indusrial revolution by class 11 student

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Revolution Industr ial The Prepared by Arun Saran Ajay Choudhary Virendra Saran Shahrukh Khan Submitte d To: Pradeep Sir

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Page 1: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Revolution

Industrial

ThePrepared by

Arun Saran

Ajay Choudhary

Virendra Saran

Shahrukh Khan

Submitted To: •Pradeep Sir

Page 2: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student
Page 3: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

INTRODUCTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS THE TIME PERIOD WHICH TOOK PLACE BETWEEN 17THAND 18THCENTURY .

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AS, “A WIDESPREAD REPLACEMENT OF MANUAL LABOUR BY MACHINES THAT BEGAN IN BRITAIN IN THE 18TH CENTURY.”

PEOPLE DID NOT WANT TO DO THEIR WORK MANUALLY FOR THE REST OF THEIR LIVES.

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS THE TRANSITION TO NEW MANUFACTURING PROCESSES. THIS TRANSITION INCLUDED GOING FROM HAND PRODUCTION METHODS TO MACHINES, NEW CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING AND IRON PRODUCTION PROCESSES, IMPROVED EFFICIENCY OF WATER POWER, THE INCREASINGUSE OF STEAM POWER AND DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINE TOOLS

Page 4: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student
Page 5: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Why did the Industrial Revolution first start in England by the 1780s?

The factors are :Geographic factors-As an island separated from, and yet close to, the European continent, England enjoyed a geographical situation that was favourable in several ways.

Political factors-Government was ready to provide conditions in which trade, industry, banking and farming for profit could flourish. The best single condition it provided was laissez-faire -no government interference with private businesses.

Economic factors–Internally, the purchasing power of the people was generally greater than that of other peoples. Externally, the rapidly increasing trade stimulated the production of cheap manufactured goods in England.

Technological factors-Before and during the Industrial Revolution, several technological processes converged: tool improvement, use of coal as fuel, greatly increased use of iron, and use of steam power.

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Population Increase

At the start of the 19th Century about 1/5 of Britain’s population lived there, but by 1851 half the population of the country had set up

home in London.

The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1851 and, by 1901, had nearly

doubled again to 30.5 million.

Europe’s population doubled during the 18th century, from roughly 100 million to almost 200 million, and doubled again during the

19th century, to around 400 million.

Page 7: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student
Page 8: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

What Was the Effect

on Agricultur

e

Farmers that had always done

everything by hand were now using machines in their fields.

With all of the machines not as

many farm workers were

needed so they had to move to

cities to find work.

Page 9: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Impact of Industrial Revolution

Countless discoveries were made in many fields of work.Textile plants were affected greatly with the use of coal.Travel was made easier with the use of trains, canals and

the fixing of many roads throughout countries.As canal was constructed, the need for a quicker ship

became more and more obvious.When the steam boat came along trade, travel and many

other daily jobs were done much quicker.Steam powered trains also had a major breakthrough,

which increased the need for more railway systems along the countryside.

Page 10: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student
Page 11: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Mass production of goodsIncreased numbers of goodsIncreased diversity of goods produced

Development of factory system of production Rural-to-urban migration

People left farms to work in cities Development of capitalism

Financial capital for continued industrial growth Development and growth of new socio-economic classes

Working class, bourgeoisie, and wealthy industrial class Commitment to research and development

Investments in new technologiesIndustrial and governmental interest in promoting invention, the sciences, and overall industrial growth

Developments

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Page 13: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

Spinning machine

Need to speed up weaving

Power loom created

Page 14: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

Power loom

Increased demand for raw cotton

Invention of the cotton gin

Page 15: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

Cotton gin

Demands for stronger iron

Improvements in iron smelting and the development of steel (Bessemer process)

Page 16: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”As more

steam-powered machines

were built,

factories needed

more coal to create this steam

Mining methods improve

d to meet the demand for more

coal•The process of inventing never ends

•One invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it and to more inventions

