, I.M. Germination Problems of Some Multipurpose Indigenous Tree Seeds inTanzania. In Tropical Tree Seed Research. Proceedings of an international workshop held at theForestry Training Centre, Gympie, aid, Australia. Australian Centre for International AgriculturalResearch, Canberra. August 21-24, 1989

Smith, David M. The Practice of Silvicultura. 8th Edition. Wiley, New York. 1986

Sommerlatte, Hilary and Malta Sommerlatte. A Guide to the Trees and Shrubs of the ImatongMountains of Southern Sudan. Nairobi. 1990

Standing Conference of National Voluntary Youth Organisations of Zimbabwe. The Bundu Bookof Trees Flowers and Grasses. Longman Press, Harare. 1992

A.4


Palgrave, K.C. Trees of Southern Africa, Revised Edition. C. Struik Publishers, Cape Town/ Johannesburg. 1988

Palmer, Eve and Norah Pitman. Trees of Southern Africa. A.A. Balkema, Cape Town. 1972

Palmer, Eve. A Field Guide to the Trees of Southern Africe. Collins, London. 1977

Parkash, Ram. Propagation Practices of Important Indian Trees. International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun. 1991

Parrotta, John A. Tamarindus indica L. SQ-ITF·SM-30. June 1990

Pohjonen, Veli M. Terminalia sericea: Northern Namibia's Hardy Pionaer. Agroforestry Today, 4: 1. 1992

Poschen, Peter and Karlyn Eckman. Forestry (PrelAssessment for Ruvuma Region. International Labour Office, Geneva. 1989

Pudden, H.H.C. Exotic Forest Trees in the Kenya Highlands. Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, Nairobi. 1957

Pullinger, J. and A. Kitchin. Trees of Malawi. Blantyre Publishing, Blantyra, Malawi. 1970

Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU). A Selection of Useful Trees and Shrubs for Tanzania. Draft. Nairobi. 1992

Rocheleau, D., F. Weber, and A. Field-Juma. Agroforestry in Dryland Africa. International Council for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi. 1988

"Ruffo, C.K. A Report on the Identification of Species for Image Forest Inventory-Iringa Region. Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Lushoto. NO

Ruffo, C.K. An Introduction to the Economic Botany of Tanzania. Silviculture Reseerch Institute, Lushoto. 1981

Ruffo, C.K., et al. An Annotated List of Plant Species Covered During a Botenloal Survay in lringa District. Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Lushoto. 1980

Rulangaranga, Z.K. Some Important Indigenous Medic;ne! and Aromatic Plante in the Wild Aora of Tanzania Mainland. Tropical Forestry Aotion Plan, Working Peper 24. Tanzania Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism, Dar es Saalam. 1989

Sangei, G.R. Dictionary of Native Plant Names in the Bondel. Shambaa and Zigua Languages. Draft. 1963

Shehaghllo, I.M. Germination Problems of Some Multipurpose Indigenous Trae Seeds in Tanzania. In Tropioal Tree Seed Researoh. Proceedings of an international workshop held at the Forestry Training Centre, Gympie, Old, Australia. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Rasearch, Canberra. August 21-24, 1989

Smith, David M. The Practice of Silviculture. 8th Edition. Wiley, New York. 1986

Sommarlatte, Hilary and Malte Sommerlatte. A Guide to the Trees and Shrubs of the Imetong Mountains of Southern Sudan. Nairobi. 1990

Standing Conference of National Voluntary Youth Organisations of Zimbabwe. The Bundu Book of Trees Rowers and Grasses. Longman Press, Harare. 1992

A·4

Stewart, J.L. and Dietrich Brandis. The Forest Flora of Northwest and Central India: AHandbook of the Indigenous Traes and Shrubs of those Countries. I3ishen Singh Mahendra PalSingh, Dehra Dun. 1972

Struhsaker, T.T., et al. Forest Conservation and Management. Technical Report 5, NgorongoroConservation and Development Project. Draft. 1989

Talle, Aud. Land and Tree Tenure in Babati District Tanzania: An Anthro olo ical Pers ective.Working Paper 194. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. 1991

Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Index Seminum. TAFORI, Lushoto. 1991-92

Tanzania Timber Marketing Co. Ltd. Timber from Tanzania. Tanzania Timber Marketing Co.Ltd., Dar es Salaam. 1978

Teel, Wayne. A Pocket Directory of Trees and Seeds in Kenya. Kenya NongovernmentalOrganizations, Nairobi. 1984

Tredgold, M.H. Food Plants of Zimbabwe. Mambo Press, Harare. 1986, reprinted 1990

UNEP. Don't Stop the Music-Save the Mpingo. UNEP, Nairobi. 1988

Uphof, T.J.C. Dictionary of Economic Plants. 2nd. Edition. Lehre, Cromar. 1968

DSAID. Growing Multipurpose Trees on Small Farms. Modules 1 and 2. USAID/FAO. 1991

Van Wyk, Piet. Field Guide to the Trees of the Kruger National Park. C. Struik Publ., CapeTown. 1990

Vickery, Margaret L., and Brian Vickery. Plant Products of Tropical Africa, Macmillan, London,ND

Von Carlowitz, Peter G. Multipurpose Tree & Shrub Seed Directory. 1st Edition. InternationalCouncil for Research on Agroforestry, Nairobi. 1986

Von Carlowitz, Peter G. Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs: Sources of Seeds and Inoculants.International Council for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi. 1991

Von Maydell, H.J. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel-Their Characteristics and Uses. GTZ, FederalRepublic of Germany. 1986

Watkins, G. Trees and Shrubs for Planting in Tanganyika. Government of Tanzania, Dar esSalaam. 1960

Watt, J.M. and M.G. Breyer-Brandwijk. The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern andEastern Africa. E. and S. Uvingstone Ltd., Edinburgh and London. 1962

Webb, Derek B., et al. A Guide to Species Selection for Tropical and Sub-Tropical Plantations.Tropical Forestry Paper No. 15, 2nd Edition, Revised. Commonwealth Forestry Institute,Oxford. 1984

Weber, Fred R. and Carol Stoney. Reforestation in Arid Lands. Volunteers in TechnicalAssistance, Arlington, Virgina. 1986

Weenen, H., et al. Antimalarial Activity of Tanzanian Medicinal Plants. Plant Medicine.56:368-373. 1990

A - 5

REFERENCESREFERENCES

Stewart, J.L. and Dietrich Brandis. The Forest Flora of Northwest and Central India: A Handbook of the Indigenous Trees and Shrubs of those Countries. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun. 1972

Struhsaker, T.T., et al. Forest Conservation and Management. Technical Report 5, Ngorongoro Conservation and Development Project. Draft. 1989

Talle, Aud. Land and Tree Tenure in Babati District. Tanzania: An Anthropological Perspective. Working Paper 194. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. 1991

Tanzania Forestry Research Institute. Index Seminum. TAFORI, Lushoto. 1991-92

Tanzania TImber Marketing Co. Ltd. TImber from Tanzania. Tanzania Timber Marketing Co. Ltd., Dar as $alaam. 1978

Teel, Wayne. A Pocket Directorv of Trees and Seeds in Kenya. Kenya Nongovernmental Organizations, Nairobi. 1984

Tredgold, M.H. Food Plants of Zimbabwe. Mambo Press, Harare. 1986, reprinted 1990

UNEP. Don't Stcp the Music-Save the Mpingo. UNEP, Nairobi. 1988

Uphof, T .J.C. Dictionary of Economic Plants. 2nd. Edition. Lehre, Cromer. 1968

USAID. Growing MUltipurpose Trees on Small Farms. Modules 1 and 2. USAID/FAO. 1991

Van Wyk, Piet. Field Guide to the Trees of the Kruger National Park. C. Struik Publ., Cape Town. 1990

Vickery, Margaret L., and Brian Vickery. Plant Products of Tropical Africa. Macmillan, London. NO

Von Carlowitz, Peter G. Multipurpose Tree & Shrub Seed Directory. 1 st Edition. International Council for Research on Agroforestry, Nairobi. 1986

Von Carlowitz, Peter G. Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs: Sourcas of Seeds and Inoculants. International Council for Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi. 1991 .

Von Maydell, H.J. Trees and Shrubs of the Sahel-Their Characteristics and Uses. GTZ, Faderal Republic of Germany. 1986

Watkins, G. Trees and Shrubs for Planting in Tanganyika. Government of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam. 1960

Watt, J.M. and M.G. Breyer-Brandwijk. Tha Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. E. and S. Uvingstone Ltd., Edinburgh and London. 1962

Webb, Derek B., et al. A Guide to Species Selection for Tropical and Sub-Tropical Plantations. Tropical Forestry Paper No. 15, 2nd Edition, Revised. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford. 1984

Weber, Fred R. and Carol Stoney. Reforestation in Arid Lands. Volunteers in Technical Assistence, Arlington, Virgina. 1986

Weenen, H., et al. Antimalarial Activity of Tanzanian Medicinal Plants. Plant Medicine. 56:368-373. 1990

A-5

INDIGENOUS MULTIPUFWOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

Westman, Peter. Trees and Shrubs of Babati District Tanzania. Working Paper 134. SwedishUniversity of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. 1990

Westman, Peter. Trees of Dodoma. Draft, ND

VVilliamson, J. Useful Plants of Malawi. University of Malawi, Blantyre. 1975

Young, Anthony. Agroforestry for Soil Conservation. International Council for Research inAgroforestry, BPCC Wheatons, Ltd., Exeter. 1989

A-8

INOIG£NOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES Of TANZANIA

Westman, Peter. Trees end Shrubs of Sabati District. Tanzania. Working Paper 134. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. 1990

Westman, Peter. Trees of Dodoma. Draft. ND

Williamson, J. Useful Plants of Melawi. University of Malawi, Blantyre. 1975

Young, Anthony. Agroforestrv for Soil Conservation. International Council for Reseerch in Agroforestry, SPCC Wheatons, Ltd., Exeter. 1989

A-6

Appendix B: Questionnaires

No. 1: Species Data Questionnaire

No. 2: ì Village Level Questionnaire

No. 3 Market Survey

No. 4 Seasonal Calendar for Harvesting/CollectingProducts

B - 1

QUESTIONNAIFtESQUESTIONNAIRES

Appendix B: Questionnaires

No.1: Species Data Questionnaire

No.2: ( Village Level Questionnaire

No.3 Market Survey

No. 4 Seasonal Calendar for Harvesting/Collecting Products

s- 1

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREEs OF TANZANIA

No. 1: Species Data Questionnaire

One questionnaire should be filled out for each species that meets one of the following criteria:

indigenous species currently used by local people,species which have a minimum of three currently used products (end uses),indigenous species which are highly valued by local people or are threatened,species for which the end uses have no substitute,local species that have the potential for more intense cultivation.

TownNillage: Region:

LATIN NAIVIE:

Common name(s):

Local name(s):

SPECIES STATUS Indigenous Yes / No Introduced Yes/No Date:

DISTRIBUTION Locally Distributed / Widespread / Endangered / Threatened

3 DENDROLOGY Striking Characteristics:

4. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

Site Requirements:

Rainfall. mm/year over months

Temperature: from to

Soils:

Ught: Demanding / Tolerant / Shade

Influential Factors:

(slope, aspect...)

Currently Planted: Yes / No If Yes

Type of Planting: Block Planting / Agroforestry / Homestead Planting / Strip Plantations/

Production Forestry / Community Forestry / Others (

Indicate Spacing if Applicable:

B - 2


No.1: Species Data Questionnaire.

-,-One questionnaire should be filled out for each species that meets one of the following criteria:

indigenous species currently used by local people, species which have a minimum of three currently used products (end uses). indigenous species which are highly valued by local people or are threatened,

• species for which the end uses have no substitute, local species that have the potential for more intense cultivation.

TownNillage: .................... Region: ............................. .

LATIN NAME:

Common name{s): ..................................................... .

Local name{s): ...•.....................................................

1. SPECIES STATUS Indigenous Yes' No Introduced Yes' No Date: .......... .

2. DISTRIBUTION Locally Distributed' Widespread, Endangered' Threatened

3. DENDROLOGY . Striking Characteristics: ................................ .

4. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

Site Requirements:

Rainfall: .••..•.••. mm'year over ........ months

Temperature: from .••...•.•....••.... to .........••................•....

Soils:

Ught: Demanding' Tolerant' Shade

Influential Factors: ...•..•.......•.•....••.•.....••...•...•.....•.••..••.

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0, •••••

(slope, aspeot ... )

Currently Planted: Yes' No If Yes: ...........••............ , ..•..•••.

Type of Planting: Block Planting' Agroforestry 'Homestel!d Planting' Strip Plantations'

Produotion Forestry' Community Forestry' Others ( •••••..••.•• )

Indicate Spacing if Applioable:

B-2

Has Management System Been Developed ? Yes / No Describe:

Establishment/Growth Success Indicators: ( give range )

Growth (MAI): m3/ha/yr

Survival Rate: %

Resistance to Pest/Disease (specify):

Resistance to Drought: Yes / No Consecutive Months

Resistance to Fire: Yes / No

Influential Growth Factors:

Limitations to Planting (identify constraints):

Propagation

Means of Propagation: Seeds / Cuttings / Stumps / Grafting / Other

Seeds Available: Yes / No

Origin: Imported:

Local Collection:

Local Sources.

Varieties: (HVY) Seeds / kg:

Others

Germination Rate: % Germination Period:

Seed Treatment:

Seedling Raising Constraints:

B - 3

QUESTIONNAIRESQUESTIONNAIRES

Has Management System Been Developed? Yes / No Describe:

Establishment/Growth Success Indicators: ( give range) ........................... .

Growth (MAl): " ................. m3/ha/yr

Survival Rate: ...................... %

Resistance to Pest/Disease (specify): ........................................ .

Resistance to Drought: Yes / No Consecutive Months: .......... .

Resistance to Fire: Yes / No

Influential Growth Factors: ............................................... .

Limitations to Planting (identify constraints): ................................... .

Propagation

Meens of Propagation: Seeds / Cuttings / Stumps / Grafting I Other

Seeds Available: Yes I No

Origin: Imported: ••............................•...................

Local Collection: ..................................•..........

Local Sources: .............................................. .

Varieties: (HVY) . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . .. Seeds I kg: ...........•....•............

Others .....................................................•........

Germination Rate: ...•........ % Germination Period: .......• , ............... .

Seed Treatment: ...................................................... .

Seedling Raising Constraints: .............................................. .

B-3


5. ECONOMIC USES OF SPECIES

Range of Uses for Species:

For the Principal Uses Indicate:

USE #1

Product is: self-consumed / traded locally / traded nationally / traded internationally

Market prices (values) are defined: well / partially / not at all / locally / nationally

Marketing/distribution systems are: non-existent / partially developed / well-developedIf well-developed, describe:

USE #2:



Marketing/distribution systems are: non-existent / partially developed / well-developed

If well-developed, describe:

Is value added to products ? yes / no Processing type: family / artisan / industryExplain:

Preservation/conservation: raw / processed - Indicate techniques used:

Substitutes for product: do not exist / exist (specify):

Importance of product in day-to-day life (frequency of use, dependency on product):

Constraints to expanding uses of species (if species has multiple uses, which uses are notdeveloped and why ?):

Is value added to products ? yes / no Processing type: family / artisan / industryExplain:

- 4


5. ECONOMIC USES OF SPECIES

Range of Uses for Species:

For the Principal Uses Indicate:

USE #1: .............. .

Product is: self· consumed / traded locally / traded nationally / traded internationally

Market prices (values) are defined: well / partially / not at all/locally / nationally

Marketing/distribution systems are: non-existent / partially developed / well-developed If well-developed, describe:

Is value added to products? yes / no Explain:

Processing type: family / artisan / industry




Constraints to expanding uses of species (if species has multiple uses, which uses are not developed and why 7):

USE #2: .•••••.••••••••••.•••••..••••••••••.•••••••••••.•••••••.•••.•


Market prices (values) are defined:

Marketing/distribution systems are:

If well-developed, describe:

well / partially / not at all /Iocally / nationally

non-existent I partially developed I welldeveloped

Is value added to products 7 yes / no Processing type: family / artisan / industry Explain: ........................................ -. ;,' ..................... .

8-4


Substitut'es for product: do not exist / exist (specify):



USE #3



Marketing/distribution systems are: non-existent / partially developed / well-developedIf well-developed, describe:

Is value added to products ? Yes / No Processing type: family / artisan / industryExplain:




NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

QUESTIONNAIRES


B - 5

QUESTIONNAIRES




Constraints to expanding uses of species (if species has multiple uses, which uses are not developed and why?):

USE #3 : __ .. _ _ _ . _ . _____ ..... __ . . . . . . . ..... _ ... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . . .


Market prices (values) are defined: well / partially / not at all /Iocally / nationally

Marketing/distribution systems are: non-existent / partially developed / well-developed If well-developed, describe:

Is value added to products? Yes / No Explain:

Processing type: family / artisan / industry

Preservation/conservation: raw I processed - Indicate techniques used:

Substitutes for product: do not exist I exist (specify):


Constraints to expanding uses of species (if species has multiple uses, which uses are not developed and why 7):

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS

8-5

INDIGENous MULTIPURPOSE TREES Of TANZANIA

No. 2: Village Level Questionnaire

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING VILLAGE QUESTIONNAIRE

Please begin each interview by asking the person if you may discuss tree species of localimportance and of importance to their family. Explain that the information is for a study andthat their responses will only be used for research purposes and that they should feel free tospeak openly. Inform the respondents that you have approximately 20 'specific questions youwould like to ask, but that they should feel free to elaborate on any point that they would like.Explain what the purpose of the study is and how their responses will be used. Thank them fortheir willingness to help and for their time.

Try to get a general understanding of the village dynamics before beginning eachinterview. This can be achieved by speaking with a small (or large if it seems appropriate)group to determine how certain activities, words, and concepts are defined by a particularvillage.

A minimum of 5 individuals should be interviewed in each village. This sample should behalf women, and of the ten at least half should be older people in the village who have amemory of village activities over the years.

When interviewing women try to ensure that they can talk freely and do not feel inhibitedby the situation. In many cases it will be better to talk with women outside the presenceof men.

When recording any numbers make sure you include the appropriate units. For example:TSH per kilogram; m3 per hectare per year, kilograms per month.

When recording names of tree species in the local language, verify the spelling, try to getany other names it might be called, and try to get a sample of the leaves if possible. Keepin mind that the local name must be matched with the Latin name.

Before leaving the village verify the responses of individuals in a group discussion thatincludes village elders, women, men and any local experts.

Try to stick to the topic of tree species and their uses, the value of certain products andspecies to families and specifically, which members of the family, which season theseproducts are harvested in, the relative importance of these products compared to otherproducts that are either produced or collected, and any information on quantities ofproducts harvested. Please record any local stories, beliefs, etc. about the speciesmentioned.

Record precisely what part of the trae is used for a specific purpose.

For example: with species X, leaves are used for fodder for goats, roots are ground into apowder and used as medicine for stomach problems, branches are used for fuelwood, andmain stems for poles.

Try to develop a seasonal calendar with each village to determine what products areharvested at what time of year and for how many weeks or months the product isavailable. Record how many kilograms (or the appropriate units) are produced or collectedduring this time and whether the products are used to meet family needs or are sold.

B - 6


No.2: Village Level Questionnaire

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING VILLAGE QUESTIONNAIRE

Please begin each interview by asking the person if you may discuss tree species of local importance and of importance to their family. Explain that the information is for a study and that their responses will only be used for research purposes and that they should feel free to speak openly. Inform the respondents that you have approximately 20 specific questions you would like to ask, but that they should feel free to elaborate on any point that they would like. Explain what the purpose of the study is and how their responses will be used. Thank them for their willingness to help and for their time.

1. Try to get a general understanding of the village dynamics before beginning each interview. This can be achieved by speaking with a small (or large if it seems appropriate) group to determine how certain activities, words, and concepts are defined by a particular village.

A minimum of 5 individuals should be interviewed in each village. This sample should be half women, and of the ten at least half should be older people in the village who, have a memory of village activities over the years.

2. When interviewing women try to ensure that they can talk freely and do not feel inhibited by the situation. In many cases it will be better to talk with women outside the presence of men.

3. When recording any numbers make sure you include the appropriate units. For example: TSH per kilogram; m3 per hectare per year, kilograms per month.

4. When recording names of tree species in the local language, verify the spelling, try to get any other names it might be called, and try to get a sample of the leaves if possible. Keep in mind that the local name must be matched with the Latin name.

5. Before leaving the village verify the responses of individuals in a group discussion thet includes village elders, women, men and any local experts.

6. Try to stick to the topio of tree speoies and their uses, the value of oertain produots lind speoies to families and specifically, whioh members of the family, which season these produots are harvested in, the relative importanoe of these produots oompared to other products that are either produced or oolleoted, and any information on quantities of produots harvested. Plaase reoord any looal stories, beliefs, etc. about the species mentioned.

7. Record preoisely what part of the tree is used for a speoifio purpose.

For example: with speoies X, laaves are used for fodder for goets, roots ara ground into a powder and used as medicine for stomach proble'ms, branches are used for fuel wood, and main stems for poles.

8. Try to develop a seasonal oalendar with each village to determine what products ere harvested at what time of year and for how many weeks or months the product is available. Record how many kilograms (or the appropriate units) are produoed or colleoted during this time and whether the products are used to meet family needs or are sold.

B·6

No. 2: Village Level Questionnaire

TRIBE

TownNillage: Region:

Number of respondents: .. . . 3. Gender of respondents:

Where do trees and shrubs occur in the landscape ?

home compound / pastures / woodlots / forests / property boundaries / roads / waterholes/ fallowland / cropland / riverbanks / other

What are the predominant species in the areas mentioned above ?

SPECIES VVHERE SPECIES VVHERE

indigenous fast growing

Has anyone in your household ever planted trees ? Yes / No

VVhere did you get the seedlings ?

Tree planting was done by: women / men / children / men and women / family

When Were trees first planted 7 year

Where were trees planted 7 around house / around shamba boundary / in shamba / privateplot / school tree project / church project / forest division project / other

What type of trees did you plant ?

3 4

6

Why did you plant these species ?

1

3

- 7

QUESTIONNAIRESQUESTIONNAIRES

No.2: Village Level Questionnaire

-1-

# ........ ..

TRIBE .... , ................... .

