industrial america industrialization increased the standard of living and the opportunities of most...
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INDUSTRIAL AMERICA
Industrialization increased the standard of living and the opportunities of most Americans, but at what cost?
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In less than 125 years, America became the leading industrial power of the world. Major reasons for this quick rise to power include:
1. RAILROADS!!!!!!!!! 2. Resources
An abundance of natural resources An abundance of human resources
unskilled & semi-skilled labor
3. Government policy towards business Willing to help at all levels to stimulate growth Market growing as U.S. population increased.
4. Entrepreneurs – talented group of businessmen & advisors with abundant capital
5. New inventions & technology
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RAILROADS The factor MOST responsible for growth
of American Industry. The Railroad fueled the growing US
economy: First big business in the US. A magnet for financial investment. The key to opening the West. Aided the development of other
industries. Became a consumer of other
industries.
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Railroad ConstructionRailroad Construction
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“The Big Four” Railroad Magnates“The Big Four” Railroad Magnates
Charles Crocker
Mark Hopkins
Collis Huntington
Leland Stanford
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Transcontinental Railroad(During Civil War – to connect CA with the Union)
RACE – Pacific Railway Act, 1862: Received 20 sq. mi. of land for every mile of
track laid $16,000 loan for every mile on flat land $48,000 loan for every mile over mountains
Union Pacific: building west from Omaha, NE Irish immigrants
Central Pacific: building east from Sacramento, CA Leland Stanford & the Big Four Chinese immigrants used Most difficult time – Sierra Nevada Mtns.
Union lays 1,086 miles & Central 689
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WEDDING OF THE RAILS:
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Improvements in RRs will increase their profitability: Standardization & Consolidation:
Binds all sections of country together into one market
Cornelius Vanderbilt: “The Commodore” – steamboat fleet Consolidates NY railroads into NY Central RR
Company Eventually leaves his RR empire to his son, William
H. Vanderbilt
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Improvements in service: 4 track main line Standard gauge track Use of Westinghouse air brake – allows
all cars to stop simultaneously…can then carry heavier loads on longer trains
Pullman Palace Cars – luxury cars Time Zones develop due to RR:
Develop because needed for RR scheduling
Originally 4 in U.S. How many in U.S. now? Eventually spreads worldwide
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How did the RRs impact:
National unity?Industry?Mining & agriculture?Growth of cities and urban areas?Immigration?The Environment?Wealth?
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Corruption in the Railroad Industry: Stock Watering
Exaggerating RR assets; selling stock at higher prices than it’s worth
Bribery Of judges, legislature; free passes to politicians
The “pool” An anti-competitive combination – group of RR
companies agree to divide business in a geographic area and share the profits
Rebates and Kickbacks Reward powerful shippers for steady & assured traffic
Price Gouging Rates are low on competing lines, but jacked up on non-
competitive lines
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Government Regulation of RR: State regulation – 1870s
Encourages farmers to protest & organize (the Grange) & pressure state legislatures into passing regulations to control RR monopolies
Federal regulation 1886 – Wabash v. Illinois
Sup. Ct. rules that states CANNOT regulate interstate commerce
1887 – Interstate Commerce Act Prohibits rebates, pools, requires that rates be
published, establishes ICC to enforce
Impact of the ICC Provides forum for resolution of conflicts A good first step, but not very powerful
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Resources:Natural Resources:
Coal – amount mined doubles each decade between 1840 & 1890
Iron Ore – Great Lakes, PA, AL Oil – Western PA; to TX by 1900
Human Resources:Population doubles between 1860 &
1890IMMIGRATION – 14 million immigrants
to U.S. during this time (“new immigrants” from S & E Europe)
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Favorable Government Policy Towards Business LAISSEZ-FAIRE!!
