indo-european lexicon: pokorny master pie etyma

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Indo-European LexiconPokorny Master PIE EtymaThe table below lists Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etyma adapted from Julius Pokorny's book, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch(Bern: Francke, 1959, 1989). Entry head-words are listed, with their page numbers and cross-references to other entries (followingPokorny) plus our own English glosses; for more information, the reader is referred to the book. Some misprints in Pokorny have beencorrected, including repairs to diacritics and missing, incorrect, or extraneous homograph numbers.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant toIndo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 andISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

In our table, cross-references under "See also" may include IE links to our own lists of more modern Indo-European reflexes -- wordsderived from the ancient Proto-Indo-European etyma. IE reflex lists are under active construction (see our IE Lexicon home page): they aresubject to change at any time, and might possibly exhibit errors not yet corrected. See our Language Index page for links from reflexes(listed by IE language) to their PIE etyma.

Page(s) Pokorny entry See also English gloss1 ā IE (an exclamation)1 ab- IE 2. āp- water, river

1-2 ābel-, ābōl-, abel- IE apple2 abh- IE abhro- swift, quick, abrupt2 abhro- IE abh- strong, mighty2-3 abō(n) IE ape, monkey3 1. ad- IE 2. ad- at, by, to3 2. ad- IE 1. ad- to fix, put in order3 ades-, ados- IE spelt (type of grain)4 ad(u)-, ad-ro- current, water course4-6 ag- IE agro-s to lead, drive, agitate6-7 āg- aig- goat

Indo-European Lexicon: Pokorny Master PIE Etyma https://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/PokornyMaster...

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7 agh- animal that may bear young7 āgher-, āghen-, āghes-, or ōgher etc. IE day, dawn7-8 agh- IE agh-(lo-) to ail, fear, be depressed8 agh-(lo-) agh- disgusting, unpleasant8 aghl(u)- dark cloud; rainy weather8 agos- IE sin, guilt; fault, blemish8-9 agro-, egro-? first, highest; apex, beginning9 agro-s IE ag- field, acre

9 agu(e)sī, aksī IE axe

9 aguh-no-s IE lamb

10 1. ai aik- (an exclamation)10 2. ai- to drive, close in; harm, overwhelm10 3. ai- IE to give10-11 ai-ti-, ai-to-, oi-to- IE part, portion11 4. āi- IE ai-dh- to burn, shine11 5. ai- : oi- IE oath, significant speech11 aid- oid- to swell; strong11-12 ai-dh-, i-dh-, nasalized i-n-dh- IE āier- to burn, shine12 āier-, āien- IE aios- day(light), morning13 aig- IE āg- goat13 1. aig-, nasalized ing- IE ill, sick; depressed, dispirited13 2. aig- IE oak13-14 3. aig- IE to swing, vibrate, move violently

14 aigu h- IE to be ashamed

14-15 ā(i)gh- : īgh- to need, desire15 āik- : īk- IE pike, spear, spit15 aik- IE 1. ai to call to15-16 aios- IE aisk- ore, metal (copper, bronze, iron)16 ai-rā (type of grass)16 1. ais- IE to wish, desire, ask/search for16 2. ais- IE to respect, worship, be in awe16-17 aisk- IE ai-tro- clear, bright, shining17 ai-tro- 4. āi- sharp, bitter17-18 aiu -, aiu- IE vitality, life force18 1. ak-, akō- to eat18-22 2. ak-, ok- IE oktō(u) sharp, acute, angular; stone23 akkā mama (nursery word)23 akru dakru- tear(drop)

23 aku- to hurt, damage

23 akuā-, more accurately əkuā, ēku- IE aqua, water, river

24-26 1. al-, ol- IE ario-? beyond; other, alien26-27 2. al- IE to grow, nourish, enhance27-28 3. āl- IE to roam, wander; be crazy/confused28 4. al- to burn28-29 5. al- IE to mill, grind29 6. al-, alōu- : aləu- white, gleaming29 alā IE hello! (greeting)29 albhi- albho- barley30-31 albho- IE 1. el- white, albino31-32 aldh- trough32 aleq- IE areg- to protect, ward off32 algh- IE cold, frost, algidity

32-33 algu h- IE to gain, earn; price, value


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33 alp- small, weak33 ālu-, ālo- a bitter plant?33-34 alu-, alu-d-, alu-t- IE bitter; ale, beer34-35 ambhi, mbhi IE ebhi? around, at both sides35 1. am-, mē- IE 1. mē- to grab, seize35 2. am-, mē- IE 2. mē- to mow35 āmer-, āmōr, āmr IE day35-36 ames-, or omes- IE blackbird: merl, ousel36 amə- omə- to proceed energetically; firm up; suffer36 am(m)a, amī IE mama, amah (nursery word)36-37 1. an- IE relative, ancestor37-38 2. an- IE there, other side38-39 3. an(ə)- IE ansu- to breathe, respire, animate39-40 4. an-, anu, anō, nō IE on, along, over there40-41 andh-, anedh- IE to sprout, bloom, blossom; herb, anther41 andher-, ṇdher- stem, spike41 andho- IE blind, dark, somber41-42 anət- IE ētī- duck, solan42 anətā, enətā IE anta, doorpost

42-43 angh- IE augh- tight, narrow, anguished; to constrict43 anghen- scent, smell, odor; person

43-45 angu (h)i- IE eghi- eel, worm, snake, serpent

45 1. ank- IE nek- force; need, necessity45-47 2. ank-, ang- IE to flex, bend, angle47 āno- IE ring, annulus47 ans- IE favorable, well inclined48 ansā, ansi- IE noose, snare; ansa, handle48 ansu-, ṇsu- IE antro-m ghost, spirit, demon48-50 ant-s IE brow, front, anterior50 antro-m IE 3. an(ə)- cave, hollow50-51 1. ap-, more accurately əp- : ēp- IE to take, reach, grasp51-52 2. āp- IE 1. *uep- water, river52 3. ap-, āp- old, fragile; harm, damage52 appa pap(p)a papa (nursery word)52 apelo- IE strength53 āpero- IE shore, bank (of river)53-55 apo-, pō, ap-u, pu IE pos off, out of, away from55 apsā IE aspen (tree)

55-61 1. ar-, thematic (a)re-, heavy-base arə-, rē-, and i-base(a)rī-, rēi- IE to fit, suit

61 2. ar-, or er- IE 1. rē- to share, distribute61 3. ar- 2. rēi- nut62 4. ar, er, or?, r IE now, therefore; (interrogative particle)62 5. ar- ōr- to deny, refuse, renounce62-63 ar(ə)- IE arenko- to ear, plow63 ardh- pole, stake63 ardi-, rdi- 5. er- tip, point, edge64 areg- areq- to lock, shut away

64-65 ar(e)-g-, arg-?, rgi- IE erku - white, argent, glittering

65-66 areq- IE aleq- to lock, guard, protect66-67 arenko- IE ar(ə)- (type of grain?)67 ario-? IE 1. al- host, lord, master67-68 arqu- IE arc, arch, something bent68 arōd-, arəd- (type of waterbird)


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68 aro-m reed?68 aruā intestines?68-69 ās-, based on it azd-, azg(h)- IE to burn, glow; ash69 ast(h)- ost(h)- bone69 at- IE to go; year, annum69 āt(e)r- IE ētro- fire70 *ati-, ateli- (type of fish)70-71 ati, ato- IE 2. to- over, beyond71 ātos, atta IE daddy, mommy (nursery word)71 1. au- IE ow! (exclamation of pain)72 2. au-, au -es-, au-s- 1. ues- to sleep, stay overnight72-73 3. au-, au e, uē- IE 4. u e- down, away from73-75 4. au-, u- : u ē-, u o- IE 2. u- other; that (one)75-76 5. au -, au ē- IE 2. u e- to plait, weave76-77 6. au -, au ed- IE to speak77-78 7. au -, au ē-, au ēi- IE to like, help78 8. au -, au ēi- IE to perceive, understand, be aware of78-81 9. au (e)-, au ed-, au er- IE 10. uer- to wet, flow, sprinkle; water, river, etc.81-84 10. au (e)-, au ē(i)-, u ē- IE 3. u ē- to vent, blow84 11. au ē-, (ue-d(h)-?) IE to strain, take pains84-85 au eg-, u ōg-, aug-, ug- IE u eg- to augment, increase, magnify86 au ei-, əu ei-? IE ō(u )i-om bird, avifauna86-87 au es- IE eus- to shine87 aug- IE to shine, gleam, glitter87 augh-, ugh- u ing- nape of the neck88 au ig- oats; type of grass

88 auqu (h)- : uqu (h)-, probably also u equ (h)- IE cooking pot

88-89 au-lo-s : ēu-l- IE tube, pipe, aulos89 au o-s IE maternal grandfather90 aus- IE to draw (water); scoop, ladle91 baˣb-, bhaˣbh-, paˣp- IE baˣmb- to swell91-92 baba- IE bal-bal- babble, babbling, unclear speech92 badios IE bay, brown; gold, yellow92-93 baitā, or paitā? IE goatskin; cloak, mantle93 bak- IE stick, staff; to hit, peg93 bal-, balbal- to dance, shake, whirl93 bal-bal- bar-bar- babbling, unclear speech93-94 baˣmb- (type of noise)94-95 baˣmb-, bhaˣmbh-, paˣmp-, phaˣmph- pank- to swell95 band- IE drop (of liquid)?95 bar-bar- blat- babbling, unclear speech95 bata- babble, murmur, meaningless stuttering95 bau IE bow-wow (onomatopoeic: dog barking)95 bdel- to suck96 bē, bā baa (onomatopoeic: sheep bleating)96 bed- IE to swell96 1. bel- to cut off, cut out96 2. bel- IE strong96-97 bend-, bṇd-no- IE spike, needle, tip jutting out97-98 1. b(e)u-, bh(e)u- IE (onomatopoeic: dull noise)98-102 2. b(e)u-, bh(e)ū- IE pāuson- to boil, swell, puff up102 bis-(t)li- gall


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102 blat- blē- to chat, prattle102 blē- 6. bhel- to bleat102 blou-, bhlou-?, plou- IE flea103 bol- IE bulb, tuber103 brangh-, brongh-? hoarse?103 breuq- to jump103 bronk- IE to lock, shut in103 bu- IE lip; kiss, buss104-5 1. bhā-, bhō-, bhə- IE 2. bhāu- to shine, glisten105-6 2. bhā- IE to speak106 bhabhā IE bean106 bhād- IE good, better107 1. bhag- IE to divide, apportion

107 2. bhag- bhorgu o-s sharp

107-8 bhāgó-s IE beech (tree)108 bhāgh- bhōgh- bog, swamp, lowland108 bhāghú-s IE elbow, forearm108-9 bhar- : bhor- : bhr- IE bhares- burr, stubble; something jutting out109 bharu- IE (fir) tree, forest109-10 bhares-, bhores- IE bhardhā point, bristle, stubble (with formants)110 bhardhā IE bhares- beard

110-11 bhareku -, or bhereku- IE to farce, stuff full

111 bhares- IE bhar- barley111 bhasko- IE heap, bundle, fascicle111 bhāso-, or bhēso- (large bird of prey)111-12 bhāt- : bhət- IE 1. bhāu- to bat, hit112 1. bhāu- : bhū- IE bhāt- to hit, beat112 2. bhāu- 1. bhā- to shine, glisten112-13 1. b(h)e, and b(h)egh IE beside, outside, without113 2. bhē, bhō IE (emphatic particle)113 bhē-, bhō- IE to warm, bake, roast, fry113 bhebhru-, bhebhro- 5. bher- glittering; bright brown113-14 1. bhedh- IE to dig, stab, pierce, embed114 2. bhedh- IE to flex, bend, crook114-15 bheg-, bheng- IE bhog- to bang, break, smash115 bhēgh- : bhōgh- to resist, dispute

116 bhegu- IE to flee, run away

116 bhei- IE bee (insect)116-17 bheid- IE bhei(ə)- to bite, prick, pierce, split117 1. bheidh- IE to force; advise, confide, encourage117 2. bheidh- bhidh- to bind, plait117-18 bhei(ə)-, bhī- IE bheid- to hit

118 bheigu- IE to shine, glitter?

118-20 1. bhel-, Balto-Slavic also bhelə- IE 2. bhel- glittering white120 2. bhel- bheleg- henbane120-22 3. bhel-, bhlē- IE 2. bhlei- to grow, spread, swell, inflate122 4. bhel-, and bhlē-, bhlō-, bhlə- IE leaf, foil, blade; bloom

122-235. bhel-, chiefly with suffixes: bheləg-, bhelə-n-g-,bheleg-, bhlk-

IE balk, beam, rafter

123-24 6. bhel- IE bhlē- to speak, bell, bellow, resound124 bh(e)lāg- weak, silly, ridiculous124 bheld- IE to hit, poke124-25 bheleg- IE bhlendh- to shine, glisten


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125 bheleu- IE 2. bhlēu- to hit, weaken; ill, weak125-26 bhelgh- IE to swell, bulge, billow126 bhen- IE to hit, wound126-27 bhend- to sing, rejoice127 bhendh- IE to tie, bind127-28 bhengh-, bhngh-, adj. bhnghú-s IE fat, thick, dense128-32 1. bher- IE bhren- to bear, bring, carry132-33 2. bher- IE bh(e)reu- to boil, swell, well up133-35 3. bher- IE bhrēi- to bore, cut, scrape, use sharp tool135-36 4. bher- IE bhereg- to hum, buzz136-37 5. bher- IE bherəg- shining; bright brown137 6. bher- IE to cook, bake, fry, roast137-38 7. bher- to plait, weave138 bheredh-, bhṛdho- IE to cut; board138-39 bhereg- IE 2. bherem- (onomatopoeic: to bark, cry, roar, etc.)139-40 bherəg-, bhrēg- IE bherək- to shine; bright, white140-41 bheregh-, bherghos- IE bhergh- high, noble; barrow, mountain141-42 bherək-, bhrēk- IE bhebhru- to shine, glitter142 1. bherem- IE to stand out; brim, edge, hem142-43 2. bherem- IE bhlos-q- to hum, buzz, drone143 bheres- IE quick, festinate143-45 bh(e)reu- : bh(e)rū- IE bhrag- to brew, boil, surge, be wild145 bhergh- IE bheregh- to keep, hide, bury145 bherug-, bhrug-, bhorg- throat

145-46 1. bhes- IE bhoso-s to spread, smear, rub on146 2. bhes- IE perd- to blow, breathe146-50 bheu-, bheu ə-, bhu ā-, bhu ē- : bhōu- : bhū- IE to be, exist; grow, prosper150-52 bheudh-, nasalized bhu-n-dh- IE to awaken, be aware152 1. bheug- IE to flee, escape, seek refuge152 2. bheug-, bheugh- to free, put away152-53 3. bheug-, bheugh- IE to bow, flex, bend, crook153 4. bheug- IE to enjoy153 bhidh- 2. bheidh- pot, vat, cauldron153-54 bhili-, bhilo- IE good, friendly, harmonious154 bhlag- IE to hit, flog, flail154 bhlagh-men- IE priest, flamen, wizard154-55 bhlē- IE bhlēd- to bleat, weep, howl155 bhlēd-, bhld- IE baba- to boil, bubble up; boast, chatter

155 bhlegu- IE to swell, become bloated

155-56 1. bhlēi- : bhləi- : bhlī- IE bhlēig- to shine, glitter156 2. bhlei- IE bhleu- to swell, burst, blow up156-57 bhlēig-, bhlīg- IE bhleiq- to shine, glitter157 bhleiq- bhləido-s to shine, glitter157-58 bhlendh- IE bhles- dim, pale, blond, reddish158 bhles- IE 1. bhlēu- to shine, glitter158-59 bhleu- IE 3. bhel- to bloat, swell, blow up; flow159 1. bhlēu- : bhləu- : bhlū- IE bhleu-(k-) to shine, glitter159 2. bhlēu- : bhləu- : bhlū- IE bhleus- bad, weak, miserable159-60 bhleu-(k-) IE bhlē-u o-s to burn160 bhlē-u o-s IE 1. bhel- a light color (blue, yellow)160 bhleus- bheleu- mild, weak160 bhləido-s 1. bhlēi- pale, light160-61 bhlīg- : *bhlēig- IE to hit, strike, inflict161 bhlōk- IE flock, tow, wool; cloth?