Page 17: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

The Birth and Growth of the Textile Industry

Page 18: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

The Birth and Growth of the Textile Industry

Page 19: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Early water power involved mills built over fast-moving streams and rivers

Early water power had problems

Not enough rivers to provide the power needed to meet growing demand

Rivers and streams might be far removed from raw materials, workers, and markets

Rivers are prone to flooding and drying

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Page 21: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Humans tried harnessing steam power for millenniaHero of Alexandria, Egypt – created a steam-

driven device in the 1st century B.C.E. Thomas Newcomen, England (1704)

Created a steam engine to pump water from mines

James Watt, Scotland (1769)Improved Newcomen’s engine to power

machinery

Steam Power

Page 22: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Steam EnginesBy 1800, steam engines were replacing water

wheels as sources of power for factoriesFactories relocated near raw materials,

workers, and portsCities grew around the factories built near

central England’s coal and iron minesManchester, Liverpool

Page 23: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Vast amounts of fuel were required to smelt iron ore

to burn out impurities

Abraham Darby (1709)• Discovered that heating coal

turned it into more efficient coke

John Smeaton (1760)• Smelted iron by using water-

powered air pumps to create steam blasts

Henry Cort (1783)• Developed the puddling process

which purified and strengthened molten iron

Coal and Iron

Page 24: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Coal production doubled• 6 million to 12

million tons

Pig iron production increased 250%• 1800 – 130,000

tons

Great Britain produced as much

coal and iron as every other

country combined

INCREASES IN COAL AND IRON PRODUCTION, 1770-1800

Page 25: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Prior to the Industrial Revolution, steel was difficult to produce

and expensive

Henry Bessemer,

1856

Other improvements in steel production

Bessemer Process and Steel

Page 26: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Increased

production

Search for

more markets and raw material

s

Better and

faster means

of transpor

tation

Before the Industrial Revolution• Canal barges pulled by mules• Ships powered by sails• Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and carriages

After the Industrial Revolution• Trains• Steamships• Trolleys• Automobiles

Transportation

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Page 28: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Transportation Revolution Robert Fulton (American)

• Steamboat (1807)

• Sped water transportation

Thomas Telford and John McAdam (British)

• Macadamized roads (1810-1830)

• Improved roadsGottlieb Daimler

(German)

• Gasoline engine (1885)

• Led to the invention of the automobile

Rudolf Diesel (German)

• Diesel engine (1892)

• Cheaper fuel

Page 29: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Communications Revolution Samuel F.B.

Morse (American)•Telegraph (1844)•Rapid communication across continents

Alexander Graham Bell (American)

•Telephone (1876)•Human speech heard across continents

Cyrus W. Field (American)

•Atlantic cable (1866)•United States and Europe connected by cable

Guglielmo Marconi (Italian)

•Wireless telegraph, an early form of the radio (1895)•No wires needed for sending messages

Lee de Forest (American)

•Radio tube (1907)•Radio broadcasts could be sent around the world

Vladimir Zworykin (American)

•Television (1925)•Simultaneous audio and visual broadcast

Page 30: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Printing Revolution Printing – 1800-1830

Iron printing pressSteam-driven press

Rotary press – 1870 Invented by Richard HoePrinted both sides of a page at once

Linotype machine – 1884 Invented by Ottmar MergenthalerA machine operator could create a “line of type”

all at one go, rather than having to individually set each letter

Newspapers became much cheaper to produceCost of a newspaper plummetedNumber of newspapers increased

Page 31: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

The Agricultural Revolution Agricultural methods had not changed much

since the Middle Ages Tools – hoe, sickle, wooden plow Three-field system – farmers left 1/3 of the

land fallow each year to restore fertility to the soil

Open-field system – unfenced farms with few improvements made to the land

No significant surplus – only enough food was made to feed the population

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Economic Changes

Expansion of world trade

Factory system

Mass production of goods

Industrial capitalism

Increased standard of living

Unemployment

Political Changes

Decline of landed aristocracy

Growth and expansion of democracy

Increased government involvement in society

Increased power of industrialized nations

Nationalism and imperialism stimulated

Rise to power of businesspeople

Social Changes

Development and growth of cities

Improved status and earning power of women

Increase in leisure time

Population increases

Problems – economic insecurity, increased deadliness of war, urban

slums, etc.

