INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1760-1850)Group 3History 1710:30 – 11:30 AMPE21TC

DEFINITION

was a period from the 18th to the 19th

century where major changes in

agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and

transport had a profound effect on the

socioeconomic and cultural conditions in

the United Kingdom. The changes

subsequently spread throughout Europe,

North America, and eventually the world.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Manual Labourand

Draft-Animal-based Economy

Machine-based Manufacturing

FOUR SETS OF CHANGES

Industrial Revolution

The Introduction of New

Technology

The Use of the New Mineral Resources of

Energy

A Concentration of New Workers

in Factories

New Methods of Transportation

PART I

PART II

PART III

PART VI

I. INTRODUCTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY

Industrial Revolution introduced machines to

textile manufacturing, iron, printing,

papermaking, and engineering

industries.

The most significant machines were steam

engines and the machines used to make

cloth.

A. TEXTILE MACHINERY

In 1765, James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny, automating weaving the warp in the weaving of cloth.

In 1769, Richard Arkwright invented the Water powered – Frame which automated the weft.

In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the Spinning Mule, a combination of Hargreaves’ and Arkwright’s inventions, which automated the total weaving process.

The Spinning Jenny Water Powered Frame

Spinning Mule

B. STEAM ENGINE

In 1775, James Watt invented the Steam

Engine which was used to raise minerals

from mines, provide heat for smelting iron

ore, and drive machines in textile mills.

II. NEW MINERAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

Beginning in the eighteenth century, the

Industrial Revolution began to rely on coal to

produce the high temperatures needed to

smelt iron. Eventually it also became a

source of heat for the steam engine.

III. GROWTH OF FACTORIES

Domestic System

In the sixteenth century, businessmen began

employing families in the countryside to spin

and weave.

All members of the family participated in the

production.

Businessmen provided the materials and were

responsible for manufacturing.

DEVELOPMENTS IN FACTORIES

Large factories were more cost effective

because it allowed the concentration of

workers and machines in one work place

Reduced transportation costs

Allowed greater quality control

The factory owner had greater control over

the work force and enforced stricter

discipline

DEVELOPMENT IN FACTORIES

It also made possible what the economist

Adam Smith called the "division of labor“,

whereby each person was responsible for one

stage of production, allowing for great

increase in total production. The workers

needed no special skills to operate the

machines.

IV. NEW METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION

Thousands of miles of canals and all-weather

roads were built in the eighteenth century.

1692, Languedoc Canal connects the Mediterranean

with the Bay of Biscay. 240 miles long, with 100

locks, 3 major aqueducts, 1 tunnel, and a summit

reservoir. 

Canals were the first technology to allow bulk

materials to be easily transported across

country.

NEW METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION

The railroads were driven by coal-burning,

steam-power locomotives and provided

quick, cheap transportation to places

inaccessible by water.

The construction of railroads created a

demand for iron and for large numbers of

workers and became a large industry in its

own right.

FACTORS FAVOURING THE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

Population Growth

The population increase provided the large

supply of cheap labor needed by the

factories. It also provided an increase in

demand for manufactured goods.

FACTORS FAVOURING THE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

Agricultural Productivity

The process of enclosure allowed farmers

and landlords to fence in their fields and

control production. They introduced crop

rotations that restored nutrients to the soil,

allowing for greater yield. They also began

scientific breeding to improve the quality of

their herds. The result was an increase in

productivity with fewer agricultural workers.

FACTORS FAVOURING THE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

Capital Formation and Accumulation

came mostly from merchants engaged in

domestic and foreign trade, from

landowners who profited from their estates

in Britain and plantations in the colonies,

and from banks.

FACTORS FAVOURING THE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

Technological Knowledge and Entrepreneurship

Plenty of people had scientific knowledge

to mechanize the industry.

A merchant capitalist class organized the

domestic system.

EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

Demand from Consumers and Producers

The demand for goods was created by

advertising, as well as by the increasing

ability of the working class to buy goods as

their purchasing power increased.

EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

Population and Economic Growth

The population had consistently expanded as the

greater agricultural productivity permitted

maintaining an adequate food supply. The

industrial economy had been able to employ

large numbers of workers.

Standards of Living

Employers kept wages low and utilized labor-

saving devices.

EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

Women, Children and Industry

The Industrial Revolution did not improve

the status of women. Their pay was too

little to give them financial independence

or prestige, and they frequently were

under the control of the male workers or

foremen.

British Factory Act of 1833 enforced

restrictions against child labor.

EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

Class and Class Consciousness The Industrial Society was divided into three (3)

classes:

The aristocracy owned the land.

The bourgeoisie owned capital

enterprises and gained their wealth from

profits.

The working class owned only their

labor and received wages.