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161 bhlos-q- 4. bher- (onomatopoeic: to bark, cry, roar, etc.)161 bhog- IE bheg- beck, flowing water161 bhōgh-, or bhāgh- IE bhāgh- bog, swamp, lowland161-62 bhōi- : bhəi- : bhī-, bhiiə- IE to fear, be afraid162 bhok- IE to burn?162 bholo- mist, smoke, steam?

163 bhorgu o-s 2. bhag- gruff, unfriendly

163 bhoso-s IE 1. bhes- bare, naked163 bhoudhi- victory

163 bhoukuos a buzzing insect

163 bhrag-, better bhrə-g- IE 2. bher- to scent, smell163-64 bhrāter- IE brother, family member164 bhred(h?)- to wade, wander165 1. bhreg- IE bhre(n)k- to break166 2. bhreg- IE to stick up166-67 bhrēi-, bhrī- IE 1. bhrēu- to fray, pierce, cut with sharp tool167 bhren- IE bhrendh- to bulge, stick out; edge, brink167-68 bhrendh- IE bhrenk- to sprout, swell up168 bhrenk-, bhronk- IE 2. bhrēu- to bring168 bhre(n)k- bhres- to err, be ensnared168-69 bhren-to-s deer, horned animal169 bhres- IE 1. bhreg- to burst, break169 bhreu-, bhreu-d- IE 1. bhreu-s- to swell, sprout169 1. bhrēu-, bhrū- IE bhreu-k- to break, cut, pierce170 2. bhrēu-, bhrū- 1. bher- edge170 bhreu-k- IE 2. bhreu-s- to strike, throw170-71 1. bhreu-s- IE bhrugh-no- to swell, sprout171 2. bhreu-s- IE bhroisqo- to bruise, break to pieces171-72 3. bhreus-, bhrūs- IE to boil, sound, etc.172 bhroisqo-, bhrisqo- 3. bher- bitter172-73 1. bhrū- IE brow, eyebrow173 2. bhrū-, bhrēu- IE beam, bridge173 bhrūg- IE fruit; to brook, enjoy174 bhrugh-no- bhreu- twig174 bhudh-m(e)n IE base, ground, bottom, fundament174 bhūgo-s, familiar form bhukko-s IE buck, goat175 dā- IE fluid; river; to flow175-79 dā : də-, and dāi- : dəi-, dī- IE 3. del- to share, divide179 dāiu ēr, genitive daiu rés IE brother-in-law179 dakru- IE akru tear (from the eye)179-81 dāu-, dəu-, dū- IE to burn, injure, torment181 *dəgh-mó- dəgh-mó-s slanting181-83 de-, do- IE I-deictic; here183 dē- : də-, and dēi-, dī- IE to tie, bind183 dēg- IE to take, grab, pack?183-87 1. dei-, deiə-, dī-, diā- IE to shine, glitter; day, sun; god, deity187 2. deiə-, diā-, diə-, dī- IE to move, spin, swing187-88 deigh- IE to itch, prick; tick188-89 deik- IE to teach, show189-91 1. dek- IE des- to take191 2. dek- : dok-, dēk- IE denk- to tear, rip to pieces191-92 dekm, dekm-t, deku- IE u ī-kmt-ī ten, decade193 1. del- IE to tell, count, calculate193-94 2. del- to shake, totter


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194-96 3. del-, dol-, delə- IE 1. dhābh- to split, divide196 4. del- IE to rain, dribble196-97 5. del- IE long198-99 dem-, demə- IE to build, timber; house, domicile199-200 demə-, domə-, domə- IE to tame201 demel- worm?201 denk- IE 2. dek- to bite201-2 1. dens- IE 2. dens- to learn; mental power202-3 2. dens- IE 1. dens- dense203 deph- IE to push, stamp, thrust

203 1. der- : dōr-, der-, or dōr- : dər- IE 4. der- hand span

203-42. der-, reduplicated der-der-, drdor-, brokenreduplication dor-d-, dr-d-

IE 3. dher- (onomatopoeic: to mutter, grumble)

204-6 3. der-, drā-, dreb-, drem-, dreu- IE to run, trip, tread, tramp206-11 4. der-, heavy-base derə-, drē- IE 1. der- to cut, skin, split, tear211-12 derbh- IE to wind, put together212 der(ep)- IE derk- to see?212 derə-, drā- IE to work212-13 dergh- IE to grasp213 derk- IE der(ep)- to look214-17 deru-, dōru-, dr(e)u-, drou-, dreu ə- : drū- IE firm, solid; tree, wood217 des-, dēs- 1. dek- to find217-18 1. deu- IE to sink in, plunge into218-19 2. deu-, or dou- : du- IE to worship, venerate; mighty219-20 3. deu-, deu ə-, duā-, dū- IE to pass, move forward220-21 deuk- IE to tug, pull, drag, tow221-22 deup- : kteup-? (onomotopoeic: dull thud)222 dəgh-mó-s gei- slanting222 digh- IE goat

222 dīp-ro-, dīp-erā sacrificial animal

222 dlkú- IE sweet, dulcet223 dnghū, dnghuā IE tongue223-26 dō- : də-, also dō-u- : dəu- : du- IE to give, donate226 dous- arm226 drē- : drə-, extended dr-ēm- IE to sleep226-27 dregh- vexed, displeased, unwilling227 dumb-, dumbh-? IE tail, penis227 dus- IE bad, foul, evil227-28 duei- IE to fear

228-32 duō(u) IE guis-ti-s two, duo

233 1. dhābh-, nasalized dhamb(h)- IE dā to be speechless, astonished; to dab, be touched,affected

233-34 2. dhabh- IE to fix, suit; proper234 dhāl- IE 2. dhel- to bloom, be green234 dhanu-, or dhonu- IE (type of tree)235 dhau- IE to press, strangle235 1. dhē-, reduplicated dhē-dh(ē)- IE dhē(i)- older family member (nursery word)235-39 2. dhē- IE u eidh- to do, put, place, set239 3. dhē-, dhə- IE to disappear, pass away239 dheb- IE fat, thick, heavy240 dhebh-, dhebh-eu- IE dhembh- to harm, injure

240-41 dheguh- IE to burn

241-42 dhē(i)-, also dh-ei-? IE 1. dhē- to suck, suckle


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243 dheiə- : dhiā- : dhī- IE to look, see, show

243-44 dhēigu- : dhōigu - : dhīgu - IE to dig, plant, stab, stick

244-45 dheigh- IE to build, knead clay245-46 1. dhel-, dholo- IE curve; dell, hollow246 2. dhel- IE dhāl- to light; shining246 3. dhel- IE to tremble246 dhelbh- IE to dig, delve, bury247 dhelg- IE to stab, stick; needle247 dhelgh-, dhelg- IE to hit247-48 dhem-, dhemə- IE to blow, fly about like dust248-49 dhembh-, dhmbh- IE dheu-b- to dig249 1. dhen- IE to flow, run249 2. dhen- IE flat of hand, surface of land, etc.249-50 3. dhen- IE to hit, ding, push, thrust250 1. dhengh- IE to press, cover250 2. dhengh- IE to get, grip, reach251-52 1. dher-, dherə- IE 4. dher- dirt, dreg, some type of deposit252-55 2. dher-, dherə- IE to hold, support255-56 3. dher-, dhereu-, dhrēn- IE 2. der- (onomatopoeic: to drone, growl, purr, etc.)

256 4. dher- : dhor- : dher- IE 5. dher- to jump (at)

256 5. dher-, dhrei-d- IE 1. dher- to defecate; dirt257 dherāgh- IE dhreg- to drag, pull257 dherbh-, dherəbh-? IE to work257-58 dherebh- IE to harden; coagulated258 dheregh- bushy plants258 dheregh-, dhrgh-nā- IE to turn, wind259 dhers- IE to dare, be bold259 dhēs-, dhəs- IE (used in religious terms)259-60 1. dheu- IE to flow, run260-61 2. dheu-, dhu-ēi- IE to die, faint, vanish261 3. dheu- to shine brightly

261-67 4. dheu-, dheu ə-, presumably dhuē-, compare suffixesdhu ē-k-, dhu ē-s- IE dheu es- to blow, dissipate, fly about like dust, etc.

267-68 dheu-b-, dheu-p- IE dhebh- deep, hollow268 dheubh-, dhubh- IE peg, wedge268-71 dheu es-, dhu ēs-, dheus-, dhūs- IE 4. dheu- to blow, dissipate, fly about like dust, etc.271 dheugh- IE to milk, press, touch271 dhlas-, or dhels- : dhls- to press, squeeze; squash?271-72 dhlgh- IE debt, guilt, duty272 dhō- to sharpen272 dhō[u]- : dhū- rope?272-73 dhrebh- IE to drub, crush, grind to pieces273 dhreg- IE terk- to pull273 1. dhregh- IE to run273-74 2. dhregh- IE to hurt, torment274 dhreibh- IE to drive, push, thrust274-75 dhreu- IE to grind, crumble275 1. dhreugh- to shake, tremble276 2. dhreugh- IE to harm, deceive276 dhrigh-, or dhreikh- hair, bristle276-77 dhrono- multicolored?277 dhug(h)əter- IE daughter277 dhu en-, dhun- IE to hum, drone277 dhu er-, dhu erə- to harm by trickery/deception


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278-79 dhu ēr-, dhu ōr-, dhur-, dhur- IE door279 dhu ergh- : drugh- IE crippled, dwarf-like, low in stature280-81 1. ē, ō IE 1. o (particle: he, this, etc.)281 2. ē, ō IE 2. ō oh (vocative interjection)281-86 3. e-, ei-, i-, fem. ī- IE iāi (demonstrative particle: one, this, etc.)287 ebhi? : obhi : bhi epi from, around, (up) to, etc.287-89 ed- IE to eat289-90 1. edh- tip, point290 2. edh- IE fence of stakes290 eg- IE lack (of something)290-91 ēg-, ōg-, əg- IE to say, speak291 eg-, eg(h)om, egō IE 1. me- ego, I (pronoun)291-92 eghero- IE (inland) lake

292 eghi- angu (h)i- hedgehog

292-93 eghs, eghz IE from, out of, ex-293 egnis : ognis IE fire293 ehem, eheu, eho IE aha! oho! (exclamation)293-97 1. ei- IE iā- to go, exit297 2. ēi oiuā O (vocative particle)297-98 3. ei- IE bright; reddish298 4. ei- : oi- IE pole, stake298 eibh- : oibh-, iebh- IE iebh- to copulate298 eig-, oig- IE to lament, complain298-99 ēik- IE to own, possess, be capable299-301 1. eis- IE to move rapidly/violently301 2. ei-s-, ei-n- IE ice, frost301-2 eku o-s IE horse

302-4 1. el-, ol-, el- IE 4. el- red, brown

304-5 2. el- 2. lei- to lie, recline305 3. el- : ol- to rot, be moldy306 4. el-, ol- IE ul- (a noise)306 5. el-, ol- IE to destroy306-7 6. el-, elə- : lā-, el-eu-(dh-) IE 2. leu-dh- to go, move, drive307 7. el-, elə-, with k-suffix elk-, elək- IE elk- hungry; bad?307-9 8. el-, elēi-, lēi-, olīnā IE 1. lēi- to bend; elbow309-10 ēl- IE line, strip310 ēlā IE awl, bodkin310 elg- poor, needy310 elk-, elək- 7. el- hungry; bad?310 elkos- IE boil, abscess310-11 em- IE to take311 embhi-, empi- bee, gnat, mosquito311-14 1. en IE 3. nei- in314 2. en- IE year314 ēn behold! look here!314-15 1. enebh-, embh-, ombh-, nōbh-, nēbh-?, mbh- IE navel315-16 2. enebh- : nebh-, embh-, mbh- IE 2. nebh- wet, damp; cloud, nimbus; water316-18 enek-, nek-, enk-, nk- IE to reach, obtain318 ēneu, ēnu IE without318-19 e-neu en, neu n, enu n IE neu os nine

319 engu -, nguḗn IE bump, swelling

319-21 eno-, possibly e-no- : ono- : no- : -ne- IE 2. ne that321 en(o)mn-, (o)nomn, nōmn IE nōmn name


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321-22 enos-, or onos- IE onus, burden322 enq-, onq- to sigh, groan322 ent-, better ant-? to weave323 epero- wild boar323-25 epi, opi, pi IE obhi- at, near, epi-325 ēpi- comrade, companion325 epop, opop (onomatopoeic: call of hoopoe bird)325 eph- to cook325-26 1. er-, or- IE erne, eagle326 2. er-, eri- goat, sheep326-32 3. er- : or- : r- IE 2. ereu- to move, set in motion332 4. er-, er-t-, er-u- IE earth332-33 5. er-, erə-, thematic (e)r-ĕ- IE 2. rē- loose, crumbly333 ereb-, orob-, rōb- to drill, make holes, hollow out

334 ēreb(h)-, ōrob(h)- IE regu os- (dark color, reddish brown)

334 ered- red- to flow away; dampness

335 eregu (h)o-, erogu (h)o- IE pea, legume

335 1. erek-, er[e]gh- tick, mite, louse335 2. er(e)k-, rek-, rok- to tear, cut, split335 1. eres- to stab, pierce

336-37 2. ere-s-, ers-, rs-, eres-, and rēs-, rōs- IE rēs- to flow

337 1. ereu- IE 4. reu- to ask, seek338 2. ereu- ers- to tear, rip up338 1. erə-, rē-, er(e)- IE 3. rē- to row; oar338-39 2. erə-, rē- IE 4. rē- to rest, be still

339 er(ə)d-, (er(ə)d-), er(ə)dh- IE high; to grow

339 ergh- IE to shake, tremble

340 erku - ar(e)-g- to beam, shine; to praise

340 ers- : orsos IE 1. rebh- tail; arse, rump, backside340-42 es- IE is, to be342 esu-s : su- IE good, able342-43 ēs- IE niz-do- to sit343 es-en-, os-en- IE summer, harvest time

343 ēs-r(gu), genitive es-n-és IE blood

343 et(e)n- seed, grain344 ēter- IE intestines344 eti IE out, beyond, etc.345 ētī- IE anət- eider (duck)345 ēt-mén- IE breath345 ētro- IE āt(e)r- quick, swift, hurried345-46 1. eu-, euə- : uā-, u ə- IE u āsto-s to lack, want; empty, vacant346 2. eu- IE to dress, put on346 3. eu- to feel347 4. eu- (exclamation of joy)347 ēudh-, ōudh-, ūdh- IE udder347 euk- IE to accustom oneself, be used to347-48 eus- IE 9. u es- to burn

348 eu eguh- IE to praise, worship, avow, speak formally

349 gāb- to show, watch out for349 gag-, gōg- IE something round/lumpy349-50 1. gal- IE bald, callow, naked350-51 2. gal- IE ghel- to call, cry


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351 3. gal-, or ghal- IE to be able351 gan(dh)- vessel352 gang- IE to mock, scorn352 gār- IE 2. ger- to call, cry353 garəg- grim, grievous, dreadful353 gāu- IE to rejoice, be glad353 gebh- gegh- bough, branch, stick354 gegh-, gogh- gebh- branch, bush; picket354-55 gei- IE *dəgh-mó- to bend, turn355 gē(i)- : gō(i)- : gī- to cry, sing355-56 gēi-, gī- IE to sprout356 geid- IE to stab; kittle, tickle356 geid- to suck356 geig- to bite, prick, stab356 geis- gravel357-64 1. gel- IE to curl, form into ball; round

365 2. gel-, and guel- IE to glut, devour, envelop

365-66 3. gel(ə)- IE cool, cold; to keel, freeze366-67 gel-, gelə-, glē-, also *gelēi- : g(e)ləi- IE bright; to shine, be joyful367 gelebh- IE gleubh- to flay, scrape

367 geli-, glī- mouse

367-68 g(e)lōu- IE sister-in-law

368-69 gem- IE to grasp, grip; be full369 gembh-, gmbh-, gombhos IE gep(h)- to bite; tooth369-70 gem(e)- IE to marry370-73 gen- IE 1. ken- to pinch, press together, etc.373-75 1. gen-, genə-, gnē-, gnō- IE to bear, produce, generate376-78 2. gen-, genə-, gnē-, gnō- IE to ken, know, recognize378-79 genebh-, genobh- IE pin, wooden plug379-80 geng-, gong- lump380 gengh- to turn, weave380-81 1. genu-, gneu- IE knee, joint381-82 2. genu-, fem., genədh- : gonədh- IE chin, jaw(bone)382 gep(h)-, gebh- IE gembh- jaw, jowl, mouth; to eat382-83 1. ger-, gere- IE to cram, collect, put together

383-85 2. ger- IE 4. guer(ə)- (onomatopoeic: to crow, shriek, etc.)

