INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Dawn of the Industrial Age

• In 1750 80% of humans were full time farmers.

• Tools etc.. Were handmade- as effective as the person who made them

• Fire was the only source of light or heat.• The vast majority would not travel more

than 50 miles from the place they were born- b/c they’d have to walk.

• Less than 40% literacy rates- even in wealthy areas

• Born into your life, it was like your father’s, grandfather’s etc….

Improvements

• Farming: will make it so a much smaller % of the pop. can grow the food. (which makes people available for other types of jobs)• Enclosure: landowners began to

organize farming scientifically with new crops, crop rotation, better technology (steel plow)• Increased food production led to

significant pop. growth at end of 1700s. Same # of births- but far fewer deaths

England Leads the Way

• England is first country to go through IR- would make them most powerful country in Europe (and world overall) for a long time while others catch up.

• Had• Resources (Iron and coal) building blocks of

IR• Technology (early inventions)• Capitalist Economy • Stable Government

Early Industries

• Before IR products were made individually or in small workshops. Very labor intensive- which made them expensive (comparatively)

• During IR machines will begin to replace human labor- products become more “regular” and less expensive.

• But machines themselves are expensive- so you need to keep them in one place, and bring the workers to them.

• Textiles and Pottery two of first to industrialize

Power

• Having a source of power was key- without greater strength things aren’t able to change. New sources will become the building blocks of the Industrial Revolution

• Develop Coal (which burns longer and hotter) and Steam power • 1712 Thomas Newcomen 1st steam

engine• 1769 James Watt perfected

• Iron has been used- but heavy and brittle• 1709 Abraham Darby develops process of

Smelting iron to create STEEL

Transportation

• Canals: Water has always been fastest/easiest way to transport heavy items- but rivers and oceans are not always well placed- and can cause problems. Build Canal system late 1700s early 1800s. • Boats were revolutionized by steam too- 1807

Robert Fulton- steamship (went 12 mph). • Railroads: “Could cover any terrain (canal limited

to flat) Not affected by weather etc…• 1814 George Stockton “The Rocket” went 30

mph• Overall- a trip which would take 50 days in 1800

took 6 in 1850. Speed/ease of transport dropped prices as much as 40% on consumer goods

Industrial Life

• As factories were built workers moved to cities in large numbers- causing urban pop. spikes• Manchester Eng: 1750: 17,000

• 1780: 40,000• 1800: 70,000

• Apartment Buildings built quickly to house new workers Not well built- drafty, no running water/indoor plumbing (or very limited)

• Became known as Tenements- low income housing (slums) Caused severe health problems

Factory System

• Very different from farm work (where there were many different tasks, you could do at your own pace etc…)

• Discipline: Had to work set hours (12-16 hours depending on industry) One ½ hour lunch break- that’s it- no bathroom, coffee etc…If you were late, or left your station: fired Worked 6 days a week. No sick days- if you weren’t there: fired. Had to maintain a certain pace, if you couldn’t keep up: fired

Women

• Factories were first opportunity for “paid work” outside of marriage. Women could earn their own living.

• Factories liked to hire women- they were paid less for the same work than men, and were considered easier to “control” (Women and men generally segregated at work.)

• Women would work until they married and had children, then would go back when their own children were big enough to work in the factory

Children

• Kids as young as 5 would be expected to work 12 hour days- esp in textiles and coal mining, their small size made them valuable in tight spaces (under or between machines)

• Orphans could be purchased like slaves (Oliver Twist)

• Paid least of all

New Middle Class

• Benefited from growth of new industries as managers, inventors etc…

• A hard worker could rise from the peasant class and become comfortable, or even wealthy- real social mobility possible.

• Gained political power in House of Commons- became voice in gov’t

• Middle Class created their own set of moral standards. show how far they had come.

Hard work for men, gentility for ladies. (Men “breadwinners”, women stay home

and “keep house”)

Cult of Domesticity

• Victorian age known for its strict moral code- focus on nuclear family. (marriage still required family permission, but more often done for love than pure economics)

• Women lived in “gilded cage” or “Victorian prison” of corsets, HUGE skirts (for middle/upper classes shows women are decorative rather than functional) Extreme physical modesty.

• Women’s job was to create the ideal home for their family- be tender, self-sacrificing, moral guardians of the future.