Science and research stimulated

Results of the Industrial Revolution

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Domestic systemWorkers and employers knew each other

personallyWorkers could aspire to become employers

Factory systemWorkers no longer owned the means of

production (machinery)Employers no longer knew workers personally

○ Factories often run by managers paid by the corporation

Relationships between employers and employees grew strained

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Problems of the Factory System

Factories were crowded, dark, and dirty Workers toiled from dawn to dusk Young children worked with dangerous

machinery Employment of women and children put men

out of workWomen and children were paid less for the same

work Technological unemployment – workers lost

their jobs as their labor was replaced by machines

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Factories driven solely by profitBusinesses largely immune to problems of

workers Factory (also company or mill) towns

Towns built by employers around factories to house workers

Workers charged higher prices than normal for rent, groceries, etc. Workers often became indebted to their employers Created a type of forced servitude as workers had to

stay on at their jobs to pay their debtsConsidered paternalistic by workers

Some employers had workers’ interests at heart But workers wanted to control their own lives

Poor Living Conditions

Page 36: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student
Page 37: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Rise of Labor Unions Before labor unions, workers bargained

individually – “individual bargaining”Before factories, a worker could bargain for better

wages and working conditions by arguing his or her particular skills

But in factories, work is routine and one worker can easily replace another

With labor unions, workers bargained together as a group, or collective – “collective bargaining”Organized groups of workers elected leaders to

bargain on their behalfUsed tools (such as strikes) to gain rights

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Legal Protections For Workers

•Limited hours for women• Later – equal pay for equal work

•Eventual end to child labor• Schools and requirements for school attendance grew as children were removed from the workforce

•Health and safety codes•Minimum wage•Legalization of unions

Page 39: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Rights of Female and Child Workers

Women and children could legally be paid less than men for the same workFactory owners were more willing to hire themMale workers grew resentful

English child laborersEngland had a history (going back to the 17th

century) of training pauper children (even those younger than five years old) in a trade

Poor children followed their mothers into factories Early male-dominated unions fought to banish

women and children from the workplaceEventually this strategy was abandonedWomen eventually won right to equal pay for equal

work Though women today, in reality, still earn less than men

at the same types of work

Page 40: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student
Page 41: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Invention of the steam engine in 1763 by James Watt shifts labor from humans and animals to machines

Inventions continue to make life, manufacturing, and farming easier and better

Continuous reinvestment of profits fuel even greater growth

Inventions in one area often led to inventions in others

Transportation and communication systems are greatly enhanced

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Cities begin to dominate the western world

Creates a new social order with the rise of an influential middle class

Poor working conditions for lower classes eventually lead to new social and political movements

Need for markets and resources force Europeans to take over foreign lands (imperialism)

CHANGES BROUGHT BY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

Page 44: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

James Watt’s Steam EngineScottish inventor and mechanical engineerImproved upon Newcomen steam engine by

using condenserKey power source of the Industrial Revolution

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Bessemer’s Smelting Process

Bessemer Process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel

Removed impurities from the iron by blowing air through it

Allowed the manufacture of bridges, railroads, skyscrapers, and large ships

Page 46: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin

Created in 1793

Separated Cotton Fibers from seeds

Caused massive growth of production of cotton, exports to Britain, and Demand for U.S. Slavery

Page 47: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

The Spinning

JennyInvented by James Hargreaves in 1764

Produced several threads at the same time

Were Later Powered by Water, and then Steam Engine

Page 48: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Louis Pasteur and Germ