385-90 3. ger- IE to turn, wind, curl390 4. ger-, grēi- to grow, awaken390-91 ger-, gerə-, grē- IE to rub; rotten; to age, ripen; grain392 gerebh- IE grēb(h)o-s to carve, scratch; write392-93 gers- IE to bend, turn393-98 gēu-, gəu-, gū- IE gou ə- to bend, curl; cup, vessel399 geu-, geu ə-, also geu ə- IE to hurry, promote399 g(e)u-lo- IE glowing coal399-400 geus- IE to taste, degust, enjoy400 g(i)eu-, g(i)eu- IE to chew400-1 glag-, or glak- IE milk401 gleg- soft, tender401 glei- to attack, run at401-2 gleubh- IE gelebh- to cut, cleave, pare, slice402 glōgh- : gləgh- IE barb, spike

402 1. gol-, lengthened grade gōl-, reduced grade gol- to camp, lie down; den (of animals)

403 2. gol- bough, branch, twig


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403 gōu-, gouə-, gū- to call, cry403-4 gou ə-, or gau ə-? : gū- IE gēu- hand; to grab404 gras- : grōs- IE to gnaw, eat, devour404 grēb(h)o-s : grōb(h)o-s gred- beech or hornbeam (tree)405 gred- : grod- IE gerebh- to grate, scratch405 grem- IE to be damp; to sink405-6 1. greus- to crush, crumble, crackle406 2. greus- to burn, smolder406 greut- IE to crush, press; curd406 grōd-, grəd- 2. gher- hail?406 gru- IE to grunt (of pigs)407 gha gha, ghe ghe, ghi ghi IE ghan- to cackle, gaggle (of geese)407-9 ghabh- IE to take, grab, seize409 ghabh(o)lo-, masc., ghabh(o)lā fem. IE branch, fork

409 ghāgu h- young bird/animal

409-10 ghaido-, or ghaido- IE goat, kid410 ghais- IE to stick, be fixed to410 ghaiso-, or ghəiso- : ghēiso- IE dart; staff, stick410 ghait-ā curly/wavy hair411 ghal-, ghal-ar- flaw, defect; harm411 ghalg(h)- IE flexible twig411 ghan- ghan-s- to yawn412 ghan-s- IE 1. ghē- goose412-13 1. ghasto-, ghazdho- IE pole, rod, gad; twig413 2. ghasto- arm, hand413-14 ghau-, ghau ə- IE to call414 ghau o- false414-16 ghðem-, ghðom-, genitive-ablative gh(ð)m-és IE earth, ground, soil, humus

416 ghðiés, zero-grade ghðis, simplified to ghðés, ghiés,ghés IE yesterday

416-17 ghðū-, or ghiū-? IE fish, ichthyoid417-18 ghe-, gho- IE ghō (enclitic (emphatic?) particle)418-19 1. ghē-, ghēi- IE 2. ghē- to lack, be empty; leave, go out419-22 2. ghē- : ghə-, and ghēi- : ghī- IE gha gha to gape, yawn423 ghebh-el-, ghebh-el-, ghebh-elo- IE gable, head

423 ghed- IE to defecate; hole, opening423-24 ghedh-, ghodh- IE to join, unite, gather, make a bond424 ghegh- to bend, curve424 g(h)egh- ferret (or similar carnivorous mammal)424-25 1. ghei-, ghēi- IE ghēu- to goad, drive; to throw, wound425-26 2. ghei- : ghi- IE snow; winter426-27 gheidh- IE gheigh- to desire, yearn for427 gheigh- IE gheidh- to desire, yearn for427 gheis-, and gheiz-d- IE shocked, aghast, confused428 ghel- IE 6. kel- to yell, call, cry

429-34 1. ghel-, and ghel-?, also as i-, u-, or n-stem; ghelə-,ghlē-, ghlō-, ghlə- IE ghlādh- to shine, glare, glow; gold, yellow, bright color

434 2. ghel- IE to cut?434 ghēlā wine?434 gheldh- to desire, wish for435 ghel(ē)gh- IE (type of metal)435 gheləd- IE hail, ice435 ghelgh- gland435 ghel-ond-, ghol-nd- stomach, intestines


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435 ghel-ōu-, ghelū- IE turtle, tortoise436 ghel-tō, Germanic and ghel-dhō Slavic IE to cost, pay, be worth436 ghelunā IE jaw, gill436-37 ghen- IE to grind, crack open, gnaw to pieces437-38 ghend-, and ghed- IE to get, grasp, seize

438 ghendh-, ghondh- IE boil, abscess

438-39 ghengh- IE to step, stride, march439 1. gher- IE ghlād- (onomatopoeic: to snarl, rattle, etc.)439-40 2. gher- ghrēi- to rub, stroke hard440 3. gher-, ghrē- : ghrō- : ghrə- IE 7. gher- to come out, jut out440-41 1. gher- IE to desire, yearn for441 2. gher- IE gherzd(h) to gash, slit, scrape, scratch441-42 3. gher-, and gherə-, ghrē- IE to beam, shine, shimmer442-43 4. gher- IE gherdh- to grab, grip, seize443 5. gher-, ghor-nā IE bowels443 6. gher-, gherə- : ghrē-? IE short, small443 7. gher- ghers- to stiffen, stand out444 gherdh-, and gherdh- IE ghesto- to gird, enclose, encompass445 1. ghers-, ghres- horror, disgust, revulsion445 2. ghers- (type of weed, e.g. goat's foot)445-46 ghers- IE ghrē- to stiffen, bristle, stand out446 gherto- milk, butter446 gherzd(h), genitive ghrzd(h)-es, gherzdā IE 2. gher- barley, prickly grain446 ghéslo- IE thousand, chiliad447 ghesor-, ghesr- IE hand447 ghesto- IE 4. gher- arm, hand447-48 1. gheu- IE to gush, pour, found448 2. gheu-, gheu-d- IE to die, disappear, get away449 ghēu- : ghō(u)- : ghəu- IE 1. ghei- to gape, yawn450 gheub(h)- to bend, move450 gheugh-, ghūgh- to conceal, do secretly451 gheu eiā, gheu eiā pit, hollow451 ghlādh- 1. ghel- bright, brilliant451 ghlād- 1. gher- to call, sound451 ghleu- IE to be happy, joyful, gleeful451-52 ghō IE ūd- behind; towards452 ghoilo-s IE foaming, turbulent, frothing up452 ghom- stall452 ghōs- to eat453 ghosti-s IE guest, stranger453 ghou (ē)- IE to gawk, be aware of, pay attention to453-54 ghou-ro-s IE frightened, frightening454 ghous- to sound, hear454 ghrē- : ghrō- : ghrə- IE 3. gher- to grow, become green455 1. ghrebh-, gherbh-, root extension ghrebhā- IE 2. ghrebh- to grab, grasp455-56 2. ghrebh- IE ghreib- to dig, grub, grave, scratch456-57 ghredh- IE to stride, march457 ghrēi- : ghrəi- : ghrī-, and lit. ghrei- IE 1. ghrem- to smear over457-58 ghreib- IE 1. ghrebh- to grip, grab458 1. ghrem- IE ghren- to rub, scratch458-59 2. ghrem- IE to grumble; resound, thunder459 ghren- IE 2. ghrēu- to grind, rub, stroke hard459-60 ghrendh- beam460 1. ghrēu- : ghrəu- : ghrū- IE to collapse, fall down


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460-62 2. ghrēu- : ghrəu- : ghrū- IE grōd- to crush, rub sharply462 ghroud- (round body part, e.g. cheek, bosom)

463-65 guā-, guem- IE guem- to come, go

465 guādh- IE to dive, sink, submerge

465-66 1. guēbh-, or gu ābh-?, gu əbh- IE to plunge, dive in

466 2. guēb(h)- IE slimy; frog

466-67 guedh- IE to hit, push; harm, injure

467 1. guei- IE to cry, weep, complain

467 2. guei- to enclose, push together

467-69 3. guei-, and gu eiə- IE to live, survive

469 guēi-, or gueiə- : gu ī- hide, skin

469 gueid(h)- IE mud

469-70 gueiə- IE to prevail, overpower, be mighty

470-71 1. guel- IE to stab; pain, death, quell

471-72 2. guel-, gu elə-, gu lē- IE to flow, drip down; throw

472-73 3. guel-, gu el-, g

ulā- IE acorn, valonia; oak?

473 guelbh- IE womb, uterus; young animal

473 guem- guā- to go, come

473-74 guēnā IE wife, queen, woman

474-76 1. guer-, gu erə- IE to swallow; craw, gorge, throat

476-77 2. guer-, gu erə-, guerəu-, gu erī- IE grave, heavy

477-78 3. guer-, gu or- IE guretso- mountain

478 4. guer(ə)- IE gār- to praise, congratulate, raise one's voice

479 guer-, guerə- IE to burn, be hot

479 gueru- pole, spit

479-80 gues-, zgu es- IE to quench, extinguish

480 gues-, gȗos-, gus-, extended guoz-do- leaves, branches

480 1. guet- IE resin

480-81 2. guet- IE to speak, talk

481 guet- IE swelling

481 guiiā, guiiós sinew

481 guis-ti-s duō(u) finger

482 guīu- resin

482 gultur(os) vulture

482 guor-gu (or)o- dirt, dung

482-83 guou- IE cow, ox, gaur

483-85 guōu-, guū- IE dirt, dung

485 guozd(h)o-, guozd(h)i- nail, penis

485 gurebh- IE young, embryo

485 gureig- to sleep, dream

485 gurendh- IE to swell; breast

485 guretso- IE 3. guer- big, thick, gross

485-86 gurēugh-, gurūgh- to bite, grind one's teeth


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487 guhðei(ə)- IE kuþei- to destroy, perish

487-88 guhðer- IE to flow, run

488 guhedh- IE to ask, beg, wish for

488-89 *gu hēi- : gu həi-, gu həi-d- : guhīd- IE bright, shining

489 guheiə- : guhī- IE vein, sinew, tendon

489 guhel- IE to want, wish

489-90 ghu el- IE to bend, swerve490 ghu elg- to glance, look at

490 guhemb- to hop, spring (happily)

490-91 ghu en- to sound

491 1. guhen- IE to swell, abound

491-93 2. guhen(-ə)- IE to hit, strike, fend

493 ghu ēr- IE wild animal

493-95 guher- IE warm, hot

495 ghu oigu- IE to shine; star

495 ghu ōku -, ghu əku- to shine, shimmer

495 guhrē- IE to scent, smell

496 guhren- IE diaphragm; mind, soul

497 hā IE (surprise: ha! oh!)497 ha ha! IE (laughter)499 īl-, īlu- dirt, mud; black499 īli- IE groin, intestines501 iā- : iō- IE to punish, be angry, excited501 iā- iē-ro- to go501-2 iag- IE to worship, venerate502 iagh- to hunt, wish for502 iāi iām (demonstrative stem: one, this, etc.)

502 iām-, or iem- : iem- : iōm- to dig

502 iām io- (demonstrative stem: one, this, etc.)502 iē- : iə- IE to do, throw, project503 iebh- eibh- to copulate503 ieg- IE ice, icicle

503 iēgu ā IE force, strength

503-4 iek- IE iēk- to speak504 iēk- : iək- IE iek- to heal

504 iēku-r(t-), genitive ieku-n-és IE liver

504-5 iēlo- : iəlo- raw, unripe505 iem- IE to hold, match, defeat, geminate; twin

505-6 iénəter-, weak case ienətr-, intr- sister-in-law

506 iē-ro- 1. ei- year, summer506 ies- IE to boil, foam up506-7 iet- to set out, strive for507 1. ieu- IE to mix, mingle (of meal preparation)508-10 2. ieu-, ieu ə-, ieu-g- IE 4. ieu- to yoke, join, tie together510-11 3. ieu- IE young511 4. ieu- IE ieu os- to separate, hold apart511-12 ieu-dh- IE to fight, move swiftly


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512 ieug- to excite, arouse; unsteady512 ieu-ni-, or iou-ni- the right place/way512 ieu o- IE grain, esp. barley512 ieu os- IE 2. ieu- rule, right, justice, statute513 io- iou (relative stem: one, this, etc.)513 ioi-ni- reed (bulrush)513 iork- (type of deer)513 iou, iu oi- (demonstrative stem: one, this, etc.)513 iō[u]s- : iūs- IE belt; to gird513-14 1. iu- IE 6. u ēs- you (plural)514 2. iū IE yowl (exclamation of joy/wonder)515 kā- IE kām- to like, wish, desire515-16 kā, ke, kom IE well! (particle)516 kād- kād- to rob, harm, damage; chase516 kadh- IE to guard, cover, protect516 1. kad- IE to fall516-17 2. kad- to shine, sparkle517 kād- : kədes- : kəd-s- IE kād- hate, displeasure, uneasiness517-18 kago-, masc., kagā- fem. IE goat518 kagh- : kogh- IE to sew, plait, etc.518 kaghlo- IE chalk, pebble519 1. kai-, kai-u o-, kai-u elo- IE kai-ko- alone519 2. kai IE and519 3. kāi-, kī- IE heat519 4. kāi-d-, kāi-t- kāi-t- bright, shining519-20 kai-ko- IE kai-lo- one-eyed, cyclopean520 kaik-, or koik- kais- to itch, scratch520 kai-lo-, kai-lu- IE 1. kai- bright; hale, whole, healthy520 kais- kaik- hair521 kāi-t- (s)kāi- bright, shining521 kaito- IE chet, woods, forest521 kaiu r-t, kaiu n-t IE cleft, hollow, ravine

521 kakka- IE keku- to cack, defecate (nursery word)

521 kāk- to croak; cracking sound521-22 1. kak- to become thin522 2. kak-, kek-? IE to help, enable522-23 1. kāk- : kək-, probably kā[i]k- : kīk- IE kank- to jump, spring out523 2. kāk- IE keg- branch523-24 1. kal- IE 2. kel- hard, callous; blister524 2. kal-, kali-, kalu- IE handsome, beautiful; healthy524 3. kāl-, kōl-? IE to be captured; prison524 kalni- IE narrow path/passage524-25 kam-er- IE kam-p- to bend, curve525 kām- kā- to like, wish, desire525 kamb- (s)kamb- to bend, curve525 kam-p- IE kam-er- to bend525-26 kan- IE to sing, chant, sound526 kand-, skand-, and Indo-Iranian (s)kend- IE (s)kand- to glow, shine; bright, candent526 kank- 1. kāk- to jump, spring out526-27 kan-tho- IE curve, angle, corner527-28 kap- IE to cop, grab, grasp; have?529 kāp-, kəp- piece of land529 kāpo- thing in the water


