PresentationOn the basis of

Welcome To

Organogram of Manpower

Senior General Manager

General Manager

Deputy General Manager

Senior Manager

Manager

Deputy Manager

Assistant Manager

Senior Executive

Executive

Junior Executive

Supervisor

Helper

Operator

Company Profile

At a Glance… … … Name of the factory: GTA SPORTS LTD.

Type : 100 % Export Oriented Composite knitwear Industry

Year of Establishment : 2008

Status ( Legal Structure ) : Private Limited Company

Production capacity per Day : 8 ton of knit fabric ( Open & tubular form )

Total Manpower: Male- 338 Female-312

Product mix:

- 100 % cotton

- CVC (Chief Value of Cotton) (60/40)

- Grey melange

* 5 % Viscose & 95% Cotton

* 10 % Viscose & 90% Cotton

* 15 % Viscose & 85 % Cotton

- Ecro melange (2%)

- Camel melange (1%, 2%)

- PC (52/48)

Different Sections of GTA Sports Ltd.

• Knitting

• Batch Preparation

• Laboratory

• Dyeing

• Finishing

• Printing

• Garments Merchandising

• ETP & WTP

• Maintenance

GTA SPORTS LTD A sister concern of NIAGARA TEXTILE LTD).

Knitting Section

Organogram of Knitting Section

4.1 KNITTING:

Knitting is defined as the construction of fabric by interlocking loops of a single

yarn with the help of hooked needles. Knitting is the method of creating fabric by

transforming continuous strands of yarn into a series of interlocking loops, each raw of

such loops hanging from the one immediately preceding it.

4.2 TYPES OF KNITTING:

There are two types

1. Warp Knitting.

2. Weft Knitting.

Warp Knitting: In a warp knitted structure, each loop in the horizontal direction is made

from a different thread and the number of threads are used to produce such a fabric is at

least equal to the no of loops in a horizontal row.

Fig: Warp Knitting

Fig: Weft Knitting

Weft Knitting: In a weft knitted structure, a horizontal row f loop can be made using one

thread and the threads run in the horizontal direction.

Classification of Knitting

Knitting

Warp Knitting Weft Knitting

Circular Knitting Flat Knitting

Single Jersey Double Jersey

Process Flow chart of Knitting (Circular):

Sample Fabric

Design analysis

Machine Selection

Machine Setting for the Required Design

Knitting

Conform Required Quality

Withdraw the Rolled Fabric and Weighting

Inspection

Delivery

Production Flowchart…………..

Double Jersey M/C

Fig: Flat knitting machine Fig: inspection machine

Single Jersey M/C

Knitting M/C partsA. Needle B. Sinker C. Cam D. Cylinder E. VDQ pulley F. Cam box G. Sinker box H. Creel & creel standI. Yarn guideJ. AccumulatorK. Toothed beltL. Thread signal lightM.Central signal lamp

N. Yarn feederO. Cleaning fanP. Air gunQ. Oil boxR. Needle detectorS. Fabric spreaderT. Take up roller

NeedleNeedle is the 1st basic Element of knitting.

There are following types of needles.

Latch needle

Bearded needle

Compound needle

Carbine needle

Among them latch

needle is most widely used. Carbine

needle is used in warp knitting.

Latch

Hook

Butt

Cam

Cam is the 3nd basic element of

knitting .Cams are arranged in Cam box. A cam box contain four track. This track

determineThe path of different butt’s Needle.There are following

Types of cam.

A.Knitting cam

Knit camTuck camMiss cam

Tuck cam

Miss cam

Knit cam

Cam box

B.Engineering cam

Sinker

• Sinker is the 2nd knitting element.

• It is a thin metal plate.

• During knitting sinker perform the following three tasks.

Functions :

• Loop formation

• Holding down

• Knocking over

VDQ pulley

• Variable dia for quality(VDQ) pulley is used to control the yarn feeding speed.

• If yarn is fed more than stitch length will be increased.

• One VDQ pulley contain two slot. Each slot for different types yarn.

• Some times more than one slot used for the same yarn.

• Dia of VDQ pulley determines the yarn feeding speed.

• When dia is more, then toothed belt runs faster & drives accumulator with more speed as a result yarn is fed more.

Toothed belt Toothed belt indirectly involved in controlling stitch

length.

If toothed belt not connected with VDQ pulley then accumulator can not move accurately & produced fabric will be faulty.

Yarn signal light

• Thread signal light indicate each yarn tension.

• If tension is not accurate then lights on.