The ideology of the industrial age Individuals should compete freely in the
marketplace. No room for government in the market! Industry has very few government regulations
and restrictions ENTREPRENEURS
One who takes the risk of organizing and beginning a new business
Received help from the U.S. government: High protective tariffs Cheap land Liberal immigration laws – cheap labor
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JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER OIL REFINING (Standard Oil
Co.) Consolidated 40 oil refining
companies – a nationwide monopoly – controlled 95% of all refineries by 1877
Believed in “economies of scale” Ruthless in business! (dubbed
“Reckafellaw”) “American Beauty” rose
analogy – pluck off the early buds…
Used rebates, drawbacks, spies & secret info from RR to learn about competitors & force them out of business
Stock or Cash Buyouts
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Treated his workers well – the first to offer old-age pensions & tried to protect them in bad times
Hated waste! Personally:
Ambitious Abstemious Pious Parsimonious
Devout churchgoer and Sunday School teacher
Strong family man Only the strong survive
“GOD GAVE ME MY MONEY.”John D. Rockefeller
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Standard Oil Refinery
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The Octopus, 1904
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Gave away dimes to children on the street
Retired at age 40 Spent rest of his life
giving away money Gave away over $520
million to charities $78 million to colleges $60 million to
medicine $18 million to African
American education Lots more to
education & research University of Chicago
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Died at age 98
at Ormond Beach , FL
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ROCKEFELLEREXPOSED BY JOURNALIST IDA TARBELL
A lifelong Rockefeller hater (her father took the cash buyout)
Exposed Rockefeller’s unethical business dealings with RR, etc.
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ANDREW CARNEGIESTEEL (U.S. Steel
Corporation)Hired the best
technical & scientific experts
Used new process & made steel so cheaply it forced competitors into bankruptcy & then he bought them
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Did not treat his workers as well as Rockefeller
Drove wages down & hours up for the common laborers & constantly fought unionization
But, made upper level management & experts partners in the business
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Poor Scottish immigrant who went from “rags to riches” – a true Horatio Alger story Began work in 1848
as bobbin boy - $1.20/wk
By 1900 produces half of nation’s steel –$25 million/year take-home pay
Ambitious, energetic, a “gambler”
Deeply believed that if one worked hard, saved $ & invested wisely, anyone could become wealthy
“The first man gets the oyster,The second man gets the shell.” Andrew Carnegie
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“Gospel of Wealth” – Wealthy are blessed with greater talent and wealth and have a duty to help those who would try to help themselves. Inequality is inevitable and
good. Wealthy should act as
“trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”
Retired at 66 (bought out by J.P. Morgan – becomes U.S. Steel)
Lived to be 84 Gave away over $350
million to charities Mostly to libraries Carnegie Hall & Museum, NY
“The man who dies rich, dies disgraced.”
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The BrokerNew Financial BusinessmanNew Financial Businessman
Wall Street – 1867 & 1900Wall Street – 1867 & 1900
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Beliefs defending class distinctions:SOCIAL DARWINISM Philosophy that applied Darwin’s biological theory
of “survival of the fittest” to human society & those who succeeded
Wealth no longer looked upon as bad; viewed as a sign of God’s approval.
Yale professor William Graham Sumner: “millionaires are a product of natural selection.” Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle,
succeed or fail. Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the economy is futile!
Both Rockefeller and Carnegie were strong believers in this philosophy
Believed it was a method better than elections for selecting leaders
Only the strong survivors will control industry and wealth
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RUGGED INDIVIDUALISM Equates to contempt for the poor Many of nouveau riche had “pulled
themselves up by their bootstraps” The poor are only poor because of
their laziness and lack of initiative Rev. Russell Conwell
Christian duty to accumulate wealth Should not help the poor. “Acres of Diamonds” speech:
“There is not a poor person in the U.S. who was not made poor by his own shortcomings.”
1/10 of people own 9/10 of all the wealth by 1900
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EFFORTS TO CURB COMPETITON:
HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION:
SEVERAL FIRMS IN THE SAME KIND OF BUSINESS CONSOLIDATED, JOINED TOGETHER
Best example: ROCKEFELLER
and his Standard Oil Co.
VERTICAL INTEGRATION
BUSINESSES IN DIFFERENT BUT RELATED ACTIVITIES JOINED TOGETHER;
COMBINES ALL PHASES OF MANUFACTURING INTO ONE ORGANIZATION
Best examples: CARNEGIE Gustavus Swift,
Meat-packing
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INTERLOCKING DIRECTORATES:
J.P. MORGAN “Banker’s banker” Put officers of his own
banking syndicate on Board of Directors of rival businesses
Made millions financing reorganization of RRs, banks, insurance companies
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Due to huge sums required to build railroads, corporations become major business form in U.S.