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529 kapro- IE he-goat529-30 kap-ut IE head530 kāpho-, or kōpho- IE hoof530 1. kar- koro-s to scold, punish, revile530-31 2. kar-, karə- IE to glorify, praise aloud531-32 3. kar-, reduplicated karkar- IE hard532 kār- wax532-33 kars- IE to rub, scratch533 kas-, kas-no- IE gray533 kās-, kəs- IE to teach, show the way534 1. kat- IE to link, plait, weave; chain, net534 2. kat- IE to bear young; young animal534 kat- IE to fight, struggle; battle535 kau- IE to humble, discourage535 kāu-, kəu- IE to hew, cut, hit535-36 kāu-, kēu-, kū- IE to howl536-37 kāu(ə)lā : kūlā boil, abscess, swelling537 kau-l-, ku-l- IE 2. keu- hole, hollow; bone537 kaus- to draw lots537 ke- ko- this537 ked- IE to smoke537-38 keg-, keng-, and kek-, kenk- IE keng- peg, handle, (grappling) hook538-39 kēi- IE to move, set in motion539-40 1. kei- IE to lie, recline; camp, home540-41 2. kei- IE kē-ro- (dark color: brown, gray)541-42 kē(i)- : kō(i)- : kə(i)- IE to hone, whet, sharpen542 kēi-bh- IE kēi-gh- fast, hasty, violent542 keid- IE to fall542-43 kēi-gh- IE kēi-bh- fast, hasty, violent543 keip- to slant, slope; to wag, wave543 keipo-, koipo- IE peg, stake, sharp wood/stone chip/piece543 keis- arm; thigh, shin543 kek- weasel543 keku- cudgel, hammer-shaped stick544 kēko- green grass/fodder

544 keku- kakka- to defecate; dung, excrement

544 1. kel-, kelə- IE to project, tower up; hill545 2. kel- IE 3. kel- to stab, stick, sting545-47 3. kel-, kelə-, klā-, extended klād- IE 8. kel- to hit, hew, cut down547-48 4. kel-, and kāl- 3. ker(ə)- light and dark spots548 5. kel- IE keleu- to drive, compel, accelerate, move quickly

548-50 6. kel-, k(e)lē-, k(e)lā-, or kl-? IE koli- to call, cry

550-51 7. kel-, kol-, kol- IE calix, chalice, goblet, beaker

551 8. kel- 2. sēk- to cut551 9. kel- 2. (s)kel- to owe, be guilty551 10. kel- 3. (s)kel- to dry out551 11. kel- kolə- to bend; crooked551 kēl-, kōl-, kəl- IE to deceive, dumbfound, enthrall551-52 1. kel- IE cold; warm, caloric552 2. kel- IE klei- to bow, lean, incline552-53 3. kel- IE koləmo-s thin shaft, stalk553-54 4. kel- IE klep- to hide, conceal554 kelb-, kelp- IE to help554 keleu- IE 5. kel- to wander; way, path


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554 keləuo-, keleuo- IE bald, bare

554 kelg- to wind around; windings, intrigue555 kelp-, klp- jug, pot, cauldron555 1. kem- IE to squeeze, hem in, press together556 2. kem- IE to hum, buzz, croon556 1. kem-, or kam- horn, pole, stick556 2. kem- IE (s)kem- hornless (normally horned) animal556-57 3. kem- IE to wrap, cover, conceal557 4. kem(ə)- IE to be/make tired557-58 kemə-, komə-, kmā- IE bite, piece

558 kemero-, komero-, kemero- (plant name)

558 kemer- IE armored animal (crab, turtle, etc.)

558-59 1. ken- IE gen- to pinch, press, etc.559-63 2. ken-, kenə-, keni-, kenu- IE to rub, scrape, scratch off; ashes

563-64 3. ken- IE to begin, be born, come forth anew; young,recent

564 4. ken- IE to strain, strive eagerly564 ken- void, empty

564-65 kenəkó- IE golden, honey-colored

565 keng-, kenk- kenk- peg, handle, (grappling) hook565 1. kenk- IE to bind, gird565 2. kenk- IE to burn, hurt; dry feeling: thirst, hunger566 3. kenk- IE heel, hock, back of knee566 kenk-, konk- IE 2. kāk- to hang, sway, dangle

566 kens- IE sengu h- to announce, proclaim, speak formally

567 kenth(o)- rag, cloth567 kent- IE to stab, stick567-71 1. ker-, kor-, kr- IE kre- (onomatopoeic: hoarse sound)571 2. ker- kerəp- to cut571-72 3. ker(ə)- IE kers- to burn572-73 4. ker- IE cherry573 5. ker-?, kōr- to hang573-74 6. ker-, and ker- kerbero- dirty, dark-colored, etc.574 7. ker- 2. (s)ker- to jump, turn574-77 1. ker-, kerə- : krā-, kerei-, kereu- IE horn, head, upper part of body577 2. ker-, kerə-, krē- IE to grow, increase577-78 3. ker- rope, string; to plait, weave578 4. ker-, and kerə- : krē- IE krē- to harm, injure; ruined, spoiled578 kerbero-, and kerbero- kormen- checkered, variegated579 1. kerd- to gird579 2. kerd- IE craft, talent; skilled579 kerdho-, kerdhā IE line, row, herd579-80 kered- : kerd-, kērd-, krd-, kred- IE kred- heart580-81 kerem-, krem- : krom-, and kerm- IE krem- onion or garlic; ash (tree)581 kerəp-, krēp- 2. krēp- cloth, leather rag; shoe581 kerk- : kork- : krk- to wrinkle, shrivel up582 kerə-, krā- IE krā- to cook582 kerm- to rest, tire582 kerno- jaw, chin(bone)582 kē-ro- 2. kei- colorful (or a color term)583 kers- IE 1. ker(s)- black, dirty; dark color583 1. ker(s)- IE 4. kel- bristle, stiff hair583-84 2. kers- IE to run, course


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584-85 kert-, kerət-, krāt- IE krāt- to roll, turn, wind585-86 kes- IE ks-en- to comb, itch, scratch586 kes- IE to cut586-87 kēt-, kot- IE room, dwelling place587-88 1. keu-, skeu-, lengthened grade kēu- IE 4. (s)keu- to see, hear, observe, hearken, attend to588-92 2. keu-, keu ə- IE kau-l- to bend592-94 1. keu-, keu ə- : kū-, kuā- IE to swell594-95 2. keu- IE to shine, be bright595 1. kēu- : kū- to sway, totter595 2. kēu- : kəu-, kū- IE to burn, light (a fire)595 keub- thorn595-96 keuəd-, kūd- 1. skeud- to cry, shout

596-97 keu əp- : kuēp-, kuəp-, kūp-, and occasionallykeu (e)p-, k(e)u ep-

IE to boil, cook, smoke

597 kēu ero-, kōu ero-, also skūro-? IE north (wind)597 keuk- IE to glow, shine, be bright white597 keuk-, kuk- to whirl, mix together598 kik- jay (bird)598 1. kik- IE belt, strap, thong598 2. kīk- to rain, drizzle598 kiker- pea598 kīōn-, kīsōn-? pillar598 kiph- thin flexible twig/root599 kistā basket, plaited container599 klā- IE to lade, place, heap up, lay down599 klādhrā alder (tree)599 klau- to weep599-600 klēg-, klōg-, kləg-, klang-, kleg-, klōg-, kleig-, kleik- IE to cry, shout, scream600-2 klei- IE 2. kel- to lean, incline, tip (over)602 kleik- to press/squeeze (painfully)

602-3 klem-, klēm-, klem- weak, slack, feeble, ailing

603 kleng-, and klenk- IE to bend, wind603 kleno- maple (tree)603 klep- 2. kleu- wet, damp604 klep-, sklep-? IE 4. kel- to steal, cover, secrete604 klēp- to hold in arms and/or lap604-5 klēu-, also klĕu-?, and klāu- IE hook, crook605-7 1. kleu-, kleuə- : klū- IE to hear, listen607 2. kleu- : *klō[u]- : klū- IE sklēk- to clean, rinse, swill607-8 klou-ni- hip, buttock

608 knei-guh-, knei-b- IE to bow, kneel

608 kneug- (onomatopoeic: to growl, whimper)608 knid-, knid-, sknid- nit, louse609-10 ko-, ke-, with the particle ke, k(e)i-, k(i)io- IE ke- this; here610 kob- IE to fit, fare well, be happy/successful610 koi-, kuī- (creaking noise)610 koi-lo- naked; miserable610 koi-no- grass611 kois- IE to cure, worry, care for611 ko ko, kak(k)-, ku(r)kur- (onomatopoeic: sound of cock/hen)611 koksā IE body part: foot, coxa, etc.611-12 kolə- : klō- IE 4. (s)kel- to spin612 koləmo-s, koləmā IE 3. kel- reed, stalk, stem, culm


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612 kol(ē)i- IE glue

612 koli- 5. (s)kuel- young dog/animal

612-13 kom IE at, by, cum, with, alongside

613-14 konəmo-, knāmo-, or kenəmo- IE shinbone

614 konk- IE to doubt, vacillate614 konkho- IE conch, clam(shell), mussel614 kop(h)elo-s, or kap(h)elo-s (type of carp)614-15 kopso- blackbird615 korkā grit, gravel615 kormen- 6. ker- weasel615 kormno-, krmno- corrosive liquid: lye, wine, urine, etc.615 kormo- IE harm, pain, torment, suffering615-16 koro-s, korio-s IE 1. kar- war, army, warrior616 kos(e)lo- IE hazel (tree)616 kost- IE leg, bone, costa616 krāpo-, krōpo-? IE roof616 krā- kerə- to cook, mix616 krāt- kert- to roll, turn, wind616-17 krā[u]- : krəu- : krū- IE to heap up, pile together; heap; roof617 kre-, krei-, kr- kreb- (hoarse sound)617 krē- 4. ker- to harm, injure; ruined, spoiled617 kreb- 2. kreg- (hoarse sound)617 krebh-, krōbh-, krembh- to entrust617-18 kred- IE beams618 kred- kered- heart618 1. kreg-, and kerg-? to torment618 2. kreg- 2. krei- (hoarse sound)618 1. krei- IE to brush, stroke, touch618 2. krei-, kreig-, kreik- 3. krek- (hoarse sound)618 krei- IE to appear, show forth618-19 1. krek- IE to hit619 2. krek-, krk- IE roe, fish/frog spawn619 3. krek- 2. krep- (hoarse sound)619 4. krēk- : krok- to tower, jut out; beams619 krem- kerem- onion or garlic; ash (tree)620 1. krep-, krp- IE form; corpse, body620 2. krep- 4. kreu- (hoarse sound)620 1. krēp- firm, strong620 2. krēp- 4. (s)ker- cloth, leather; shoe620 1. kret- IE to shake621 2. kret- IE to hit621-22 1. kreu-, kreuə- : krū-, kreus-, krus- IE raw flesh, thick/clotting blood; ice, crust622 2. kreu- to crash, collapse, fall down622-23 3. kreu-, krou-s- IE to push, hit, break623 4. kreu- 5. (s)ker- (hoarse sound)623 kreup- scab623 kreu-t-, kreu-dh-? IE to shake, move visibly623-24 krom- lattice, framework, wooden fence, etc.624 kr(o)k-sko- arm624 krūs- leg, shank, thigh624 krūt- IE breast, belly; vault, protuberance624 ksā- ksē-ro- to burn625 kseip-, kseib- to toss, throw625 ks-en-, ks-es-, ks-eu- kes- to comb, itch, scratch


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625 ksē-ro- IE ksā- dry, xeric, bright (of weather)625 kseubh- to sway, swing, totter625 kseud- to grind, stamp to little pieces626 kþei- IE to settle626 kþē(i)-, kþə(i)- IE to gain, acquire, possess626 ku-, kus- IE to kiss626-27 kū- sharp, pointed; pike, stake627 kūdh- dirt, dung627 kuku IE (onomatopoeic: to coo, cuckoo)627 kup- shoulder627 kuak- IE (onomatopoeic: to quack, croak)627-28 kuat(h)- IE to ferment, become sour628 1. kuei-, kuei-no- dirt, mud; to defile628 2. kuei- IE to hiss, twitter, whistle, etc.628-29 3. kuei-, extended kuei-d-, kuei-s-, kuei-t- IE to shine; white629 kuek-, nasalized kuenk- : kuk- to gape629 kuel- muddy630 kuelək-, or kelək-, kolək- 2. ku elp- bale, bundle630 1. ku elp-, kuelb- : kulp/b- : klup/b- IE to stumble, buckle at the knees; to trot630 2. ku elp- IE ku elək- to curve, vault630 kuen- IE to celebrate; saint631 kuendh-ro-, -no- (type of plant)631 kuerp-, also kuerb- IE to turn, wind631-32 kues-, kus- IE to pant, puff, sigh, wheeze632 kuēt-, kuət- : kūt- IE (s)kūt- to shake, winnow632 kuoi-, kuī- to want, wish for632-33 kuon-, kun- IE hound, dog633 kures-, kuers-, kurs- small wood, trees634 kha kha (laughter)

635 kualo-s (s)ku alo-s (big fish)

635 kuas-io-, -lo- basket, plaited work

635-36 1. kue IE kuene (enclitic) and

636 2. kue- kuo- (indefinite/interrogative pronoun)

636 kuēd-, ku ōd- IE to bore, drill, prick, stab

636-37 1. kuei(-t)- IE to observe with respect, pay attention to

637-38 2. kuei- IE to stow, gather, pile up

638 kueiə-, ku iiē- IE to rest comfortably; quiet, peaceful, tranquil

638-39 kuek-, ku ōk-, ku ek-s- IE to see, show, appear

639-40 1. kuel-, ku elə- IE to turn; wheel; neck?

640 2. kuel- IE far away

640 3. kuel- IE crowd, herd, swarm

640-41 kuem- to gulp, sip, swallow

641 kuene 1. ku e (particle: uncertainty, generalization)

641 kuenth- IE to suffer, endure

641-42 1. kuer- IE (s)ku er- to do, make, form

642 2. kuer- IE dish, pot

642 kueru- to chew, grind


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642-44 kuetu er-, kuetu ōr-, ku etur- (masc.), kuetes(o)r- (fem.) IE four, fourth

644-48 kuo-, ku e-, fem. kuā, kuei- IE 2. kue- (indefinite/interrogative pronoun)

648 kurei- IE to buy

649 kurmi- grub, worm, maggot

649 kusep- dark

649 kuþei- guhðei(ə)- to destroy, perish

649 kuās- : kuəs- IE to cough

650-51 1. lā-, and lē- IE lē- (onomatopoeic: to bark, howl, etc.)651 2. lā- IE to be hidden, covered, latent651 lab-, and labh-, lap(h)- IE lak- to lap, lick, smack (the lips), etc.652 labh- IE rabh- to grab, hold, seize

652 lāgh- lāgu h- to cut; cutting tool

652 lāgu h- (s)lāgu- to grab, seize

652 lai- fat, lard652 laidh-, lidh- IE to cut, hurt, injure652 laiuo- IE (on the) left652-53 lā[i]p-, ləip-, ləp- IE to burn, shine653 lak- lab- to lap, lick653 lak- IE to spot, sprinkle653 laku- IE (water in) lake, pond, ditch, etc.653-54 lāmā swamp, puddle654 lāp- cow654 las- IE greedy, covetous654-55 lat- IE wet, damp; swamp655 lāu- IE to acquire (as booty), enjoy something655 lauk(o)-, ləuk- (s)leug- jaw; throat655 lē- 3. lēu- (onomatopoeic: to bark, howl, etc.)

