individual drug info
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Individual Drug Info. Winter 2014. Similar Properties Across Drugs. Withdrawal (physical dependence) Psychological dependence Tolerance. Differences. Forms Availability DEA Schedule Effects Acute Chronic Overdose - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Individual Drug InfoIndividual Drug InfoWinter 2014
Similar Properties Across Similar Properties Across DrugsDrugsWithdrawal (physical
dependence)Psychological dependenceTolerance
DifferencesDifferences
FormsAvailabilityDEA ScheduleEffects
◦Acute◦Chronic◦Overdose
Photo, originally taken by Thoric, available to use in the public domain
MethamphetamineMethamphetamine
MethamphetamineMethamphetamine Famous/notorious for laboratory production, short-
term dopamine effects & long-term effects Stimulant (blood pressure, heart rate, alertness) DEA: Schedule II substance (Desoxyn: ADD,
narcolepsy, weight control)
Methamphetamine acute Methamphetamine acute effectseffects Intense high/euphoria
◦ May last up to 12 hours (longer than cocaine)◦ Meth Inside and Out video describing effects
Energetic, talkative, excitable Insomnia Increased heart rate, blood pressure Sweating Dry mouth Jaw clenching Nausea, vomiting Comparison: meth vs cocaine,Brookhaven
National Laboratory, 2008Overdose DAWN: “stimulants including amphetamines and
methamphetamine” led to 93,562 emergency department visits in 2009
Methamphetamine chronic Methamphetamine chronic effectseffects Chronic users may experience hallucinations, rage,
paranoia, heart “meth mouth;” damage to dopamine-, serotonin-containing nerve cells◦ Crank Bugs (Meth Project)◦ Meth Mouth (Meth Project)◦ Ashley’s Story (Meth Project)◦ Research supports both brain damage as well as lack of
brain damage
Methamphetamine Methamphetamine Chronic EffectsChronic Effects
Before & After Photos
Before and After Photos
3 Years and 5 months after starting methMeth Awareness Prevention Project: http://www.mappsd.org/Faces%20of%20Meth.htm
Before and After
17 months after starting methMeth Awareness Prevention Project: http://www.mappsd.org/Faces%20of%20Meth.htm
Before and After
3 months laterMeth Awareness Prevention Project: http://www.mappsd.org/Faces%20of%20Meth.htm
LSDLSD
LSDLSD• Albert Hoffman: “Last Friday,
April 16,1943, I was forced to interrupt my work in the laboratory in the middle of the afternoon and proceed home, being affected by a remarkable restlessness, combined with a slight dizziness. At home I lay down and sank into a not unpleasant intoxicated-like condition, characterized by an extremely stimulated imagination. In a dreamlike state, with eyes closed (I found the daylight to be unpleasantly glaring), I perceived an uninterrupted stream of fantastic pictures, extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopic play of colors. After some two hours this condition faded away.”
LSDLSD• Schedule I hallucinogen synthesized in 1930s
• Manufacturing secretive: Nick Sand (National Geographic, 3:39)
• LSD acute effects• Visual hallucinations (images, color, light)• Altered perception of senses
• “Seeing sounds, hearing colors”• Color, size of objects
• Altered perception of time, depth• Potential anxiety/panic• Experiences can vary widely• Serotonin receptors may be excited or inhibited• LSD experimentation on British soldiers (YouTube.com)
Overdose◦ Thought to be rare, but some individuals may not respond
well, or may experience problems if drug is different than LSD
◦ DAWN: 4,028 emergency department visits in 2009
LSDLSDChronic effects may involve
flashbacks◦Sudden onset of abnormal
perceptions◦Hallucinogen Persisting Perception
Disorder Visual images remain longer than in
consciousness Dr. Henry Abraham (Tufts University)
blog
MDMAMDMA3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine
MDMAMDMA
• Molly, Ecstasy, Thizz
• Synthetic drug• Stimulant and
hallucinogenic properties
MDMAMDMAAcute effects:
◦ Euphoria◦ Feelings of empathy/warmth toward others◦ Jaw clenching◦ Increased heart rate, blood pressure, perceived energy◦ Common “rave” or similar environment can lead to excessive
physical activity, dehydration, increased body temperature◦ Blurred vision/involuntary eye movement◦ Effects will vary since formula is not standardized or regulated◦ Effects will vary based on the synthetic nature of substance◦ MDMA-assisted therapy (Multidisciplinary Association for
Psychedelic Studies, video; 0-2:00; 14 subjects, per website)
Overdose◦ DAWN: 17,865 emergency department visits in 2008