• Mainly when yarn breaks this lights on.

• If this light not off then m/c will not run.

• This light helps to find out the faults present on which yarn.

Needle detector

• Needle detector used to detect weather any needle is broken or not.

• It is positioned along needle latch.

Needle detector

• Single Jersey:

– Single Jersey Plain

– Single Jersey Half feededLycra

– Single Jersey Full feededLycra

– Fleece

– Slab

– Pique (S/D)

– Single Lacoste

– Double Lacoste

– Micro polar fleece

• Double Jersey :

• Rib

• 1*1 Rib

• 2*1 Rib

• 2*2 Rib

• Lycra Rib

• Interlock

• Jacquard

STITCH NOTATION, CAM ARRANGEMENT & NEEDLE REPEAT

OF SOME KNITTED FABRIC:

FABRIC NAME: SINGLE LACOST

1. Stitch Notation:

Fig. Looping diagram

2. Cam arrangement & Needle arrangement:

i) Using two truck cams:

ii) Using three truck cams:

FABRIC NAME: DOUBLE LACOST

1. Stitch Notation:

Fig. Looping diagram

▲ ▲ ▲ T ▲

▲ T ▲ ▲ ▲

▲ ▲ ▲ T ▲

▲ T ▲ ▲ ▲

▲ ▲ ▲ T ▲

= Knit stitch

= Tuck stitch

K = Knit cam

T = Tuck cam

1 = 1 Butt Needle

2 = 2 Butt Needle

3 = 3 Butt Needle

1

2

1

2

3

= Knit stitch

= Tuck stitch

K = Knit cam

T = Tuck cam

1 = 1 Butt Needle

2 = 2 Butt Needle

3 = 3 Butt Needle

2. Cam arrangement & Needle arrangement:

i) Using two track cams:

ii) Using three truck cams:

Fig.- Cam arrangement Fig.- Needle arrangement

FABRIC NAME: SINGLE JERSEY

1. Stitch Notation:

Fig. Looping diagram

2. Cam arrangement & Needle arrangement:

i) Using two track cams:

Fig.- Cam arrangement

▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ T T

▲ T T ▲ ▲ ▲

▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ T T

▲ T T ▲ ▲ ▲

▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ T T

▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲

▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲

1

2

1

2

3

1

2

= Knit stitch

K = Knit cam

1 = 1 Butt Needle

2 = 2 Butt Needle

3 = 3 Butt Needle

Raw Materials For knitting:

1. Clean the machine & adjacent area.

2. Put required count of yarn in the creel.

3. Make knot with old yarn.

4. Check air pressure, m/c condition & adjust the PC controller.

5. Keep the door closed.

6. Switch on power.

7. Run the machine by hand drive for a while.

8. If the machine is not running smoothly adjust the machine(as required).

9. Run the machine with very low speed for 3-5 min.

10. Adjust all parameters.

11. Run the machine with full speed.

12. Check the yarn tension for at least 5 feeders.

13. Re-check the parameters(correct it if required).

14. Check the fabric quality during operation.

15. After competition of the adjusted revolution, m/c will automatically stop.

16. Open the door.

17. Take out the knitted roll.

18. Close the door again.

19. Clean the machine.

20. Press oil flash up to 3 revolution

Following the steps for knitting operation :

PROCESS OF INCREASING PRODUCTION

QUANTITY

1. By increasing m/c speed:

Higher the m/c speed faster the movement of needle and ultimately production will be increased.

2. By increasing the number of feeder:

If the number of feeder is increased in the circumference of cylinder, then the number of courses will be increased in

one revolution at a time.

3. By using machine of higher gauge:

The more the machine gauge, the more the production is. So by using machine of higher gauge production can be

increased.

4. By imposing automation in the m/c:

a) Quick starting & stopping for efficient driving system.

b) Automatic m/c lubrication system for smoother operation.

c) Photo electric fabric fault detector

5. By imposing other developments:

a) Using creel-feeding system.

b) Applying yarn supply through plastic tube that eliminates the possibilities of yarn damage.

c) Using yarn feed control device.

d) Using auto lint removal.

Calculation

Various Faults in Knitting

1. Hole2. Oil stain3. Missing yarn4. Oil Line

5. Thick & Thin Yarn6. Slubs7. Sinker Mark8. Mixed yarn9. Yarn Contamination10. Barre Mark/ Patta11. Needle Mark12. Star Mark

PRE-DYEING, DYEING &

FINISHING

Batching is the process to get ready the fabrics that should be dyed and processed for a Particular lot of a Particular order.