655-57 lēb-, lōb-, lāb-, leb- IE (s)leb- lip; to slump, hang down slackly

657 1. leg- IE to leak, drip, dribble, ooze out658 2. leg- to worry658 leg- IE to gather, collect658-59 legh- IE 2. lēgh- to lie, recline, set down660 1. lēg(h)- : ləg(h)- branch, twig660 2. lēgh- : ləgh- IE legh- to crawl; low

660-61 legu h- IE to move easily

661 1. lēi-, lek- 2. leik- to flex, bend661-62 2. lei- IE 1. leig- to dissipate, disappear; thin, weak662-64 3. lei- IE 4. lēi- slimy; to slip, glide664-65 4. lēi- IE 1. lendh- to pour665 1. lē[i]- : ləi- IE to want, wish665 2. lē(i)- IE 3. lē(i)- to grant/acquire possession666 3. lē(i)- IE lēs to weaken, leave behind; feeble666 leibh- 1. leip- to smear, stick666 leid- IE to play, joke667 1. leig-, and leik-, better oleig-, oleik- IE 1. leik- needy, miserable667 2. lēig-, līg- IE form, appearance; like, similar667-68 3. leig-, loig- IE to hop, jump, tremble668 4. leig-, leig- IE to tie, bind, ligate668 leigh-, sleigh- IE to lick669 1. leik- 2. leit(h)- to offer for sale669 2. leik- IE 8. el- to bend


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669-70 leiku - IE to leave, relinquish

670-71 1. leip- IE leibh- to smear (with fat), stick671 2. leip- to desire, request, wish for671 leis- IE to furrow; learn672 1. leit- IE to loathe, detest, abhor; violate672 2. leit(h)- IE 2. el- to die, go away672-73 leizd-, loizd- IE edge, fringe, hem673 1. lek-? : lok- to blame, scold, reprove

673 2. lek- : lek-, and lēk- : lək- IE rksā joint, leg, body member; to bend, wind

673-74 1. lēk- : lək- IE tendril; trap674 2. lēk- : lək- IE to lacerate, tear to pieces674 1. lem- IE to break, crush to pieces; lame, fragile675 2. lem- astonishment (with the notion of wide open jaws)675 1. lendh- (s)leidh- spring (of water), wetness675 2. lendh- IE hip, loins; kidney675 3. lendh- IE heath, steppe, open land676 leng- lenk- to sway, bend oneself676 lengh- to scold, scorn676-77 lenk- IE leng- to bend677 lento- IE lithe, flexible, pliable677-78 1. lep- (onomatopoeic root)678 2. lep- IE to flay, peel, skin678 3. lep- rock, stone679 lēp-, lōp-, ləp- IE flat679 lerd- to twist, shrivel up679 lerg- lorgā- even, smooth, slippery680 les- IE to lease, collect, pick up680 lēs : ləs- 2. lē(i)- weak, slack, feeble680 leto-, lēti-, lēto-, lōto- heat, burning, anger680 lēto-, ləto- IE daytime; summer, warm season681 letro- IE 3b. pel- leather681 1. leu-, *leu ə- : lū- IE 2. leu-g- dirt681-82 2. leu- IE leup- to free, cut off, separate682-83 1. lēu- to leave behind683 2. lēu- : ləu- IE stone683 3. lēu-, or lāu- IE 1. lā- (onomatopoeic: to bark, howl, etc.)683-84 leubh- IE to love, like, care for684 leud- IE to lout, bend over, duck down; bent, little, etc.684-85 1. leudh- IE to grow up; free; people685 2. leu-dh- 6. el- to go, move, drive685-86 1. leug- IE to bend686 2. leu-g- : lu-g- : lū-g- 1. leu- blackish; swamp686 leug- IE to break686-87 1. leugh- IE to lie, belie, prevaricate687 2. leugh-, lugh- oath687-90 leuk- IE to light, shine; see690-91 leup-, and leub-, leubh- IE 2. leu- to lift, peel, cut/break off, etc.691 lēut- : lūt- angry, raging, wrathful691 lī-no- IE flax, linen691 log- rod, twig691-92 lorgā-, lorgi- lerg- stick, club692 lou-, louə- IE to lave, wash692 lūs, genitive luu-ós IE louse693 1. mā- to beckon, wave (hand); deceive


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693 2. mā- IE timely, opportune694 3. mā IE mātér- ma, mama (nursery words)694-95 mad- IE to drip; wet; fat, glossy, well-fed695 magh- : māgh- IE to help, be able; might, power696 maghos IE maiden, young person696-97 mag- IE 2. māk- to knead, press, stroke697 magh- IE to fight, struggle697 1. mai- IE to maim, hew, cut with sharp instrument697 2. mai-, moi-? IE to smudge, stain698 mak- IE skin, leather bag698 1. māk- IE wet, damp; to soak698 2. māk- IE men(ə)k- to knead, press698 māk(en)- poppy699 mako-, or mok-o- fly, gnat699 māk- : mək- IE long and slender699 makh-o-s bold, wild, frisky, unbridled699 mand- mend- pen/hurdle of plaited rods/twigs699-700 mā-no-, mā-ni- IE wet, damp700 manu-s, or monu-s IE man, human being700 marko- IE mare, horse700 1. math-, or moth- IE moth, harmful insect700 2. mat- IE club, hoe, mattock700-1 mātér- IE 3. mā mother701 mau-ro- tired, weak; dark701-2 mazdo-s IE mast, pole702 1. me- IE eg- me (1st pers. sg. oblique pronoun stem)702-3 2. me- IE medhi- by, with, amidst, around703 1. mē- IE 1. am- (prohibitive particle: lest, that not)703 2. mē-, m-e-t- IE met- to mow, reap703-4 3. mē-, m-e-t- IE 1. med- to measure704 4. mē-, mō- IE big, important704-5 5. mē-, mō-, mə- IE to be intent; of strong will705-6 1. med- IE mēnōt to mete, allot; medicate, give advice706 2. med- IE to swell706-7 medhi-, medhio- IE 2. me- middle707 médhu IE mead, honey707 mēgh- IE friendly, well-disposed

708-9 meg(h)- : meg(h)- IE big, much, great, major, mega-709 1. mei- IE 4. mei- to mure, repair, strengthen; pole

710 2. mei- IE mei-gu- to change, mutate, exchange

710 3. mei- IE to go, wander710 4. mei- IE 1. mei- to tie, bind711 5. mei-, mi-neu- IE to lessen, diminish; small, minor711 6. mei-, meiu-, min(u)-, mim(ei)- mek- (onomatopoeic: high thin sound)711-12 7. mēi- : mōi- : mī- IE mild, soft712-13 meigh-, also meik- meis- to flicker, twinkle; mist713 meigh- IE to micturate, urinate

713 mei-gu- IE mei-k- to (ex)change

714 mei-k-, and mei-g-? IE 2. mei-t(h)- to mix, mash, stir714 mei-no- IE view, opinion, intention714 meis- meigh- to flicker, twinkle; mist715 1. meit(h)- place to stay715 2. mei-t(h)- IE 2. mei- to commute, (ex)change715-16 mek- 1. mū- (onomatopoeic: to bleat)


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716-19 1. mel-, also smel-, melə- : mlē-, mel-d- : ml-ed-,mel-dh-, ml-ēi- : mlī-, melə-k- : mlā-k-, mlēu- : mlū- IE to mill, grind; fine, ground

719-20 2. mel- IE to deceive720 3. mel- IE to hesitate720 4. mel- IE melgh- big, strong720 5. mel- IE limb; to join720-21 6. mel-, melə- IE 2. smel- dark color (black, dirty, etc.)721 7. mel- wool, woolen garment721-22 8. mel-, melə- : mlō- to appear, come forth722 1. meldh- IE to utter ritual words (to deity)722 2. meldh- IE lightning722-23 mēlg-, or meləg-? IE 1. melk- to milk, pluck, wipe off723 melgh- 4. mel- to swell723-24 meli-t, genitive mel-nés IE honey724 1. melk- mēlg- to rub, stroke724 2. melk-, melg- IE wet724 mēlo-, smēlo- IE small animal

725 melōdh-, molədh-, molədh- head; elevation

725 mels- to taste725 membh- to reproach725 mēmso-, mē(m)s-ro- IE meat, flesh726 1. men- IE 2. menth- to rise, mount, tower726 2. men- to press, step on, tread down726-28 3. men- IE 5. men- to think; mind, spiritual activity

728-29 4. men- IE meni- to diminish; small

729 5. men- IE 3. men- to stay, remain, stand still729 mend-, mond-, mnd-? mand- to feed, suck(le); breast729-30 mendā IE flaw, defect, mistake730 mendh- IE to direct attention to; vivacious730 men(e)gh-, mon(e)gh-, mngh- IE many, copious, abundant, excessive730-31 men(ə)k- IE mag- to knead731 meng- to make pretty, beautiful

731 meni- IE 4. men- minnow (or other type of fish)

731-32 mēnōt, genitive mēneses, from which mēnes-, mēns-,mēs-, mēn- IE 3. mē- month; moon

732 1. menth-, meth- IE to stir, swirl, mix up732-33 2. menth- IE mono- to chew, eat733 1. mer- to plait, weave; rope733-34 2. mer- IE to flicker, shimmer734 3. mer-, mor-(u-) to blacken; dark color, dirt spot735 4. mer-, merə- IE 5. mer- to die735-37 5. mer-, merə- IE 1. merg- to rub, wipe; pack, rob737-38 6. mer-, mer-s- IE to anger, bother, disturb, etc.738 merədh-, mrādh- to boil, bubble up738 mereg- IE march, edge, border, frontier738 meregh- IE to soak, moisten, drizzle738 1. merg- 1. merk- to wipe off738 2. merg- merk- to grab, seize738-39 merio- IE young man/woman739 merk- IE 2. merg- to grab, seize739-40 1. merk-, merg-, merək-, merəg- 2. merk- to rot740 2. merk-, mork- smerd- vexed, sullen740-41 mə-r, genitive mə-n-és, mntós IE hand741 met- 2. am- to reap, measure


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741-43 1. meu-, meuə- : mū- IE wet, damp; to wash; dirt, mud, mire743 2. meu-, meuə- IE meu-s- to move, push away743 mēudh-, məudh-, mūdh- IE to complain, care about, be intent743-44 1. meug- to lie in wait, take by surprise; wily744-45 2. meug-, meuk- IE to slip, slide; meek745 meuk- to tear, slit, scratch745 meu-s- mūs to steal745-46 1. mezg- IE to dive, plunge, immerse746 2. mezg- IE to bind, knit, knot, attach746 mizdhó- IE fee, pay, meed, reward746 mō-, mo-lo- IE to strain, trouble oneself746-47 mōd- : məd-, or mād- : məd- IE to meet, approach747 modhro-, or madhro- IE blue; madder747 moiso-s, or maiso-s sheep; hide, pelt, leatherwork747 moks, Indo-Iranian *moksū IE soon747 molko- IE pouch, leather bag747-48 mono- IE 1. men- neck; mane748 mori, mōri IE mere, sea748-49 mormor-, murmur- IE to murmur (dully)749 mormo(ro)- fear, dread, horror749 moro- IE murrey, mulberry, blackberry749 moruī- IE maur, mire, ant750 mo[u]-lo- : mū-lo- root, plant750 mō[u]-ro- : mū-ro- crazy, stupid750 moz-g-o-, moz-g-en-, mos-k-o- IE brain750 mozgho-s young cattle750 mrk- IE more, carrot, edible root750 mregh-m(n)o- IE brain, skull750-51 mreghu-, mrghu- IE brief, short751-52 1. mū- IE 6. mei- (onomatopoeic: to moo, hum, etc.)752 2. mū-, mus- IE fly, gnat, midge, muscid, mosquito752 mūk- heap, etc.752-53 mūs IE 2. meu- mouse; muscle753 mut-o-s IE trimmed, stunted, circumcised, mutilated754 1. nā- IE to help, be useful754 2. nā- to be afraid, ashamed

754 nāgu h- sober?

754 nak- fur, pelt754 nana, nena IE (nursery word: mother, nana, etc.)755 nant- IE to dare, risk755 nas- IE nose755-56 1. nāus- IE boat, ship756 2. nāu- : nəu- : nū- IE death; corpse756-58 1. nĕ, nē, nei IE (negative particle: no, etc.)758 2. ne, nē no- that (enclitic particle)758 3. ne-, nō-, plural nēs-, nōs- IE 1. u ē- we758 1. nebh- to burst758 2. nebh- IE snā- wet, damp; clouds; water

758-59 1. ned- : ned- IE 2. ner- to net, bind, connect, roll up, twist together

759 2. ned- to roar, sound, bellow759 nedo- reed760 negh- to bore, pierce, stab, stick760 1. nei-, neiə- : nī- to lead760 2. nei-, neiə-, nī- IE to be moved, excited; to shine


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760 3. nei-, ni- IE ni- in760 1. neid- to scold, shame, abuse761 2. neid- : nid- to flow; stream

761 neigu - IE to wash

761 neik- to winnow (grain)761 nēik- : nīk- : nik- IE to rail, fight, assault762 nek- IE 1. ank- death, dying, necrosis; corpse

762-63 neku -(t-), noku -t-s IE noku-(t-) night

763-64 1. nem- IE to nim, take, give, count, apportion764 2. nem- IE to bend764 nepōt- IE nephew; grandchild765 1. ner(-t)-, aner-, əner-? IE vital force; man765-66 2. ner- IE 3. ner- below, under766 3. ner- nē-tr- to penetrate; hiding place, hollow766-67 nes- IE to unite; be concealed767 ni-, nei- 1. en in767 nē-tr-, nə-tr- IE (s)nē- snake, adder767 1. neu- IE to call, praise767 2. neu- IE to push (someone); to nod768 neu-d- IE to grasp, make use of768 neu-dh- to lust, desire, yearn for768 neuk- dark, unclear, indistinct768-69 neu-ks-, neu-s- IE to scent, smell, sniff769 neu os, neu ios IE nū- new769 niz-do- sed- nest769 no- eno- that

769 nogu-, noguod(h)o-, nogu-no- IE nude, naked

770 noguo-, or nagu o- IE tree

770 noku-(t-) neku -(t-) night

770 nōmn en(o)mn- name770 nōt-, nət- IE rump, nates, backside770 nū- IE e-neu en now771 ndhos, ndheri IE under771 nsi- black, dirty771 nsi-s IE sword772 1. o 1. ē to, with772 2. ō IE 2. ē O (vocative particle)772 obhel- IE to sweep; multiply772 obhi- opi to, from, around, etc.772-73 1. od- IE 2. od- to smell773 2. od- IE 1. od- hatred, disgust, odium, aversion

773 ōd(e)go-, or ōd(e)guo- stem, stalk

773 ōg-, əg- IE to grow; fruit, berry773 oi- oi-no- (pronoun stem)774 oid- IE aid- to swell; strong774 oi-no-, oi-uo- IE 3. e- (demonstrative particle: one, this, etc.)774 oiuā 2. ēi (vocative particle)

774 ok- IE oku - to consider

775 oktō(u) IE ōkú-s eight, octad775 ōkú-s IE 2. ak- quick(ly)

775-77 oku - IE ok- to see, ogle; eye

777 ol-(e-) IE to destroy


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777-78 om- IE raw, coarse, bitter778 om(e)so-s IE shoulder778 omə- amə- to suffer; firm up, proceed energetically778 ond-, nd- rock, stone779 oner- IE dream779 ong-, better ang- coal

779 ongu- IE to anoint

779 ono-, and onə-, also (o)no-d- to scold, abuse, revile780 onogh- : ongh-, nogh-, Celtic ngh-, ongh-li- IE claw, (finger/toe) nail780 1. op- IE to work, perform, operate, bring about781 2. op- IE to opt, choose, opine, suggest781 opi ambhi at, by781 ōr-, ər- IE 5. ar- to call, speak, talk, orate781-82 orbho- IE weak, abandoned; slave, orphan

