individual drug info fall 2013. similar properties across drugs withdrawal (physical dependence)...
TRANSCRIPT
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INDIV
IDUAL D
RUG INFO
FALL
2013
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SIMILAR PROPERTIES ACROSS DRUGS
Withdrawal (physical dependence)
Psychological dependenceTolerance
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FormsAvailabilityDEA ScheduleEffectsAcuteChronicOverdosePersons
Photo, originally taken by Thoric, available to use in the public domain
DIFFERENCES
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METHAMPH
ETAMIN
E
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METHAMPHETAMINE
Famous/notorious for laboratory production, short-term dopamine effects & long-term effects
Stimulant (blood pressure, heart rate, alertness)
DEA: Schedule II substance (Dexoxyn: ADD, narcolepsy, weight control)
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METHAMPHETAMINE ACUTE EFFECTS
Intense high/euphoria May last up to 12 hours (longer than cocaine) Meth Inside and Out video describing effects
Comparison: meth vs cocaine,Brookhaven National Laboratory, 2008
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METHAMPHETAMINE CHRONIC EFFECTS
Chronic users may experience hallucinations, rage, paranoia, heart “meth mouth;” brain cell death; damage to dopamine-, serotonin-containing nerve cells
Crank Bugs (Meth Project) Meth Mouth (Meth Project) Ashley’s Story (Meth Project) Research supports both brain damage as well as lack of brain
damage
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LSD
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• Albert Hoffman: “Last Friday, April 16,1943, I was forced to interrupt my work in the laboratory in the middle of the afternoon and proceed home, being affected by a remarkable restlessness, combined with a slight dizziness. At home I lay down and sank into a not unpleasant intoxicated-like condition, characterized by an extremely stimulated imagination. In a dreamlike state, with eyes closed (I found the daylight to be unpleasantly glaring), I perceived an uninterrupted stream of fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopic play of colors. After some two hours this condition faded away.”
LSD
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LSD
• Schedule I hallucinogen synthesized in 1930s• Manufacturing secretive: Nick Sand (National
Geographic)• LSD famous/notorious for its short-term effects• Visual hallucinations (images, color, light)• Altered perception of senses• “Seeing sounds, hearing colors”• Color, size of objects
• Altered perception of time, depth• Potential anxiety/panic• Experiences can vary widely• Serotonin receptors may be excited or inhibited• LSD experimentation on British soldiers (YouTube.com)
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LSD
Chronic effects may involve flashbacks Sudden onset of abnormal perceptions Persistent flashbacks known as Hallucinogen Persisting Perception
Disorder
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CONTROVERSIAL FIGURE
Carl Hart, Columbia University (YouTube)
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2C-I
4-IODO-2
,5-D
IMET
HOXYPHENET
HYLAM
INE
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• “Smiles”• Synthetic
substance• Usually inhaled
or taken orally; may also be taken via blotter paper
• Stimulant & hallucinogenic properties
• Schedule I
2C-I
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• Impacts dopamine & serotonin
• Onset of effects may not be immediate, triggering overdose
• Little information on brain impact
• Additives, chemical changes make drug unpredictable, similar to bath salts
2C-I
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MDMA
3,4-M
ETHYL
ENEDIOXY-N
-METH
YLAMPH
ETAMIN
E
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• Molly, Ecstasy, Thizz
• Synthetic drug
• Stimulant and hallucinogenic properties
MDMA
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MDMA
Acute effects on the brain Increased serotonin release Increased dopamine release Increased norepinephrine release Effects will vary since formula is not standardized or
regulated Effects will vary based on the synthetic nature of
substance MDMA-assisted therapy (Multidisciplinary Association
for Psychedelic Studies, video; 0-2:00; 14 subjects, per website)
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MDMA
Chronic effects are controversial, per Carl Hart Well-circulated animal studies showing neuron
damage
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SYNTHETICS ARE CURRENTLY POPULAR
2C-I, MDMA, bath salts, synthetic cannabis
Lower price (think about economy’s influence)
Drug popularity changes with time (synthetics were popular in 1970s)
Health-related issues will subsequently ebb and flow as drugs move in and out of favor
That acknowledged, some can be devastating: Krokodil (CBS, 2013)
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CANNABIS
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Cannabis sativa Different
subspecies/varietals used for clothing vs drug use
Active ingredient: THC
DEA: Schedule I
Despite state regulations, marijuana still federally illegal
CANNABIS
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CANNABIS (SOURCE: PROCON.ORG)
Alaska (98) Montana (04)
Arizona (10) Nevada (00)
California (96) New Hampshire (13)
Colorado (00) New Jersey (10)
Connecticut (12) New Mexico (07)
Delaware (11) Oregon (98)
Hawaii (00) Rhode Island (06)
Illinois (13) Vermont (04)
Maine (99) Washington (98)
Michigan (08) Washington, DC (10)
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CANNABIS
THS acts on cannabinoid receptors, increases dopamine, serotonin
Increases appetiteASAP Science: Your Brain on Marijuana (via YouTube)Chronic effects: respiratory distress, mood swings,
memory & other cognitive factors may be affected (potential hippocampus damage)
Overdose generally doesn’t occur Large amount required Smoking a lot may induce sleepiness Eating too much may trigger nausea, vomiting Q13 News story, Michigan Mixing any chemical substances can potentially cause a
problem
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MUSHROOMS
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Psilocybin/psilocin are two active psychoactive substances found in “magic mushrooms”
Couple dozen speciesTaken orallyRecognized for centuriesProbably used in religious ritesHallucinogenSchedule I
MUSHROOMS
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MUSHROOMS
Acute effects: Relaxation Altered perception of reality Altered perception of time Sense of connection to others/universe Visual hallucinations (images, color, light) Potential for anxiety and subsequent panic, heart rate & blood pressure
increase
Chronic effects: A “bad trip” may trigger fear Hallucinogens may exacerbate mental illness
Being investigated as treatment for OCD, depression, smoking cessation
Johns Hopkins Psilocybin Cancer Project (via YouTube, 0:30-4:03)