Batch Management :Primarily Batching is done by dyeing manager taking the above criteria

under consideration..

Batch process follow-up :1.Grey fabric inspection

2.Batching

3.Fabric Turning

4.Storing for dyeing

Criteria of proper batching :

1.To use maximum capacity of existing dyeing m/c.

2.To minimize the washing time or preparation time & m/c stoppage time.

3.To keep the no. of batch as less as possible for same shade.

Batching :

Lab dip is a process by which buyers supplied swatch is matched with the varying dyes

percentage in the laboratory with or without help of “DATA COLOR”

Lab dip plays an important role in shade matching & and detaching the characteristics

of the dyes and chemicals are to be used in the large scale of production so this is an

important task before bulk production.

There are two section in dyeing Lab

1.Laboratory

2.Lab-Dip Procedure

Development of Lab Dip

Drying

Cold wash

Hot wash

Acid wash

Normal wash

Unload

Pot dyeing

Manual dispersion (pipatting)

Start up recipe given

Recipe start up software

Spectrophotometer reading

Receiving standard swatch

Quality Assurance System

Quality Assurance System Can be divided as:

On Line QC-

1. Raw Material Control 2. Color Match 3. Process Control

Off Line QC-

1.GSM 2. Shrinkage 3. Width or dia 4. Light Fastness 5. Wash

Fastness 6. Rubbing Fastness 7. Pilling Test 8. Perspiration Test

9. Spirality

DYEING SECTION

Production Capacity per Day: 8 Ton

Total No of Machines: 10 pcs.

Available Machine : Winch Dyeing M/C & Sample Dyeing M/C

Machine Capacity(kg): 1200, 900, 800, 600, 450, 50, 10

Machine Temperature: 135 C, 98 C

Brand Name of Machines: Dillmenler & Suntex.

Country Of Origin: All are Turkey.

Dyeing Section

RAW MATERIALS FOR DYEING:

Raw materials used in the dyeing section are:

• 1. Grey Fabrics

• 2. Dyes

• 3. Chemicals

Grey Fabrics:Following types of grey fabrics are dyed:

• Single jersey

• Single jersey with Lycra

• Single Lacoste

• Fleece

• Interlock

• Rib

• Rib with Lycra

• 1*1 Rib

• 2*2 Rib

• Different types of collar & cuff

Name of Dyes

• Reactive Black B

• Reactive Red – 3BS

• Reactive Yellow – 3RS

• Reactive orange – 2RX

• Kiractive N Blue ME 2GL

• Reactive Red ME 6BL

• Reactive Navy Blue GG

• Kiractive Red KHW

• Kiractive Yellow KHW

• Dychhefix Black GR

• Dychhefix Yellow 3R – XF

• Dychufix Red 3BXF

• Arcazol Yellow 4GL

• Beazactive Red S2B

• Remazol Blue RSPL

• Remazol T Blue G

Chemical Used

• Detergent• Leveling Agent• Sequestering Agent• Anti creasing agent• Stabilizer• Anti-Foam• Per-Oxide killer• Enzyme• Softener• Salt• Fixing Agent• Alkali• Bleaching Agent• Brightener

Pabna Textile Engineering College

Flowchart of Dyeing

Grey Fabric

Scouring

Bleaching

Neutralization

Enzyme

Washing

Dyeing

Neutralization

Softening

Dyeing Parameter

PH Check during Wet Processing:•• Bleaching Bath PH : 10.5-11• Neutralization / After bleaching : 5.5-6.5• Initial Dye Bath PH : 5.5-6.5• After Salt addition PH : 6.5-7.5• After Alkali addition PH : 10.5-11.2

After Dyeing ph : 5.0-6.0• Fixation Bath PH : 4.0-5.0(For color) • Softener Bath PH : 5.5-6.0 (For white)

Fixation Time: •• For light Shade : 30-40min.• For Medium Shade : 45-50min.• For Deep Shade : 50-60min.

M : L Ratio : 1:6 - 1:9

Various Faults in Dyeing

• Uneven Dyeing

• Patchy Dyeing

• Specky Dyeing

• Dye spot

• Shade variation

• Pilling

• Crease marks

Finishing Section

Finishing : Finishing is a chemical or mechanical

process applied on textile goods after dyeing and printing process just to give it some quality development according to the demand of user or customer or buyer.

Objective of Finishing:

• Improving the appearance – Luster, whiteness, etc.

• Improving the feel, this depends on the handle of the material and its softness, suppleness, fullness, etc.