782 oreu -, ereu- entrails

782 orghi-, rghi- IE testicle782 org- 3. per- to hit, kill782 ort- vine782 *ōs, ōs-i-s, ōs-en-, os-k- IE ash (tree)783 ost(h)-, ost(h)i, ost(h)r(g), oblique ost(h)-(e)n- IE ast(h)- os, bone783 oug-, ou-? cold783-84 ō(u)i-om IE au ei- egg, ovum784 óui-s IE ewe, sheep784-85 1. ōus- : əus- IE os, mouth785 2. ōus- : əus- : us- IE ear785-86 ozdo-s IE branch786 ozgho- bud, sprout, twig787 pā- : pə-, and pā-t- : pə-t- IE 1. pen- to feed, graze, pasture787-88 pāk-, and pāg- IE pnksti- to repair, strengthen788 pān- IE sp(h)ē- pane, panel, woven fabric788 pando-s 1. pet- crooked789 pank-, pang- baˣb- to swell789 pap(p)a IE pətḗ(r) papa (nursery word); food, meal789 pār- IE to show, be visible789 parīkā concubine789 pāsó-s IE a relative789 pasto- IE firm, fast, solid790 paus- IE to free, let loose790 pāuson-, pūson- 3. peu- (name of a deity)790 1. pēd-, pōd- IE to hold; vat, vessel, container790-92 2. pēd-, pōd- IE foot792 peg- : pog- : pōg-, pōk-s- IE hip, side, shoulder792-93 pē(i)-, pī- IE to hurt, scold, shame793-94 pei(ə)-, pī- IE peisk- fat; milk794-95 1. peig-, and peik- IE colored, speckled795 2. peig-, and peik- IE to be hostile795 pei-m(i)- IE swift, quick, rapid, nimble796 1. peis-? : pis- IE to grind, trample796 2. peis-, speis- IE to blow, fizz796 peisk-, pisk- IE pei(ə)- fish796-97 1. pek-, pēk-, pōk- IE to be joyful, make pretty797 2. pek- IE plek- to fleece; fee, cattle

798 peku - IE to cook


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798-801 1. pel-, pelə-, plē- IE pleu- to pour, fill; full, plenary; town?801-2 2a. pel-, pelə- : plā- IE 3a. pel- to drive, propel, set in motion802 2b. pel-, pel-en-, pel-t-, pel-u - IE dust, powder; meal, flour802-3 3a. pel- IE 4. pel- to fold803-4 3b. pel-, pelə-, plē- IE letro- to wrap, cover; cloth; fell, pelt804 4. pel- 2a. pel- dish, vessel804 5. pel- IE to earn, sell804-5 6. pel- IE gray, dull color; pallor805 7. pel-, pol-, plē-, plō- IE to burn, be warm805-7 pelə-, plā- IE 1. plā-k- plane, flat, wide, broad807 peli-s-, pel-s- IE fell, rock807 pelk- : polk- IE to turn, bend807 pelpo-, or polpo- woodwork807 1. pen- IE pā- to feed807-8 2. pen-, pen-ko- IE mud, fen, swamp, water; wet

808 penkue IE five, fifth

808-9 pent- IE to go, walk, pad, tread; way, path809-10 1. per-, perə- : prē-, preu- IE 2. perk- to spray, sprinkle, drizzle810-16 2a. per- IE prō- to pass over/beyond816-17 2b. per-, perə- IE to fare, ferry, transport, go/carry over817 2c. per-, perə- IE to sell, impart818 2d. per- IE to bear (a child)818 2e. per- IE to dare, risk, try; peril, danger818-19 3. per-, per-g- IE org- to hit, kill819 perd- IE pezd- to fart, break wind (loudly)819-20 1. perg- pole, stem, trunk820 2. perg- IE fear; to frighten820 1. perk-, prek- to fill up820 2. perk- : prk- coals, glowing ash820 1. perk- breast, rib cage820-21 2. perk-, prek- IE 2. (s)p(h)er- spotted, speckled821 3. perk-, prk- IE porko-s to open, dig out, rip up; furrow821-22 4. perk-, prek-, prk- IE to request, ask/pray for

822-23 perkuu-s IE oak

823 pers- to spray, sprinkle, drizzle; dust, ashes823 persnā, persnī-, persno- IE heel823 perth- pole, stick823-24 1. pēs- IE 2. pēs- to blow824 2. pēs-, nasalized pēns- 1. pēs- dust, sand824 3. pes-, pesos IE penis824-25 1. pet-, pet-, petə- IE pando-s to stretch out (esp. arms)

825-26 2. pet-, petə- : ptē-, ptō-, Hellenic ptā- IE to fall, tumble down827 1. peu-, peu ə- : pū- IE to sift, clean, purge, purify827 2. peu- IE to repute, explore, understand827 3. peu- 1. pū- foam, froth827 pēu- : pəu- : pū- IE 3. pū- to hit; sharp828 peuk-, and peug- IE to pink, stab, stick828 peu ə- 2. pū- to rot, stink828 peu ōr, pūr, genitive pu-n-és, locative puu éni IE fire829 pezd- IE pīzdā- to break wind (softly)829 pətḗ(r), genitive pətr-és IE appa father830 pid- IE to bear, give birth?830 pik(h)o- knot, lump


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830 pi-lo- IE hair, pile, pilus830 pi-n- 1. (s)p(h)ēi- piece of wood830 pīp(p)- IE to peep, squeak831 pīzdā- IE 2. bhes- vulva831 plab- IE to babble, prattle, etc.

831-32 1. plā-k- : plə-k-, ple-k- : plō-k-, plei-k-, and pelə-g- :plā-g- : plə-g- IE 2. plāk- flat, wide, broad; spread out

832-33 2. plāk-, plāg-, also plēk-, plēg- IE plāt- to hit, beat, fling833-34 plāt-, plād-, plēt-, plōt-, plət- IE pləi- flat, wide, broad; spread out834 plē-, plə- IE plēk- to cut, split off834 plēi-, pləi-, plī- bald, bare, naked834-35 plek- IE 2. pek- to ply, pleach, plait, weave835 plēk-, plək-, and plēik-, plīk- IE phel- to flay, peel, rip, tear off835-37 pleu- IE pl(e)u-mon- to flee, fly, run; flow, swim837 pleuk- IE floc, hair, feather837-38 pl(e)u-mon-, pleu-tio- IE 1. pel- lung

838 pleus- IE to pluck, deplume, pull out; pluckedhair/feathers

838 pləi-, pləu- pelə- to broaden, show off838 plouto-, pluto- (wooden object)838-39 pneu- IE to pant, breathe839 pnksti- IE pāk- fist839 1. pō(i)- : pəi-? : pī- IE to graze, pasture

839-40 2. pō(i)- : pī-, and (from pō-), po- IE to bib, drink

840-41 polo- : pōlo- IE big, fat, thick, swollen841 porko-s IE 3. perk- porker, pig(let)841-42 pos IE apo- about, around; by, beside; in front of842 po-ti against, opposite, toward842 poti-s IE host, husband, lord, master, owner842-43 pōu- : pəu- : pū- IE few, small, little; young (of animals)843 pougo-, or pougho- pure, clear843-44 prā- IE to bend844 prāi-, prəi-, prī-, pri- IE to like, feel friendly/well-disposed845 preg- IE greedy, covetous; willful, violent845 prep- IE to catch sight of845 pret-, prōt- IE to understand845-46 preu- IE to hop, jump846 preus- IE to burn, freeze846 prīs- to granulate, reduce to small pieces846 prō- 2a. per- to pass over/beyond846 prōkto- : prəkto- IE rump, backside846 prso- leek, onion, garlic846-47 pster-, pstereu- IE to sneeze847 ptel(e)iā IE (type of tree, e.g. poplar/popple)847-48 1. pū-, peu-, pou-, also phu- IE phu- to blow (up)848-49 2. pū- : peu ə- IE peu ə- to rot, stink849 3. pū- pēu- to hit; sharp849 1. pūk-, peuk- IE thick-haired849 2. puk- to enclose, press together850 pu-lo- IE (stiff) hair850 pū-ro- IE grain, kernel851 phel- 1. (s)p(h)el- to cut, split, tear off; board851 pher- 1. sp(h)er- to rush, act rashly, push away, etc.851 phōl- IE to fall851 phu- 2. b(e)u- to blow (up)


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852 rabh-, or rebh- : rebh- IE labh- to rage, be furious

852 rāp-, rēp- IE rape (plant), turnip852 rās- IE to cry, (re)sound853 1. rē-, rə-, extended rē-dh- 1. rēi- to count, compute853 2. rē-, extended rē-dh- ardi- separate853 3. rē- 1. erə- to row; oar853 4. rē- 2. erə- to rest, be still853 5. rē- dark853 6. rē- 3. rei- to cry853 1. rebh- reiə- to move, hurry about853 2. rebh- IE to roof, thatch853 red-, rod- ered- to flow853 1. rēd- IE to excite, cheer up, be joyful854 2. rēd- : rōd- : rəd- IE to gnaw, scrape, scratch854 1. reg-, and sreg-? IE to dye854 2. reg- IE to see854-57 1. reg- IE reig- to regulate, make just/right; king, reign857 2. reg-, rek-, rek-? IE damp; rain

857 regu os- IE ēreb(h)- darkness

857-59 1. rei- IE reig- to cut, reap, rive, tear, scratch859 2. rei-, roi- IE spotted, speckled, brightly variegated859-60 3. rei-, rē(i)- IE reibh- to cry, scream, bellow, etc.860 4. rei- : rēi- IE thing, possession860 5. rei- reid- to support860 1. rēi- : rī- 2. ar- to count, arrange860 2. rēi-, rōi- 3. ar- nut860 reibh- 1. reu- (onomatopoeic: to resound?)860 reid- reik- to support, lean against861 reidh- IE to ride, go (in vehicle)861-62 reig-, or reig- IE roi-no- to rig, tie, bind862 reig-, rēig- IE 1. reg- to reach, stretch out862 reiə-, rī- 2. reu- to flow, move862 reik- 1. rek- to stretch oneself; pole862 rei-r(ēi)- IE (onomatopoeic: to quake, tremble)863 rēito-, rēiti- joint, shoulder (of animals)863 1. rek- IE rem- to project, tower up; pole863 2. rēk- IE to reck, reckon, arrange, prepare863 rek-, reg- to bind864 rekþh- ŕkþo-s to harm, injure864 rem-, remə- IE 5. rei- to rest; to support

864-65 remb-, romb-, romb- to hack, hoe

865 rendh- IE to rend, rip, tear to pieces865 rent- thing?865 rep- IE to grab, rip out, ravish865 1. rēp-, rep-? IE to creep, crawl866 2. rēp-, rəp- IE pole, stake, beam, rafter866 rēs-, rōs- 2. ere-s- to flow866 ret(h)- IE to run, roll, rotate866 rēt-, rōt-, rət- IE pole, rood; stem, stick, trunk867-68 1. reu-, rēu-, rū- IE 6. rē- (onomatopoeic: to roar, rout, round, etc.)868-71 2. reu-, reu ə- : rū- IE 3. reu- to open, tear out, dig/rip up, etc.871 3. reu-, reu-s- 3. er- to hasten871 4. reu- 1. ereu- to search871-72 reu-b-, and reu-g- IE to belch, eruct, retch, vomit


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872-73 reudh- IE red873 reugh-m(e)n- IE ream, cream?873 reus- elm (tree)873 reu-smen- IE to chew, ruminate; throat, rumen873-74 reuto-, routo-, rut- stomach, intestines (of an animal)874 reu ə- : rū- IE to ream, open; wide, roomy874 rezg- IE to plait, weave, wind874 roi-no- 1. rei- hill, road874 rughio- u rughio- rye874 ruk(k)-, rouk(k)- IE yarn; fabric875 rksā 2. lek- fetlock; tether875 ŕkþo-s IE rekþh- bear (animal)876 sā-, sə- IE sāno-s enough, satiate, sufficient876-77 sāg- IE to seek, track, trail877 sāi- IE pain, illness; sore878 saip- IE fence, stall, enclosure878 sak- IE to sacrifice, sanctify, make a treaty878-79 1. sal- IE 2. sal- sal, salt; brackish water879 2. sal- IE 1. sal- gray, dirty, sallow879-80 sālo- wavy880 sāno-s IE sā-ti- sane, healthy?880 sap-, sab- IE to taste, savvy, perceive880 sasio- (type of grain)880 sā-ti- sā- satiated880-81 saus-, sus- IE sere, dry881-82 sāu el-, sāu ol-, suu él-, su el-, sūl- IE 2. su el- Sol, sun882-84 se- IE seni- self, one's own884-87 sed- IE ēs- to sit, set, settle887 1. seg- 1. sē(i)- to sow (seed)887-88 2. seg-, nasalized seng- IE to attach, tack on

888-89 segh-, seghi-, seghu- IE to possess, hold fast, persevere, overcome;victory

889 sei-, soi- IE seiku - to drip, be damp

889 1. sē(i)- IE 2. sē(i)- to sift889-91 2. sē(i)- : səi- : sī-, sē- : sə-, and sei- : si- IE 3. sēk- to sow, dispatch, disseminate, let fall891-92 3. sē(i)-, səi- : sī-, and sei- : si- IE siē[u]-ro- to bind, strap, tie892 sē[i]dh- : sīdh-, and sədh- to aim at, strive for893 sēik-, sīk- IE to grip, reach for

893-94 seiku - IE seip- to spill, pour out

894 seip-, seib- IE sei- to sift, pour out894-95 1. sek- to run off, dry out (re: water)895-96 2. sēk- IE (s)k(h)ed- to cut, section, dissect896 3. sēk- IE 1. seg- to abate; lazy, quiet

896-97 1. seku - IE 2. seku- to segue, follow

897-98 2. seku - IE 1. seku- to see, notice; show, say, speak

898 1. sel- IE salon, dwelling place898-99 2. sel-, su el- IE 4. su el- sill, beam, board899 3. sel- IE to grab, seize, take899 4. sel- IE to jump, leap, spring, exult900 5. sel- to creep, crawl900 6. sel-, selə- : slā- IE solo- lucky, favorable; luck900-1 selg- IE to pour out, set free, send/throw away901 selk- IE 8. u el- to pull, drag; sulcus, furrow


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901 selos- IE sea, lake, swamp901 selp- IE salve, fat, butter901-2 1. sem- to draw, pour, scoop902-5 2. sem- IE one, some, together905 3. sem- IE summer905-6 sēmi- IE half, semi-906 sen-, sene-, sen(e)u-, senə- IE sneubh- to prepare, work on906 sendhro- IE clotted, coagulated; fluid, melted, etc.