TheoryoFrench chemist and microbiologist, known as one of the fathers of microbiologyoSupported the germ theory of diseaseoInvented a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness

Advancements In Science And Medicine

Page 49: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

The Great and Terrible Scourge

Erupted in epidemics every 10 years in densely populated areas

Edward Jenner developed vaccine

Used samples of cowpox disease from women who had worked with cows

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Women begin to take jobs in factories performing manual labor and skilled crafts

Women are always paid less than men and not much more than children

Women begin to organize for equal rights and suffrage

Women’s Roles and Suffrage

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Page 52: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Negative Effects of the Industrial

Revolution

Page 53: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

The HavesThe entrepreneurs

(Individuals who start a new business) who opened factories and shipping companies became very rich during the early industrial revolution.

Page 54: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

The Have-NotThe people who

worked in the factories for the entrepreneurs (the working class), were soul-crushingly poor

Page 55: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Don’t Forget!The enclosure movement pushed people off the farms and into the cities

Page 56: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

City LifeCities grew around

factoriesThese cities grew

rapidly, without planning

Working people lived in tenements in hellish slums

The lack of planning meant that there was no sewage, running water, or sanitation system

Page 57: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Working Life in FactoriesFactory work was difficult and

dangerousTypical shifts lasted 12 to 16 hoursIf you complained, you were fired.If you got sick, you were fired.If you got hurt and could no longer

work, you were fired.

Page 58: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Women at WorkFactory owners

hired women because they could pay them less

Women with families worked 12 hours a day and were still expected to cook, clean, etc. when they finally got home.

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Children at WorkFamilies needed the income working

children could provide.Children could be hired at very low

wagesChildren worked in the same

dangerous factories, for the same long hours

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Page 61: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Business Owners Managers, accountants,

ministers, lawyers, doctors, and other skilled

professionals

Factory workers in the cities and peasant farmers

in the countryside

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Page 63: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

Positive Change 1883 – British Parliament passed laws limiting

hours of each workday, restricted children from working in factories , and required factory owners to make safer & cleaner working conditions Labor Unions: formed to bargain for better working

conditions, higher pay, and threatened strikes. Factory owners came to the realization that healthy,

happy, and somewhat well-paid employees meant a productive workforce

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o The middle class became substantially bigger.o The standard of living increases and Public

Education becomes more accessible.o Social Mobility – the ability for a person to

work their way up from one social class to the next.

o 1807 – Slave trade is abolished – no new slaves were transported (legally) from Africa, ownership of existing slaves continued

o 1833 – Britain outlaws slavery all together.

Page 65: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry.

Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines.

However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel - child labour, dirty living conditions and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution

SOCIAL EFFECTS

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SOCIAL EFFECTSThe Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories and mines, thus facilitating the organisation of combinations or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people. The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent cessation of production. Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffer the cost of the lost production.

The main method the unions used to effect change was strike action. Many strikes were painful events for both sides, the unions and the management. In England, the Combination Act forbade workers to form any kind of trade union from 1799 until its repeal in 1824. Even after this, unions were still severely restricted. Eventually effective political organisation for working people was achieved through the trades unions who, after the extensions of the franchise in 1867 and 1885, began to support socialist political parties that later merged to became the British Labour Party.

Strike action

Page 67: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student
Page 68: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student

The Luddites: 1811-1816

Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

The introduction of machines caused the unemployment of many craftsmen and weavers who could no longer complete with features that required time to produce more products and cloth than them.So the unemployed workers began destroying features and machines that had token their job. These attackers became known as Luddites, supposedly followers of Ned Ludd, a folklore figure. The first attack wan in 1811.

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BritishSoldiers Fire on British

Workers:

Let us die like men,

and not be sold like slaves!

Peterloo Massacre, 1819

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The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

× People as a society would operate and own themeans of production, not individuals.

× Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

× Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

Page 71: Indusrial revolution by class 11 student