• Wearing qualities, non – soiling, ant crease, ant shrink, comfort, etc.

• Special properties required for particular uses–water–proofing, flame proofing, etc.

• Covering of the faults in the original cloth.

• Increasing the weight of the cloth.

Flowchart of Finishing

Finishing

Open Line

Make Open by Slitting m/c

Stentering m/c

Open Compactor m/c

Final Inspection m/c

Rolling m/c or Packaging

De-Watering m/c

Dryer

Tubular Compactor m/c

Final Inspection m/c

Rolling m/c or Packaging

Tube Line

Name Of Finishing M/C

• Dewatering & Slitting m/c

• Dryer

• Compactor (Tube-Tex.) m/c

• Hydro-Extractor m/c

• Stenter m/c

Stock Solution:

• 0.100 gm dyes and 100 cc water = 0.1 % Stock

• 0.500 gm dyes and 100 cc water = 0.5 % Stock

• 1 gm dyes and 100 cc water = 1 % Stock

• 2 gm dyes and 100 cc water = 2 % Stock

• 1 gm dyes and 50 cc water = 2 % Stock

• 20 gm dyes and 100 cc water = 20 % Stock

Calculation for Dyeing Agent

Recipe% * Sample Weight (gm)• Dyeing Solution = ──────────────────── ml

Stock Solution %

gm/l * Sample Weight (gm)• Salt = ────────────── ml

100

gm/l * Total Liquor• Soda Solution = ────────────── ml

Stock Solution %* 1000

1*50• Leveling = ────────────── ml

Stock Solution %* 1000

Final Inspection….

Inspection refers to an investigation process of accepting or rejecting the final finished fabric from the bulk. It is an observation process of finding out each & every visible fault in the fabric.

• Equipment used

Nazar inspection m/c, Pakistan

Inspection table

Vervide Day Light box

Following faults are detected & identified in final inspection for body

• Penalty points legend:

H = Hole WX = White speaks

CS = Chemical stain. R= Rub mark

W = Water spots. DS = Dye Stain

Fy = Fly yarn. D= Dirt Stain

YM = Yarn contamination. RS=Rust Stain etc.

• Faulty appearance:US = Uneven shade N= Needle line

N= Neps BR= Barre mark

CR= Crease mark CM= Crumple mark

HR= Hairy DC= Dead cotton

MS= Machine stoppage BW= Bowing

Besides, roll to roll and meter to meter variation is checked.

Acceptance calculation:

Total point per 100 square yards

Actual points counted 36 = x x 100

Actual Roll length Actual width= Points/100 square yards.

Classification of Inspection Fabric:

< 40 points = A

41-60 points = B

61-80 points = C

80 above = Reject

Effluent Treatment Plant (E.T.P)

GTA Sports Ltd has an ETP for treating the waste water from different processing section like dyeing. ETP has different sectors like Equalization tank, Bio-reactor etc.

Objects of E.T.P:

-To control the P.H-To remove the coloring matter from the water.-To maintain the proper value of BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand)and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand).

Water Treatment Plant (W.T.P)

GTA Sports Ltd use water from land which is pumped by deep tube well. There is a standard quality water treatment plant (WTP) in MFL where the hardness of water is being treated continuously and being soft which is required for the dyeing purposes. Besides this they are using water to produce steam by heating. It is done by boiler.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

DIRECTOR (OPERATION)↓

MERCHANDISING MANAGER↓

MERCHANDISER↓

TRAINEE MERCHANDISER

Main functions of a merchandiser to execute the export order perfectly on time.– Fabric consumption calculation.– Accessories consumption calculation (e.g. thread, button, interlining,

label, poly bag, Carton etc.)– Sourcing of fabrics.– Sourcing of accessories.– Possible date of arrival of fabrics & accessories in the garments factory.– Costing.– Garments production planning.– Pre-shipment inspection schedule.– Shipping document.

Objects specifically for merchandising purposes:

• 1. Sell by showing and promoting.

• 2. Create an emotional connect between the viewer and the display.

• 3. Encourage the shopper to enter the store.

• 4. Get the customer to pause and “shop” the selling floor.

• 5. Establish, promote, and enhance the store’s image.

• 6. Entertain customers and enhance their shopping experience.

• 7. Introduce and explain new products.

GARMENTS MERCHANDISING

Merchandising helps in:

• educating the customers about the product/service in an effective and creative way.

• establishing a creative medium to present merchandise in 3D environment, thereby enabling long lasting impact and recall value.