906 sengu - IE to sink, sag, fall

906-7 sengu h- IE kens- to sing

907 seni-, senu-, seni-, sn-ter- IE su- for oneself; sundry, separate

907 senk- IE to singe, burn, dry907-8 sen(o)- IE old, senile, senior908 sent- IE to send, go, choose direction; to sense909 sep- IE to honor, care for, concern oneself with909 septm IE seven909-10 1. ser- IE sr-edh- to flow, stream910 2. ser- IE to serve, guard, protect, shelter910-11 3. ser-, sor- IE red911 4. ser- IE to insert, line up, put/bind together911-12 5. ser-, extended serp- IE sickle912 serk- IE to fence; hedge, plaited work912 serp- IE to creep, crawl

912-13 1. seu-, seuə- : sū- IE sū-ro- sop, soup, juice, liquid

913-14 2. seu-, seu ə-, sū- IE sū-s to bear (a child); son914 3. seu- : su-, seu ə- : sū- seu io- to bend, turn914-15 4. seu-, seu-t- IE to seethe, boil915 seug- IE sad, sick, grievous, afflicted915 seu ə-, sū- to leave behind?915 seu io- su ē(i)- (to the) left915 siē[u]-ro- : siə-ur(io)- siū- brother-in-law915-16 siū-, sīu- IE soi-to- to sew916 skabh-, skambh- IE to support916-17 (s)kāi- IE skāi- bright, shining917 (s)k(h)ai-, (s)k(h)ai-d-, (s)k(h)ai-t- IE to cuff, kick917-18 skāi-, skəi- : skī- IE 4. kāi-d- to shine/shimmer dully; shadow918 (s)kamb-, and (s)kemb- IE kamb- to bend, curve, hump918 (s)kand-, (s)kend- kand- to glow; bright918-19 (s)k(h)ed-, (s)k(h)e-n-d- IE skēi- to crush, shatter, split to pieces919 sked- to cover919-22 skēi- IE 1. (s)kel- to cut, skive, exscind, separate922 skēi-bh-, nasalized ski-m-bh- to limp; slanting922-23 (s)kek-, skeg- IE to jump, spring, move quickly; shake923-27 1. (s)kel- IE (s)ken-(d-) to cut, halve927 2. (s)kel- IE 9. kel- to owe, be guilty927 3. (s)kel- IE 10. kel- to parch, dessicate, dry out928 4. (s)kel-, extended klā-, klō- IE 11. kel- to bend; crooked

928 5. (s)kuel-, (s)kel- 2. gal- to call, resound

929 (s)kel- to jump, spring929 skhel- to stumble929 (s)kem- IE 2. kem- deformed, disabled, mutilated; hornless929-30 (s)ken-(d-) IE 6. skēu(-t)- to skin, flay, split off930 skendh- IE to dive, plunge


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930 (s)keng- IE to hobble; lame, slanted930 1. (s)kep- to hide, cover

930-33 2. (s)kēp-, (s)kōp-, and (s)kāp-, (s)kēb(h)-, skob(h)-,and skāb(h)- IE to cut, shave, split with sharp tool

933 1. (s)ker- to shrink, dry out, wrinkle up; dry, thin933-35 2. (s)ker-, skerə- : skrē- IE 7. ker- to jump935-38 3. (s)ker- IE to bend, curve, turn938-47 4. (s)ker-, (s)kerə-, (s)krē- IE (s)ker-dh- to cut, shear, score, scribe947 5. (s)ker- 1. ker- (onomatopoeic: hoarse sound)

947 (s)kuer- 1. ku er- to do, make

947-48 sker-(d-) IE to defecate; dung, excrement948-49 (s)kerb(h)-, (s)kreb(h)-, nasalized (s)kremb- IE to curve, turn

949 (s)ker-dh-, (s)kor-dh- (s)kert-s- small, pitiful, miserable

949-50 (s)kert-s- 2. ker- across, straight along950 skēt- : skət- IE to jump, spring950 skēth-, skəth- IE to scold, scathe, injure, damage950-51 1. (s)keu- to perform, carry out951-53 2. (s)keu-, (s)keu ə : (s)kū- IE to hide, wrap, cover953 3. skēu-, ksēu- to sneeze954 4. (s)keu- 1. keu- to notice, observe, pay attention to954 5. skēu- skēu- to push, shoot, throw954 6. skēu(-t)- IE 1. kal- to cut, scratch, separate954-55 skēu- IE skeub- to push, shoot, throw955 skeub-, skeubh-, skeug- IE 2. (s)keud- to shove, move, shoot, throw955 1. skeud- keuəd- to grumble, protest; unwilling955-56 2. (s)keud- IE 5. skēu- to shoot, throw956 (s)keup-, skeub(h)- IE sheaf, bunch, flock, etc.956-57 (s)keut-, (s)keudh- to shrink, shrivel up957 sklēk-, sklək- sresk- to spray, sprinkle; wet957 skordho- pan, vessel; potsherd957 skot- IE shade, shadow, darkness957-58 (s)kūt- IE ku ēt- to shake, shudder

958 (s)kualo-s IE kualo-s (type of large fish, e.g. whale)

958 sku erb(h)- to pierce, stick (of thorns)958 sk(h)u oi-, sk(h)u i(i)- thorn, needle

958 (s)lāgu- IE lāgh- to grab, latch, seize

959 slak- IE to hit, hammer959 (s)leb-, (s)lob-, (s)lep-, (s)lop- lēb- lip; to hang down slackly959-60 (s)lēg- : (s)ləg-, and (s)leg- IE weak, feeble, languid

960 slēgu - to oppress, maltreat, mishandle

960 (s)leib- sleub(h)- to slip; slimy960-61 (s)leidh- IE 3. lei- to slide; slippery961 (s)leig- to hack, hit961-62 slenk-, sleng- IE to turn, wind; creep, slink962 sler- (s)lrg- chasm962-63 (s)leu- IE slack, feeble, loosely hanging963-64 sleub(h)- IE (s)leug- to slide, slip964 (s)leug-, (s)leuk- IE lauk(o)- to swallow964 (s)leug-, (s)leuk- IE (s)leib- to slide, slip964-65 (s)leup-, (s)leub(h)- IE to hang slackly965 (s)lī- : sləi-, or slōi-, slī-uo- IE livid, bluish965 slougo-, slougā- (fem.) IE help, service965-66 (s)lrg-, and sler- sler- (onomatopoeic: to swallow)


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966 sme, smā IE really, truly (emphatic particle)966-67 smē-, smeī-, sm-ei- IE 3. smēi- to rub, smear967 smeg(h)- IE to smack, taste967-68 1. (s)mei-, smeu- IE smeu- to smile968 2. smēi- : sməi- : smī- IE to carve, work with sharp tool968 3. smēi-, smeid-, smēig-, smēik- smē- to rub, smear968 smeit-, smit- IE to throw968 smek- beard, chin969 1. smel- IE to smolder, burn slowly969 2. smel- IE 6. mel- gray969-70 (s)mer- IE to mourn, remember, think of, care for970 smerd-, smord- IE 4. mer- to stink970-71 smeru- IE fat, grease, smear971 smeu- 1. (s)mei- to laugh, smile971 (s)meukh-, (s)meug-, (s)meugh- IE to smoke; smoke971 smog- heavy, burdensome971-72 snā-, snə-(t-), snāu-, sn-eu-, sn-et- IE sneu- to flow, swim; damp972-73 (s)nadh- to cut, slice973 (s)nē-, and (s)nēi- IE snēp- to spin, twist threads together973-74 (s)nēbh-ri-, (s)nōbh-ri- thin, narrow974 sneig- IE to crawl, snake

974 sneiguh- IE to snow; snow

974 sneit- IE to cut974-75 snēp-, snōp-, snəp- 2. (s)ner- to gather in sheaves/bundles; twist into rope975 1. (s)ner-, (s)nur- IE to snarl, growl975-77 2. (s)ner- IE snēu- to turn, wind, etc.977 (s)nerb- IE to cut?977 sneu- 2. enebh- to flow, swim; damp977 snēu- : snū-, and snĕu- IE 1. ned- to turn, bind, attach; band, sinew977-78 sneubh- IE snusós to woo, marry978 1. sneud(h)- IE 2. sneudh- to drowse, slumber; drowsy, sleepy978 2. sneudh- IE 1. sneud(h)- fog, mist978 snusós IE sen- daughter-in-law978-79 so(s), sā IE 1. to- (nom. sg. demonstrative stem: he, she)979 soi-to- 3. sē(i)- magic979-80 solo-, sol(e)u o- IE 6. sel- whole, well-kept, salubrious980 sō[u]rā : sōrā calf (of leg)980 spako- point; small drop980 sp(h)ē-, sp(h)ə-(dh-) IE 2. sp(h)ei long flat piece of wood981 speg-, or spōg- IE spek- to watch sharply, be attentive981-82 1. (s)p(h)ēi- : (s)p(h)ī- IE pi-n- sharp/pointed stick: spile, spit, etc.982 2. sp(h)ei : sp(h)ī, and sp(h)ē : sp(h)ə- IE 3. sp(h)ē(i)- to pull, drag983-84 3. sp(h)ē(i)-, spī-, and sphē- : sphə- IE 1. (s)pen(-d)- to fatten, prosper, succeed, etc.984 spek- IE speg- to watch, inspect, spy on985 (s)pel- IE to speak aloud, tell with emphasis985-87 1. (s)p(h)el- IE (s)p(h)elg- to cut, split, spall, tear off; board987 2. (s)p(h)el- IE to shine, glitter987 (s)p(h)elg- (s)plei- to split, splinter987 sp(h)elgh(en), splengh-, splēgh- IE milt; spleen988 1. (s)pen(-d)- IE (s)p(h)eu-d- to pull, spin989 2. *(s)pen-, (s)pon-, (s)pondho- wooden pail989 spend- IE to offer a libation989 sp(h)e(n)d- to shake, quiver989-90 sp(h)eng- IE to shine, glitter


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990 speno-, stēno-, p(ə)stēno- teat, breast, nipple990-91 1. (s)per- IE pole, spar, rafter991 2. sper(-g)- IE (type of bird, esp. sparrow)991-92 3. sper- IE to turn, wind992 4. (s)p(h)er-, (s)p(h)erəg- to rip, tear; rag, snippet992-93 1. sp(h)er-, sp(h)erə- IE sp(h)erd(h)- to rush, push away, act rashly, etc.993-95 2. (s)p(h)er-, sprei-, spreu- IE sprei- to sow, strew, spread, scatter, sprinkle995 3. sp(h)er- balls of goat/sheep excrement995-96 sp(h)erd(h)-, (s)p(h)red(h)-, nasalized sp(h)rend(h)- IE *(s)p(h)ereg- to rush, sprint, spring; running

996-98 *(s)p(h)ereg-, (s)p(h)erəg-, (s)p(h)rēg-, nasalizedspreng- IE spergh- to rush, hurry; strew, sprinkle, disperse

998 spergh-, spregh-, nasalized sprengh- IE pher- to rush, hurry, spring, jump998-99 (s)p(h)eu-d- pān- to press, hurry999 (s)pīko- IE woodpecker (or other large bird)999 (s)pingo- IE finch, sparrow999-1000 (s)p(h)iēu- : (s)piū-, (s)pīu - IE to spit, spew, sputter1000 (s)plei- IE plē- to cut, split1000 (s)pleigh- to splay (legs)1001 (s)poimno- IE foam, spume, spray1001 sprei-, spreu- sp(h)reig- to sow, strew, scatter1001 sp(h)reig- 1. per- to teem, abound, overflow

1001 sraku-to- sharp-edged

1001 srebh-, srbh-, and serbh- IE su erbh- to sip, slurp, swallow1001-2 sr-edh-, sr-et- IE sreu- to boil, spout, whirl1002 (s)reigh- to creep, climb, clamber1002 srenk- IE to snore1002 srēno- body part (e.g. hip, loins)1002 sresk- klep- to drip, drizzle1003 sreu- IE 1. ser- to stream, flow1004 sreup- dirty, scabby1004 srīg-, srīgos- IE cold, frost1004 srōmo- lame1004-10 stā- : stə- IE stāk- to stand1010 stag- IE to drip, drizzle, trickle1010 (s)tāi- IE stāi- to steal, do secretly1010-11 stāi-, stī-, sti-ā- IE stēib(h)- to condense, press together; stiff; stone1011 stāk-, stek- IE steb(h)- to place, stand

1011-13steb(h)-, and stēb(h)- : stəbh-, nasalized stemb(h)-,step-, also stēp-?, nasalized stemp-, nominal stəbho-s,stemb(h)ro-s, stomb(h)o-s

IE stā- stump, post, pillar; to support, etc.

1013-14 1. (s)teg- IE tāg- to deck, thatch, cover; house, roof1014 2. (s)teg- IE stegh- stake, pole, beam1014-15 stegh-, nasalized stengh- IE 2. (s)teg- stick, stalk, stang, etc.1015 (s)tei- IE tei- sharp, pointed; spike, style, stylus1015-16 stēib(h)-, stīb(h)-, stēip-, stīp- IE steuə- stick, pole, stake; stiff1016-17 (s)teig- IE teig- to stick, prick; sharp1017-18 steigh- IE to climb, ascend; stride, march

1018 (s)teigu - IE teigu - arm, shoulder; thigh, hip

1018 (s)teigu h- to endure, wait patiently

1018 1. (s)tel- 4. tel- to urinate, let flow1018-19 2. stel-, stelə- IE 3. stel- to dilate, broaden, stretch out; broad1019-20 3. stel- IE 2. stel- to put, place1021 stem- to push, thrust; stumble, stutter1021 1. (s)ten- IE 2. ten- to drone, groan, thunder, etc.


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1021-22 2. sten- IE to narrow, hem in1022-27 1. (s)ter-, (s)terə- : (s)trē- IE 6. ster- stark, stiff, solid, rigid, etc.1027-28 2. stēr- IE star1028 3. ster- IE to rob, steal1028-29 4. ster-, also sterə- : strē-, strei-, streu- IE line, streak, strip, stripe1029-31 5. ster-, sterə- : strē-, steru- : streu- IE to strew, scatter, spread out1031 6. ster- IE 7. (s)ter-n- barren, sterile, unfruitful1031 7. (s)ter-n- IE 2. streig- thorn, prickly stalk1031-32 8. (s)ter- IE dung, stercory, dirty water; to rot, befoul1032 sterg-, sterk- IE to care for, pay careful attention to1032-34 1. (s)teu- IE 1. teu- to hit, push, thrust1035 2. steu- IE to praise (aloud)1035 steuə- (s)tāi- to coagulate, become dense/thick1035 stilp-, stilb- IE to shine; to look, show1035 stomen- IE mouth, stoma1036 storos, stornos, strnos? IE starling, songbird1036 1. streig- IE to halt, pause, falter, be(come) stuck1036 2. streig- IE strenk- taut, stiff, strict; to twist; rope1036 3. (s)treig-, streid(h)- IE treig- to hiss1036-37 strenk-, streng- IE 7. ter- tight, cramped; cord, string1037 (s)trep-, (s)treb- IE 3. trep- to cry, make wild noises1037 stru- gray-haired, old (man)1037-38 su-, sū- su e-lo- good, well1038-39 sū-s, suu -ós IE 2. sūs- pig, sow, swine1039 sū-ro-, sou-ro- IE 1. seu- sour, bitter, salty; cheese1039 1. sūs- to whistle (of wind)1039 2. sūs- 2. seu- parent, creator, producer1039-40 su ād- IE sweet; to enjoy something1040 su ard- to laugh1040-41 su ei-, su i- IE to pipe, whistle, sibilate1041-42 su ē(i)- IE su eng- to bend, turn, swing, swivel1042 1. su eid- IE su ēid- to shine, glisten1043 2. su eid- IE to sweat, perspire; sweat1043 su ēid- 1. su eid- milk1043 su ek- to smell (good)1043-44 su ekrū- husband's mother1044 su eks, seks, kseks, ksu eks, u eks : uks IE six

1044 s(u)eku o-s IE sap, pitch, resin

1045 1. su el(-k)- IE to eat, drink, swill, swallow1045 2. su el- IE su elplo-s to burn, smolder, swelter1046 3. su el-, su ol-, sul- IE sole of foot; ground1046 4. su el- 2. sel- beam, board1046 su e-lo-, su eliio(n)- se- brother-in-law1046 su elplo-s IE sāu el- sulphur1046 su em- IE to swim, move1046-47 su en- IE to sound, resound1047 (s)u endh- su ī- to dwindle, disappear1047-48 su eng-, su enk- : su eg-, su ek- IE u eib- to bend, swing, swag1048 su enk-, sunk- IE heavy; pregnant1048 su ento-, sunto- IE sound, active, healthy, vigorous1048-49 1. su ep-, sup- IE to sleep1049 2. su ep-, sup-, su eb- IE to throw


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1049 1. su er-, also ser-? IE 2. su er- to speak, swear, answer1049-50 2. su er- IE 1. su er- to buzz, hiss1050 3. su er- stake1050 4. su er- IE to cut, prick, pierce1050 5. su er- 1. uer- heavy1050-51 su erbh-, also su er-? IE srebh- to turn, sweep, swerve1051 su ergh- IE to be ill; to sorrow, care for1051 su esor- IE sister1052 su ī- IE 2. u endh- to fade, dwindle, become silent1052 su omb(h)o-s IE porous, spongy, swampy1052 su ordo-s IE black, swarthy; dark/dirty color1053-54 tā-, tə-, tāi-, təi-, tī-; [tāu-], təu-, tū- IE to thaw, melt, decay, dissipate1054 tād- to act purposefully