A corporation is a company formed by a group of investors who get a share of ownership in proportion to the amount of money they invest
Corporate investors enjoy LIMITED LIABILITY … which means that investors risk ONLY the amount of their investment (stock cost) and can’t be held personally liable for debts of the corporation
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ADVANTAGES OF CORPORATIONS OVER OTHER TYPES OF BUSINESSES:
Viewed as a legal “person” under the law – can make contracts, sue and be sued, etc.
PERMANENCE - they continue forever EASY TO RAISE LARGE SUMS OF MONEY
Small amounts of $ from many individual investors can be pooled into huge sums of $ need to start or expand a large company
LIMITED LIABILITY
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Advantages of “Big Business?”
Can produce more and better goods at a lower cost
created jobs
Can afford to pay high salaries to get the best experts
increased efficiency by establishing separate departments in business
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What are the disadvantages of“Big Business?”Methods they used to get “Big”
Demanded, & got, volume discounts from shippers
Underselling & forcing competitors out of business
Raising prices to the consumerBribing of public officials
Destruction of the environmentWhy would people put up with this?
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U. S. Corporate MergersU. S. Corporate Mergers
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The ‘Robber Barons’ of the PastThe ‘Robber Barons’ of the Past
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Images of the new elite
(from left to right)John D. Rockefeller,Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and J.P. Morgan
Jay Gould – the Archtype of the Robber Baron
Dr. Thomas C. Durant, Vice-Pres., Union-Pacific Railroad
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Henry FlaglerAn American tycoon who worked with John D. Rockefeller to establish Standard Oil. He helped develop Florida as the vacation land it is today.
Moves to St. Augustine Founder of Palm Beach “Father of Miami” Founds the Florida East Coast
Railway By 1912 Florida Overseas
Railroad was completed to Key West
Flagler County, Flagler Beach, Flagler College
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Flagler Resort
Flagler College
Whitehall - 1st big mansion in West Palm –--- history museum there now
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Distribution of wealth in the Gilded Age
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Regulating the TrustsRegulating the Trusts
1877 Munn. v. IL – okay for states to regulate RR rates
1886 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. IL – overrules Munn;
federal gov’t controls RR interstate commerce
1890 Sherman Antitrust Act Forbids combinations in “restraint of trade” No real means of enforcement First lawsuits all decided in favor of the trusts
& against labor unions – restraining trade
1895 US v. E. C. Knight Co. – Fed. gov’t using Sherman Act to get rid of sugar monopoly but lost. Ct.
held that manufacturing industries not subject to fed. gov’ts interstate commerce control
1877 Munn. v. IL – okay for states to regulate RR rates
1886 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. IL – overrules Munn;
federal gov’t controls RR interstate commerce
1890 Sherman Antitrust Act Forbids combinations in “restraint of trade” No real means of enforcement First lawsuits all decided in favor of the trusts
& against labor unions – restraining trade
1895 US v. E. C. Knight Co. – Fed. gov’t using Sherman Act to get rid of sugar monopoly but lost. Ct.
held that manufacturing industries not subject to fed. gov’ts interstate commerce control
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NEW INVENTIONS & TECHNOLOGY: Bessemer and open hearth process
Created a lighter, stronger, rust-free metal – STEEL
U.S. producing 1/3 of world’s supply by 1890 Refrigerated RR cars Edison
light bulb phonograph motion pictures.
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Thomas Alva EdisonThomas Alva Edison
“Wizard of Menlo Park” “Wizard of Menlo Park”
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The Light BulbThe Light Bulb
Birth of the Night Shift!
Industrial production nowpossible 24 hrs. per day.
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The Phonograph (1877)The Phonograph (1877)
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The Ediphone or DictaphoneThe Ediphone or Dictaphone
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The Motion Picture CameraThe Motion Picture Camera
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Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham BellTelephone (1876)Telephone (1876)
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CHRISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES
THE TYPEWRITER Along with the
telephone, leads to feminization of the work place
Women make up
5% of all office
workers in 1870;
40% by 1910
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AlternateCurrent
AlternateCurrent
GeorgeWestinghouse
GeorgeWestinghouse
AirBrakeAirBrake
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The AirplaneThe Airplane
Wilbur Wright Orville Wright Wilbur Wright Orville Wright
Kitty Hawk, NC – December 7, 1903 Kitty Hawk, NC – December 7, 1903
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U. S. Patents GrantedU. S. Patents Granted
1790s 276 patents issued. 1790s 276 patents issued.