• setting the company apart in an exclusive position. • establishing linkage between fashion, product design and

marketing by keeping the product in prime focus. • combining the creative, technical and operational aspects of a

product and the business. • drawing the attention of the customer to enable him to take purchase

decision within shortest possible time, and thus augmenting the selling process.

The main procedures of merchandisers are as followed:

• ►Understanding Sample Order

• ►Managing order route card and production time table

• ►Using route card to reschedule activities

• ►Submitting pre-production samples

• ►Solving shortage problem

Merchandiser must be known as:

• Thread details • Printing details• Washing• Dyeing• Knitting (Based on fabrication)• Consumption (Based on fabrication,

correspondence & communication)• Price (Yarn + Knitting + Dyeing + Finishing +

Process loss)• Wastage

Project Work on

KNITTING FAULTS AND THEIR REMADIES

TECHNICAL TEXTILE

Faults in Knitting

• Introduction:

Faults in circular knitting production can be caused in various ways and quite a few of them can not be related to just one cause. The following explanations are expected to be helpful in trying to locate the causes of these faults easier.

• Sources of faults could be-1. Faults in yarn and the yarn package2. Yarn feeding and feed regulator.3. Machine setting and pattern defects.4. Machine maintenance.

5. Climate conditions in the knitting defects

Knitting fabric faults with causes & remedies

Name of the faults:

Hole mark

Needle mark.

Sinker Mark.

Star mark.

Drop stitches

Oil stain

Rust stain.

Pin hole.

Lycra katta.

Yarn contamination

Crease mark.

Lycra out.

Loop.

Tana loop.

Dia mark.

Thick & Thin Color spot

Oil sport Lycra spot

Heat set problem Star mark

Softener markPin hole

Needle drop Color mark

Causes & remedies

1. Name : Hole markCause : a. Due to yarn breakage.

b. Faulty yarn count.c. Faulty feeder setting.d. Badly knot or splicing.

remedies: a.Improper feeder setting

2. Name: Needle mark.Cause: a. Due to needle breaks during the knitting cycle.

b . If a needle or needle hook is slightly bends then needle mark comes on the fabric.

remedies: a. Cleaning the needle groupb.Change the needle

3. Name: Sinker Mark.Cause: a. when sinker corrodes due to abrasion then

sometimes cannot hold a new loop as a resultsinker marks comes.

b. If sinker head bend then sinker mark comes.remedies: a. cleaning the sinker group

b. Change the sinker

4. Name: Star mark.Causes: a. Yarn tension vari ation due to production.

b. Buckling of the needle latch.c. Low G.S.M fabric production.

remedies: a. proper yarn tension b. change the needle

5. Name: Drop stitchesCauses: a. Defective needle.

b. Take down mechanism too loose.c . Insufficient yarn tension.

d. Improper setting of feeder.remedies: a. Reset the needle

6. Name: Oil stainCauses: a. when oi l lick through the needle

trick then it pass on the fabric & make a line.b. Excess oil pressure in the oil line.

remedies: Proper lubrication and clean machine

7. Name: Rust stain.Causes: If any rust on the machine parts.

remedies: clean the m/c

8. Name: Pin hole.Causes: Due to break down or bend of latch,

pin hole may come in the fabric. remedies: a. Concentrate on needle and latch

9. Name: Lycra katta.Causes: a . Improper tension.

b. Dust deposit in the pulley.remedies: clean the feeder & lycra

10. Name: Yarn contaminationCauses: a. If yarn contains foreign fibre then it remains in the fabric even after finishing.

b. If lot, count mixing occur.remedies: same count of yarn has to used

• The textile materials that are used in different sphere to meet the demand and to solve the various technical problems and to improve the quality in need is called technical textiles.

Fiber used in Technical Textiles

The following fibers are used in technical textile product manufacturing.1. Conventional fibers. 2. High strength and high modulus organic fibers. 3. High chemical- and combustion-resistant organic fibers. 4. High performance inorganic fibers. 5. Ultra-fine and novelty fibers.6. Civil and agricultural engineering fibers.7. Automotive and aeronautics fibers.

8. Medical and hygiene applications fibers. 9. Protection and defense fibers.

Technical Textiles:

Yarn used in technical textiles

Technical yarns are produced for the manufacture of technical textiles. They have to meet the specific functional requirements of the intended end-use. This may be achieved through special yarn production techniques or through the selection of special fibre blends or a combination of both. This chapter describes the yarn production technologies that are applicable to technical yarns and discusses the structures and properties of the yarns that may be produced using these technologies.