1054-55 tag-, or teg- : tog- : teg- IE 2. tong- to grip, seize, touch

1055 tāg- IE teg- to tidy up1055 tak-, takē(i)- IE to be tacit, silent1055 tāl- IE to grow, turn green; plant, young sprout1056 1. tap- to dip1056 2. tap- IE to press down/together1056 tata-, and similarly tēta- IE daddy (nursery word)1056-57 taus- calm, still, silent, peaceful1057 teg- 1. (s)teg- to cover1057 tēg-, təg- to burn1057 tegu- IE thick, fat1057 tei- (s)tei- sharp, pointed; spike1057 teig- (s)teig- to prick, stick; sharp

1057 teigu - (s)teigu- arm, shoulder; thigh, hip

1057 1. tek- IE to bear, produce1057-58 2. tek- IE to reach, stretch out (hand) for1058 3. tek- IE to plait, weave1058-59 tekþ- IE to plait

1059-60 teku - IE to flow, run

1060-61 1. tel-, telə-, tlē(i)-, tlā- IE to bear, carry; weigh, lift up1061 2. tel-, telə-, telu- IE flat (board, ground)1061-62 3. tel- to be calm/still1062 4. tel- 1. (s)tel- to urinate, let flow1062 telegh- telek- to hit1062 telek- IE telegh- to hit, push1062 telp- to have room; spacious1062-63 1. tem-, tend- IE tend- to cut1063 2. tem- stunned, confused1063-64 tem(ə)- IE dark1064-65 temp- IE 1. ten- to span, stretch, extend1065-66 1. ten-, tend- IE tengh- to span, stretch, extend1067 2. ten- 1. (s)ten- to drone, groan, thunder, etc.1067 tend- 1. tem- to cut

1067 tenəgos, tenəgos ground (under water)

1067 1. teng- IE to dunk, soak, wet1067 2. teng- 1. tong- to feel, think1067 tengh- 1. tenk- to span, extend; pull, stretch1067 1. tenk- IE 2. tenk- to span, extend; pull, stretch1068 2. tenk- IE tens- to clot, thicken, contract; tight, solid


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1068-69 tens- IE temp- to span, stretch, extend

1069 tenu-s, tenu-s IE thin1069-70 tep- IE to be warm, tepid1070 1. ter- trem- to quiver, tremble1070-71 2. ter-, teru- IE weak, feeble, tender, fragile1071-74 3. ter-, terə-, and teri-, trēi-, trī-, also teru- : treu- IE 6. ter- to bore, drill, rub, thresh1074-75 4. ter-, terə- : tr-, trā-, teru- IE 5. ter- to cross, get over, etc.1075-76 5. ter- IE tet(e)r- through, over, etc.1076 6. ter- 3. ter- (boring/gnawing insect)1076 7. ter-, terə-, terbh-, terd-, terg-, terp- treg- stiff, rigid, solid, etc.1076 terd-, tred- to bore, drill through

1076-77 tergu- to warn, threaten; fright, horror

1077 terk-, trek-, tork-, trok- IE trāgh- to torque, turn1077-78 terp-, trep- IE to enjoy, satisfy oneself1078-79 ters- IE to toast, dry; thirst1079 tet(e)r- tor- (onomatopoeic: to quack)1079 1. teu-, teud-, teug-, teuk-, teup- tuen- to hit, push, thrust1079-80 2. teu- IE to notice, observe, listen to1080-85 tēu-, təu-, teuə-, tuō-, tū- IE teuk- to swell, intumesce1085 teuk- tēu- germ, seed, sprout, offspring1085 teup- IE to crouch down, conceal oneself1085 teus- to empty1085 teuə-, tuā- to sift1086 ti-ti-, (ti)til- (onomatopoeic: chirping of small bird)

1086 tiegu - to retreat, step back in fear; shy

1086-87 1. to-, tā-, tio- IE so(s) that, him (neut. or non-nom. demonstrativestem)

1088 2. to- ati (prefix)

1088 tolku - IE to speak

1088 1. tong-, *teng- IE 2. teng- to think, feel1088 2. tong- tag- to touch, grip, seize1088 top- IE to reach, stay; place1088-89 tor-, toro-s IE trozdos- loud, distinct, audible1089 trāgh-, trōgh-, and trēgh- IE trek- to drag, train, pull, move

1090 trēb-, trōb-, treb-, or trəb-, trb- IE building, dwelling

1090 treg- 1. (s)ter- to make an effort, use all one's strength; battle,force; solid

1090-92 trei- IE three, trio1092 treig- 3. (s)treig- to hiss1092 treisti-, or trīsti- sulky, moody, stubborn1092 trek- IE dherāgh- to pull, run1092-93 trem-, trems- IE 1. trep- to shake, tremble; to stomp, trample1093 1. trenk- IE 2. trenk- to throng, push, press together1094 2. trenk- 1. trenk- to wash, bathe, cleanse1094 1. trep- IE tres- to trip, tread, trample1094 2. trep- IE to bow the head, turn away in shame1095 3. trep-, treb- (s)trep- to cry, make wild noises1095 tres-, ters-, *teres- IE 1. ter- to quiver, tremble1095 trēu- to prosper1095-96 tr-eu-d- IE trūdes- to thrust, push, press, squash1096 triiəto-, trīto- sea; wet, watery1096 tris- vine; stem, stalk1096 trozdos- : trzdos- IE 4. ter- thrush, blackbird


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1096-97 trūdes- tr-eu-d- scratchy; leprosy?1097 truk- tuerk- to cut1097 trus- reed1097 tu, tutu IE (onomatopoeic: chirping of bird)1097-98 tū IE thou, you1098 tū-lo- slow, lazy, sluggish; boring1098 1. tuāk-, tuk- to bind, close up, pull together1098 2. tuak- IE to bathe1099 tuakos skin1099 1. tuēi- to hack, hew, cut down, hit sharply1099 2. tuei-, extended tuei-s- IE to shake, excite, move back and forth, shimmer1099 tuen- 1. (s)teu- to hit, push, thrust1099-1100 tuengh- IE to twinge, oppress, constrain, close in1100-1 1. tuer- : tur-, and tur- IE to twirl, turn1101 2. tuer- : tur-, tuerə- IE to grab, hold1102 tuerk- IE truk- to cut1102 tuībh- hollow1102 tuō[u]- : tuəu- : tū-l- pipe, tube1103 1. u- (onomatopoeic: owl's hoot, etc.)1103 2. u- 5. ue- ooh! (interjection of pain)1103 ub- to drag, press down1103-4 ūd- IE ghe- out, away, up(wards)1104-5 udero-, uēdero- IE belly, uterus1105 ul- IE albhi- (onomatopoeic: to howl, ululate)1105-6 upér, upéri IE upo over, above1106-7 upo, up, eup, (e)up-s- IE upér under, (from) below, etc.1108 1. u ā-, uō-, u ə- 2. uen- to hit, wound1108 u en- IE to hit, wound1108-9 2. u ā- IE (to pull) apart1109 u āb- IE 1. u ap- to call, cry, weep, lament1109 u adh- IE pledge1109 u ādh-, uədh- IE to go, wade, stride, march1110 1. u āg- IE sheath, cover, hollow lid1110 2. u āg- u āgh- to cry, shriek1110 u āgh-, suāgh- IE 2. u āg- to cry, shriek, sough1110-11 u ai IE woe; wolf1111 u āi-, uī- IE weak, miserable1111 u ākā IE cow1111-12 u al-, u al-d(h)- IE to prevail, be strong1112 u ank- beam1112 1. u ap- 2. uap- to chatter1112-13 2. u ap-, ūp- IE u āb- to call, cry1113 u āsto-s 1. eu- to lack; empty1113 1. u āt-, better u ōt- IE wood, vatic, mentally animated1113 2. u āt- IE u əg- to bend, curve1113-14 u azdh-, better uozdh- long, wide1114 1. u ē-, uei- IE 3. ne- we two (dual), we (plural)1114 2. u e-, uedh- 1. uebh- to weave1114 3. u ē-, uə- IE u ēp- to blow1114 4. u e-, uo-, u es- 3. au- from, away, downward1114 5. u e-, uo- 4. au- other; that (one)


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1114 1. u ebh- IE 5. au - to plait, weave, waver, move back and forth1114-15 2. u ebh- u obhsā to roam, swarm, wander1115 u ed- 2. uedh- to lead1115 1. u edh- IE to hit, push1115-16 2. u edh-, before nasals u ed- IE u ed- to lead1116-17 3. u edh- 1. uendh- to tie, bind, attach1117 u eg- IE u okso- to bind, weave1117-18 u eg- IE au eg- fresh, strong

1118 u egu - : ūgu -, ukus- IE damp, moist; to wet, sprinkle, irrigate; ox

1118-20 u egh- IE to move, drive, carry, convey1120 u əg- : uāg- 1. uei- bent, curved1120-22 1. u ei-, u eiə- : u ī- IE 1. u eid- to bend, turn, wind1123 2. u ei-, u eiə- : u ī- IE 3. u eis- to wizen, wither

1123-24 3. u ei-, u eiə- : u ī- IE u īro-s to wish, pursue, go for, reach towards; strong,violent

1124 u eib- u eip- to sway, turn1124 1. u eid- 4. ueik- to bend, turn1125-27 2. u (e)id- IE to vide, see, wit, know1127-28 u eidh-, u idh- IE 1. u ī- to divide, separate; widow1128 1. u eik- IE to choose, filter, sort out1128-29 2. u eik- IE force, energy (in battle, victory, etc.)1129 3. u eik- IE to happen, become equal, come together1130-31 4. u eik-, ueig-, extended form of u ei- IE 2. u eis- to bend, curve; exchange, pass around1131 u eik-, u ik-, uoiko- IE house, village, settlement1131-32 u eip-, ueib- IE 3. seu- to turn, whip, sway, vibrate1133 1. u eis- IE to grow, sprout1133-34 2. u eis- u ek- to bend, turn1134 3. u eis- IE 2. u ei- to flow (away); ooze, virus, poison1134-35 u ek-, u e-n-k- u ək- to bend1135 u ək- : *uāk- IE u e-n-g- bent1135 u ek- IE to want, wish

1135-36 u eku - IE to voice, speak, evoke

1136 u ek-ti- IE whit, thing1136-37 1. u el- IE to see1137-38 2. u el-, u lei-, ulē(i)- IE 5. u el- to will, want, wish, choose1138 3. u el- IE 7. u el- to crowd, press, push1139-40 4. u el-, u elə- IE wool, hair; grass, wold, forest1140 5. u el-, u elə- 2. uel- to deceive1140 6. u el- warm1140-44 7. u el-, u elə-, u lē- IE 3. u el- to turn, wind; round, voluble1144-45 8. u el- IE 1. u elk- to steal; to wound, tear, avulse1145 1. u elk- selk- to pull, drag1145-46 2. u elk-, uelg- IE wet, damp1146 u em-, uemə- IE to spit, spew, wamble, vomit1146-47 1. u en-, u enə- IE to love, venerate, strive/wish for1147 2. u en- 1. uā- to hit, wound1148 1. u endh- IE 3. u edh- to turn, wind, wend1148 2. u endh- (s)u endh- to wane, disappear1148 3. u endh- hair, beard1148-49 u e-n-g- IE u e-n-gh- bent


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1149 u e-n-gh- IE u e-n-k- bent1149 u e-n-k- 2. uāt- bent1149 1. *u ep- : u ōp- : up- ab- water1149 2. u ep- to strew, throw out1149-50 u ēp- : uəp- 10. au (e)- to blow; to soar1150-51 1. u er-, also su er- IE 3. u er- to bind, attach; strive1151-52 2. u er- IE highland, raised place; high, top1152 3. u er- IE 5. u er- to bend, turn, wrap1152 3a. u er-, u rmi-s, u rmo-s IE worm1153 3b. uer-, uer-b-, and u er-bh- IE to bend, turn, warp1153-54 3c. u er-, u (e)r-ed- IE to sway, bend down1154 3d. uer-, uer-g- IE 3e. u er- to turn, wrench1154-55 3e. u er-, u er-gh- IE 3f. uer- to turn, press, wring, strangle1155 3f. u er-, u er-k- IE u er-g- to bend, turn, wind1156 3g. uer-, uer-p-, ur-ep- IE to turn, wind1156-58 3h. uer-, uer-t- IE to turn, wind, invert1158-60 3i. uer-, ur-ei- IE to clench the teeth; wroth, confused1160 4. u er- IE to find, take1160-62 5. u er- IE 1. u erg- to shut, close, cover; guard, warn, save1162-63 6. u er- IE u rek- to speak, talk formally1163-64 7. u er- IE to root, open, tear up1164 8. u er- IE to notice, observe, attend, be aware

1165 9. u er- : ueru-s IE wide, broad

1165 10. uer- 9. au (e)- to flow; wet; water, river, etc.

1165-66 11. u er-, u erə- IE to show friendship; true, very, veracious,trustworthy

1166 12. uer- IE to burn1166 13. uer- IE squirrel, weasel, etc.

1167 u (e)rād-, uerəd-, urəd- IE root, branch, twig

1167 u erdh-, uredh- IE to grow; high1168 1. u erg-, u reg- IE u ōro- to (en)close, shut off; pen1168-69 2. u erg-, u reg- IE to do, work, be effective1169 3. u erg-, u org- IE to abound, be very strong; to swarm, swell1169 u er-g-, uer-gh-, uer-k- 3d. u er- to bend, turn

1169 u er-(e)nā IE alder, poplar

1169-70 u ers- IE to drag along the ground

1170 u eren- IE lamb, ram, sheep

1170-71 1. u es- IE 2. au- to live, stay overnight1171 2. u es- IE u ēsu- to feast1171-72 3. u es- IE to ooze, dampen; wet1172 4. u es- to stick, stab, pierce1172-73 5. u es- IE to dress, clothe, wear1173 6. u ēs- 1. iu- you (plural)1173 7. u es- to turn, wind, wrap1173 8. u es- IE to buy, sell, exchange1173 u es-no- price1173 9. u es- u es-r to shine1173-74 u esperos, uekeros IE vesper, evening1174 u es-r IE au es- spring


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1174-75 u ēsu- IE 2. u es- good1175 u et- IE year1175-76 1. u ī- IE 2. dhē- apart, separate from, in two; both1176 2. u ī-, u oi- (onomatopoeic root)1177 u idhu- IE tree, wood1177 u ī-kmt-ī IE dekm twenty1177 u īks- mistletoe, tree with sticky(?) sap1177 u ing-, and u eig-, uig-? angh- elm (tree)1177-78 u īro-s IE 3. u ei- man, warrior1178 u ieth-, u ith- to shake1178 u lek-, ulk- to light, shine; fiery

1178-79 u lkuos IE wolf, lobo

1179 u lp-, lup- IE (carnivorous animal, esp. fox, wolf, etc.)1179 u obhsā IE 2. u ebh- wasp

1179-80 u oguhni-s, u oguhnes- IE plowshare

1180 u okso- IE u eg- wax1180 u ōro- IE 5. su er- madness; dizziness, weariness1180 u ortoko- IE quail1180 1. u rāgh- : urəgh- spike, thorn1181 2. u rāgh- : urəgh- to hit, push1181 u reg-, and u erg-? IE to drag, push, drive, thrust1181-82 u rēg-, urōg-, u rəg- IE to break1182 u rek- 6. uer- to speak, talk formally1182 u reik-, uereik- heather1182 u ren- to splash, sprinkle1183 u reth- : uroth-, or u rath- to support1183 u rughio- IE rughio- rye

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indo-european lexicon: pokorny master pie etyma

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