1. TownNiliage: .................. Region:

2. Number of respondents: .... 3. Gender of respondents:

4. Where do trees and shrubs occur in the landscape?

home compound' pastures' woodlots' forests' property boundaries, roads I water holes' fallowland' cropland' riverbanks' other ., ........................... .

5. What are the predominant species in the areas mentioned above?

SPECIES WHERE SPECIES WHERE

indigenous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. fast growing

6. Has anyone in your household ever planted trees? Yes' No

Where did you get the seedlings?

7. Tree planting was done by: women' men' children' men and women' family

8. When Were trees first planted? year ....... .

9. Where were trees planted? around house' around shamba boundary, in shamba , private plot' school tree project' church project' forest division project' other ... __ ........ .

10. Whet type of trees did you plant?

............................... 2

3 ............................... 4

5 ............................... 6

11 . Why did you plant these species?

2 ................................................................. .

3 ................................................................. .

4 ................................................................. .

B-7


5

6

12. Did your parents or grandparents plant trees when they were children ? Yes / No

What type of trees did they plant ?

SPECIES PREFERENCES AND USES

(For the next questions differentiate for men and women if mixed interview)

What are the highest priority uses (products/services) of local trees ?

use species

use species

use species

use species

use species

What species do you prefer for:

SEASON AND OUANTITY WHO USES/CONTROLS IS IT SELFPRODUCT CONSUMED/SOLD

fuelwood

charcoal

poles

construction

timber

domestic uses/tools

furniture

medicines

food

drink

fruit

- 8

INDIGENOUS MULT1PURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

5 ................................................................. .

6 ............................. " .................................. .

12. Did your parents or grandparents plant trees when they were children? Yes I No

What type of trees did they plant?

SPECIES PREFERENCES AND USES

(For the next questions differentiate for men end women if mixed interview)

13. What are the highest priority uses (products/services) of local trees?

use species

use species

use species

use species ............................... use

14. What species do you prefer for:

SEASON AND QUANTITY

fuel wood

species

WHO USES/CONTROLS PRODUCT

IS IT SELF CONSUMED/SOLD

charcoal •••••..••••.••.•.••.•.••.•.••..••..••••..••...••.•••••••••

poles ••...••••...........••••..•.......•.•••••...•.••..•.••••..••.

construction

timber .••.••••••.•...•••••••.••••.•••.....•......•••.•.••.•...••.

domestic uses/tools •.••.•.•••.•.•.••.•••.•.•.•.•.•..•.•••••.•••••.••.

furniture .•...•..•...•.....•...•..•....•.....•...........•.....•••.

medicines •.•.•....•.......••..•..•.....•..••.••.....•...•••••.•...

food

drink

fruit ..••.•..•...........•.....•.•.......•...•......•...•..•••....

B-8

resins/gums

fodder

oils/dyes

land improvement

fencing

crafts

roots/thorns

honey

other

Which species are most important for Meeting the family's daily needs. Are there readilyavailable substitutes for these species ?

SPECIES RELATIVE USES LENGTH OF AVAILABLEIMPORTANCE AND BY VVHOM SEASON SUBSTITUTES

Which products are now purchased that used to be self-produced ?

SPECIES PRODUCT

QUESTIONNAIRES

Which species (indicate uses) are, or were important to your family but are now verydifficult to find or have disappeared ?

- 9

QUESTIONNAIRES

resins/gums ...... ' ................................ .

fodder .......................................... .

oils/dyes ........................................................ .

land improvement .................................................. .

fencing ................. ' ........................................ .

crafts ........................................................... .

roots/thorns .... '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

honey .......................................................... .

other ........................................................... .

15. Which species are most important for meeting the familY's daily needs. Are there readily available substitutes for these species?

SPECIES RELATIVE IMPORTANCE

USES AND BY WHOM

LENGTH OF SEASON

AVAILABLE SUBSTITUTES

2 ................................................................. .

3 ................................................................. .

4 ................................................................. .

5 ................................................................. .

16. Which products are now purchased that used to be self-produced?

SPECIES PRODUCT

2 ................................................................. .

3 ................................................................. .

17. Which species (indicate uses) are, or were important to your family but are now very difficult to find or have disappeared?

....................................................................

................................................................... .

8·9


18. Marketing of Tree Products

For all tree products that are sold for cash indicate who sells the product, major marketingchannels (barter, direct sale in village, regional market, sale to local or outside traders,cooperatives, marketing boards, processing enterprises), form of marketed product andconstraints to marketing.

PRODUCT/ SEU_ER MAF1KE11NG CHANNEL/ PRICEITSH/UNITI/ QUANTITY/ CONSTRPJNTSSPECIES PEFISON WHO FORM SEASON

CONTROLS INCOME

1

2

3

4

5

19. Which local species are actively managed, preserved, planted or regenerated 7 How is itorganized 7

SPECIES ACTIVITY

1

2

3

20. Are seeds collected 7

1

2

3

SPECIES

COMMENTS:

FROM WHERE END USE

B - 10

INOtGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

18. Marketing of Tree Produots

For all tree products that are sold for cash indicate who sells the product, major markating ohannels (barter, direct sale in village, regional market, sale to local or outside traders, cooperatives, marketing boards, processing e'nterprises), form of marketed product and constraints to marketing.

PRODUCTI SPECIES

SEllER MARKETING CHANNEll PERSON WHO CONTROLS INCOME

PRICeITSH/UNITI/ FORM

QUANTITY/ SEASON

CONSTRAINTS

2 ................•...•.............................................

3 ................................................................. .

4 ................................................................. .

5 ................................................................. .

19. Which looal species are actively managed, preserved, planted or regenerated? How is it organized ?

SPECIES ACTIVITY

2 ...............•..................................................

3 ................................................................. .

20. Are seeds collected 7

SPECIES FROM WHERE END USE

2 ••...•.••...•••.•...•...•............•......•.•...••........••....

3 ..•.............•.....................•..•........................

COMMENTS:

B·10

No. 3: Market Survey

TRIBE

TownNillage: Region

Population:

Profession of respondent. 4. Gender of respondent:

5. What tree products are sold for cash in the market ?

PRODUCT SPECIES PRICE SOLD SEASONfTSH/UNITI

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

6. For all tree products mentioned above indicate who sells product to market retailer andtheir gender, major marketing channels, form of marketed product and constraints tomarketing.

PRODUCT/ SELLER/ MARKETING CHANNEL FORM CONSTRAINTSSPECIES GENDER

QUESTIONNAIRES

B. 11

QUESTIONNAIRES

No.3: Market Survey -1-

TRIBE ............ , .............. .

1. TownNillage: .................. . Region: ....................... .

2. Population: .................... .

3. Profession of respondent: .......... . 4. Gender of respondent:

5. What tree products are sold for cash in the market?

PRODUCT SPECIES PRICE !TSH/UNITI

SOLD SEASON

2 ............ _ ............... , .................................... .

3 ................................................................. .

4 ................................................................. .

5 .................................. ", ............... " ............... .

6 ......... _ .............................. '" ........... , .......... .

7 ................................................................. .

8 ................................................................. .

9 ••••.••••••••••....••.•..•.•.•.•••.•...••.•.•••...••.....•.•••.••.

10 ....... _ .•.......................................................

11 .......•..................................... _ ....... _ .......... .

12 ................................................................ .

6. For all tree products mentioned ebove indicate who sells product to market retailer and their gender, major marketing channels, form of marketed product and constraints to marketing.

PRODUCTI SELLER! MARKETING CHANNEL FORM CONSTRAINTS SPECIES GENDER

2 ................................................................. .

3 ................................................................. .

4 ................................................................. .

B - 11


5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

What is the major mode of transportation for bringing goods to the market ?

Are there any legal or policy constraints which limit the supply of any of the aboveproducts ?

Are there any factors which affect the demand for any of the above mentioned products ?

6-12

INDIGENOUS MULTlPVRPOSl: TREES Of TANZANIA

5 ................................................................. .

6 •....•............••...................•.......••....•.......••...

7 ................................................................. .

8 ................................................................. .

9 ....................•............... ; ............................. .

10 ................................................................ .

11 ................................................................ .

'2 ................................................................ .

7. What is the mejor mode of transportation for bringing goods to the market?

8. Are there any legal or polioy oonstraints whioh limit the supply of any of the above products 7

9. Are there any factors whioh affect the demand for any of the above mantioned produots ?

B· 12

Village Level Questionnaire

Seasonal Calendar for Harvesting/Collecting Forest ProductsIndicate what products are harvested per season, the length of season, quantity harvested per season, and market price for product.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DECPRODUCT/SPECIESQUANTITY/PRICE

1

2

3

4

S

6

7

9

10

11

tD

II w

Village Level Questionnaire

Seasonal Calendar for Harvesting/Collecting Forest Products Indicate what products are harvested per season, the length of season, quantity harvested per season, and market price for product.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC PRODUCT/SPECIES QUANTITY/PRICE

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0"' •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

2

3

4

5

6

7

8 ................................................................................................

9 ......................................................................................... 0\' ••••••

10 ................................................................................................

11 ............................................................ - ................................ .

z o .... en ~ ~ (J)

o ::s e:. n j:\) -~ ::s 0-~ ""'I

p C m

'" -<

~ ~ ;jj '"

INDIGENOUS MULTIPUFPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

ALBIZIA PETERSANA

- 14

INDIGENOUS MULT1I'UfV'OSE TREES Of TANZANIA

ALBIZIA PETERSIANA

B·14

Appendix C: Lexicon

Cl List of local languages

C2 Species list by Latin name

C3 Common and local names

LEXICON

C - 1

LEXICON

Appendix C: Lexicon

C 1 List of local languages

C2 Species list by Latin name


c - 1


Cl List of local languages

Local names for the identified tree species have been found in the followinglanguages:

ARUSHA KUKWE RULIBARBAIG KURIA SAFVVABENA LONGO SANDAWIBENDE LUGURU SANGUBONDEI MANG'ATI SHAMBAABUNGU MASAI SONJOCHAGGA MATENGO SUBIDIGO MATUMBI SUKUMAENGARUKE MBUGWE SUMBWAFIOME MBUNGA SWAHILIFIPA MERU TAN (TANZANIA-GENERAL)

FUFIJI MWERA TAN COAST (TANZANIA-COAST)

GOGO NGONI T.T. (TANGANYIKA TERRITORY)

GOROWA NGUilli T.T. COAST (TAN. TER.-COAST)GWENO NYAKYUSA VIDUNDAHA NYAMWEZI WANJIHAYA NYANJA WEMBAHEHE NYASA YAOIRAQW NYATHURU ZANAKIISANZU NYIHA ZARAMOJITA NYIRAMBA ZIGUAKAGURU PANGWA ZINZAKEREWE PAREKIMBU POGOROKINGA RANGIKINGURIMU RUAHAKISI RUFIJIKONDE

C - 2


C 1 List of local languages

Local names for the identified tree species have been found in the following lariguages:

ARUSHA BARBAIG BENA BENDE BONDEI BUNGU CHAGGA DIGO ENGARUKE FIOME FIPA FUFIJI GOGO GOROWA GWENO HA HAYA HEHE IRAQW ISANZU JITA KAGURU KEREWE KIMBU KINGA KINGURIMU KISI KONDE

KUKWE KURIA LONGO LUGURU MANG'ATI MASAI MATENGO MATUMBI MBUGWE MBUNGA MERU MWERA NGONI NGURU NYAKYUSA NYAMWEZI NYANJA NYASA NYATHURU NYIHA NYIRAMBA PANGWA PARE POGORO RANGI RUAHA RUFIJI

C-2

RULI SAFWA SANDAWI SANGU SHAM BAA SONJO SUBI SUKUMA SUMBWA SWAHILI TAN (TANZANIA-GENERAL)

TAN COAST (TANZANIA-COAST)

T. T . (TANGANYIKA TERRITORY)

T.T. COAST (TAN. TER.-COAST)

VIDUNDA WANJI WEMBA YAO ZANAKI ZARAMO ZIGUA ZINZA

C2 Species list by Latin name.

ACACIA ABYSSINICAACACIA ALBIDA IFAIDHERBIA ALBIDA)ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUMACACIA GERRARD!!ACACIA LANA)ACACIA MELLIFERAACACIA NILOTICAACACIA POLYACANTHAACACIA SIEBERANAACACIA TANGANYIKENSISACACIA TORTILISACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAADANSONIA DIGITATAAFZELIA QUANZENSISALBIZIA GUMMIFERAALBIZIA HARVEY!ALBIZIA PETERSIANAALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAALBIZIA VERSICOLORALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNIIANNONA SENEGALENSIS (A. CHRYSOPHYLLA)AZANZA GARCKEANABALANITES AEGYPTIACABERCHEMIA DISCOLORBOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSISBRACHYSTEGIA BOEHM!!BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSE!BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISBREONADIA SALICINA (ADINA MICROCEPHALA, BREONADIA MICROCEPHALA)BRIDELIA MICRANTHABURKEA AFRICANACASSIPOUREA MALOSANACOMBRETUM ADENOGONIUM (C. FRAGRANS, C. GHASALENSE, C. TERNIFOLIUM, C. TETRAPHYLLUM)COMBRETUM LONGISPICATUM (C. SPICATA)COMBRETUM MOLLE (C. ATELANTHUM, C. GUEINZII, C. HOLOSERICEUM)COMBRETUM ZEYHERICOMMIPHORA AFRICANA (C. PILOSA)COMMIPHORA EMINII (SUBS. ZIMMERMANNII)COMMIPHORA MOLLIS (C. STUHLMANNII)COMMIPHORA TROTHAECOMMIPHORA UGOGOENSISCORDIA AFRICANA (C. ABYSSINICA)CORDIA SINENSIS (C. GHARAF, C. ROTHII)CROTON MACROSTACHYUSCROTON MEGALOCARPUSDALBERGIA ARBUTIFOLIADALBERGIA MELANOXYLONDALBERGIA NITIDULADICHROSTACHYS CINEREA (D. GLOMERATA, D. NYASSANA)DIOSPYROS KIRK!!DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISENTADA ABYSSINICA

The species marked with an asterix are described in the Species Profiles chapter.

C - 3

LEXICON

C2 Species list by Latin name.

ACACIA ABYSSINICA ACACIA ALBIDA (FAIDHERBIA ALBIDA) ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUM ACACIA GERRARD II ACACIA LAHAI ACACIA MELLIFERA • ACACIA NILOTICA • ACACIA POLYACANTHA ACACIA SIEBERANA ACACIA TANGANYIKENSIS ACACIA TORTILIS • ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA ADANSONIA DIGITATA • AFZELIA QUANZENSIS • ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA • ALBIZIA HARVEY I ALBIZIA PETERSIANA ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA • ALBIZIA VERSICOLOR ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNII ANNONA SENEGALENSIS (A. CHRYSOPHYLLAI • AZANZA GARCKEANA • BALANITES AEGYPTIACA • BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR • BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSIS BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMII BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEI BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS BREONADIA SALICINA (ADINA MICROCEPHALA. BREONADIA MICROCEPHALA) • BRIDElIA MICRANTHA • BURKEA AFRICANA CASSIPOUREA MAloSANA

LEXICON

COMBRETUM ADENOGONIUM (C. FRAGRANS, C. GHASALENSE, C. TERNIFOllUM, C. TETAAPHYLLUM) COMBRETUM LONGISPICATUM (C. SPICATA) COMBRETUM MOLLE (C. ATELANTHUM. C. GUEINZII. C. HOLOSERICEUM) • COMBRETUM ZEYHERI COMMIPHORA AFRICANA (C. PILOSA) • COMMIPHORA EMINII (SUBS. ZIMMERMANN III • COMMIPHORA MOLLIS (C. STUHLMANNII) COMMIPHORA TAOniAE COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSIS CORDIA AFRICANA (C. ABYSSINICA) • CORDIA SINENSIS (C. GHARAF. C. ROTHII) • CROTON MACROSTACHYUS CROTON MEGALOCARPUS • DALBERGIA ARBUTIFOLIA DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON • DALBERGIA NITIDULA DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA (D. GLOMERATA. D. NYASSANAI • DIOSPVROS KIRKII DIOSPVROS MESPILIFORMIS • ENTADA ABYSSINICA •

• The species marked with an ssterix are described in the Species Profiles chapter.

C-3


ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA (E. TOMENTOSA)EUCLEA DIVINORUMEUPHORBIA CANDELABRUMEUPHORBIA TIRUCALLIFAUREA SALIGNAFICUS SYCOMORUS (F. GNAP)-IALOCARPA, F. MUCOSA)FICUS THONNINGII (F. NATALENSIS)FICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAEFLACOURTIA INDICA (GMELINA INDICA)GREWIA BICOLORGREWIA MOLLISGREWIA PLATYCLADAHAGENIA ABYSSINICA (H. ANTHELMINTICA)ILEX MITISJULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORAJUNIPERUS PROCERAKHAYA ANTHOTHECA (K. NYASICA)KIGELIA AFRICANA (K. AETHIOPICA)LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII var. STUHLMANNIILONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAMARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAMARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA (M. ACUMINATA)MILICIA EXCELSA (CHLOROPHORA EXCELSA)OCOTEA USAMBARENSISOLEA CAPENSIS (O. WELMTSCHII)OLEA EUROPAEA SUBS. AFRICANA (O. CHRYSOPHYLLA)OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAPARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAPARINARI EXCELSAPERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS (AFRORMOSIA ANGOLENSISIPODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS (P. MILANJIANUSPRUNUS AFRICANA (PYGEUM AFRICANUM)PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISRAU VOLFIA CAFFRA (R. NATALENSIS)RHUS NATALENSISSALVADORA PERSICASOLANUM INCANUMSTROPHANTHUS EMINIISTRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES (S. SCHUMANNIANA)STRYCHNOS INNOCUASYZYGIUM CORDATUMSYZYGIUM GUINEENSETAMARINDUS INDICATECLEA NOBILISTERMINALIA SERICEATREMA ORIENTALIS (TREMA GUINEENSIS)TRICHILIA EMETICA IT. ROKA)UAPACA KIRKIANA (U. GOETZEI)VANGUERIA INFAUSTA (V. TOMENTOSA)VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISVITEX DONIANA (V. CUNEATA, V. CIENKOWSKII)VITEX PAYOS (V. IRINGENSIS)WARBURGIA SALUTARIS (W. UGANDENSIS)XERODERRIS STUHLMANNIIXIMENIA AMERICANAXIMENIA CAFFRA

C - 4

INOIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA (E. TOMENTOSA) • EUCLEA DIVINORUM EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUM EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI • FAUREA SA LIGNA FICUS SYCOMORUS (F. GNAPHALOCARPA. F. MUCOSA) • FICUS THONNINGII (F. NATALENSIS) • FICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAE FLACOURTIA INDICA (GMELINA INDICA) • GREWIA BICOLOR • GREWIA MOLLIS GREWIA PLA TYCLADA HAGENIA ABYSSINICA (H. ANTHELMINTICA) ILEX MITIS JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA JUNIPERUS PROCERA • KHAYA ANTHOTHECA (K. NYASICAI • KIGELIA AFRICANA (K. AETHIOPlCA) LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII Var. STUHLMANNII LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA • MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA • MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA (M. ACUMINATA) MILICIA EXCELSA (CHLOROPHORA EXCELSA) • OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS • OLEA CAPENSIS (0. WELWrTSCHII) • OLEA EUROPAEA SUBS. AFRICANA (0. CHRYSOPHYLLA) • OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA • PARINARI CURA TELLIFOLIA • PARINAAI EXCELSA PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS (AFRORMOSIA ANGOLENSIS) PODOCARPUS LA TlfOLIUS (P. MILANJIANUS ) PRUNUS AFRICANA IPVGEUM AFRICANUM) PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS • RAUVOLFIA CAFfRA (R. NATALENSIS) • RHUS NATALENSIS SALVADORA PERSICA • SOLANUM INCANUM STROPHANTHUS EMINII STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES (5. SCHUMANNIANA) • STRYCHNOS INNOCUA SVZVGIUM CORDATUM SVZVGIUM GUINEENSE • TAMARINDUS INDICA • TECLEA NOB IllS • TERMINALIA SERICEA • TREMA ORIENTALIS (TREMA GUINEENSIS) • TRICHILIA EMETICA IT. ROKA) • UAPACA KIRKIANA (U. GOETZE!) • VANGUERIA INFAUSTA (V. TOMENTOSA) VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS • vmx DONIANA (V. CUNEATA, V. CIENKOWSKII) • VITEX PAYOS (V. IRINGENSIS) WARBURGIA SALUTARIS IW. UGANDENSIS) XEROOERRIS STUHLMANNII XIMENIA AMERICANA • XIMENIA CAFFRA •

C-4

C3 Common and local namescommon or local name - LATIN NAME

aaray - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAaari - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAadina - BREONADIA SALICINAata - ACACIA NILOTICAafrican blackwood - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONafrican ebony - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISafrican holly - ILEX MITISafrican mahogany - KHAYA ANTFIOTHECAafrican pencil cedar - JUNIPERUS PROCERAafromosia - PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSISafzelia - AFZELIA QUANZENSISakabajan - CASSIPOUREA MALOSANAalaiseleki CASSIPOUREA MALOSANAalchani-lengai - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAalmond, bitter - PRUNUS AFRICANAalmond, Indian TERMINALIA SERICIAalmond, wild - BERCHEMIA DISCOLORaltarakwai JUNIPERUS PROCERAMtwara - ACACIA ABYSSINICAamaafa - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAamafa-aa - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA

FAUREA SALIGNA

C - 5

amafughuni - ACACIA POLYACANTHAamagendai - COMBRETUM ZEYHERIambakofi - AFZELIA QUANZENSISangal qanguzi - ERYTFIRINA ABYSSINICAantsi - FICUS SYCOMORUSapple ring acacia - ACACIA ALBIDAapple, snot - AZANZA GARCKEANAapple, wild custard - ANNONA SENEGALENSISarei-desu - ENTADA ABYSSINICAasangupesi - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAasaninga - PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISasi - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAathang - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUMawartu - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMawartu - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEbabaxchet - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAbabool, israel - ACACIA TANGANYIKENSISbaghalmo-lembi - CORDIA SINENSISbagharimo - CORDIA SINENSISbakchandi - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAbamboo, plains - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA

LEXICONLEXICON


common or local name ~ LATIN NAME

aaray • ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA aari • ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA adina· BREONADIA SALICINA afa • ACACIA NILOTICA african blackwood· DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON african ebony· DIOSPVROS MESPILIFORMIS african holly· ILEX MITIS .frican mahogany· KHAYA ANTHOTHECA africsn pencil ced.r • JUNIPERUS PRO CERA sfromosi •• PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS .!zelia • AFZELIA QUANZENSIS skabaj.n • CASSIPOUREA MALOSANA .I.iseleki • CASSIPOUREA MALOSANA .lchanHengei· HAGENIA ABYSSINICA almond, bitter· PRUNUS AFRICANA almond, indian· TERMINALIA SERICIA almond, wild· BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR altarakw.i • JUNIPERUS PROCERA .ltarora • ACACIA ABYSSINICA .meaf •• PARINARI CURA TELLIFOLIA .mat.· ••• PARINARI CURA TElLlFOLlA

FAUREA SALIGNA

amafughuni· ACACIA POLYACANTHA amagendei· COMBRETUM ZEYHERI ambakofi . AFZELIA QUANZENSIS angal qanguzi • ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA antsi . FICUS SYCOMORUS apple ring .cacia • ACACIA AlBIDA apple, snot . AZANZA GARCKEANA apple, wild custard· ANNONA SENEGALENSIS arei·desu· ENTADA ABYSSINICA .sangupesi • AlBIZIA GUMMIFERA asaninga • PTEROCARPUS ANGOlENSIS asi . OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA athang· EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUM awartu . SYZYGIUM CORDATUM awortu - SVZYGIUM GUINEENSE babaxchet· VANGUERIA INFAUSTA bobool, israel· ACACIA TANGANYIKENSIS baghalmo·lllmbi • CORDIA SINENSIS bagharimo • CORDIA SINENSIS bakchandi· COMMIPHORA AFRICANA b.mboo, plains· OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA

c·s

INNGENous MUL11PUFtPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

C - 6

bamboo, wild - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA elerai - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAbaobab - ADANSONIA DIGITATA elgon olive - OLEA CAPENSISbarabonyoda - ACACIA NILOTICA eluai - ACACIA DREPANOLOB/UMbarai - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA eluwai - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUMbarangu - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA emit - OLEA EUROPAEAbaranku - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA emoloo - AZANZA GARCKEANAbaryomodi - ACACIA NILOTICA emotoo - AZANZA GARCKEANAbean trae - MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA emusigiyai - RHUS NATALENSISbean tree, golden - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA endisika - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONbean trae, lucky - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS endulele - SOLANUM INCANUMbean tree, lucky - ERYTFIRINA ABYSSINICA endundulu - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAbeechwood - FAUREA SALIGNA endulelei, mtula - SOLANUIVI INCANUMbehetoh - FAUREA SALIGNA engumi - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAbitter almond - PRUNUS AFRICANA engumi - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISblack plum - VITEX DONIANA entada, tree - ENTADA ABYSSINICAblack thom - ACACIA MELLIFERA erakwtu - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISblackwood, african - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON eravande - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIIbloodwood PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS eremiti - SALVADORA PERSICAbmkongo - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS esitete - GFIEWIA BICQLORbortti - TREMA ORIENTALIS ethiopian mahogany - TRICHILIA EMETICAbrandybush, false - GREWIA BICOLOR euphorbia, rubber hedge - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLIbroad-leaved boscia - BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSIS falcon's claw acacia - ACACIA POLYACANTHAbroad-leaved croton - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS false brandybush - GREWIA BICOLORbrown olive - OLEA EUROPAEA false marula - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTFIllbukuumo - TERMINALIA SERICEA fever tree - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAbunkundu - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA fever tree - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAburkea - BURKEA AFRICANA fig, common wild - FICUS THONNINGIIbushishi - TAMARINDUS INDICA fig, strangler - FICUS THONNINGIIcamphor - OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS fig, sycamore - FICUS SYCOMORUScandelabra tree - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUM firaakwi - GREWIA PLATYCLADAcedar, african pencil - JUNIPERUS PROCERA fitismo - ACACIA POLYACANTHAchigombo - SALVADORA PERSICA fitsitoo - ACACIA TORTILISchinama COMBRETUM ADENOGONIUM flamno-awak OLEA CAPENSISchingunguti - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA flower, peacock - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAcommon wild fig - FICUS THONNINGII forest long-podded albizia - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAcorky-bark - STFtYCHNOS COCCULOIDES fughmo - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUIVIcroton - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS funtsari CASSIPOUREA MALOSANAcroton, broad-leaved - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS furufinyi - EUCLEA DIVINORUMcurrant, red - RHUS NATALENSIS furundau - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAcListard apple, wild - ANNONA SENEGALENSIS furusinya-nyi - EUCLEA DIVINORUMdabiri - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA ge'kegheke - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAdakaumo - ADANSONIA DIGITATA gall acacia - ACACIA DREPANOLBIUMdakta FAUREA SALIGNA ganyamda - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAdaftli - RHUS NATALENSIS gale - ADANSONIA DIGFTATAdate, desert - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA gembe DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONdatei - KIGELIA AFRICANA genda-na-mto - ILEX MITISdatei - RHUS NATALENSIS gendai COMI3RETUM MOLLEdatlii - RHUS NATALENSIS gendai - COMI3RETUM ZEYHERIdesert date BALANITES AEGYPTIACA gendamo COMBRETUM MOLLEdong AZANZA GARCKEANA gendar-yandi ADANSONIA DIGITATAdoo' - GREWIA BICOLOR genclumo - COMBRETUM ZEYHERIdukmo - PODOCARPUS LATTFOLIUS geta-da-qwal - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEdukti - FAUREA SALIGNA geta-reri - COMBRETUM ZEYHERIdukumo - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS gewawu - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAeast african camphor OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS ghaland ACACIA MELLIFERAeast african cordia - CORDIA AFRICANA glermo - ACACIA ALBIDAeast african greenheart - WARBURGIA SALUTARIS gindamo - COMBRETUM MOLLEeast africa yellow wood - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS girwal - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAebony DIOSPYROS KIRK!! girwangw - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAebony, african - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS giwermoo - ACACIA ALBIDAeiloi - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS golden bean tree - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAeiti - ACACIA MELLIFERA greenheart, east efrican - WARBURGIA SALUTARISekeni - EUCLEA DIVINORUM guadi - DALBERGIA NMDULA


bamboo, wild - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA baobab - ADANSONIA DIGITATA barabonyod. - ACACIA NILOTICA barai - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA barangu - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA bsranku - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA baryomodi - ACACIA NILOTICA bean tree - MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA bean tree, golden - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA be.n tree, lucky - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS bean tr.e, lucky - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA beechwood - FAUREA SALIGNA behetoh - FAUREA SALIGNA bitter almond - PRUNUS AFRICANA black plum - VITEX DONIANA black thom - ACACIA MELLIFERA blackwood, alrican - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON bloodwood - PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS bmkongo - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS bomi - TREMA ORIENTALIS brandybush, lalse - GREWIA BICOLOR broad-leaved boscis - BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSIS broad-leaved croton - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS brown olive - OLEA EUROPAEA bukuumo - TERMINALIA SERICEA

elerai - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA elgon olive - OLEA CAPENSIS aluai - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUM eluwai - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUM emit - OLEA EUROPAEA emoloo - AZANZA GARCKEANA emotoo - AZANZA GARCKEANA emusigiy.i - RHUS NATALENSIS endisika - DAlBERGIA MElANOXYLON endulele - SOLANUM INCANUM endundulu - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA endulelai. mtula - SOLANUM INCANUM .ngumi - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA engumi - VANGUERIA MADAGASCAR lENS IS entada, tree - ENTADA ABYSSINICA erakwtu - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS aravanda - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII eremiti - SALVADORA PERSICA esitete - GREWIA BICPLOR ethiopian mahogany - TRICHILIA EMETICA euphorbia, rubber hedge - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI lalcon's claw acacia - ACACIA POlYACANTHA false brandybush - GREWIA BICOLOR false marula - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII fever tree - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA

bunkundu - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA fever tree - PARINARI CURA TElLiFOLIA burkee - BURKEA AFRICANA fig, common wild - FICUS THONNINGII bushishi - TAMARINDUS INDICA fig, strangler - FICUS THONNINGII camphor - OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS fig, sycamore - FICUS SYCOMORUS candelabre tree - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUM firaakwi - GREWIA PLATYCLADA cedar, alrican pencil- JUNIPERUS PRO CERA fitismo - ACACIA POLYACANTHA chigombo - SALVADORA PERSICA fit.itoo - ACACIA TORTILIS chinam. - COMBRETUM ADENOGONIUM flamno-awak - OLEA CAPENSIS chingunguti - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA flower, peacock - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA common wild fig - FICUS THONNINGII forest long-podded albizis - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA corky-bark - STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES fughmo - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUM croton - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS funtsari - CASSIPOUREA MALOSANA croton, broad-leaved - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS furufinyi - EUCLEA DIVINORUM currant, red - RHUS NATALENSIS furundau - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA custard apple, wild - ANNONA SENEGALENSIS furusinya-nyi - EUCLEA DIVINORUM dabiri - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA ge'keghak. - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA dakaumo - ADANSONIA DIGITATA gall acacia - ACACIA DREPANOLBIUM dakta - FAUREA SA LIGNA ganyamds - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA daltli - RHUS NATALENSIS gel. - ADANSONIA DIGJTATA date, desert - BALANITES AEGYPTlACA g8mbe - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON datei - KIGElIA AFRICANA genda-na-mto - ILEX MITIS datel - RHUS NATALENSIS gendai - COMBRETIJM MOLLE datlii - RHUS NATALENSIS gendai - COMBRETIJM ZEYHERI de.ert dete • BALANITES AEGYPTIACA gendamo • COMBRETIJM MOLLE dong· AZANZA GARCKEANA Dendar-yendi· ADANSONIA DIGITATA doo' - GREWIA BICOLOR gondumo - COMBRETIJM ZEYHERI dukmo - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS geta-da-qw.l- SVZVGIUM GUINEENSE dukti - FAUREA SALIGNA geta-reri - COMBRETIJM ZEYHERI dukumo - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS gewawu - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA .. ast .Irican camphor· OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS ghaland • ACACIA MELLIFERA .ast alrican cordia - CORDIA AFRICAN A g;"rmo • ACACIA ALBIDA east alricen greenhaart - WARBURGIA SALUTARIS gind8mo - COMBRETIJM MOLLE east africa yellow wood - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS girwal - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA ebony· DIOSPVROS KIRKII girw.ngw • DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA ebony, .Irican - DIOSPVROS MESPlLlFORMIS giwermoo - ACACIA ALB IDA eiloi - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS golden bean tree· MARKHAMIA OBTIJSIFOllA eiti • ACACIA MELLIFERA greenheart, east efrican - WARBURGIA SALUTARIS ekeni - EUCLEA DIVINORUM guadi - DALBERGIA NITIDULA

C-6

gulaami - PRUNUS AFRICANAguvaami - PRUNUS AFRICANAgwa'ami - PRUNUS AFRICANAgwaami - PRUNUS AFRICANAgwame - PRUNUS AFRICANAgwasi - OCOTEA USAMBARENSIShagania - GREWIA MOWShaghaiy - AZANZA GARCKEANAhai - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAhanarmo - CORDIA SINENSIShangal - SOLANUM INCANUMhangalmo - SOLANUM INCANUMharbagheidi - ACACIA TORTILISharbanghed - ACACIA TORTILISharey - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRAhariie - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRAhawata - GREWIA PLATYCLADAhawi - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAhedge euphorbia, rubber - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLIhehemgulungulu - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAhewasi - JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORAhhangumo - ACACIA ALBIDAhibiscus, tree - AZANZA GARCKEANAhlanmo - OLEA EUROPAEAhohoigara - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAholly, african - ILEX MITIShonywam - ACACIA TORTILIShonywam - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAhook thom - ACACIA MELLIFERAhotlimo - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAhula - PARINARI EXCELSAibula - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAidaki - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAifurufuru - CROTON MACROSTACHYUSigudabe - ACACIA ALBIDAihanga - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAihangala - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA

- TECLEA NOBILISiillisi - TECLEA NOBILISijovya - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAijwejwe - ENTADA ABYSSINICAikandava - ACACIA ALBIDAikeng - EUCLEA DIVINORUMikusu - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAikuu - FICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAEilula lyapi ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUMilulu - KHAYA ANTHOTHECAimivengi - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMimumua - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISmala - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLIiperernesi - GREWIA PLATYCLADAirakutwa - SY7YGIUM CORDATUMirgatu - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEiroko - MILICIA EXCELSAiron wood - OLEA CAPENSISisaimo - ACACIA ALBIDAisaimo - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAisalmo - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAisaumo - ACACIA SIEBERANAIsrael babool - ACACIA TORTILISissassa - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEiteleko - COMBRETUM ZEYHERItteteko - COMBRETUM ZEYHERI

C - 7

itonto - COMMIPHORA EMINIIitunene - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAiwuruka - EUCLEA DIVINORUMkababu - ACACIA ALBIDAkaHir boom - ERYTFIRINA ABYSSINICAkafinulambasa - DALBERGIA NITIDULAkaguwa - COMBRETUM MOLLEkaimbi - BURKEA AFRICANAkakta - FAUREA SALIGNAkantzi - ACACIA NILOTICAkapondalambasa - DALBERGIA NITIDULAkarowo - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISkaselenge - TERMINALIA SERICEAkatzi - ACACIA NILOTICAketakaiko - TRICHILIA EMETICAkhaangu - ACACIA ALBIDAkhikhiwi - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAkibaranga - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLIkichumbichumbi - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAkidamo - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONkigomvu - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLIkihurgawisu - ACACIA NILOTICAkijame - ACACIA NILOTICAkijame - ACACIA POLYACANTHAkikulagembe - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAkilongolo - TECLEA NOBILISkimbuti - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUMkimwato - ACACIA POLYACANTHAkinti - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONkinwato - ACACIA MELLIFERAkiputu - VITEX DONIANAkisambalawe - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEkitindi - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAkivambang'ombe - BALAN1TES AEGYPTIACAkiworo - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISkola - AFZELIA QUANZENSISksimjulu - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAkuyu - FICUS SYCOMORUSlagaang-aawak - GREWIA BICOLORlagagir-daat - GREWIA MOLLISlagaiyanecheit - OLEA EUROPAEAlaganechet PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSlaganehal - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSlagangi - GREWIA BICOLORlagangi - GREWIA MOLLISlaghay - AZANZA GARCKEANAlalei - CROTON MEGALOCARPUSlali - CROTON MEGALOCARPUSlama - XIMENIA AMERICANAlama - XIMENIA CAFFRAlarge sourplum - XIMENIA CAFFRAlasi - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAlengijabe - HAGEN1A ABYSSIN1CAlibale - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAlifuwuna - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAligabo - PRUNUS AFRICANAlilac tree - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAlindikiti - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAlipume - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSlitisi - TECLEA NOBILISlivindwe - ACACIA POLYACANTHAlivuluku - CROTON MACROSTACHYUSliwulugu - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS

LEXICON

gulaami - PRUNUS AFRICANA guvaomi - PRUNUS AFRICANA gwa' ami - PRUNUS AFRICANA gwaami - PRUNUS AFRICANA gwame - PRUNUS AFRICANA gwasi - OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS hagenia - GREWIA MOLLIS haghaiy - AZANZA GARCKEANA hai - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA honarmo - CORDIA SINENSIS hangal - SOLANUM INCANUM hangalmo - SOLANUM INCANUM harbagheidi - ACACIA TORTILIS harbanghed - ACACIA TORTI LIS harey - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA harii. - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA hawsta - GREWIA PLATYCLADA hawi - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA hedge euphorbia, rubber - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI hehemgulungulu - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA hewasi - JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA hhangumo - ACACIA ALBIDA hibiscus, tree - AZANZA GARCKEANA hlanmo - OLEA EUROPAEA hohoigara - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA holly, african - ILEX MITIS honywam - ACACIA TORTI LIS honywam - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA hook thom - ACACIA MELLIFERA hotlimo - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA hula - PARINARI EXCELSA ibuls - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA id.ki - COMMIPHORA AFRICANA ifurufuru - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS igudabe - ACACIA ALBIDA ihanga - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA ihangala - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA ii-itsi - TECLEA NOBILIS iiliisi - TECLEA NOBILIS ijovya - COMMIPHORA AFRICANA ijwejwe - ENTADA ABYSSINICA ikandava - ACACIA ALBIDA ikeng - EUCLEA DIVINORUM ikusu - PARINARI CURATE LLiFOLIA ikuu - FICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAE ilul. Iyapi - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUM ilulu - KHAYA ANTHOTHECA imivengi - SVZVGIUM CORDA TUM imumu& - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS inala - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI iperemesi - GREWIA PLATYCLADA irakutwa - SVZYGIUM CORDATUM irgatu - SVZVGIUM GUINEENSE iroko - MILICIA EXCELS A iron wood - OLEA CAPENSIS isaimo - ACACIA ALB IDA i.aimo - BRIDELIA MICRANTHA isalmo - BRIDELIA MICRANTHA isaumo - ACACIA SIEBERANA israel babool - ACACIA TORTILIS issassa - SVZYGIUM GUINEENSE itel.ko - COMBRETUM ZEYHERI iteteko - COMBRETUM ZEYHERI

itonto - COMMIPHORA EMINII itun_n_ - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA iwuruka - EUCLEA DIVINORUM kababu - ACACIA ALBIDA kaHir boom - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA kafinulambasa - DALBERGIA NITIDULA kaguwa - COMBRETUM MOLLE k.imbi - BURKEA AFRICANA k.kta - FAUREA SALIGNA k.ntzi - ACACIA NILOTICA k.pondalambasa - DAL!lERGIA NITIDULA karowo - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS kaselenge - TERMINALIA SERICEA katzi - ACACIA NILOTICA ket.kaiko - TRICHILIA EMETICA khaangu - ACACIA ALBIDA khikhiwi - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA kibaranga - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI kichumbichumbi - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA kidomo - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON kigomvu - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI kihurgawisu - ACACIA NlLOTICA kijame - ACACIA NILOTICA kijame - ACACIA POLYACANTHA kikulagembe - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA kilongolo - TECLEA NOBILIS kimbuti - EUPHORBIA CANDelABRUM kimwato - ACACIA POLYACANTHA kinti - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON kinwato - ACACIA MELLIFERA kiputu - VlTEX DONIANA kis.mbalawe - SVZVGIUM GUINEENSE kitindi - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA kivambang'ombe - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA kiworo - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS kola - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS ksimjulu - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA kuyu - FICUS SYCOMORUS lagaang-aawak - GREWIA BICOLOR lagaolr-daat - GREWIA MOLUs

·Iagalyanechait - OLEA EUROPAEA laganechet - PODOCARPUS LA TIFOLIUS lag.nehal- PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS lagangl - GREWIA BICOLOR logangl - GREWIA MOLllS laghay - AZANZA GARCKEANA lelei - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS lali - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS 18ma - XIMENIA AMERICANA lama - XIMENIA CAFFRA large sourplum - XIMENIA CAFFRA last - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA lengljsbe - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA libal. - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA lifuwuna - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA ligabo - PRUNUS AFRICANA lilac tree - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA lindlkiti - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA lipume - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS litisi - TECLEA NOB IllS livindwe - ACACIA POLYACANTHA livuluku - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS liwulugu - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS

C-7

LEXICON


liwurungu - CROTON MACROSTACHYUSlochada - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAloliondo - OLEA EUROPAEAloliondo - °LEA CAPENSISIolyondo - OLEA CAPENSISlomo-pah - GREWIA PLATYCLADAlomo - GREWIA BICOLORlomo - GREWIA MOLLISlong-podded albizia - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAloquat, wild - UAPACA KIRKIANAlorieni - OLEA EUROPAEAloshoro - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISlucky bean tree - AFZELIA QUANZENSISIucky bean tree - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAlungwe - DALBERGIA NITIDULAlushinga - TREMA ORIENTALISluterewe BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISluwondu - EUPHORBIA T1RUCALLIluziluzi - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAm'milwa - STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDESmaese - OCOTEA USAMBARENSISmaasi - OCOTEA USAMBARENSISmaauk - TREMA ORIENTALISmaoyangu - XIMENIA CAFFRAmaayangumo - XIMENIA CAFFRAmadawiri - COMMIPHORA EMINIImadonga - STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDESmatas PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAmagic quarri - EUCLEA DIVINORUMmahogany, african - KHAYA ANTHOTHECAmahogany, athiopian - TRICHILIA EMETICAmahogany, natal - TRICHILIA EMETICAmahogany, red - KHAYA ANTHOTHECAmalangali EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLImalharimog VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmalula - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUMmamela - OLEA EUROPAEAmambakofi - AFZELIA QUANZENSISmamezi - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAmamparoi - ILEX MITISmanenei - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmanga - KIGELIA AFRICANAmangare - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLImangarada - ACACIA MELLIFERAmany-stemmed albizia - ALBIZIA PETERSIANAmanyala - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLImanyara - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLImanyori - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLImapagola - ACACIA ALBIDAmarabai - CROTON MEGALOCARPUSmare - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAmerla - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmaroi - COMBRETUM MOLLEmerar° - COMBRETUM MOLLEmarula, falsa - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIImasakta - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmasdi - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmasi - ILEX MMSmasojanda - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONmatharimo - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmatlarmo - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmatungusa - SOLANUM INCANUMmatwa - AZANZA GARCKEANA