Staple fibre yarns

1. Ring spinning2. Rotor spinning3. Friction spinning4. Wrap spinning5. Air-jet spinning6. Twistless spinning

• Normally in technical fabrics production woven, knitted and non woven structure are used.

• Woven Fabrics: Plain, sateen, twill, etc are used.• knitted Fabrics: Weft & warp knitted designs and their derivatives are

used.• Non- Woven Fabrics:• 1. Air laying .• 2. Wet laying .• 3. Dry laying wood pulp . • 4. Spun laying . • 5. Flash spinning . • 6. Melt blown . • 7. Chemical bonding . • 8. Thermal bonding . • 9. Solvent bonding .• 10. Needle felting .• 11. Stitch bonding . • 12. Hydro-entanglement.• Etc are used.

Structure of Fabrics used

Categories Of Technical Textiles Technical textiles can be classified into many categories, depending on their end use. The classification developed by Techtextil, Messe Frankfurt Exhibition GmbH is widely used in Europe, North America and Asia. reporting solutions The classifications are :

Agrotech (Agro-textiles)

Mobiltech (Automotive and aerospace textiles)

Buildtech (Construction Textiles)

Clothtech (Clothing Textiles)

Geotech (Geo-textiles)

Hometech (Domestic Textiles)

Indutech (Industrial Textiles)

Medtech (Medical textiles)

Mobiltech (Textiles used in transport)

Oekotech or Ecotech (Environmentally-friendly textiles)

Packtech (Packaging textiles)

Protech (Protective textiles)

Sporttech (Sports textiles)

Geo-textile

Definition: Textiles used in the ground are termed “Geo – textiles”. Any permeable textile materials used for filtration, drainage, separation, reinforcement and stabilization purposes as an integral part of civil engineering structures of earth, rock or other construction materials. Materials and structures: Natural & synthetic materials can be used. Jute, Absorbent cotton, substitute, polypropylene, acrylic, rayon, monofilament, spun yarn and thermoplastic yarn can be used. Woven, non-woven and knitted fabrics can be used as Geo textile material. Classification of Geo textile: Geo textiles should include constituent polymers or fibres elements, the form or method of construction, weight and thickness, engineering function, end use and engineering properties. 1. According to polymers or fibrous elements: a. PP b. PE c. PES d. Nylon 2. According to form or method: a. Melt bonded Fabric b. Woven c. Non woven d. Needle punched e. Resin bonded f. Combined non woven technique. 3. Knitted fabric a. Warp knitted fabric

b. Weft knitted fabric Warp knitted weft insertion geo textiles offer the following advantages when compared to woven geo textile: 1. Strength: For strength they are lighter than woven geo textiles using the same yarn. This makes for easier handling & laying on site, thus transport & labour costs are less in real terms. 2. Knitted geo textile has exceptional tear strength. Additional strength can be designed & built in to the weft insertion. 3. Knitted geo textiles can be incorporate as additional fabric to form a true composite geo textile, the fabric being simply knitted in. 4. The individual yarns in the warp knitted weft insertion geo textiles are straight when incorporated. So, they are able to take up the strain immediately on loading. What functions are performed by Geo textiles? The functions are:

� Filtration � Separation � Drainage � Protective shield against erosion � Reinforcement � Land stabilization/support � Earth filling � Moisturizer

Discuss the potential areas of application of Geo textile: Applications are: 1. Road construction: Construction of road over soft land (Link road) 2. Rail road: To prevent upward pushing of mud. 3. Road surface: For the reinforcement of asphall in road surface. 4. Area stabilization: Swam plants. 5. Foundation for industrial development 6. Waste disposal: Cover and seal in waste. 7. Ground drainage 8. Canal and river lining 9. Marine erosion control

10. Construction of new land area

Geo Jute Introduction: It is a biodegradable soil stabilizing blanket to control erosion on disturbed earth surface while encouraging the growth of protective negotiation . Give the typical specification of Geo Jute: Raw materials: Cuttings, Caddis & lowest part of long jute. Warp/10 cm: 6.5 Weft/10cm: 4.5 Width: 122 cm Weight: 600 gm/linear meter 1000 gm/linear meter What are the prime functions of Geo Jute? The functions are: 1. Control erosion of base soil allows the formation of vegetation to give long term protection. 2. On initial rainfall jute will absorb up to 2.5 lift of water per square of geo jute, so reduces over land flow. 3. Helps to reduce loss of grass seeds 4. Mesh structure of jute forms micro tarraus which controls rates of flows. 5. Prevents dehydration of soil. End use:

� Road & railway slopes, bridge alentments, medium strips. � Drainage, ditches, culvert and table drain out let � Lake, canal & river banks. � Farm & forestry. � Green ward development in sports ground, airports, housing estates

� Sand dune, stabilization.