1990s 1,119,220 patents issued. 1990s 1,119,220 patents issued.
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Problems of workers in the Industrial Age: Less value placed on skills Depersonalized relations with corporate employers Technological unemployment – machines replace
men Glutted labor market –IMMIGRANTS! Begin to look to unions for help
Corporate resistance to Labor Unions: Pressure politicians Buy out the press Import scabs, use of troops (Pinkertons) to break up
strikes File for injunctions Lockouts Yellow Dog Contracts & ironclad oaths Blacklists Company-owned towns – Pullman, IL
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LABOR UNIONS
Had difficulty organizing: Extreme opposition from
Employers Courts & police favored
Employers over workers Too many immigrant laborers
Several major unions form in late 1800s: National Labor Union Knights of Labor American Federation of
Labor American Railway Union
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NATIONAL LABOR UNION Formed 1866 - 600,000 workers at height General union with skilled & unskilled
workers, and farmers Sought social reform – 8 hr. day Get 8 hr. day for gov’t workers but 1870s
depression destroys union RR wage cuts in 1877 led to massive
strikes, federal troops called in & violence erodes support for unions among Americans
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KNIGHTS OF LABOR,1869
Led by Terrence Powderly Originally a secret organization ALL workers welcome: unskilled
and skilled Recruited women & blacks Sought broad reforms:
Health and safety codes 8 hour day end to child labor, etc.
Used political activity first; preferred NOT to use strikes Successful strike against Gould’s
Wabash RR in 1885 Association with anarchy &
violence (Haymarket Square Riot) causes end of Knights by 1890s
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AFL, 1886 Led by Samuel Gompers A CRAFT Union
ONLY skilled workers - why? (better bargaining power)
Kept out blacks and women A “federation” Sought “bread and butter” reforms:
Higher Wages Shorter Hours Better/safer working conditions
Also sought “closed shops” (union workers only)
Relied on economic pressure: walkouts, strikes and boycotts – collective bargaining
“All I want is more!”
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AMERICAN RAILWAY UNIONLed by Eugene V. Debs
Later became a socialist while in jail after arrest in Pullman Strike
“INDUSTRIAL” union All workers in same
industry, regardless of their craft or skill level, in the same union
Sought less violence/confrontations but winds up in it anyway
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THE MAJOR STRIKES:Great RR Strike of 1877
Baltimore & Ohio RR – cut wages during a depression
Striking & violence spread; Employers called on federal gov’t for help
Pres. Hayes sent in troops to restore order
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HAYMARKET SQUARE RIOT1886 On May 1, 1886, unions called for national
strike in support of an 8 hour work day Thousands of workers demonstrated in U.S.
cities but Chicago was the center, with 40,000 demonstrators
After bomb thrown into crowd, police fired upon strikers killing an unknown number of workers – 12?
Several anarchist labor leaders arrested and tried and hanged without supporting evidence
Association between unions & violence leads to demise of Knights of Labor
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Images from Haymarket Riots, May 3, 1886
Haymarket Memorial, Chicago
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Homestead Strike, 1892Carnegie Steel – Homestead PlantCarnegie’s partner (Frick) cut
wages; workers strikePinkerton Detectives called in to
break strike Led to deaths of 9 strikers & 7 detectives
Anarchist tried and failed to assassinate Frick
Strike called off – managemen wins
unions’ association with violence continues
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Pullman Strike, 1894
US cavalry breaks up 1894 Pullman Car workers strike
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Pullman Strike, 1894 Pullman Palace Car Company Company Town Laid off workers & cut wages after Panic of
1893 BUT didn’t cut rent & food prices Refused to bargain; shut down plant First true nationwide strike! Caused interference with mail delivery Pres. Cleveland got injunction to force end
to strike and sent in troops to enforce it – sets a precedent
Debs refused, arrested, jailed … socialist