C - 8

mauhekere - EUCLEA DIVINORUMmawezi - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAmayenda - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmazenzati - ALBIZIA HARVEYImazi - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmbadilo - COMBRETUM ADENOGONIUMmbajiru - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmbajua - GREWIA PLATYCLADAmbali - CROTON MEGALOCARPUSmbalibali - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUMmbalu - JUNIPERUS PROCERAmbamba - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRAmbambakofi - AFZELIA QUANZENSISmbambang'oma - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAmbanga - PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSISmbangwe - TRICHILIA EMETICAmbanjiru - EUCLEA DIVINORUMmbapu - CORDIA AFRICANAmbarika - AFZELIA QUANZENSISmbarikwa - AFZELIA QUANZENSISmbawira - OCOTEA USAMBARENSISmbaya - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmbechera JUNIPERUS PROCERAmbefu - TREMA ORIENTALISmbehe - TREMA ORIENTALISmbeko - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmbelambasa - DALBERGIA NMDULAmbembakofi - AFZELIA QUANZENSISmbilimisi ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmbilupili - FLACOURTIA INDICAmbiro - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISmbogwa - KHAYA ANTHOTHECAmbokwe - ANNONA SENEGALENSISmbola plum - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAmbolongo-ya-kibolo - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUMmboromo - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmbugwe - COMBRETUM MOLLEmbuko - TERMINALIA SERICEAmbula - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAmbula - PARINAR1 EXCELSAmbula nyakyusambula - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAmbulu - KHAYA ANTHOTHECAmbulungo - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUMmbunga - OXYTENANTFIERA ABYSSINICAmbuni - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAmbura - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAmbura - PARINARI EXCELSAmbuui - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAmbuyu - ADANSONIA DIGITATAmbwewe - TRICHILIA EMET1CAmchai - AZANZA GARCKEANAmchakaazi - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLIrochela - ALBIZIA PETERSIANAmchekwa - ANNONA SENEGALENSISmchelegembe - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAmchenga - JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORAmchengo - TRICHILIA EMETICAmchenje - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAmchese - ACACIA ALBIDAmchinka - VITEX DONIANAmchiyo - OLEA CAPENSISmchongoma - FLACOURTIA INDICAmchwazi - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE

INDIGENOUS MUlTIPURPOSE TREES Of TANZANIA

liwurungu - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS loch.d. - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA loliondo - OLEA EUROPAEA loliondo - OLEA CAPENSIS lolyondo - OLEA CAPENSIS lomo-peh - GREWIA PLATYCLADA lome - GREWIA BICOLOR lome - GREWIA MOLLIS long-podd.d albizia - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA loqu.t, wild - UAPACA KIRKIANA lorieni - OLEA EUROPAEA lo.horo - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS lucky bean tree - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS lucky b •• n tree - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA lungwe - DALBERGIA NITIDULA lu.hinga - TREMA ORIENTALIS luterewe - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS luwondu - EUPHORBIA T1RUCALLI luziluzi - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA m'milwa - STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES m •••• - OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS maa.i - OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS m.auk - TREMA ORIENTA LIS moayangu - XIMENIA CAFFRA m.ayangumo - XIMENIA CAFFRA mad.wiri - COMMIPHORA EMINII madonga - STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES maf .. - PARINARI CURATELLlFOLlA magic quarri - EUCLEA DIVINORUM mahogany, african - KHAYA ANTHOTHECA mahogany, ethiopian - TRICHILIA EMETICA mahogany; natal - TRICHILIA EMETICA mahogany, red - KHAYA ANTHOTHECA malangali - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI malharimog - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA malule - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUM mamale - OLEA EUROPAEA mambakofi - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS mamezi - COMMIPHORA AFRICANA mamparoi - ILEX MITIS manene! - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA mangafi - KIGELIA AFRICANA mangara - EUPHORBIA T1RUCALLI mangerada - ACACIA MELLIFERA many-stemmed albizia - ALBIZIA PETERS lANA manyala - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI many.r. - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI manyori - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI mapagola - ACACIA ALBIDA marab.i - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS mare - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA marie - BRIDELIA MICAANTHA maroi - COMBRETUM MOLLE maroro - COMBAETlJM MOLLE morula, falae - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII m •• akta - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA ma.di - SVZYGIUM GUINEENSE ma.i - ILEX MmS m"sojanda - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON matharirno - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA matiarmo - SYlYGIUM GUINEENSE matungu.a - SOLANUM INCANUM matwa - AZANZA GARCKEANA

m.uhekere - EUCLEA DIVINORUM m.wezi - COMMIPHORA AFRICANA mayenda - BRIDELIA MICRANTHA mazenzati - ALBIZIA HARVEYI mazi - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA mbadilo - COMBRETUM ADENOGONIUM mbajiru - SYZVGIUM GUINEENSE mb.ju. - GREWIA PLATYCLADA mb.li - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS mb.lib.li - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUM mbelu - JUNIPERUS PROCERA mb.mba - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA mbamb.kofi - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS mb.mbang'oma - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA mbang. - PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS mbangwe - TRICHILIA EMETICA mbanjiru - EUCLEA DIVINORUM mbapu - CORDIA AFRICANA mbarika - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS mbarikw. - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS mbawira - OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS mb.ya - STRY.CHNOS INNOCUA mbechera - JUNIPERUS PROCERA mbefu - TREMA ORIENTALIS mbehe - TREMA ORIENTA LIS mbeko - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA mbelamba •• - DALSERGIA NmDULA mbembakofi - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS mbilimisi - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA mbilupili - FLACOURTIA INDICA mbiro - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS mbogw8 - KHA Y A ANTHOTHECA mbokwe - ANNONA SENEGALENSIS mbol. plum - PARINARI CURA TELLlFOLlA mbolongo-ya-klbolo - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUM mbororno - ALBIZIA GUPJlMIFERA mbugwe - COMBAETUM MOLLE mbuko - TERMINALIA SERICEA mbul. - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA mbul. - PARINARI EXCELSA mbul. nyakyu.ambuls - PARINARI CURATELLlFOLlA mbulu - KHA Y A ANTHOTHECA mbulungo - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUM mbunga - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA mbuni - PARINARI CURATELLlFOLlA mbura - PARINARI CURA TELLIFOLIA mbura - PARINARI EXCELSA mbuui - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA mbuyu - ADANSONIA DIGITATA mbwewe - TRICHILIA EMETICA mchai - AZANZA GARCKEANA mchaka.zl - EUPHORBIA T1RUCALLI mchala - ALBIZIA PETERSIANA mchakwa - ANNONA SENEGALENSIS mchalegembe - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA mchang. - JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA mchengo - TRICHILIA EMETICA mchanje - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA mche •• - ACACIA ALBIDA mchinka - VITEX DONIANA mchiyo - OLEA CAPENSIS mchongoma - FLACOURTIA INDICA mchwezi - SVZYGIUM GUINEENSE

c-s

mdaa - EUCLEA DIVINORUMmdaberi DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAmdachi COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSISmdaguata - GREWIA MOLLISmdai - TAMARINDUS INDICAmdala EUCLEA DIVINORUMmdama - COMBRETUM MOLLEmdaria - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmdaria - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISmdavi - CORDIA SINENSISmdawi - CORDIA SINENSISmdawisogwe - CORDIA SINENSISrndee - WARBURGIA SALUTARISmdele - WARBURGIA SALUTARISmdimu - TECLEA NOBILISmdogowe - BREONADIA SALICINAmdoladole - ACACIA ALBIDAmdonga - STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDESmdora - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAmdrawaka - JUNIPERUS PROCERAmdubilo - ACACIA NILOTICAmduguyu - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAmduka - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmduka - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAmdumwa-kingu CORDIA SINENSISmdundulu PRUNUS AFRICANAmdunga - ACACIA POLYACANTHAmdungwa - KIGELIA AFRICANAmduwau - GREWIA BICOLORmeali - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS

- CROTON MEGALOCARPUSmedlar, wild - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmehertgo - TRICHILIA EMET1CAmelegee - KIGELIA AFRICANAmale's* - ACACIA LAHAImIi - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS

- CROTON MEGALOCARPUSmefula - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUMmambwa - XIMENIA AMERICANAmanday - DALSERGIA ARGU11FO1IAmergantu - CROTON MEGALOCARPUSmfile - ANNONA SENEGALENSISrofila - PRUNUS AFRICANAnifofuni - CROTON MACROSTACHYLISmfogolo - ALBIZIA HARVEY'mfoono HAGENIA ABYSSINICAmfudu - VITEX DONIANAmfuota ALBIZIA PETERSIANAmfufu - CORDIA AFRICANAmfufuma-slmba - ENTADA ABYSSINICAmfughuyu - BALANITES AEGYFT1ACAmfuka FAUREA SALIGNAmfuku - ACACIA NILOTICAmfuku - ACACIA NILOTICAmfulanyekile - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSrnfulu VITEX DONIANArnfulu - VfTEX PAVOSmfumbi KIGELIA AFRICANAmrumbii - LONGHOCARPUS CAPASSAmfumbid - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAmfumbu - BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHM'mfunguji - AFZELIA QUANZENSISmfurangl ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA

mfuranje - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmfuranje - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAmturata - DIOSPYROS KIRKIImfurfuru - CROTON MACROSTACHYUSmfuru - VITEX DONIANAmfuruange ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAmfurufuru - CROTON MACROSTACHYUSmfurulegea VITEX DONIANAmfutambula - ENTADA ABYSSINICAmfuu - VITEX DONIANAmfuwau - GREWIA BICOLORmfuzu - VITEX DONIANAmgambo ILEX MITISmgando - BURKEA AFRICANAmgando mkalati BURKEA AFRICANAmgandomkarati BURKEA AFRICANAmgandu - BERCHEMIA DISCOLORmgandu - BURKEA AFRICANAmgango - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmgege - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMmgege - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmgelegele - ACACIA NILOTICAmgelegele - BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSE'mgelele DICI-IROSTACHYS CINEREAmgembe - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONmgembya - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONmgondeganda - TREMA ORIENTAL'Smgeye - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMmgiito - COMBRETUM MOLLEraglrite - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISmgiriti - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISmgo - FLACOURTIA INDICAmgo'ngo'ngo'nge - COMMIPHORA EMINIImgobe - VITEX DON/ANAnmodogodo - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISmgofu - EUPHORB1A TIFIUCALLIrrtgola - FLACOURTIA INDICAmgolernazi - THICHILIA EMET1CAmgollmeal TRICHILLA EMET1CAmgombogombo - COMBRE,TUM LONGISPICATUMmgombogombo - COMMIFHORA EMINIImgonandele ACACIA ALBIDAmgongoma - AFZELIA QUANZENSISmora - FLACOURTIA INDICAmgoal, maize - FAUREA SALIGNAmgusgue - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAmgueril MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAmguhu - UAPACA KIRKIANAmgujI - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISmguji JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORAmgulu UAPACA KIRKIANAmgulungungulu - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmgunga - ACACIA ALDIDArngunga ACACIA NILOTICAmgunga ACACIA POLYACANTHArngunga - ACACIA SEBERANAmgunga - ACACIA TORTILISmgungenkunda ACACIA NILOTFCAmgungankundumuelo ACACIA NILOTICAmgwure - COMBRETUM MOLLErriguvani - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAmguwoguwo - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAmgwina BREONADIA SALICINA

C - 9

LEXICON

md •• - EUCLEA DNiNORUM md.beri - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA mdachi - COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSIS md.guet. - GREWIA MOLLIS mdei - TAMARINDUS INDICA md.l. - EUCLEA DIVINORUM md.mB - COMBRETUM MOLLE md.ria - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA md.ri. - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS md.vi - CORDIA SINENSIS md8wi - CORDIA SINENSIS mdawisogwe - CORDIA SINENSIS mde. - WARBURGIA SALUTARIS mdel .. - WARBURGIA SALUTARIS mdimu - TECLEA NOBILIS mdogowe - BREONADIA SALICINA mdoledole - ACACIA ALB IDA mdonge - STRYCHNOS COCCUlOIDES mdo", - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA mdrawaka - JUNIPERUS PROCERA mdubilo - ACACIA NILOTICA mduguyu - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA mduk. - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA mduk. - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA mdumws-kingu - CORDIA SINENSIS mdundulu - PRUNUS AFRICANA mdunga - ACACIA POLYACANTHA mdungwa - KIGElIA AFRICANA mduw8u - GREWIA BICOLOR meaN - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS ma.1i - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS medl.r, wild - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA mahengo - TRICHILIA EMETICA melegea - KIGELIA AFRICANA m~'.I.k - ACACIA LA~IAI mali!!, - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS mali. - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS malula - ACACIA DREPANOlOBIUM mambwa - XIMENIA AMERICANA m""day - DAlBERGIA ARBUTIFOllA margentu - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS mms - ANNONA SENEGAlENSIS mm. - PRUNUS AFRICANA mfofuru - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS mfogolo - ALBIZIA HARVEYI mfoono - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA mfudu - VITEX DONIANA rnfuat. - ALBIZIA PETERS lANA mMu - CORDIA AFRICANA mfufuma-.lmb .. - ENTADA ABYSSINICA mfughuyu - BALANITES AEGVPnACA mfuka - FAUREA SALIGNA mfuku - ACACIA NllOTICA mluku - ACACIA NILOTICA mful.nye"'Ie - PODOCARPUS LA TIfOLIUS mfulu - VITEX DONIANA mtulu - VITEX PAYOS mlumbi - KIGEUA AFRICANA mfumbii - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA m/umb/Ii - lONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA m/umbu - BRACHYSTEGIA !lOEH~lII mfunguji - AFZElIA QUANZENSIS mfurangl - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA

mluranje - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA mluranje - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA mlurat. - DIOSPVROS KIRKII mfurfuru - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS mfuru - VITEX DONIANA mfuruang. - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA mfurufuru - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS mfuruleue. - VITEX DONIANA mfutambul. - ENTADA ABYSSINICA mfuu - VITEX DONIANA mfuw.u - GREWIA BICOLOR mfuzu - VITEX DONIANA mgambo - ILEX MITIS mgando - BURKEA AFRICANA mgando mk.l.ti - BURKEA AFRICANA mg.ndomk.rati - BURKEA AFRICANA mgandu - BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR monndu - BURKEA AFRICANA mg.ngo - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA mgege - SYZYGIUM CORDATUM mgoge - SVZVGIUM GUINEENSE mgelegele - ACACIA NILOTICA mgeleoele - BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEI mgelole - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA mgembe - DALBERGIA MElANOXYLON mgembya - DAlBERGIA MELANOXYLON mgendsgends - TREMA ORIENTALIS mgey" - SVZVGIUM CORDATUM mgiito - COMBAETUM MOllE mglme - DIOSPVROS MESP1l1FORMIS mgiriti - DIOSPVAOS MESP1l1FORMIS mgo - FLACOURTIA INDICA mgo'ngo'ngo'ngo - COMMIPHORA EMINII mgab .. - VITEX DONIANA moodogodo - DIOSPYROS MESP1LIFORMIS mgolu - EUPHORBIA T1RUCAlli mgol. - FLACOURTIA INDICA mgolsm!l2i - TAICHILIA EMETICA mgollmazl - TRICHIUA EMETICA

lEXICON

mgombollombo - COMME:TUM LONGISPICATUM mgomboiJombo • COMMIPHORA EMINII mgonandela - ACACIA ALBIOA mgongoma - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS mgora - FLACOURTIA INDICA mgosl, maize - FAUREA SA liGNA mgUlIQua - MAAKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA mguBnI - MARKHAMIA OSTUSIFOllA mguhu - UAPACA KII1KIANA mgujl - BRACHYSTEGIA SPiCIFOAMIS mguji - JULBEANARDIA GLOSIFLORA mgulu - UAI'ACA KIRK lANA mgu!ungungulu - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA mgung. - ACACIA ALBIDA mgung. - ACACIA NILOTICA mgunge - ACACIA POLYACANTHA mgunga - ACACIA SIEBERANA mgunge - ACACIA TORTILIS mgung8l'lkunda - ACACIA NILOTICA mgungsnkundUl1llJ<O!a - ACACIA NILOTICA mgurure • COMaRETUM MOLLE mguvani - MARKHAMIA OOTUSIFOLfA mguwoguwo - MAAKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA mgwlna - BREONADIA SAlICllIIA

c-s


mgwobe - VITEX DONIANAmhagata - PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISmhagati - OLEA EUROPAEAmhalalwa-huba - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmhande - CROTON MEGALOCARPUSmhangala - BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEImhangala - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISmhangala - JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORAmhebi - KHAYA ANTHOTHECAmhekele - EUCLEA DIVINORUMmhembete - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONmheme - ACACIA TANGANYIKENSISmhendabogo - UAPACA KIRKIANAmhenyi - FAUREA SALIGNAmheveheve - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmhimbachiguIu - EUCLEA DIVINORUMmhingi - XIMENIA AMERICANAmhingo - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONmhogolo - ALBIZIA HARVEYImhololo - CORDIA SINENSISmhora - AFZELIA QUANZENSISmhuga - DALBERGIA NITIDULAmhugu - UAPACA KIRKIANAmhuku - UAPACA KIRKIANAmhukwi - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISmhula - PARINARI EXCELSAmhuli, mlukua - FLACOURTIA INDICAmhundu - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmhunga shalo - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLImhunguru-mhomba RHUS NATALENSISmhunguru - RHUS NATALENSISmhyenya - CORDIA AFRICANAmichame - ACACIA NILOTICAmiganzula - ENTADA ABYSSINICAmigulu - UAPACA KIRKIANAminday - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONmingi - XIMENIA AMERICANAmingi - XIMENIA CAFFRAminighit - EUCLEA DIVINORUMminza-vvigutile - MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICAminziigutile - MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICAmiombwi - ACACIA POLYACANTHAmionbo - BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEImishighi - TAMARINDUS INDICAmitanga - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAmithingiti - TAMARINDUS INDICAmitlighi - TAMARINDUS INDICAmivare - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAmiyombo - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISmjagengo - TRICHILIA EMETICAmjarujaru - COMBRETUM MOLLEmjengu - XIMENIA CAFFRAmjerijeri - BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEImjiha - DALBERGIA ARBUTIFOLIAmjiha - DALI3ERGIA NMDULAmjijiva - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAmjingu mtundui - XIMENIA CAFFRAmjirya - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAmjongolo - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISmju - TECLEA NOBILISmjumbau - VITEX DONIANAmkaa - TERMINALIA SERICEAmkadi - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS

mkaku - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAmkalalwanghuba - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmkalankanga - ACACIA MELLIFERAmkalati - BURKEA AFRICANAmkamati - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmkambala - ACACIA MELLIFERAmkami - ALBIZIA HARVEYImkamye - ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNIImkangazi - KHAYA ANTHOTHECAmkange - ALLANBLACKIA-STUHLMANNIImkangi - ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNIImkani - ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNIImkanya ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNIImkanye - ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNIImkarati - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmkarakata - BRIDELIA MICRANTFIAmkarakata - BURKEA AFRICANAmkarambaki - OCOTEA USAMBARENSISmkaransatu - ALBIZIA HARVEY1mkenene - OCOTEA USAMBARENSISmkenge - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmkenge - ALBIZIA PETERSIANAmkenge - ALBIZIA VERSICOLORmkenge EUCLEA DIVINORUMmkenge-maji - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAmkenge-mayoya ALBIZIA PETERSIANAmkenge-mazi - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmkenge-mchala ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmkengemaji ; ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmkengewa - ACACIA POLYACANTHAmkenka - KIGELIA AFRICANAmkensi - PODOCARPUS LATIFOL1USmkeragembe - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAmkibu - CORD1A AFRICANAmkilolo - ACACIA ALBIDAmkinde - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISmkindwanzagamba - ALBIZIA VERSICOLORmkingila - FICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAEmkingila FLACOURT1A INDICAmkingu - ALBIZIA VERSICOLORmkinu - ALBIZIA VERSICOLORmkisingo - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAmkoga - V1TEX DONIANAmkoko - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISmkokokivu - DIOSPYROS KIRKIImkola - AFZELIA QUANZENSISmkola - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAmkolakola - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmkolakole - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmkole - GREWIA BICOLORmkole-mweupe - GREWIA BICOLORmkole-ngoda - GREWIA BICOLORmkololo - ACACIA ALBIDAmkoma - GREWIA BICOLORmkomahoya - PRUNUS AFRICANAmkomakoma - GREWIA BICOLORmkomakoma GREWIA MOLLISmkomalendi - GREWIA BICOLORmkomba - AFZELIA QUANZENSISmkome - STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDESmkome - STRYCFINOS INNOCUAmkomge - AFZELIA QUANZENSISmkomu msege - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA


mgwobe • VITEX DONIANA mhagata • PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS mhagati • OLEA EUROPAEA mhalalwa·huba • ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA mhand •• CROTON MEGALOCARPUS mhangala • BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEI mhangala • BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS mhangala • JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA mhebi • KHAYA ANTHOTHECA mhekele • EUCLEA DIVINORUM mhembete • DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON mheme· ACACIA TANGANYIKENSIS mhendabogo • UAPACA KIRKIANA mhenyi • FAUREA SALIGNA mheveheve • ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA mhimbachigulu • EUCLEA DIVINORUM mhingi· XIMENIA AMERICANA mhingo • DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON mhogolo • ALBIZIA HARVEYI mhololo • CORDIA SINENSIS mhora • AFZELIA QUANZENSIS mhuga • DALBERGIA NITIDULA mhugu • UAPACA KIRKIANA mhuku • UAPACA KIRK lANA mhukwi • DIOSPVROS MESPILIFORMIS mhula • PARINARI EXCELSA mhuli. mlukua • FLACOURTIA INDICA mhundu • STRYCHNOS INNOCUA mhunga shalo • EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI mhunguru-mhomba· RHUS NATALENSIS mhunguru· RHUS NATALENSIS mhyenya • CORDIA AFRICANA michame • ACACIA NILOTICA miganzula • ENTADA ABYSSINICA migulu • UAPACA KIRKIANA minday • DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON mingi • XIMENIA AMERICANA mingi • XIMENIA CAFFRA minighit • EUCLEA DIVINORUM minza·wigutile - MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA minziigutile - MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA miombwi - ACACIA POLYACANTHA mionbo - BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEI mlshighi - TAMARINDUS INDICA mitanga - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA mithingiti - TAMARINDUS INDICA mitlighi - TAMARINDUS INDICA mivare - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA miyombo - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS mjagengo - TRICHILIA EMETICA mjarujaru • COMBRETUM MOLLE mjengu - XIMENIA CAFFRA mjerijeri • BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEI mjiha • DALBERGIA ARBUTIFOLIA mjih8 - DALBERGIA NmDULA mjijiv8 - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA mjingu mtundui - XIMENIA CAFFRA mjirya • BALANITES AEGYPTIACA mjongolo • DIOSPVROS MESPILIFORMIS mju • TECLEA NOBILIS mjumbau • VITEl( DONIANA mka8 - TERMINALIA SERICEA mkadi • DIOSPVROS MESPILlFORMIS