Buildtech (Construction Textiles) Textiles used in the building of the concrete reinforcement and before the

foundation is, fittings, insulating materials, fitting, air conditioning, noise

prevention, eye protection, sun protection, building safety . In the cold

isolation of the country in the walls and ceiling, but the mass communication

is one of the most significant criteria of advanced constructions and

architectural constructions. build-tech is valuable in providing protection

against the external environment and internal documents such as bars and

cement.

Application:

Textiles and complex materials applied in building of constructions, dams,bridges, tunnels and roads fall into this class. Illustrations of productions are compounds built architectural technology, sun blinds, canopies, objective reinforcement, lamp, table linen, blankets, roof, the network structure of scaffolding, signaling, waxing and textile structures are taken and rolled products. Interesting and enjoyable to use aesthetic is the function of textile membranes for the construction of housing. This region is also known textile architecture. PSE covered tenacity, PVC, Teflon woven fiberglass or silicone PSA covered for their losses by pulling function. A example of the construction steps are in football, airports and hotels.

Medical Textiles: Due to astounding technological developments, techincal textiles are extensively used in the healthcare industry today. In the field of medical application, technical textiles are not just used in contact with the skin, but also fulfill important functions within the body (intra-corporal applications like implants). Technical textiles offer medical and hygiene industry with unparalleled protection, comfort and cost saving. These highly specialized and bio- compatible technical textiles, used for medical and hygiene applications are called “MEDTECH.” The characteristics required of MEDTECH vary depending on the task for which they are to be used. Some applications demand a protective function, others a high absorptive capacity and some other others impermeability. Special antimicrobial finishes are an important characteristic of these textiles Depending on the nature of application, most of the medical products are disposable in nature and are made of nonwoven fabrics. In global markets disposables are fast replacing non-disposable health care textiles. Application:

Healthcare/ hygiene products- Include bedding, clothing, surgical clothes, products for feminine hygiene like sanitary napkins, baby and adult diapers etc.

Non-implantable materials- For wound care that includes absorbent pad (wound contact layer, base material viscose, plastic film) and bandages (simple inelastic/elastic, orthopaedic, plasters, gauzes, lint, padding)

Textiles in Extracorporeal devices- Like artificial kidney, liver and lungs. Implantable materials- Like sutures (biodegradable and non-

biodegradable), soft tissue implants, artificial tendon (meshes), artificial ligament, artificial cartilage, orthopedic implants artificial joint, cardiovascular implants vascular grafts, heart valves.

Healthcare/hygiene products- Include bedding, clothing, surgical gown clothes, filters, bandages, support and protective material, surgical sutures etc

Sports Textile

Sports textile is one of the branch of technical textile. Now a days

sophisticated technology are used in technical textile to produce sports wear.

Textile has done it successfully . Hi-tech textiles in sport are nothing new. In

recent years we have seen the design of fabrics that can take moisture away

from the body, patches on all black jerseys so players can dry their hands for

better grip, fabrics that can sense high impact stresses on players joints, and

fabrics that can sense heart rate, temperature and other physiological data .

Properties of Sports Textile: Sports textile must have comport ability, easy to wear, easy handling. Sports textiles fabrics have a very high electrical conductivity, so they can permit the effectual dissipation of electrical charge. It should be light as best as possible. Filaments fabrics are made highly effecting in moisture management & thus they can wick the moisture as known as sweat away from the body & keeps body dry. Sports textile should have good perspiration fastness. As this sports fabric has a special property well known as heat conductivity make possible to feel the user cooler in summer & warmer in winter. Garments manufactured from sports textiles fabrics, keeps the normal stability of body comfort, because these fabrics are ultra-breathable, fast drying and possess outstanding moisture managing properties, which rapidly wick moisture away from the body. These garments are also very less in weight & feature elasticity properties, which provides immense comfort and independence of movement. Keeping a normal level of bacteria on the skin offers a high level of comfort and personal hygiene, especially during athletic activities. Sports textiles fabrics remove UVA and UVB rays that are dangerous to the skin, and guarantees an improved level of defense compared to the majority general natural and man-made fibres.