• Childhood seen for 1st time as time for play and enjoyment (Irony- factory kids were working harder than ever)

Benefits and Problems

• Positive: created jobs, wealth, economic security. Better quality, cheaper goods available to more people. People could travel farther, have more.

• Negative: Cyclical poverty, (never able to get ahead) disease, injury. Out of the suffering of the workers grew the reform movement, which would change working conditions and expectations for standard of living.

Industrialization SpreadsIndustrialization Spreads

• England led way- but others caught on quickly…• France (hampered by revolutions)• Germany (eager to catch up after unification)• US, Canada, Australia (England set us up- we

continued after independence)• Japan (first non European to industrialize)

• Southern and Eastern Europe began to fall significantly behind. (Austria, Russia, stuck on absolutism, don’t jump on bandwagon)

• Other countries (Spain, Italy, Greece etc.) lack resources or capital necessary

Major industries

• Steel: Stronger and better (than Iron) for building. Prime measure of industrial capability.

• Electricity: Replaces steam as the major power source• dynamo, a machine to create electricity• lightbulbs1890s Power lines begin to appear in major

cities• Communication: information travels faster as well.

• telegraph• telephone• radio

• Chemicals: • Radioactivity• Dynamite

Medicine

• 1800-1900 population of Europe doubled. Birth rate was dropping, but death rate was dropping even more quickly due to new medicines, better sanitation, and better understand of why people got sick in the first place.

• Inoculation- Smallpox vaccine• Germ Theory developed by• Antiseptics- These made hospitals safer (had been

for poor, wealthy preferred doc to come to them)• 1880s Tuberculosis (Consumption) identified and

treatments created. Typhus, yellow fever, diphtheria as well

Reform in the Industrial Age

• Urban Growth led to urban planning. Parks, wider streets, public sanitation etc… seen as the responsibility of gov’t to provide- Paved streets, streetlights, trolleys, steel buildings became commonplace• Factory workers began to demand safer working

conditions, better wages, shorter hours. Develop unions- the idea is that standing together gives you “collective” bargaining- business will easily fire one person- but difficult to replace an entire workforce• Gov’t responded to criticisms passed laws to limit

child labor (not until 10), limit working hours (10 hours for women children, 12 for men) establish minimum wage etc….

CAPITALISM: Adam Smith

• IR changed the way people saw the economy- driven by business not by agriculture. Money came from new sources- had to figure out how to handle it. Thinking about the role of gov’t new theories were developed for how to handle economy

• Adam Smith defined the Factors of Production needed for industrialization: Land, Labor and Capital

• Said that best econ was Free Market run by supply/demand (the industrial revolution itself came from this….but was that a good thing)

• Laissez-faire: the econ should be ruled by the “invisible” hand of market, not the government.

IRON LAWS

• Thomas Malthus: Iron Law of Population Population will always grow faster than food- so hunger is inevitable. Having fewer children only way to prevent famine. • David Ricardo: Iron law of Wages. When wages

are high people have more kids, who grow up and create a surplus of labor, which drives down wages- so people have fewer kids, who then grow up in a labor shortage, so wages go up.• Both said social programs don’t change things-

don’t bother

SOCIALISM

• Thought capitalism was bad b/c it put business ahead of humans.• Charles Fourier. Businesses should be run by

groups who’s goal was the best interest of the people- not making $$.• Wanted to develop a society where people

worked together

KARL MARX- Communism

• Said all history can be defined as a class struggle between haves and have nots. Said Capitalism itself is wrong- because the

people who WORK don’t get profit• Wrote Communist Manifesto about the Proletariat

(workers) and how the only just society would be one in which they controlled the “factors of production”. • Abolition of private property. If no one is rich or

poor, if no one has anything that is “theirs” for another to be jealous of- there will be no more economic suffering.

CHARLES DARWIN (NATURAL SELECTION)

• 1859 Origin of Species- published theory of evolution.• Sparked some of the most heated debates of the 1800s-

deeply offended Christian teaching• Natural Selection: there is never enough

food/land/resources for any animal- nature breeds those animals with the strongest traits for the species: survival of the fittest

• We change (evolve) to stay alive- those who do not become extinct.