mkaku • LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA mkalalwanghuba • ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA mkalankanga . ACACIA MELLIFERA mkalati • BURKEA AFRICANA mkamati • SVZVGIUM GUINEENSE mkambala - ACACIA MELLIFERA mkami • ALBIZIA HARVEYI mkamye . ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNII mkangazi· KHAYA ANTHOTHECA mkange· ALLANBLACKIA'STUHLMANNII mkangi· ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNII mkani • ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNII mkanya • ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNII mkanye • ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNII mkarati • BRIDELIA MICRANTHA mkarakata • BRIO ELlA MICRANTHA mkarakata • BURKEA AFRICANA mkarambaki • OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS mkaransatu • ALBIZIA HARVEYI mkenene • OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS mkenge • ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA mkenge • ALBIZIA PETERS lANA mkenge • ALBIZIA VERSICOLOR mkenge - EUCLEA DIVINORUM mkenge·maji • ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA mkenge·mayoya • ALBIZIA PETERS lANA mkenge-mazi • ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA mkenge-mchala - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA mkengemaji ' ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA mkengewa· ACACIA POLYACANTHA mkenka - KIGELIA AFRICANA mkensi • PODOCARPUS LA TIFOLIUS mkeragembe· DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA mkibu - CORDIA AFRICANA mkilolo • ACACIA ALBIDA mkinde - DIOSPVROS MESPILIFORMIS mkindwanzagamba • ALBIZIA VERSICOLOR mkingila • FICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAE mkingila - FLACOURTIA INDICA mkingu • ALBIZIA VERSICOLOR mkinu - ALBIZIA VERSICOLOR mkisingo - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA mkoga • VITEX DONIANA mkoko • DIOSPVROS MESPILIFORMIS mkokoklvu • DIOSPVROS KIRKII mkola - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS mkola - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA mkolakola - BRIDELIA MICRANTHA mkolakole • BRIDELIA MICRANTHA mkole • GREWIA BICOLOR mkole·mweupe • GREWIA BICOLOR mkole-ngoda· GREWIA BICOLOR mkololo - ACACIA ALBIDA mkoma • GREWIA BICOLOR mkomahoya • PRUNUS AFRICANA mkomakoma • GREWIA BICOLOR mkomskoma • GREWIA MOLLIS mkomelendi • GREWIA BICOLOR mkomba - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS mkome • STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES mkome - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA mkomge - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS mkomu moog •• STRYCHNOS INNOCUA

c - 10

mkonde-konde - PRUNUS AFRICANAmkondo - ADANSONIA DIGITATAmkonga - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAmkongo - AFZELIA QUANZENSISmkongo - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAmkongo - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRAmkongoe - ACACIA TORTILISmkongolo - ACACIA ALBIDAmkongolo - BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEImkongolo - COMMIPHORA MOLLISmkongolo - COMMIPHOFIA UGOGOENSISmkongoni - TRICHILIA EMETICAmkonola - ANNONA SENEGALENSISmkonyo - ANNONA SENEGALENSISmkora - ACACIA ALBIDAmkora - AFZELIA QUANZENSISmkora - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAmkuare - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISmkubahuhi - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAmkufi - RAU VOLFIA CAFFRAmkuhu - UAPACA KIRKIANAmkuju - FICUS SYCOMORUSmkuju - FICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAEmkuku - ACACIA POLYACANTHAmkulajembe - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAmkulo - OCOTEA USAMBARENSISmkutua - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmkulugundu - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmkulwa - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmkulwie - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISmkumburu - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAmkuna - RAU VOLFIA CAFFRAmkunghuni - SALVADORA PERSICAmkunguga - LONCHOCARPOS CAPASSAmkungugu - ACACIA TORTILISmkungulu - RHUS NATALENSISmkungwina - TRICHILIA EMETICAmkuni - BERCHEMIA DISCOLORmkunungu VITEX DONIANAmkunyu - FICUS SYCOMORUSmkuro - OCOTEA USAMBARENSISmkurungu - CROTON MACROSTACHYUSmkusu UAPACA KIRKIANAmkuti - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISmkuu - FICUS THONNINGIImkuu FICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAEmkuuyu - FICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAEmkuyu-mpeho - FICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAEmkuyu - FICUS SYCOMORUSmkwagushashi - ALBIZIA HARVEYImkwaja - TAMARINDUS INDICAmkwaju - TAMARINDUS INDICAmkwaka - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmkwanga - ACACIA POLYACANTHAmkwata - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmkwazu - TAMARINDUS INDICAmkwe - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISmkwoso - TAMARINDOS INDICAmkwesu - TAMARINDUS INDICAmkwezu TAMARINDUS INDICAmlaagi - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAmIahi - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAmlalai - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS

C - I 1

mIalambo - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmlalo - JUNIPERUS PROCERAmlama - COMBRETUM ADENOGONIUMmlama - COMBRETUM LONGISPICATUMmlama - COMBRETUM MOLLEmlama - COMBRETUM ZEYHERImIama mwenge - COMBRERJM MOLLEmlama-we-ng'ala - COMBRETUM ZEYHERImlamadoli - COMBRETUM MOLLEmlambadanda - PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISmlamuru - OLEA EUROPAEAmlandee - CROTON MEGALOCARPUSmlandoge - FICUS THONNINGIImlanga - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAmlangali - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUMmlangali - BRIDELIA MICRANTFIAmlangali - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUMmlanzi - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAmlelega - COMBRETUM ZEYHERImlengwelengwe - RAUVOLFIA CAFFIAAmlenzi - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmlifu - WARBURGIA SALUTARISmlimangombe - TECLEA NOBILIS

ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmlozilozi - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAmluhhi - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLImlukua mhuli - FLACOURTIA INDICAmluma - ACACIA ALBIDAmlumba - FICUS THONNINGIImlungu-magoma - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmlungu-matuMbi - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmlyali MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAmmanga - PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSISmnadsi - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAmnago - BERCHEMIA DISCOLORmnala - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLImnali - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAmnama - COMBRETUM MOLLEmnangali - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUMmnara - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLImnazi - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAmndulele - SOLANUM INCANUMmnduriduri - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUMemembu - CORDIA SINENSISmnembwa - XIMENIA AMERICANAmnembwa - XIMENIA CAFFRAmnembwa mudo - XIMENIA AMERICANAmng'akora - DIOSPYROS KIRKIImag'unga - FLACOURTIA INDICAmninga - PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISmnoge - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSmnumbulu - DIOSPYROS KIRKIImnyabwita - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmnyaki - CROTON MEGALOCARPUSmnyala - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLImnyamendi - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIImnyanza - ALBIZIA VERSICOLORmnyara - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLImnyenye - XERODERRIS STUHLMANNIImnyenzi - BFIACHYSTEGIA BOEHM!'mnyinge - XERODERRIS STUHLMANNIImayondoiya - FLACOURTIA INDICAmnyono - SYZYGIUM CORDATUM

LEXICON

mkonde-konde - PRUNUS AFRICANA mkondo - ADANSONIA DIGITATA mkonga - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA mkongo - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS mkongo - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA mkongo - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA mkongoe . ACACIA TORTILIS mkongolo - ACACIA ALBIDA mkongolo - BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEI mkongolo - COMMIPHORA MOLLIS mkongolo - COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSIS mkongoni - TRICHILIA EMETICA mkonolo - ANNONA SENEGALENSIS mkonyo - ANNONA SENEGALENSIS mkora - ACAC1A ALB IDA mkoro - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS mkora - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA mkuare - DIOSPVROS MESPILIFORMIS mkubahuhi - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA mkufi - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA mkuhu - UAPACA KIRKIANA mkuju - FICUS SYCOMORUS mkuju - FICUS VALUS-CHOUDAE mkuku - ACACIA POLYACANTHA mkulajembe - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA. mkulo - OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS mkulua - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA mkulugundu - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA mkulwa - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA mkulwie - DIOSPVROS MESPlUFORMIS mkumburu - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA mkuna - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA mkunghuni - SALVADORA PERSICA mkunguga - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA mkungugu - ACACIA TORTIUS mkungulu - RHUS NATALENSIS mkungwina - TRICHILIA EMETICA mkuni - BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR mkunungu - VITEX DONIANA mkunyu - FICUS SYCOMORUS mkuro - OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS mkurungu - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS mkusu • UAPACA KIRKIANA mkuti - BRACHYSTEGIA SPiCIFORMIS mkuu • FICUS THONNINGII mkuu . FICUS VALUS-CHOUDAE mkuuyu - FICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAE mkuyu-mpeho • FICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAE mkuyu • FICUS SYCOMORUS mkwagushashi - ALBIZIA HARVEYI mkwaj •• TAMARINDUS INDICA mkwaju - TAMARINDUS INDICA mkw.ke-STRYCHNOS INNOCUA mkwango - ACACIA POLYACANTHA mkweta - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA mkwazu • TAMARINDUS INDICA mkwe • BRACHYSTEGIA SPiCIFORMIS mkwoso - TAMARINDUS INDICA mkwesu - TAMARINDUS INDICA mkwezu· TAMARINDUS INDICA ml.agi - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA mlahi - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA mlalsi - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS

mlolembo - SYlYGIUM GUINEENSE mlolo . JUNIPERUS PRO CERA mlama - COMBRETUM ADENOGONIUM mlama - COMBRETUM LONGISPICATUM mlama - COMBRETUM MOLLE mlama - COMBRETUM ZEYHERI mlamo mwenge - COMBRETUM MOLLE mlama-we-ng' al. - COMBRETUM ZEYHERI mlam.doli - COMBRETUM MOLLE mlombadanda - PTEROCARPUS AN GOLEN SIS mlomuru - OLEA EUROPAEA mlandee - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS mlandoge - FICUS THONNINGII mlongo - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA mlongali - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUM mlang.1i - BRIDELIA MICRANTHA mlangali - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUM mlanzi - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA mlelega - COMBRETUM ZEYHERI mlengwelengwe - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA mlenzi - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA mlifu - WARBURGIA SALUTARIS mlimangombe - TECLEA NOBIUS mlinzi . ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA mlozilozi - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA mluhhi - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI mlukua mhuli - FLACOURTIA INDICA mluma • ACACIA ALBIDA mlumba - FICUS THONNINGII mlungu-magoma - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA mlungu-matu~bi - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA mlyali . MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOUA mmanga - PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS mnadsi - PARINARI CURA TELLIFOLIA mnsgo - BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR mnala - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALU mnali - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA mnama - COMBRETUM MOLLE mnangali - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUM mnara - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI mnezi - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA mndulele - SOLANUM INCANUM mnduriduri - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUM mnembu - CORDIA SINENSIS mnembwa - XIMENIA AMERICANA mnembwa - XIMENIA CAFFRA mnembwa mudo - XIMENIA AMERICANA mng'ekora - DIOSPVROS KIRK II mng'ung. - FLACOURTIA INDICA mninga - PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS mnog. - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS mnumbulu - DIOSPVROS KIRKII mnyabwita - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA mnyski - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS mnyala - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI mnyamendi - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII mnyanzs - ALBIZIA VERSICOLOR mnyars - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI mnyenye - XERODERRIS STUHLMANNII mnyenzi - BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMII mnyinga - XERODERRIS STUHLMANNII mnyondoiya - FLACOURTIA INDICA mnyene . 5YlYGIUM CORDA TUM

c-"

LEXICON

INDIGENOUS MULTIPUFIPOSE TREES OF TANZANIA

mnyowa STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDESmnyumbu - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIImnywewa - STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDESmnzasa - ACACIA NILOTICAmobibi - DALBERGIA NITIDULAmochocho - CORDIA SINENSISmodee SALVADORA PERSICAmohoromo BALANITES AEGYPTIACAmohowe - TREMA ORIENTALISmoisiranga - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmonde - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmongarama - AFZELIA QUANZENSISmonkoya-nyika - TRICHILIA EMET1CAmonya DALBERGIA NITIDULAmoonga - ACACIA TORTILISmorufu - ACACIA POLYACANTHAmosingisi - BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSISmosinko - TAMARINDUS INDICAmosironga - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmosisiviri - ALBIZIA PETERSIANAmosofwa - KIGELIA AFRICANAmototi - COMBRETUM MOLLEmototi - COMBRETL/M ZEYHERImoumba - TERMINALIA SERICEAmovunga - ACACIA TORTILISmoya - TAMAR1NDUS INDICAmpagata PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISmp ande - STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDESmpangala - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAmpapa - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISmpapa - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAmpapala - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAmpegele - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMmpegele - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmpehe - TREMA ORIENTALISmpehl - TREMA ORIENTALISmpeho - TREMA ORIENTALISmpehwe - TREMA ORIENTALISmpela - ADANSONIA DIGITATAmpelemehe - GREWIA PLATYCLADAmpelemense - GREW1A PLATYCLADAmpelemese - GREWIA PLATYCLADAmpembati - PRUNUS AFRICANAmpembu - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAmpendo - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmpera - TREMA ORIENTALISmpera-mwrtu - STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDESmperemehe - GREWIA BICOLORmperemezi - GREWIA PLATYCLADAmpesi - TREMA ORIENTALISmpessi - TREMA ORIENTALISmpeswe - TREMA ORIENTALISmpilipili - ERYTFIRINA ABYSSINICAmpimati - JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORAmpindimbi - VITEX DON1ANAmpingi XIMENIA AMERICANAmpingipingi - XIMENIA AMERICANAmpingo - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONmpitimbi - VITEX DONIANAmpiwipwi LANNEA SCHWEINFURTFIllmpogo - ALBIZIA HARVEYImpogola - ACACIA ALBIDAmpogoto - ALBIZIA HARVEYI

C - 1 2

mpogoro - ACACIA ALBIDAmponda - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAmponda - COMMIPHORA EMINIImponda - COMMIPHORA MOLLISmponda - COMMIPHORA TROTHAEmponda - COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSISmpugapuga - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAmpugupugu - RAU VOLFIA CAFFRAmpugusi - MILICIA EXCELSAmpuguswa - FLACOURTIA INDICAmpukupuku - BURKEA AFRICANAmpulu - VITEX DONIANAmpululu TERMINALIA SERICEAmpundu - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmpundwe - XIMENIA AMERICANAmpunga OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAmpupi - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIImpuru mukoronto - VITEX DOMANAmputsa - TECLEA NOBILISmramba ADANSON1A DIGITATAmrambuchi - FLACOURTIA INDICAmranda - ACACIA ALBIDAmribwampara - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIImrie - MILICIA EXCELSAmrihi - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISmrimba - ACACIA TORTILISmringaringa - CORDIA AFRICANAmriri - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmrisirisi - ANNONA SENEGALENSISmriti BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISmrosirose - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAmrozirozi - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAmrugara - ACACIA MELLIFERAmruka - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmruka - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAmruku - COMBRETUM MOLLEmrumbapori - FICUS THONNINGIImsaamaji - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmsaamaji - ALBIZIA PETERSIANAmsabua - RAU VOLFIA CAFFRAmsabula - PARINARI EXCELSAmeada - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmeada - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISmsagara - RHUS NATALENSISmsagasi - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAmsakasaka - RHUS NATALENSISmsakawa - LANNEA SCHWEINFURT1-111msaki - SALVADORA PERSICAmsakiro - OLEA EUROPAEAmsalazi - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmsambaran - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmsambarao - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmsambarawe - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmsambo - ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNIImsambu - ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNIImsambu-mbwiti - ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNIImsambuchi - FLACOURTIA INDICAmsame - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmsamiko - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmsana - COMBRETUM ZEYHERImsanda - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmsane - BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEImsanga - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA


mnyowa • STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES mnyumbu • LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII mnyw.w •• STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES mnz •• a . ACACIA NILOTICA mobibi . DALBERGIA NITIDULA mochocho • CORDIA SINENSIS mod ••. SALVADORA PERSICA mohoromo • BALANITES AEGYPTIACA mohowe • TREMA ORIENTA LIS moisiranga . ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA mond •• BRIDELIA MICRANTHA mongarama - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS monko·y.·nyik. - TRICHILIA EMETICA monya • DALBERGIA NITIDULA moong. - ACACIA TORTI LIS morufu - ACACIA POLYACANTHA mooingi.i • BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSIS mosinko - TAMARINDUS INDICA mo.irong. - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA mo.isiviri . ALBIZIA PETERS lANA mo.ofw. - KIGELIA AFRICANA mototi - COMBRETUM MOLLE mototi - COMBRETUM ZEYHERI moumb. - TERMINALIA SERICEA movunga • ACACIA TORTI LIS moy •• TAMARINDUS INDICA mp.gat •• PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS mpand.· STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES mpangala - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA mp.po - BRACHYSTEGIA SPlCIFORMIS mpap. - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA mpapala • LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA mpegele· SVZYGIUM CORDATUM mpegele - SVZYGIUM GUINEENSE mpehe • TREMA ORIENTA LIS mpehi· TREMA ORIENTA LIS mpeho - TREMA ORIENTALIS mpehwe . TREMA ORIENTALIS mpela - ADANSONIA DIGITATA mpelemehe - GREWIA PlA TYCLADA mpelemens. - GREWIA PlATYCLADA mp.lemes. - GREWIA PlA TYCLADA mpembati - PRUNUS AFAICANA mpembu - PARINARI CUAATELLIFOLIA mpendo - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA mper. - TREMA ORIENTALIS mpera-mwitu - STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES mperemehe - GREWIA BICOLOR mperemezi - GREWIA PLA TYCLADA mpe.i· TREMA ORIENTALIS mpessi • TREMA ORIENTA LIS mpeswe· TREMA ORIENTALIS mpilipili • ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA mpimati • JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA mpindimbi • VITEX DONIANA mpingi - XIMENIA AMERICANA mpingipingi - XIMENIA AMERICANA mpingo • DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON mpitimbi • VITEX DONIANA mpiwipwi • LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII mpogo • ALBIZIA HARVEYI mpogola· ACACIA ALBIDA mpogolo - ALBIZIA HARVEYI

mpogoro - ACACIA ALBIDA mpond •. COMMIPHORA AFRICANA mpondo • COMMIPHORA EMINII mponda • COMMIPHORA MOLLIS mpond •• COMMIPHORA TROTHAE mponda • COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSIS mpug.puga - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA mpugupugu· RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA mpugusi • MILICIA EXCELSA mpuguswo • FLACOURTIA INDICA mpukupuku • BURKEA AFRICANA mpulu - VITEX DONIANA mpululu - TERMINALIA SERICEA mpundu • STRYCHNOS INNOCUA mpundwe • XIMENIA AMERICANA mpung. - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA mpupi • LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII mpuru mukoronto - VITEX DONIANA mputs •• TECLEA NOBILIS mramb •• ADANSONIA DIGITATA mr.mbuchi • FLACOURTIA INDICA mranda - ACACIA ALBIDA mribwampar •• LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII mrie • MILICIA EXCELSA mrihi - BRACHYSTEGIA SPlCIFORMIS mrimba • ACACIA TORTILIS mringoringa • CORDIA AFRICANA mriri • ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA mrisirisi - ANNONA SENEGALENSIS mriti • BAACHYSTEGIA SPlCIFORMIS mrosirose - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA mrozirozi • HAGENIA ABYSSINICA mrugara • ACACIA MELLIFERA mruka - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA mruka - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA mruku - COMBRETUM MOLLE mrumbopori • FICUS THONNINGII msa.maji • ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA m.aamaji • ALBIZIA PETERS lANA m.abua • RAUVOLFIA CAI'FRA msabula • PARINARI EXCELSA m.ada - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA mud. - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS msogar.· RHUS NATALENSIS m.og •• i • COMMIPHORA AFAICANA msakuaka· RHUS NATALENSIS msakawa • LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII ms.ki· SALVADORA PERSICA ms.kiro - OLEA EUROPAEA msalazi • SVZYGIUM GUINEENSE msambaran • SVZYGIUM GUINEENSE msamb.rao • SVZYGIUM GUINEENSE m.ambarawe - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA msambo • ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNII moambu • ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNII m •• mbu-mbwiti - ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNII msambuchi • FLACOURTIA INDICA msama - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA ma.miko - BRIDELIA MICRANTHA maana - COMBRETUM ZEYHERI m.and. - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA moan. - BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEI msangs - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA

c - 12

msangala - BURKEA AFRICANAmsanghwa - KIGELIA AFRICANAmsangula - RHUS NATALENSISmsangura - RHUS NATALENSISmsanguru - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmsanguti - TRICHILIA EMETICAmsaningala - ENTADA ABYSSINICAmsantu - XIMENIA AMERICANAmsaru - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIImsarwa - ENTADA ABYSSINICAmsasa - ACACIA MELLIFERAmsasa - ANNONA SENEGALENSISmasa - MEMA ORIENTALISmsaula - PARINARI EXCELSAmsawanyama - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAmsawaro - ACACIA TORTILISmsawola - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAmsawula - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAmsayu - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIImschihui - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmse - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSmse-mawa - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSmseaka - XIMENIA CAFFRAmsega - FAUREA SALIGNAmsege - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmsegwe - STROPHANTHUS EMINIImseka - XIMENIA CAFFRAmsekichanga - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSmselemko - JUNIPERUS PROCERAmseIemuka - JUNIPERUS PROCERAmsembere - AZANZA GARCKEANAmsena-mawe - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSmseneo - PRUNUS AFRICANAmsengela - CASSIPOUREA MALOSANAmsengele - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmsengwe - STROPHANTHUS EMINIImsense - RHUS NATALENSISmsenswa - RHUS NATALENSISmseri - OCOTEA USAMBARENSISmsesawe - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRAmsesewe - RAU VOLFIA CAFFRAmseso - PODOCARPUS IATIFOLIUSmseveya - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmsewe - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISmshai - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmshai ALBIZIA SCHIMPEFIANAmshai-mawe - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAmshamako - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmshambo - ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNIImshanulo - TFIEMA ORIENTALISmshasha - FICUS THONNINGIImsheka - XIMENIA AMERICANAmsheka - XIMENIA CAFFRArnshinda - TREMA ORIENTALISmshinga - TREMA ORIENTALISmshio - OLEA CAPENSISmshishi TAMARINDUS INDICAmshiwi - SYZYGIUM COFIDATUMmshiyo - OLEA CAPENSISmshunduzi - CROTON MACROSTACHYUSmsibisibi - OCOTEA USAMBARENSISmsigajembe - OLEA EUROPAEAmsighe - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII

C - 13

msima - JUNIPERUS GLOBIFLORAmsimira - TERMINALIA SERICEAmsinantemo - DALBERGIA NITIDULAmsindangurwe - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISmsinde - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISmsinga - TREMA ORIENTALISmsingila - FLACOURTIA INDICAmsingisa BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSISmsingo - JUNIPERUS PROCERAmsinira - TERMINALIA SERICEAmsinzizi - CORDIA AFRICANAmsirgu - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIImsisa - TAMARINDUS INDICAmsisi - FAUREA SALIGNAmsisi - TAMARINDUS INDICAmsisimisi - ALBIZIA HARVEY1msisina - ALBIZIA HARVEYImsisiviri - ALBIZIA HARVEYImsivia - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMmsiviti - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmsiyu - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIImsize mgosi - FAUREA SALIGNAmsokonoi - WARBURGIA SALUTARISmsolola - ALBIZIA PETERSIANAmsomvugo - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAmsopa - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmsoso - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSmssuku - UAPACA KIRKIANAmatunga - RHUS NATALENSISmsu - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMmsuake - SALVADORA PERSICAmsugussu - FLACOURTIA INDICAmsuju - CROTON MACROSTACHYUSmsukanzi - ACACIA POLYACANTHAmsuku - UAPACA KIRKIANAmsule - MILICIA EXCELSAmsumai - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRAmsumba - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmsungu - FLACOURTIA INDICAmsungulu - STROPHANTHUS EMINIImsungulula - STROPHAN11-ILIS EMINIImsungululu - STROPHANTHUS EMINIImsungunde - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMmsungururu - STROPHANTHUS EMINIImsungusu - FLACOURTIA INDICAmsunguti - KIGELIA AFRICANAmsungwe - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmsusu - COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSISmswake - SALVADORA PERSICAmswaki - SALVADORA PERSICAMING r0 GREWIA BICOLORmtalala mweupe - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMmtalabanda - MARKHAIYIIA ZANZIBARICAmtalavanda - MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICAmtalawanda - MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICAmtalula MILICIA EXCELSAmtama - AFZELIA QUANZENSISmtambaa - OCOTEA USAMBARENSISmtamloi - OLEA EUROPAEAmtandaruka - TRICHILIA EMETICAmtandi - KIGELIA AFRICANAmtanga - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmtanga - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA

LEXICON

msangala - BURKEA AFRICANA msanghw8 - KIGELIA AFRICANA msangula - RHUS NATALENSIS msangura - RHUS NATALENSIS ms.nguru - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE msanguti - TRICHILIA EMETICA msaningals - ENTADA ABYSSINICA msantu - XIMENIA AMERICANA msaru - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII ms.rwa - ENTADA ABYSSINICA msas. - ACACIA MELLIFERA msasa - ANNONA SENEGALENSIS msa.s - TREMA ORIENTA LIS mssula - PARINARI EXCELSA ms.wanyama - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA ms.wero - ACACIA TORTILIS ms.wola - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA msswula - PARINARI CURA TELLIFOLIA msayu - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII mschihui - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE mse - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS mse-mawa - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS mseaka - XIMENIA CAFFRA msega - FAUREA SA LIGNA msege - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA msegwe - STROPHANTHUS EMINII mseka - XIMENIA CAFFRA msekichanga - PODOCARPUS LA TIFOLIUS mselemko - JUNIPERUS PROCERA mselemuka - JUNIPERUS PROCERA msembere - AZANZA GARCKEANA mseno-mawe - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS mseneo - PRUNUS AFRICANA n!Sengele - CASSIPOUREA MALOSANA msengele - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE ms.ngwe - STROPHANTHUS EMINII msens. - RHUS NATALENSIS msenswa - RHUS NATALENSIS mseri - OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS msesawe - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA mse_ewe - RAUVOlFIA CAFFRA mseso - PODOCARPUS LA TIFOLIUS mseveya - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA msewe - BRACHYSTEGIA SPiCIFORMIS mshai - AlBIZIA GUMMIFERA mshai - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA mshai-mewe - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA mshamako - BRIDELIA MICRANTHA mshambo - ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNII mshanulo - TREMA ORIENTALIS mshasha - FICUS THONNINGII msheka - XIMENIA AMERICANA msheks - XIMENIA CAFFRA mshinda - TREMA ORIENTA LIS mshinga - TREMA ORIENTA LIS mshio - OLEA CAPENSIS mshishi - TAMARINDUS INDICA mshiwi - SYlYGIUM CORDA TUM mshiyo - OLEA CAPENSIS mshunduzi - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS msibisibi - OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS msig.jembe - OLEA EUROPAEA msighe - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII

msima - JUNIPERUS GLOBIFlORA msimir. - TERMINALIA SERICEA msinantemo - DALBERGIA NITIDULA msindsngurwe - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS msinde - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS msing. -.TREMA ORIENTA LIS msingila - FLACOURTIA INDICA msingiss - BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSIS msingo - JUNIPERUS PROCERA msinir. - TERMINALIA SERICEA msinzizi - CORDIA AFRICANA msirgu - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII msiss - TAMARINDUS INDICA msisi - FAUREA SA LIGNA msisi - TAMARINDUS INDICA msisimisi - ALBIZIA HARVEYI msisina - ALBIZIA HARVEY I msisiviri - ALBIZIA HARVEYI msivi. - SYZYGIUM CORDATUM msiviti - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA msiyu - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII msize mgosi - FAUREA SALIGNA msokonoi - WARBURGIA SALUTARIS msolola - ALBIZIA PETERS lANA msomvugo - COMMIPHORA AFRICANA msopa - BRIDELIA MICRANTHA msoso - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS mssuku - UAPACA KIRK lANA mstunga - RHUS NATALENSIS msU - SYlYGIUM CORDATUM msuake - SALVADORA PERSICA msugussu - FLACOURTIA INDICA msuju - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS msukanzi - ACACIA POL YACANTHA msuku - UAPACA KIRK lANA msule - MILICIA EXCELSA msumsi - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA msumba - BRIDELIA MICRANTHA msungu - FLACOURnA INDICA msungulu - STROPHANTHUS EMINII msungulula - STROPHANTHUS EMINII msungululu - STROPHANTHUS EMINII msungunde - SYZYGIUM CORDATUM msungururu - STROPHANTHUS EMINII msungusu - FLACOURTfA INDICA msunguti - KIGELIA AFRICANA msungwe - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA msUsu - COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSIS mswake - SALVADORA PERSICA mswaki - SALVADORA PERSICA mow.ra - GREWIA BICOLOR mtolala mweupe - SYZYGIUM CORDATUM mt.l.banda - MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA mtslavanda - MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA mtalswand. - MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA mt.lula - MILICIA EXCElSA mt.rna - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS mt.mba. - OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS mt.mioi - OLEA EUROPAEA mt.ndaruk. - TRICHILIA EMETICA mt.ndi - KIGELIA AFRICANA mt.ng. - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA mtanga - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA

c - 13

LEXICON


mtanga - TERMINALIA SERICEAmtangati - ENTADA ABYSSINICAmtarakwa JUNIPERUS PROCERAmtarawanda - MARKHAMIA OBTUS1FOLIAmtarewanda - MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICAmtarwenda - MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICAmtaswa FLACOURTIA INDICAmtata - JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORAmtawa - FLACOURTIA INDICAmteIa ANNONA SENEGALENSISmtelawa - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRAmtelwa - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAmtembo - KHAYA ANTHOTHECAmtengotengo - TRICHILIA EMETICAmtenza, mtoma - FICUS THONNINGIImteteleka - FAUREA SALIGNAmtibari - COMBRETUM MOLLEmtiegu - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmtimai - TRICHILIA EMETICAmtimaji - TRICHILIA EMETICAmtindiyombo - BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEImtiti - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmtitu - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISmtoa-mada - OCOTEA USAMBARENSISmtobo - AZANZA GARCKEANAmtogho - AZANZA GARCKEANAmtokatoke - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIImtokosi - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSmtolo - STROPHANTHUS EMINIImtoma mtenza - FICUS THONNINGIImtomoko - ANNONA SENEGALENSISmtondo - STROPHANTHUS EMINIImtondolo - BRACHYSTEG1A SPICIFORMISmtondoo - KHAYA ANTHOTHECAmtondoro - JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORAmtondote - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISmtonga - STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDESmtonga - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmtongosa - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSmtonkwe - ANNONA SENEGALENSISmtoni, mfuru ya - VITEX DONIANAmtono - COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSISmtonya - ACACIA POLYACANTHAmtoo AZANZA GARCKEANAmtope tope - ANNONA SENEGALENSISmtopetope - ANNONA SENEGALENSISmtopotopo - ACACIA POLYACANTHAmtosi - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSmtovo - AZANZA GARCKEANAmtowo - AZANZA GARCKEANAmtowo - STROPHANTHUS EMINIImtoyo - AZANZA GARCKEANAmtschamwa - FICUS THONNINGIImtua - SOLANUM INCANUN1mtula - AZANZA GARCKEANAmtula - SOLANUM INCANUMmtula endulelei - SOLANUM INCANUMmtulanzila - ALBIZIA VERSICOLORmtulenya - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAmtumbati - PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISmtumbati jangwa - PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISmtumbui tumbui - XIMENIA AMERICANAmtundakula - XIMENIA AMERICANA

C - 14

mtundarai - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAmtundu BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISmtundu - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIImtundui - XIMENIA CAFFRAmtundukarya - FLACOURTIA INDICAmtundulu - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAmtunduru - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAmtundwa - XIMENIA AMERICANAmtundwa - XIMENIA CAFFRAmtundwahai - XIMENIA AMERICANAmtundwe - XIMENIA AMERICANAmtundwe - XIMENIA CAFFRAmtundwi - XIMENIA AMERICANAmtunguja - SOLANUM INCANUMmtungujamito - SOLANUM INCANUMmtungululu - STROPHANTHUS EMINIImtungusa - SOLANUM INCANUMmtuntwi - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAmtunumbi - RHUS NATALENSISmturituri - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAmturungu - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAmtwa - AZANZA GARCKEANAmtwentwe - RAU VOLFIA CAFFRAmtwitwi - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAmuanziri - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSmuba JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORAmubilu - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISmubula - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAmubulagankuku - RHUS NATALENSISmubundu - ENTADA ABYSSINICAmucha - SALVADORA PERSICAmudaa - EUCLEA DIVINORUMmudi - FAUREA SALIGNAmudi - OLEA CAPENSISmudso - TECLEA NOBILISmudugunga - BALANITES AEGYPT1ACAmudy - PRUNUS AFRICANAmudzo - TECLEA NOBILISmuegea - KIGELIA AFRICANAmuela - ACACIA NILOTICAmuení - PRUNUS AFRICANAmuesa BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmufita - VITEX DONIANAmufitanda - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmufogoo ALBIZ1A HARVEYImufubia - PRUNUS AFRICANAmufuulu - TERMINALIA SERICEAmuganda - PARINARI EXCELSAmugando mkalati - BURKEA AFRICANAmugege - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMmugelagela - ENTADA ABYSSINICAmugombwrs - COMBRETUM MOLLEmugu - ACACIA POLYACANTHAmugumba - ACACIA TANGANIKENSISmugumo - FICUS THONNINGIImugumo-wa-ntwike - FICUS THONNINGIImugunga - ACACIA TORTILISmugunguti - KIGELIA AFRICANAmugusu - UAPACA K1RKIANAmuguti - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISmuhagata - PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISmuhagati - OLEA EUROPAEAmuhande - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS


mtanga . TERMINALIA SERICEA mtangeti· ENTADA ABYSSINICA mtarakwa· JUNIPERUS PROCERA mtsrawanda . MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA mtarewand •. MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA mtarwenda . MARKHAMIA ZANZIBARICA mteswe . FLACOURTIA INDICA mtata . JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA mtawe . FLACOURTIA INDICA mtela • ANNONA SENEGALENSIS mtelewa . RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA mtelwa . COMMIPHORA AFRICANA mtembo . KHAYA ANTHOTHECA mtengotengo • TRICHILIA EMETICA mtenza, mtom •• FICUS THONNINGII mtetelek •• FAUREA SALIGNA mtib.ri . COMBRETUM MOLLE mtiegu, VANGUERIA INFAUSTA mtimei • TRICHILIA EMETICA mtim.ji . TRICHILIA EMETICA mtindiyombo . BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEI mtiti . ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA mtitu • DlOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS mto,·mad •. OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS mtobo • AZANZA GARCKEANA mtogho • AZANZA GARCKEANA mtokatoke • LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII mtokosi· PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS mtolo . STROPHANTHUS EMINII mtom. mtenza - FICUS THONNINGII mtomoko . ANNONA SENEGALENSIS mtondo • STROPHANTHUS EMINII mtondolo . BRACHYSTEGIA SPlCIFORMIS mtondoo· KHAYA ANTHOTHECA mtondoro . JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA mtondote • BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS mtonge . STRYCHNOS COCCUlOIDES mtong •. STRYCHNOS INNOCUA mtongos8 . PODOCARPUS LA TIFOLIUS mtonkwe • ANNONA SENEGALENSIS mtoni, mfuru ya • VITEX DONIANA mtono • COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSIS mtonyo· ACACIA POLYACANTHA mtoo • AZANZA GARCKEANA mtope tope· ANNONA SENEGALENSIS mtopetopo • ANNONA SENEGALENSIS mtopotopo· ACACIA POlYACANTHA mtosi· PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS mtovo . AZANZA GARCKEANA mtowo . AZANZA GARCKEANA mtowo . STROPHANTHUS EMINII mtoyo . AZANZA GARCKEANA mtschamwa • FICUS THONNINGII mtua • SOLANUM INCANUM mtul •. AZANZA GARCKEANA mtul •. SOLANUM INCANUM mtula endute"'i • SOLANUM INCANUM mtulanzils • ALBIZIA VERSICOLOR mtutenya • HAGENIA ABYSSINICA mtumboti • PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS mtumbati jangwa . PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS mtumbui tumbui • XIMENIA AMERICANA mtund.kula • XIMENIA AMERICANA

mtund.rai· DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA mtundu . BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS mtundu . LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII mtundui· XIMENIA CAFFRA mtundukary •• FLACOURTIA INDICA mtundulu· DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA mtunduru· DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA mtundws· XIMENIA AMERICANA mtundwa . XIMENIA CAFFRA mtundwahai • XIMENIA AMERICANA mtundwe . XIMENIA AMERICANA mtundwe . XIMENIA CAFFRA mtundwi . XIMENIA AMERICANA mtunguja • SOLANUM INCANUM mtunguj.mito • SOLANUM INCANUM mtungululu • STROPHANTHUS EMINII mtungus •. SOLANUM INCANUM mtuntwi • COMMIPHORA AFRICANA mtunumbi· RHUS NATALENSIS mturituri • COMMIPHORA AFRICANA mturungu • HAGENIA ABYSSINICA mtw •. AZANZA GARCKEANA mtwentwe - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA mtwitwi . COMMIPHORA AFRICANA muenziri - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS mubs • JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA mubilu . VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS mubul •. PARINARI CURA TELLIFOLIA mubul.genkuku - RHUS NATALENSIS mubundu - ENTADA ABYSSINICA muche· SALVADORA PERSICA mud ••• EUCLEA DIVINORUM mudi • FAUREA SAUGNA mudi.· OLEA CAPENSIS mudoo . TECLEA NOBILIS mudugungll - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA mudy . PRUNUS AFRICANA mudzo . TECLEA NOBILIS muegea • KIGEUA AFRICANA muel •. ACACIA NILOTICA mueni· PRUNUS AFRICANA mue ••• BRIDELIA MICRANTHA mufit •. VITEX DONIANA mufit.nda· VANGUERIA INFAUSTA mufogoo • ALBIZIA HARVEYI mufubi •. PRUNUS AFRICANA mufuulu . TERMINALIA SERICEA muganda . PARINARI EXCELSA mugando mkalati • BURKEA AFRICANA mugeg.· SVZYGIUM CORDATUM mugel.gela - ENTADA ABYSSINICA mugombwe • COMBRETUM MOLLE mugu· ACACIA POLYACANTHA mugumb •• ACACIA TANGANIKENSIS mugumo • FICUS THONNINGII mugumo·w .... ntwike • FICUS THONNINGII mugungs . ACACIA TORTILIS mugunguti • KIGELIA AFRICANA mugusu • UAPACA KIRKIANA muguti • BRACHYSTEGIA SPiCIFORMIS muhegata' PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS muhag.ti . OLEA EUROPAEA muh.nd •. CROTON MEGALOCARPUS

C·14

muhanyati - COMBRETUM ZEYHERImuhare - ACACIA TORTILISmuhehefu RHUS NATALENSISmuhemi - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmuheti - OCOTEA USAMBARENSISmuhihi - CROTON MEGALOCARPUSmuhingi - XIMENIA AMERICANAmuhingilo - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIImuhinko - ACACIA NILOTICAmuhiya - WARBURGIA SALUTARISmuhondobogo - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIImuhu - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMmuhu - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmuhuba - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmuhugu - CROTON MACROSTACHYUSmuhulo - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMmuhulo - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmuhundwa - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmununga - ACACIA TORTILISmuhirti - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmuhuwa - CROTON MACROSTACHYUSmuiru - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmuiza - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmujehe - ACACIA ALBIDAmujuhu - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAmujujumi - ACACIA MELLIFERAmukalakanga - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAmukaransattt - ALBIZIA HARVEY]mukata - JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORAmukeregembe - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAmukese - ACACIA POLYACANTHAmukoma - GREWIA BICOLORmukoma - GREWIA MOLLISmukomo - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmukora - AFZELIA QUANZENSISmukoronto - VITEX DONIANAmukumari - CORDIA AFRICANAmukungulusug VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmukuruguru - CROTON MACROSTACHYUSmukuwe - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmukuyu - FICUS SYCOMORUSmula - PARINARI EXCELSAmulade - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISmulade-mujenghuma - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmulahay - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLImulama - COMBRETUM MOLLEmulambo - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmulanzl - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAmulati - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAmulemugu - CROTON MACROSTACHYUSmulera - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAmulinzi - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmulughwai - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLImulugu - CROTON MACROSTACHYUSmulugu - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmuluhhay - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLImulunzi - KIGELIA AFRICANAmuluzyaminzi - COMBRETUM ADENOGONIUMmulwaghai - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLImumbapa - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAmumbu - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIImumendo - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIImumilwa - STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES

C - 15

mumirwa - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmumora - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAmumu-muzura - FICUS THONNING11mumundu - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmumura - PARINARI CURAtELLIFOLIAmumwilili - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAmunanzi - PARINARI CURATELL1FOLIAmundu - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISmung'ulung'ulu - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmungu - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmungunga - ACACIA ALBIDAmungungu - KIGELIA AFRICANAmungurufa - ACACIA POLYACANTHAmunhulwa - STRYCHNOS INNOCUAmunjeja - DALBERGIA NITIDULAmunusi - ACACIA SIEBERANAmunyaa - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLImunyaga - TERMINALIA SERICEAmunyala - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLImunyam-wonyu - FICUS THONNINGIImunyamaji - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmunyeraminzi - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmunzati - ENTADA ABYSSINICAmupako - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONmupongoro - ACACIA ALBIDAmuranganji - OLEA EUROPAEAmurogho - AZANZA GARCKEANAmurugara - ACACIA MELLIFERAmuruguya - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAmuruguyu - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAmurunda - ACACIA ALBIDAmurungu - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmurya - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAmusagha - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIImusamtu - XIMENIA CAFFRAmusangisangi - ENTADA ABYSSINICAmuseka - XIMENIA CAFFRAmushargi - OLEA CAPENSISmusheshe - RHUS NATALENSISmusikili - TRICHILIA EMETICAmusikizi - EUCLEA DIVINORUMmuslmihi - ALBIZIA PETERSIANAmusina - JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORAmusine CROTON MEGALOCARPUSmusingati- CORDIA AFRICANAmusingisa - FLACOURTIA INDICAmusisa TAMAR1NDUS INDICAmusisigulu - ALBIZIA PETERSIANAmusisiviri - ALBIZIA HARVEYImusiwisiwi - OCOTEA USAMBARENSISmustard tree - SALVADORA PERSICAmusuake - SALVADORA PERSICAmusuma - GREWIA MOLLISmusuna-nu-kuu - GREWIA BICOLORmusungua - DALBERGIA ARBUTIFOLIAmusunl - WARBURGIA SALUTARISmsunguti - RAU VOLFIA CAFFRAmusuruwantyasa - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAmususu-nsusu - COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSISmusuva - K1GELIA AFRICANAmuswaru - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmusyunga - RHUS NATALENSISmutago - AZANZA GARCKEANA