MDMAMDMA Chronic effects
◦ Depression
◦ Anxiety
◦ Sleep issues
◦ Effects controversial, per Carl Hart, Columbia University (YouTube)
◦ Well-circulated animal studies showing neuron damage
Synthetics are currently Synthetics are currently popularpopular 2C-I, MDMA, bath salts, synthetic cannabis Lower price (think about economy’s influence) Drug popularity changes with time (synthetics were
popular in 1970s) Health-related issues will subsequently ebb and flow
as drugs move in and out of favor That acknowledged, some can be devastating:
Krokodil (CBS, 2013)
cannabiscannabis
CannabisCannabis Cannabis sativa
◦ Different subspecies/varietals used for clothing vs drug use
Active ingredient: THC DEA: Schedule I Despite state
regulations, marijuana still federally illegal
Medical cannabis Medical cannabis (12/13/13, source: procon.org)(12/13/13, source: procon.org)
Alaska (98) Montana (04)
Arizona (10) Nevada (00)
California (96) New Hampshire (13)
Colorado (00) New Jersey (10)
Connecticut (12) New Mexico (07)
Delaware (11) Oregon (98)
Hawaii (00) Rhode Island (06)
Illinois (13) Vermont (04)
Maine (99) Washington (98)
Michigan (08) Washington, DC (10)
CannabisCannabisAcute effectsTHC acts on cannabinoid receptors, increases dopamine, serotoninIncreases appetiteEuphoria, may be followed by sedation/relaxationDizziness, lack of coordinationEyes glazed, redShort-term memory issuesASAP Science: Your Brain on Marijuana (via YouTube)Overdose Doesn’t generally doesn’t occur◦Large amount required◦Smoking a lot may induce sleepiness◦Eating too much may trigger nausea, vomiting◦Q13 News story, Michigan Mixing any chemical substances can potentially cause a problemDAWN: Over 400,000 emergency department visits, 2011
CannabisCannabisChronic effectsRespiratory distressMood swingsImpaired memory (potential hippocampus damage)Loss of motivation, sex drive2011 NIMH/NIDA study
◦Daily use may reduce brain receptor number
◦Receptors regenerated with cessation◦ Society of Nuclear Medicine. "Chronic marijuana smoking affects brain chemistry,
molecular imaging shows." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 13 June 2011. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110606131705.htm>.
HeroinHeroin
HeroinHeroinNarcoticSynthesized from morphine in late
1800’s◦ Morphine synthesized from opium poppy◦ Heroin 10x more powerful than morphine◦ Was thought to be less addictive◦ After many people became addicted,
heroin was outlawed in 1920’s◦ Drug Ads (wings.buffalo.edu)
Schedule I
Heroin AvailabilityHeroin AvailabilityDEA reports
most heroin in US comes from Mexico
At left, estimates of heroin production in Mexico, metric tons (USDOJ)
HeroinHeroinAcute effectsEuphoriaSlow, shallow respirationAnalgesiaSkin flushing/rednessStuporDry mouthNausea/vomiting
OverdoseFrequently occurs when mixing with other substancesDAWN: 258,482 emergency department visits, 2011
Heroin: Chronic EffectsHeroin: Chronic EffectsRespiratory
problemsCollapsed veins
from injectionHigh rate of
injection use leads to increased disease transmission risk
MushroomsMushrooms
MushroomsMushrooms Psilocybin/psilocin are
two active psyhoacticve substances found in “magic mushrooms”
Couple dozen species Taken orally Recognized for centuriesProbably used in religious rites Hallucinogen Schedule I
MushroomsMushrooms Acute effects:
◦ Relaxation◦ Altered perception of reality◦ Altered perception of time◦ Sense of connection to others/universe◦ Visual hallucinations (images, color, light)◦ Potential for anxiety and subsequent panic, heart
rate & blood pressure increase Chronic effects:
◦ A “bad trip” may trigger fear◦ Hallucinogens may exacerbate mental illness
Being investigated as treatment for OCD, depression, smoking cessation◦ Johns Hopkins Psilocybin Cancer Project (via
YouTube, 0:30-4:03)
2C-I2C-I4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine
2C-I2C-I• 2,5-dimethoxy-4-
iodophenethylamine
• “Smiles”• Synthetic
substance• Usually inhaled or
taken orally; may also be taken via blotter paper
• Stimulant & hallucinogenic properties
• Schedule I
2C-I2C-I• Impacts dopamine &
serotonin• Onset of effects may
not be immediate, triggering overdose
• Little information on brain impact
• Additives, chemical changes make drug unpredictable, similar to bath salts
2C-I2C-I
Short-term effects:Stimulant effects on heart rate, blood pressurePotential gastrointestinal effects (nausea, indigestion)At higher doses, hallucinogenic effectsVery little known about chronic effects