SOCIAL DARWINISM

• People applied Darwin’s ideas of evolution and survival to industry and social issues. • Powerful groups were “better”, nature had

“selected” them to rule b/c they were strong, smart, rich, whatever• Would be used to justify discrimination at home, and racism abroad. (during imperialism)

WOMEN’S RIGHTS

• As women gain greater economic roles- they began to demand rights to go with it- right to own property, not to be married w/o consent, and right to a voice in gov’t

• Fought centuries of indoctrination that women were “inferior” mentally and physically

• Emmeline Pankhurst: most famous “suffragette”, led the fight- sometimes violently (chained to fences/buildings, threw rocks at carriages of parliament members) Many women arrested and jailed.

• 1918- votes given to women over 30, 1928, over 21

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

• In 1800 over 200 crimes were “Capital” offenses- meaning they were punishable by death (including murder, shoplifting, sheep stealing, impersonating a soldier)• Public hangings most common form of execution

(Tyburn Tree)• By 1850 death penalty reserved for murder,

piracy, treason, arson. • Penal colonies for petty offenders

(Australia)• 1868 eliminated imprisonment for debt

POPULAR CULTURE (not on outline- don’t add)

• Art, music, theater, these had been things for the wealthy (nobles)- who could afford them. Peasants had enjoyed occasional festivals, but little real leisure time activity.

• Rise of the middle class, and reduction of working hours created leisure time (unlike farm work where there was always something to do- away from the factory you are free)

• Music Halls (Vaudeville) variety shows with singers, jugglers, acrobats, animal acts. Travel from town to town. Could be like a circus- sometimes more racy (Burlesque)

• Phonograph- music at home, Radio.• Films- began around 1900, by 1910 5 million people went every

week.• Sports. Football/Baseball in U.S. Cricket/Boxing in England. 1896

1st modern Olympic games

Britain: The Victorian Age

• Queen Victoria ruled England from 1837-1901 She came to define Britain during the 1800s- when they were at their most powerful. Supported reform and Morality.

• Came to throne at 18- married young (her cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg) had 9 children

• Queen had no direct political role any more- but significant

influence- which she used often (at urging of her husband, he was the driving force)

• Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 was a monument to the industrial revolution- sponsored by Prince Albert, who loved science art, and industry

Expanding Democracy

• Early 1800s a group called Chartist presented parliament with a “People’s Charter” demanding:• Universal manhood suffrage, Annual elections, Salaries for

parliament workers (so that working people could afford to run) Secret ballot

• Over 2 million signatures collected- over time, all reforms adopted. Most in Reform act of 1832 Seats in house of commons redistributed to reflect new population centers. Suffrage in England expanded to nearly universal by 1867- secret ballot instituted in 1880 (Interesting, Australia and New Zealand did it 1st- England copied)

• One reason Marxism never caught on in England- workers had rights and felt the gov’t supported them

Ireland

• England ruled Ireland since 1100s- during English civil war they had cracked down and filled Ireland with Absentee landlords• Irish themselves faced severe discrimination- their language

forbidden, their religion outlawed

• Agricultural econ- but most products exported to England- potatoes were staple crop for peasants• 1845 the potato blight hit- in 4 years over 1 million died of

starvation- another 2 million left- all while exporting food to the English. HUGE bitterness

• Irish Nationalist movement begun by Daniel O’Connell in 1829- demanded home rule- often violently. (granted 1921)• Fenian Brotherhood-secret society which advocated guerilla

attacks to “encourage” English to leave- becomes IRA

• 1848 a new constitution written- with universal manhood suffrage, and a national election was held for president.• Louis Napoleon overwhelming winner.

(Napoleon’s nephew, had been serving in legislature for years) Had a “magic” name, recalling strength, purpose etc…

• 1852 had himself declared president for life- and then a few months later- Emperor Napoleon III.

• Had a strong view of gov’t- but brought prosperity and happiness back to France

Second Empire:Napoleon III

France: The 3rd Republic

• Franco- Prussian war ended the reign of Napoleon III- in 1870 France creates 3rd Republic (will last until 1940) STILL not a stable gov’t- had about a dozen political parties competing for power, and yearly elections, so gov’t changed every year

• Dreyfus Affair: 1894- capt Alfred Dreyfus accused of selling military secrets- primarily because he was Jewish. (eventually proven innocent- and that he had been purposely framed) Sign of rising Anti-Semitism in Europe.

• Zionism- as persecution grew- an new nationalist movement lead by Theodore Herzl advocated creating a Jewish homeland in Palestine.