LEXICON

muhany.ti - COMBRETUM ZEYHERI muhare - ACACIA TORTILIS muhehe!u - RHUS NATALENSIS muhemi - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA muheti - OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS muhihi - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS muhingi - XIMENIA AMERICANA muhingilo - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII muhinko - ACACIA NILOTICA muhiya - WARBURGIA SALUTARIS muhondobogo - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII muhu - SVZYGIUM CORDA TUM muhu - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE muhuba - SVZYGIUM GUINEENSE muhugu - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS muhulo - SYZVGIUM CORDATUM muhulo - SYZVGIUM GUINEENSE mu,",undwa - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA mununga - ACACIA TORTILIS muhuti - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA muhuwo - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS muiru - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA muiza - BRIDELIA MIC~ANTHA mujehe - ACACIA ALBIDA mujuhu - COMMIPHORA AFRICANA mujujumi - ACACIA MELLIFERA mukalakanga - DICHROSTACHYS ct'NEREA mukaransatu - ALBIZIA HARVEYI mukata - JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA mukeregembe - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA mukese - ACACIA POLYACANTHA mukoma - GREWIA BICOLOR mukoma - GREWIA MOLLIS mukomo - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA mukora - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS mukoronto - VITEX DONIANA mukumari - CORDIA AFRICANA mukungulusuli - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA mukuruguru - CROTON'MACROSTACHYUS mukuwe - BRIDELIA MICRANTllA mukuyu - FICUS SYCOMORUS mula - PARINARI EXCelS A mulade - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS mulade-mujenghuma - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA mula hay - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI mul.ma - COMBRETUM MOLLE mulambo - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE mulanzl - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA mulati - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA mulemugu - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS mulers - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA mulinzi - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA mUlughwai - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI mulugu - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS mulugu - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA muluhhoy - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI mulunzi - KIGELIA AFRICANA muluzyaminzi - COMBRETUM ADENOGONIUM mulwaghai - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI mumbapa - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA mumbu - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII mumendo - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII mumilwa - STRYCHNOS COCCULOIDES

mumirw. - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA mumor. - PARINARI CURA TELLIFOLIA mumu-muzur. - FICUS THONNINGII mumundu-STRYCHNOS INNOCUA mumur. - PARINARI CURA TeLLIFOLIA mumwilili - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA munanzi - PARINARI CURA TELLIFOLIA mundu - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS mung'ulung'ulu - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA mungu - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA mungung. - ACACIA ALBIDA mungungu - KIGELIA AFRICANA munguru!a - ACACIA POLYACANTHA munhulw. - STRYCHNOS INNOCUA munjejo - DALBERGIA NITIDULA munusi - ACACIA SIEBERANA munyo. - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI munyoga - TERMINALIA SERICEA munyolo - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI munyam-wonyu - FICUS TllONNINGIl munyomoji - BRIDELIA MICRANTHA munyerominzi - BRIDElIA MICRANTHA munzati - ENTADA ABYSSINICA mupako - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON mupongoro - ACACIA ALBIDA muranganji - OLEA EUROPAEA murogho - AZANZA GARCKEANA murugor. - ACACIA MElllFERA muruguya - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA muruguyu - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA murund. - ACACIA ALBIDA murungu - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA murya - ACACIA XANTllOPHLOEA musogh. - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII mussmtu - XIMENIA CAFFRA musongis.ngi - ENTADA ABYSSINICA musek. - XIMENIA CAFFRA mushorgi - OLEA CAPENSIS musheshe - RHUS NATALENSIS musikili - TRICHllIA EMETICA musikizi - EUCLEA DIVINORUM muslmihi - ALBIZIA PETERSIANA musin. - JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA musine • CROTON MEGALOCARPUS musing.ti· CORDIA AFRICANA musingi .. - FLACOURTIA INDICA musis •. TAMARINDUS INDICA musisigulu - ALBIZIA PETERSIANA musisiviri - ALBIZIA HARVEYI musiwisiwi • OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS mustard tr •• - SALVADORA PERSICA musuako· SALVADORA PERSICA musum. - GREWIA MOLLIS musuna-nu-kuu - GREWIA BICOLOR musungua· DALBERGIA ARBUTIFOLIA musunl - WARBURGIA SALUTARIS

LEXICON

msunguti • RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA musuruwantyasa - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA mususu-nsusu - COMMIPHORA UGOGOENSIS mU6uva • KIGELIA AFRICANA mU6waru • SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE musyunga - RHUS NATALENSIS mut.go - AZANZA GARCKEANA

c - 15


mutobo - AZANZA GARCKEANAmutogo - AZANZA GARCKEANAmutrogho - AZANZA GARCKEANAmutu - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRAmutuhu - XIMENIA AMERICANAmutundu - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAmutundurunt - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAmutundwe - XIMENIA CAFFRAmtrtutu - TRICHILIA EMETICAmututututu - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmuula - PARINARI EXCELSAmuulungu - CROTON MACROSTACHYUSmuuri - PRUNUS AFRICANAmuuwa - PARINARI EXCELSAmuuwe - TREMA ORIENTALISmuuyu - ADANSONIA DIGITATAmuva - JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORAmuvale - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAmuvalevale - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAmuvambang'oma - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAmuvanga PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSISmuvange - PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSISmuvelevele - STROPHANTHUS EMINIImuvembadanda FTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSISmuvenge - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmuvengi - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMmuvengi - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmuveriveri - STROPHANTUS EMINIImuverivevi - RAU VOLFIA CAFFRAmuviru - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISmuviru - VITEX DONIANAmuvirwa barai - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmuvula - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAmuvulagavega - ACACIA NILOTICAmuvuluvulu - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAmuvuru - VITEX DONIANAmuwa - JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORAmuwa - PARINARI EXCELSAmuwambangoma - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAmwana, nzakala we - DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISmwandu - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUMmuwanga - PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSISmuwawa - KHAYA ANTHOTHECAmuwima - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSmuwindi - ACACIA POLYACANTHAmuwisa - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISmuwomo - FICUS THONNINGIImuwong - OCOTEA USAMBARENS1Smuwumbu - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTFIllmuyanzi - MILICIA EXCELSAmuyere - BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMIImuyesani - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRAmuyombo - BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMIImuyombo - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISmuyuyu - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAmuzo - TECLEA NOBILISmuzuhu - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAmuzuli - MILICIA EXCELSAmvele vela - STROPHANTHUS EMINIImvell veli - STROPHANTHUS EMINIImvitu - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmvingayakale - STROPHANTHUS EMINII

C - 1 6

mviru - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmviru - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISmviu - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAmvugala - ACACIA MELLIFERAmvulambula ENTADA ABYSSINICAmvule - MILICIA EXCELSAmvuli - MILICIA EXCELSAmvumbamvula - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRAmvumo - FICUS THONNINGIImvungwa - KIGELIA AFRICANAmvungwe - KIGELIA AFRICANAmwo-vyo - STROPHANTHUS EMINIImwaisonga - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUMmwajaji CROTON MEGALOCARPUSmwajinde - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONmwaka - ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNIImwalanga - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAmwale - MILICIA EXCELSAmwaliganza - ACACIA ALBIDAmwaliganza - ACACIA TORTILISmwamba ngoma COMMIPHORA EMINIImwamba-ngoma - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAmwanda - ADANSONIA DIGITATAmwandu - ADANSONIA DIG1TATAmwandu - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUMmwanga - FLACOURTIA INDICAmwanga - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAmwange - PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSISmwangati JUNIPERUS PROCERAmwanya - TERMINALIA SERICEAmwanzi - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAmwao - ACACIA POLYACANTHAmware - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAmwarinyani - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSmwaru - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmwase - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUMmwasi, utupa - EUPHORBIA T1RUCALLImwasya SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmwatatsi - TECLEA NOBILISmwavai - TRICHILIA EMETICAmwawa - KHAYA ANTHOTHECAmwawong - OCOTEA USAMBARENSISmweda - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAmwede - ACACIA SIEBERANAmwetu - TREMA ORIENTAL'Smwegambura ENTADA ABYSSINICAmwegea - KIGELIA AFRICANAmwelewele - STROPHANTHUS EIVIINIImwemba - FAUREA SALIGNAmwembe mwitu - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRAmwembenyigo - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSmwenba FAUREA SALIGNAmwenbinylgo - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSmwenge, Wilma - COMBRETUM MOLLEmwerera - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAmweretsi - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAmweretzi - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAmweri weri STROPHANTHUS EMINI1mwesa BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmwese wese - STROPHANTHUS EMINIImwesi - TREMA ORIENTALISmwesu - TREMA ORIENTALISmweti - RAU VOLFIA CAFFRA


mutobo - AZANZA GARCKEANA mutogo - AZANZA GARCKEANA mutrogho - AZANZA GARCKEANA mutu - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA mutuhu - XIMENIA AMERICANA mutundu - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA mutundurunt - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA mutundwe - XIMENIA CAFFRA mututu - TRICHILIA EMETICA mututututu - BRIDELIA MICRANTHA muula - PARINARI EXCELSA muulungu - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS muuri - PRUNUS AFRICANA muuwa - PARINARI EXCELSA muuwe - TREMA ORIENTA LIS muuyu - ADANSONIA DIGITATA muva - JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA muvale - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA muvalevale - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA muv.ambang'oma - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA muvanga - PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS muvange - PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS muvelevele - STROPHANTHUS EMINII muvembadanda - PTEROCARPUS ANGOLENSIS muvenge - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE muvengi - SYZYGIUM CORDATUM muvengi - SVZYGIUM GUINEENSE muveriveri - STROPHANTUS EMINII muverivevi - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA muviru - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS muviru - VITEX DONIANA muvirwa barai - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA muvul. - PARINARI CURA TELLIFOLIA muvulagavega - ACACIA NILOTICA muvuluvulu - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA muvuru - VITEX DONIANA muwa - JULBERNARDIA GLOBIFLORA muwa - PARINARI EXCELSA muwambangoma - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA mwana, nzakala we - DIOSPVROS MESPlLlFORMIS mwandu - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUM muwanga - PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS mUWDwa - KHAYA ANTllOTllECA muwima - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS muwindi - ACACIA POLYACANTHA muwi.a - BRACHYSTEGIA SPlCIFORMIS muwomo - FICUS THONNINGII muwong - OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS muwumbu - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII muyanzi - MILICIA EXCELSA muyero - BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMII muyesani - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA muyombo - BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMII muyombo - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS muyuyu - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA muzo - TECLEA NOBILIS muzuhu - COMMIPHORA AFRICANA muzuli - MILICIA EXCELSA mvele vele - STROPHANTllUS EMINII mveli veli - STROPHANTllUS EMINII mvilu - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA mvingayakala - STROPHANTHUS EMINII

mviru - VANGl}ERIA INFAUSTA mviru - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS mviu - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA mvugala - ACACIA MELLIFERA mVulambula - ENTADA ABYSSINICA mvule - MILICIA EXCELSA mvuli - MILICIA EXCELSA mvumbamvula - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA mvumo - FICUS THONNINGII mvungw8 - KIGELIA AFRICANA mvungwe - KIGELIA AFRICANA mvyo-vyo - STROPHANTHUS EMINII mwaisonga - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUM mwajaji - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS mwajinde - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON mwaka - ALLANBLACKIA STUHLMANNII mwalanga - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA mwale - MILICIA EXCELSA mwaliganza - ACACIA ALBIDA mwaliganza - ACACIA TORTIUS mwamba ngoma - COMMIPHORA EMINII mwamb.-ngoma - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA mwanda - ADANSONIA DIGITATA mwandu - ADANSONIA DIGITATA mwandu - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUM mwanga - FLACOURTIA INDICA mwanga - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA mw.ng. - PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSIS mwangati - JUNIPERUS PRO CERA mwanya - TERMINAUA SERICEA mwanzi - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA mwao - ACACIA POLYACANTllA mware - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA mwarinyani - PODOCARPUS LA TIFOUUS mwaru - BRIDEUA MICRANTHA mwa •• - EUPHORBIA CANDELABRUM mwa8i, utupa - EUPHORBIA TlRUCALLI mw •• ya - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE mw8tatsi - TECLEA NOBILIS mW8vai - TRICHIUA EMETICA mwawa - KHAYA ANTHOTHECA mwawong - OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS mweda - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA mWade - ACACIA SIEBERANA mwefu - TREMA ORIENTAUS mwegambura - ENTADA ABYSSINICA mwegea - KIGEUA AFRICANA mwelewele - STROPHANTHUS EMINII mwemba - FAUREA SALIGNA mwembe mwitu - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA mwembenyigo - PODOCARPUS LATlFOUUS mwenba - FAUREA SAUGNA mwenbinylgo - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS mwenge, mlema - COMBRETUM MOLLE mwerora - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA mweretsi - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA mweratzi - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA mweri weri - STROPHANTHUS EMINII mW0l8 - BRIDELIA MICRANTHA mwese wase - STROPHANTHUS EMINII mwesi - TREMA ORIENTALIS mwesu - TREMA ORIENTALIS mwati - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA

C - 16

mweupe, mkole - GREWIA BICOLORmweupe, mtalala - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMmweusi - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUMmweza - BRIDEL1A MICRANTHAmwezi TREMA ORIENTALISmwicha - KIGELIA AFRICANAmwiliweli - STROPHANTHUS EMINIImwiluti PRUNUS AFRICANAmwimbe - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRAmwingano - D1CHROSTACHYS CINEREAmwisa - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmwisya - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmwitu, mwembe - RAU VOLFIA CAFFRAmwitu, mzambarau - SYZYG1UM GUINEENSEmwitu, nyembe - TRICHILIA EMETICAmwiuti - PRUNUS AFRICANAmwiveli - STROPHANTHUS EMINIImwiwa-nonya - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAmwiwi - ADANSONIA DIGITATAmwiza - BRIDELIA MICRANTFIAmwoma - DALBERGIA NITIDULAmwull - MILICIA EXCELSAmwumo - FICUS THONNING11mwuwiye - ADANSONIA DIGITATAmyenze - BRACI-IYSTEGIA BOEHMIImyenzeyenze - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAmyigeya - K1GELIA AFRICANAmyofu - KHAYA ANTHOTHECAmyombo - BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMIImyombo - BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEImyombo BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISmyuguyugu - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAmyuyu - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIArnzambarai - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEnuambarao - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMmzambarau mwitu - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEmzarabo - SYZYGIUM GU1NEENSEmzatl - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMmzengute - KIGELIA AFRICANAmzenzatl - ENTADA ABYSSINICAmzeze - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMmzlaghembe OLEA EUROPAEAmzlma - TERMINALIA SERIOEAmzImdiwi - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICFORMISmzinga-zinga CORDIA AFRICANAmzingute - KIGELIA AFRICANAmziragembe OLEA EUROPAEAmzombo - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMISnuule - MILICIA EXCELSAmzululwa CROTON MACROSTACHYUSnamamwela - COMBRETUM MOLLEnaamo - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAnaamo - COMMIPHORA EMINIInaturne - BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMIInafumo BRACHYSTEG1A SPICIFORMISneganagachan - COMBRETUM MOLLEnanda - ACACIA ALB1DAnarmo - ACACIA XANTHOFHLOEAnary - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEAnasichand - BOSC1A MOSSAMBICENSISnasojan OLEA CAFENSISnatal mahogany - TFIICHILIA EMETICAndagula - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS

C - 1 7

LEXICON

ndaria VANGUERIA INFAUSTAndawiro - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISndelamwana LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIInderakwa - JUNIPERUS PROCERAndola - FICUS THONNINGIIndowo - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSISnduo SOLANUM INCANUMnduradura - ACACIA DREPANOLOB1UMnduruka - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAneemo - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAng wandu - ADANSONIA DIGITATAng'weeti - RAU VOLFIA CAFFRAngeba - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIAngembi - DAU3ERGIA MELANOXYLONngeregere - ACACIA N1LOTICAngivavi - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAngoma - COMMIPHORA EMINIIngoma, mwamba- ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAngovigovi - FLACOURTIA INDICAnguluka - SYZYGIUM GU1NEENSEngwicha - KIGELIA AFRICANArdimo - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAniimo - COMMIPHORA EMINI1njavokalla - RAU VOLFIA CAFFRAnjombe - FICUS SYCOMORUSnkola - AFZEL1A QUANZENSISnkolo - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEnkuba-nghubi LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAnkubangubi- LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAnkuma - RAU VOLFIA CAFFRAnkuro - OCOTEA USAMBARENSISnkwaati - TECLEA NOBILISnmali - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAnoge - JUNIPERUS PROCERAnruka - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAnsana - COMBRETUM ZEYHERInsayu - LANNEA SCHVVEINFURTHIInsabl - OCOTEA USAMBARENSISneceo - FAUREA SALIGNAnahlshl - TAMARfNDUS INDICAnao - JUNIPERUS PROCERAntalla - UAPACA KIRKLANAntondoo - KHAYA ANTHOTHECAntula - SOLANUM 1NCANUMnukl - PODOCARPUS LATWOLIUSnyaelaal - KHAYA ANTHOTHECAnyahumbu - E3ERCHEMIA DISCOLORnyakyusambuls, mbula - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAnyalulaal - PODOCARPUS LATIFOUUSnyamate - CORDIA SINENSISnyamfunga - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONnyamfunza DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONnyawera STROPHANTHUS EMINIInyernbe mwItu - TRICHILIA EMETICAnyijIva - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAnyuguyu - BALANITES AEGYPTIACAnzakata we mwana DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMISnziloi - CRO TON MEGALOCARPUSnzungwa - KIGELIA AFRICANAo remit - SALVADORA PERSICAcal - ACACIA MELUFERAoitlaska DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONokoo - BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR

mweupe, mkole - GREWIA BICOLOR mweupe, mtalela - SVZYGIUM CORDATUM mweusi - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUM mwez. - BRIDELIA MICRANTHA mwezi - TREMA ORIENTA LIS mwich. - KIGELIA AFRICANA mwillweli - STROPHANTHUS EMINII /nwiluti - PRUNUS AFRICANA mwimbe - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA mwingano - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA mwis. - BRIDELIA MICRANTHA mwisya - BRIDELIA MICRANTHA mwitu, mwembe - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA mwitu, mzambarau - SVZVGIUM GUINEENSE mwitu, nyemba - TRICHILIA EMETICA mwiuti - PRUNUS AFRICANA mwiveli - STROPHANTHUS EMINII mwiwa-nonya - BRIDELIA MICRANTHA mwiwi - ADANSONIA DIGITATA mwiza - BRIDELIA MICRANTHA mwoma - DALBERGIA NITIDULA mwuli - MILICIA EXCElSA mwumo ~ FICUS THONNINGII mwuwiye - ADANSONIA DIGITATA myenze - BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMII myenzeyenze - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA myigeya - KIGELIA AFRICANA myofu - KHAYA ANTHOTHECA myombo - BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMII myombo - BRACHYSTEGIA BUSSEI myombo - BRACHYSTEGIA SPiCIFORMIS myuguyugu - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA myuyu - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA mzamb8rai - SVZVGIUM GUINEENSE mzambareo - SVZVGIUM CORDATUM mzambarou mwitu - SVZYGIUM GUINEENSE /ntarebo - SVZYGIUM GUINEENSE mIstl- SVZVGIUM CORDATUM mzengute - KIGELIA AFRICANA mzenzatJ - ENTADA ABYSSINICA mIGZ" - SVZVGIUM CORDATUM mzlaghembe - OLEA EUROPAEA mzlma - TERMINAUA SERICEA mzlmdiwi - BRACHYSTEGIA SPlCIFORMIS mzingo-zlng8 - CORDIA AFRICANA mzingute - KIGELIA AFRICANA mziregambe - OLEA EUROPAEA mzombo - BRACHYSTEGIA SPICIFORMIS mzule - MILICIA EXCELSA mzululwa - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS namamwel. - COMBRETUM MOLLE nsamo - COMMIPHORA AFRICANA naoma - COMMIPHORA EMINII natuma - BRACHYSTEGIA BOEHMII nafumo - BRACHYSTEGIA SPiCIFORMIS nag.Mgsch.n· COMBRETUM MOLLE nand a - ACACIA ALBIDA norma - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA n6ry - ACACIA XANTHOPHLOEA n8siehand· BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSIS nasoJan - OLEA CAPENSIS nat&l mahogany - TRICHILIA EMETICA ndagul. - BRACHYSTEGIA SPiCIFORMIS

ndaria - VANGUERIA INFAUSTA ndawiro - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS ndelemwane - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII nderakwa - JUNIPERUS PROCERA ndola - FICUS THONNINGII ndowo - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS nduo - SOLANUM INCANUM nduradure - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUM nduruke - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA n.eemo - COMMIPHORA AFRICANA ng' wandu - ADANSONIA DIGITATA ng'weeti - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA ngabe - MARKHAMIA OBTUSIFOLIA ngembi - DALBERGIA MElANOXYLON ngeregers - ACACIA NILOTICA ngivavi - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA ngoma - COMMIPHORA EMINII ngoma, mwamba- - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA ngovigovi - FLACOURTIA INDICA nguluke - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSE ngwicha - KIGELIA AFRICANA nlimo - COMMIPHORA AFRICANA nlimo - COMMIPHORA EMINII njevokelia - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA njambe - FICUS SYCOMORUS nkola - AFZELIA QUANZENSIS nkolo - SVZVGIUM GUINEENSE nkubs-nghubi - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA nkubangubi - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA nkuma - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA nkuro - OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS nkw8ati - TECLEA NOBILIS nmali - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA noge - JUNIPERUS MOCERA nruke - ALBIZIA SCHIIVlPERANA nsana - COMBRETUIVl ZEYHERI nsayu - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII n ... bl - OCOTEA USAMBARENSIS nscso - FAUREA SA LIGNA nshl.hl - TAMARINDUS INDICA nso - JUNIPERUS PROCERA ntalla - UAPACA KlfIKIANA ntondoo - KHAYA ANlYl0THECA ntula - SOLANUM INCANUM nukl - PODOCARPUS LA TlfOlllJS nYaGls.l- KHAYA ANTHOTHECA nyahumbu - BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR

LEXICON

nyakyusambuls, mbula • PARINARI CURA TELLIFOLIA nyelulsei - PODOCARPUS LA TlFOLIIJS nyamete - CORDIA SINENSIS nyamfunga - DALBERGIA MELANOXYlON nyamfu02a - DAlBERGIA MELANOXYLON nyawera - STROPHANTHUS EMINII nyombe mwitu - TflICHILIA EMETICA nyijlv8 - BALANITES AEGYPTiACA nyuguyu - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA 02"«818 we mwana - DIOSPVROS MESPILIFORMIS milol - CROTON IVlEGALOCARPUS nzungwa - KIGELIA AFRICANA a ,emit - SALVADORA PERSICA olti· ACACIA MEltlfERA oitl •• ka - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON okoD - BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR

C·17


of elle - EUPHORBIA T1RUCALLIedema - XIMENIA AMERICANAol amai - XIMENIA AMERICANAolasili - ACACIA POLYACANTHAolbukoi - COMBRETUM MOLLEolbukoi - TERMINALIA SER10EAol chapukalyan - RAU VOLFIA CAFFRAoldeboi - KIGELIA AFRICANA01 darakwa - JUNIPERUS PROCERAot darboi KIGELIA AFRICANAoldepasi - ACACIA TORT1LISoldepesi - ACACIA TORTILISof durgo - CORDIA SINENSIScl durogo - CORDIA SINENSISal garlan- FAUREA SALIGNAol getural - ALBIZIA GIJMMIFERAal gnangobli - FICUS SYCOMORUSol gujuk - PRUNUS AFRICANAolerai - ACACIA TORT1LISolerai - ACACIA XI .11-10PHLOEAolgiloriti- ACACIA NILOTICAolgonste - ACACIA TORTILISolimisera ADANSON1A DIGITATAolive, brown - OLEA EUROPAEAolive, elgon - OLEA CAPENSISolive, wild - OLEA EUROPAEAoljabokelyan - RAU VOLFIA CAFFRAcl kijabe - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAolkiloriti - ACACIA NILOTICAolktonite - ACACIA NILOTICAolkoinye - EUCLEA DIVINORUMolkonjuku - PRUNUS AFRICANA

'oltelerol - FLACOURTIA INDICAol madanyi - VANGUER1A MADAGASCARIENSIScl mangulal FICUS SYCOMORUSolmangulai-oloing'oni GREWIA PLATYCLADAal merbalt - CROTON MEGALOCARPUScl mergeft - CROTON MEGALOCARPUSolmerorol COMBRETUM MOLLEolmeroroi - COMBRETUM ZEYHERIolmarubal CROTON MEGALOCARPUSol masembrei - TAMARINDUS ksIDICAolmesi - OLEA CAPENSIScl manta - TREMA ORIENTAL'Sol mergoft - CROTON MEGALOCARPUSokneeera - ADANSONIA DIGITATAol mesIgei RHUS NATALENS1Soknsogoni - WARBURG1A SALUTARISal nenboli - FICUS SYCOMORUSoIng'aboli FICUS VALLIS-CHOUDAEoing'oewe BALAMTES AEGYPTIACAoIng'weng'wenyi - ACACIA GERRARD!'oingeboli - ERYTHRINA ABYSSIN1CAoIngaboli - FICUS SYCOMORUSoloblego - CROTON MACROSTACHYUSoIobord ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAol ollondoi - OLEA EIJROPAEAolol OLEA EUROPAEAololle - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLIoloiyagiyap CROTON MACROSTACHYUS°lollop* - CROTON MACROSTACHYUSoboliondol - OLEA CAPERS'Sotolyapiyaol - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS

C - 18

°lotion" OLEA EUROPAEAolowani ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAolperelong'o - ALBIZIA HARVEY'al sanguuwezi - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAolsanguwesi - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA01 tarakwa - JUNIPERUS PROCERAoftatakwai JUNIPERUS PROCERAottiaska - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONomosaruwa LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIIomugu ACACIA POLYACANTHAomuhohwe - TFIEMA ORIENTALISomuhuwe - TREMA ORIENTAL'Somunazi - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAomushesho - RHUS NATALENSISomuzo - TECLEA NOBILISorbochandi - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIIoreteti - FICUS THONNINGIIorieni, oloi OLEA EUROPAEAormatoo AZANZA G,ARCKEANAormelelek - ACACIA LAHAIormiskjiyol RHUS NATALENSISorokutuno - SYZYG1UM CORDATUMomidpiri - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSorrohtto - VITEX DONIANAos siteti - GREWIA BICOLORosanguoisi - ALBIZIA PETERSIANAosangupesi ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAosangupeai - ALBIZIA PETERSIANAosangupesi ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAosilalei - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAosilatei COMMIPHORA TROTHAEosimihhi - ALBIZIA PETERSIANAosIminde GREWIA BICOLORositeti - GREW/A MOLL1S°solo° EUCLEA DIVINORUMosonjol CASSIPOUREA MALOSANApaperbark Thom - ACACIA SIEBERANApeacock flower - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERApencil cedar, africen - JUNIPERUS PROCERApepperbark tree WARBURGIA SALUTARISplgeonwood - TREMA ORIENTAL'Splains bamboo - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAplum, black - VITEX DONIANAplum, Indian - FLACOURTIA INDICAplum, mboto - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIAplum, large sour - XIMEMA CAFFRAplum, ameg sour - XIMENIA AMERICANAplum, wiki - XIMENIA AMERICANApod - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLKJSpod, wing - XERODERRIS STUHLMANNIIpodo PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSpoker tree, redhot - ERYTHR1NA ABYSSINICApoyi DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONpuguswe - FLACOURTIA INDICAq'oya - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONgerbu - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUMquenqued - ERYTIIRINA ABYSSWICAquanquzl - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICAquarri, maglo - EUCLEA DIVINORUMquInkte tree - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRAWTI tree - LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSAred cuffent - RHUS NATALENSISred-hot-poker tree - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA


01 aile - EUPHORBIA TlRUCALLI olama - XIMENIA AMERICANA 01 amai - XIMENIA AMERICANA ola.iIi - ACACIA POLYACANTHA olbukol - COMBRETUM MOLLE olbukoi - TERMINALIA SERICEA 01 chspukalyan - RAUVOlFIA CAFFRA old abo I - KIGELIA AFRICANA 01 darai<w8 - JUNIPERUS PROCERA 01 delboi - KIGELIA AFRICANA oklepa81 - ACACIA TORTILIS 0ldep8si - ACACIA TORTILIS 01 durgo - CORDIA SINENSIS 0' durogo - CORDIA SINENSIS 01 garian - FAUREA SALIGNA 01 gatural - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA o~ gnangobll - FICUS SYCOMORUS 01 lIujuk - PRUNUS AFRICANA oleral - ACACIA TORTILIS oloral - ACACIA Xt. ,rriOPHlOEA oigiloriti • ACACIA NILOTICA olgorato - ACACIA TORTILIS olimiaor .. - ADANSONIA DIGITATA oJ/ve, brown - OLEA EUROPAEA olive, algon - OLEA CAPENSIS olive, wild - OLEA EUROPAEA oljllbokalyan - RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA 01 kijaba - HAGENIA ABYSSINICA olkiloriti - ACACIA NILOTICA olklonita - ACACIA NILOTICA olkoiny" - EUCLEA DIVINORUM olkonjuku - PRUNUS AFAICANA 'ollelerol - FLACOURTIA INDICA 01 madanyi - VANGUERIA MADAGASCARIENSIS 01 mangulal - FICUS SYCOMORUS olmangulal-oloing'onl- GREWIA PLATYCLADA 01 marbait - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS 01 margalt - CROTON MEGALOCARPUS olm.rorol - COMBRETUM MOLLE olmsrorol - COMBRETUM ZEYHERI olmarubal • CROTON MEGAlOCARPUS 01 m ••• mbr.' - TAMARINDUS INDICA olm .. 1 - OLEA CAPENSIS 01 matat" - TREMA ORIENTA LIS 01 mergolt - CROTON MEGAlOCARPUS olmeaar. - ADANSONIA OIGITATA 01 me.lgei - RHUS NATALENSIS olmaegoni - WARBURGIA SAlUTARIS 01 nsnboll - FICUS SYCOMORUS olng'aboll- FICUS VAlLl5-CHOUDAE olng'oawa - BALANITES AEGYPTIACA olng'weng'wenyl- ACACIA GERRARD I! olngaboli - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA olngaboH • FICUS SYCOMORUS oloblago - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS oloborn - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA 01 ollonclol - OLEA EUROPAEA 0101 orlern - OLEA EUROPAEA ololle - EUPHORBIA TlRUCALLI ololyaplyap - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS oloUapo - CROTON MACROSTACHYUS olollonclol - OLEA CAPENSIS ololyaplyap! - CROTON MACROSTACl:lYUS

olorian! - OLEA EUROPAEA olowani • ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA olparalong'o· ALBIZIA HARVEYI 01 canguuwezl • ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA ol.anguw.sl • AlBIZIA SCHIMPERANA 01 tarakw8 • JUNIPERUS PROCERA oitatokwai • JUNIPERUS PROCERA oiti •• k •• DAlBERGIA MElANOXYlON omo •• ruw8 • lANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII omugu· ACACIA POlYACANTHA omuhohwe • TREMA ORIENTALIS omuhuwe· TREMA ORIENTA LIS omunazi· PAAINARI CURATElLiFOLIA omushesha· RHUS NATALENSIS omuzo • TECLEA NOBILIS orboch.ndi· LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII oratetl· FICUS THONNINGII oneni, oloi • OLEA EUROPAEA ormotoo • AZANZA G,ARCKEANA ormelelek • ACACIA LAHAI ormlsigiyoi' RHUS NATALENSIS orokutuno· SVZVGIUM CORDATUM orpiripin' PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUS orrolmo • VITEX DONIANA os siteti - GREWIA BICOLOR o •• ngool,l· ALBIZIA PETERSIANA o •• ngupesi· ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA oBangupesi· ALBIZIA PETERS lANA oaangupesi • ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA olilalei • COMMIPHORA AFRICANA 0811."'1 • COMMIPHORA TROTHAE osimihhi • AlBlZlA PETERS lANA ollminde • GREWIA BICOLOR oliteti - GREWIA MOlLiS oaojoo • EUCLEA DIVINORUM 080njol • CASSIPOUREA MALOSANA paperbark thom • ACACIA SIEBERANA peaeock flower· ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA pencil cedar, .tOOan - JUNIPERUS PROCERA papper-bark tree • WARBURGIA SALUTARIS pigeonwood - TREMA ORIENTALIS plains bamboo - OXYTENANTHERA ABVSSINICA plum, black - VITEX DONIANA plum, indian - FLACOURTIA INDICA plum, mbol. - PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA plum, large IOU!' - XIMENIA CAFFRA plum, email lOur - XIMENIA AMERICANA plum, wild • XIMENIA AMERICANA pod • POOOCARPUS LA TlFOLIUS pod, wing • XERODERRIS STUHLMANNII podo· PODOCARPUS LATtfOllUS poker tree, red-hat - ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA poy; • DAlBERGIA MELANOXYlON pugu8wa - FLACOURTIA INDICA q'oya· DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON qarbu - ACACIA DAEPANOLOBIUM quanqueri • ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA quenquzl • ERYTHRINA ABY8SINICA quMi, magic· EUCLEA DIVINORUM qulnlne tree - RAUVOLFIA CAFFAA rain tree • LONCHOCARPUS CAPASSA red currant· RHUS NATALENSIS red'hot-poker tree • ERYTHRINA ABYSSINICA

c - 18

red mahogany - KHAYA ANTHOTHECAred stinkwood - PRUNUS AFRICANAred thorn - ACACIA GERRARDIIred thorn - ACACIA LAHAIrubber hedge eliphorbia - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLIsaangati - ILEX MITISsagonai - WARBURGIA SALUTARISsahati - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAsahati - OLEA EUROPAEAsahati - OLEA CAPENSISsahhati - OLEA EUROPAEAsaklena - FICUS SYCOMORUSsamberau - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEsangetmo - BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSISsangupesi - ALBIZIA PETERSIANAsangupesi - ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANAsanzavi - ACACIA TORTILISsapu - EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLIserai - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAsarakwi - TERMINALIA SERICEAsasi - OLEA CAPENSISsausage tree - KIGELIA AFRICANAscented thorn - ACACIA NILOTICAsei - CORDIA AFRICANAselemuka - JUNIPERUS PROCERAsemit - JUNIPERUS PROCERAsenafu - OLEA EUROPAEAsengamino - BRIDELIA MICRANTHAsengati - ILEX MITISsense - FAUREA SALIGNAseise - FAUREA SALIGNAsickle bush - DICHROSTACHYS CINEREAsickle-leaved albizia - ALBIZIA HARVEY!siegl - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSsilver tarminalia - TERMINALIA SERICEAsimbakigulu - SALVADORA PERSICAsinglet' - ACACIA SIEBERANAsinyanyi - EUCLEA DIVINORUMeiponda - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAeirongi arnbalung - RHUS NATALENSISelarakaha TREMA ORIENTAL'SsmaIl-fruited tecleo - TECLEA NOBILIS¡mili sourplum - XIMENIA AMERICANAsnot apple - AZANZA GARCKEANAsokanay - WARBURGIA SALUTARISaokhairno - FLACOURTIA INDICAsonad - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEeongejaye - HAGENIA ABYSSINICAsod - ALBIZIA GUMMPFERAsourpkim, largo - XIMENIA CAFFRAcourplum, email - XIMENIA AMERICANAscurvy, wild - ANNONA SENEGALENSISstaswa - FLACOURTIA INDICAstinkwood, red - PRUNUS AFRICANAatrangler fig - FICUS 71-10NNINGIIaurigute - TRICHILIA EMETICAsycamore fig - FICUS SYCOMORUSsyringa, wild - BURKEA AFRICANAteowl - TRICHILIA EMETICAtahhumo - ACACIA ALBIDAtahhumo - ACACIA SIEBERANAtarneriral - TAMARINDUS INDICAtornbaragl - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII

C - 19

LEXICON

tarnurno mhembete - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONtarantu - XIMENIA AMERICANAtawaso PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUStelea, small fruited - TELEA NOBILISteteko - COMBRETUM ZEYHERItetekurini - COMBRETUM MOLLEthigii - LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHIIthogi - AZANZA GARCKEANAthom, black - ACACIA MELLIFERAthom, hook - ACACIA MELLIFERAthom, paperbark - ACACIA SIEBERANAthom, red - ACACIA GERRARD!'thom, red - ACACIA LAHAIthorn, scented - ACACIA NILOTICAthom, umbrella - ACACIA ABYSSINICAthom, umbrella - ACACIA TORTILISthorn, white - ACACIA POLYACANTFIAthom, winter - ACACIA ALBIDAtiita - FICUS THONNINGEtimbui timbui - XIMENIA AMERICANAtiaghy - AZANZA GARCKEANAtlaheri - ALBIZIA HARVEY'tlahmo - ACACIA ALBIDAtiongetimo - BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSIStleharimo - ALBIZIA HARVEY!tlehharirno - ACACIA ALBIDAtoothbrush tree - SALVADORA PERSICAtope-tope - ANNONA SENEGALENSIStree entada - ENTADA ABYSSINICAtree hibiscus - AZANZA GARCKEANAtsalmo - OLEA CAPENSIStsantsafi - ACACIA TORTILIStsapenai - FLACOURTIA INDICAtsagayand - ACACIA NILOTICAtsar' - ALBIZIA GUMMIFERAtuhalmo - ALBVIA HARVEY'tundulu - COMMIPHORA AFRICANAtundwa - XIMENIA CAFFRAtuungulamba RAUVOLFIA CAFFRAuclubogute - GREWIA PLATYCLADAukwozu - TAMARINDUS INDICAulula - ACACIA DREPANOLOMMumanazi - PARINARI CURATELLWOLIAumbrella thom - ACACIA ABYSSINICAumbrella thorn - ACACIA TORTILISumbulo - PARINARI CURATELLWOLIAumubanga - PERICOPSIS ANGOLENSISunhungu - DALBERGIA NMDULAutupe mwasi - EUPHORBIA TRUCALLIutupa - EUPHORBIA PRUCALLIviru - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAvitex - VITEX DONIANAvulula - ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUMvulula wapi - ACACIA DREPANOLOBILIMwahari - TECLEA NOBILISware' - PRUNUS AFRICANAwerembu - DALBERGIA ARBUTIFOLIAwatarbarni - SYZYGIUM CORDATUMwow-Boom - SYZYGIUM BUINEENSEwatorpoar - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSEwa mwana, nzakale DIOSPYROS WESPILIFORMISwhFro thom - ACACIA POINACANTHAwild almond - BERCHEMIA DISCOLOR

red mahogany· KHAYA ANTHOTHECA red stinkwood • PRUNUS AFRICANA red thorn· ACACIA GERRARDII red thorn· ACACIA LAHAI rubber hedge e'uphorbi •• EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI s.angati • ILEX MITIS sagonai· WARBURGIA SALUTARIS sahati • ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA sahati • OLEA EUROPAEA .ahati • OLEA CAPEN SIS •• hhati • OLEA EUROPAEA •• klan •• FICUS SYCOMORUS •• mb.rau • SVZVGIUM GUINEENSE •• ngetmo • BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSIS .angup.si· ALBIZIA PETERSIANA .angupe.i· ALBIZIA SCHIMPERANA ,.nzav; • ACACIA TORTIUS ,apu· EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI .arai • ALBIZIA GUMMIFERA •• rakwi • TERMINALIA SERICEA .a.i· OLEA CAPENSIS sausage tree· KIGELIA AFRICANA .cented thorn· ACACIA NILOTICA sei • CORDIA AFRICANA selemuk •• JUNIPERUS PRO CERA semit • JUNIPERUS PROCERA senefu • OLEA EUROPAEA sengamino • BRIDELIA MICRANTHA sengatl • ILEX MITIS sense· FAUREA SA LIGNA sese· FAUREA SALIGNA sickle bush· DICHROSTACHYS CINEREA sk:kle-Ieaved slbizia • ALBIZIA HARVEYI siegl • PODOCARPUS LA TIFOLIUS silver terminslio • TERMINALIA SERICEA simbaki{lulu· SALVADORA PER SICA slngilrti· ACACIA SIEBERANA sinysnyi • EUCLEA DIVINORUM siponda • COMMIPHORA AFRICANA slrongl ambelung· RHUS NATAlENSIS olar.keh,,· TREMA ORIENTALIS small-fruited tecl<>a • TECLEA NOBILIS am,," sOUfjllum • XIMENIA AMERICANA enot lIIlpkl • AZAraA GARCI(EANA sokanDY' WAABURGIA SALUTARIS so!maimo • FLACOURTIA INDICA sonari • SVZVGIUM GUINEENSE songejaye • HAGENIA ABYSSINICA $Or! • ALBIZIA GUMMIfERA sour ilium, largs •. XIMENIA CAFFRA &oulplum, ~m6" • XIMENIA AMERICANA oourBoll, wild· ANNONA SENEGALENSIS sta.wa • FLACOURTIA INDICA .linkwood, fed· PRUNUS AFRICANA strangler fit:! • FICUS THONNINGII soogut ... mlCHILIA EMETICA aycamor" fig • FICUS SYCOMORUS syringa, wild - BURKEA AFRICANA t&owi - mlCHILlA EMETICA t"hhumo - ACACIA AlBIDA tahhun10 • ACACIA SfEB<:MNA tamarind· TAMARflIJDUS INDICA tsmbareol • LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII

LEXICON

tamumo mhembete • DALBERGIA MELANOXYLON tarantu • XIMENIA AMERICANA tawaso· PODOCARPUS LATIFOUUS telea, small fruited· THEA NOBILIS teteko • COMBRETUM ZEYHERI tetekuriru • COMBRETUM MOllE thigii • LANNEA SCHWEINFURTHII thogi • AZANZA GARCKEANA thorn, black· ACACIA MElUFERA thorn, hook· ACACIA MELLIFERA thorn, paperbar1< • ACACIA SIEBERANA thorn, red· ACACIA GERRARDII thorn, red· ACACIA LAHAI thorn, scented· ACACIA NILOTICA thorn, umbrella· ACACIA ABYSSINICA thorn, umbrella· ACACIA TORTIUS thorn, white· ACACIA POLYACANTHA thorn, winter· ACACIA ALB IDA tiita • FICUS THONNINGII timbui timbui • XIMENIA AMERICANA tlaghy • AZANZA GARCKEANA tlaheri • ALBIZIA HARVEYI tlahmo • ACACIA ALBIDA tlangetimo • BOSCIA MOSSAMBICENSIS tleharimo • ALBIZIA HARVEYI tlehharimo • ACACIA ALBIDA toothbrush tree' SALVADORA PERSICA tope·tope· ANNONA SENEGALENSIS tree entade • ENTADA ABYSSINICA tree hibiscus· AZANZA GARCKEANA tsalmo • OLEA CAPENSIS t.antsafi • ACACIA TORTI US !sapenai • FLACOURTIA INDICA tseqayand • ACACIA NILOTICA tson • ALBIZIA GUMMIFEAA tuhelmo • ALBIZIA HARVEYI tundulu • COMMIPHORA AFRICANA tundw •• XIMENIA CAFFRA tuungulsmba • RAUVOLFIA CAFFRA udubogute - GREWIA PLATYCLADA ukw"zu • TAMARll'mUS INDICA ulule • ACACIA DREPANOLOB.'UM umanozi· PARINARI CUAATELLIFOLIA umbrella thom • ACACIA A8YSSINICA umbrella thom - ACACIA TORTILIS umbula· PARINARI CURATELLIFOLIA umubenll8 • FERICOI'SIS ANGOLENSIS unhuogu • OALBERGIA NITIOULA utupe mwe.i • EUPHOFll!IA TIflUCALLI utupa· EUPHORBIA mUCAllI vim· VANGUERIA INFAlJSTA vitex • VITEX DONIANA wlula • ACACIA DREPANOlOBIUM vulule wapi· ACACIA OREPANOLOBIUM wahari • TECLEA NOBIUS wmml - PRUNUS AFRICANA war.mbu • DALBERGIA ARBUTIFOLIA wmarb<lny· SVZVGtuM CORDATUM wmorboom • SYZVGtuM GUINEENSE wme",,,., - SVZVGIUM GUINEENSE we mwano, nukels • DIOSPVI\OS MESPILIFORMIS whit" thom· ACACIA POLYACANTHA wild almond· IllERCHEMIA DISCOLOR

C·19


wild bamboo - OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICAwild custard apple - ANNONA SENEGALENSISwild fig, common - FICUS THONNINGIIwild loquat - UAPACA KIRKIANAwild mediar - VANGUERIA INFAUSTAwild olive OLEA EUROPAEAwild plum - XIMENIA AMERICANAwild soursop - ANNONA SENEGALENSISwild syringa BURKEA AFRICANAwing pod - XERODERRIS STUHLMANNIIwinterthom - ACACIA ALBIDAwoodland waterberry - SYZYGIUM GUINEENSExaxabo - AZANZA GARCKEANAyellow wood, east african - PODOCARPUS LATIFOLIUSyudegi - ACACIA MELLIFERAyudek - ACACIA MELLIFERAzahhati - OLEA EUROPAEAzebra wood - DALBERGIA MELANOXYLONziloi CROTON MEGALOCARPUS

C - 20

INDIGENOUS MULTIPURPOSE TRfES Of'TANZANIA

wild bamboo· OXYTENANTHERA ABYSSINICA wild custard apple' ANNONA SENEGALENSIS wild fig, common· FICUS THONNINGII wild loquat· UAPACA KIRKIANA wild medlar· VANGUERIA INFAUSTA wild olive· OLEA EUROPAEA wild plum· XIMENIA AMERICANA wild soursop • ANNONA SENEGALENSIS wild syringa· BURKEA AFRICANA wing pod· XERODERRIS STUHLMANNII winterthom • ACACIA ALBIDA woodland waterberry • SVZVGIUM GUINEENSE xaxabo· AZANZA GARCKEANA yellow wood, east african· PODOCARPUS LA TIFOLIUS yudegi • ACACIA MELLIFERA yudek • ACACIA MELLIFERA zahhati • OLEA EUROPAEA zebra wood· DALBERGIA MElANOXYLON ziloi • CROTON MEGALOCARPUS

C·20

Cultural Survival Canada and Devlopment Services Foundation of Tanzania

Acacia/ahai

Cultural Survival Canada and Devlopment Services Foundation of Tanzania

D/V2595E11/9.93/200DfV2595E11/9.93/200

indigenous multipurpose trees of tanzania: uses and

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