It also provides superior strength and durability. The athletics & the leisure activities for their better performance in the sports.

Application:

Sports textile has versatile use. Some uses of Sports Textile are given below: Shoes, sports equipment, flying and sailing sports, climbing, angling, cycling, winter and summer sports, indoor sports wear. Some of the sports where these textiles are being used are Golf, Tennis, Mountaineering, Skiing, Cricket and Paralympic Sports. A few areas where these textiles are being increasingly used are: Swimming costume Artificial turfs, sleeping bags, ballooning and parachute fabrics Material technology and design,of equipment Biomechanics and the engineering aspects of sports machinery Surface treatment of equipment Sports footwear

WATER PROOF TEXTILES• Waterproof breathable fabrics

Waterproof breathable fabrics are designed for use in garments that provide protection from the weather, that is from wind, rain and loss of body heat.Waterproof fabric completely prevents the penetrati and absorption of liquid water, in contrast to water-repellent (or, shower-resistant) fabric. Traditionally,fabric was made waterproof by coating it with a continuous layer of impervious flexible material. The first coating materials used were animal fat, wax and hardened vegetable oils. Nowadays synthetic polymers such as polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polyurethane are used. Coated fabrics are considered to be more uncomfortable to wear than water-repellent fabric, as they are relatively stiff and do not allow the escape of perspiration vapour. During physical activity the body provides cooling partly by producing insensible perspiration. If the water vapour cannot escape to the surrounding atmosphere the relative humidity inside the clothing increases causing a corresponding increased thermal conductivity of the insulating air, and the clothing becomes uncomfortable. In extreme cases hypothermia can result if the body loses heat more rapidly than it is able to produce it. If perspiration cannot evaporate and liquid sweat (sensible perspiration) is produced, the body is prevented from cooling at the same rate as heat is produced. The ability of fabric to allow water vapour to penetrate is commonly known as breathability.This property should more scientifically be referred to as water vapour permeability.Although perspiration rates and water vapour permeability are usually quoted in units of grams per day and grams per square metre per day, respectively, the maximum work rate can only be endured for a very short time. It has also been shown that the maximum performance of a subject wearing clothing with a vapourbarrier is some 60% less than that of a subject wearing the same clothing but without a vapourbarrier.

• Types of waterproof breathable fabricThere are several methods which can be used to obtain fabrics which are both breathable and

waterproof. These can be divided into three groups:• • densely woven fabrics• • membranes• • coatings.

DEFENCE TEXTILES:

Introduction

Defence forces on land, sea, or air throughout the world are heavily reliant on technical textiles of all types – whether woven, knitted, nonwoven, coated, laminated or other composite forms.Technical textiles offer invaluable properties for military land forces in particular, who are required to move, live, survive and fight in hostile environments. They have to carry or wear all the necessities for comfort and survival and thus need the most lightweight, compact, durable, and high performance personal clothing and equipment. The life-critical requirements for protecting individuals from both environmental and battlefield threats have ensured that the major nations of the world expend significant resources in developing and providing the most advanced technical textiles for military use.

Textiles for environmental protection

Military forces have to be prepared to operate in all parts of the globe from arctic,through temperate, to jungle and desert areas. As such they experience the widest range of climatic conditions possible encountering rain, snow, fog, wind, lightning, sunlight,dust, attendant heat, cold, wetness,UV light, windchill & other discomforts on land, sea, and in the air. The environment is considered the highest priority where protection of the individual is considered .Whether forces are operating at headquarters, during training, on internal security, or peace-keeping duties, or involved in full scale war, the environment is ever present.The battlefield threats – whilst probably much more life threatening.

Cause of ballistic casualties in general war

Cause of casualty Percentage

Fragments 59

Bullets 19

Other 22

inflict several wounds, ranging in severity, depending on the source and distance of the blast.There may also be casualties from the secondary effects of bombs, including collapsing buildings, exploding aircraft, sinking ships, and flying debris.

1. Levels of protection

Total fatalities –no armour

If helmets are worn –19% reduction

If armour is worn –40% reduction

Armour & helment –65% reduction

Estimated reduction in casualties resulting from wearing body armour .The ultimate clothing system for whole body and head protection is the EOD suit.

• Because of secrecy act, the data on costing and marketing activities has not been supplied in details.

• In spite of our limited time, we could not study in detail.• Some of the points in different chapter are not

described as these were not available.• It is not possible to hold the whole thing of a textile

industry in such a small frame as this report, hence our effort spent on summarizing them.

LIMITATIONS OF THE REPORT: