industrial revolution effects

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RESULTS OF THE IMPACT OF THE

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Ma. Anadel A. Farrales



The Industrial Revolution brought about

dramatic changes in nearly every aspect of British society, including demographics,

politics, social structures and institutions, and

the economy.



FUNDAMENTAL SHIFT TO SOCIAL

ST

RUCT

URE During the Industrial Revolution, the social

structure of society changed dramatically.

Before the Revolution most people lived in

small villages, working either in agriculture or

as skilled craftsmen. They lived and often

worked as a family, doing everything by hand.

The use of steam-powered machines, led to a

massive increase in the number of factories

(particularly in textile factories or mills).



HOUSING

The worker's houses were usually near to the

factories so that people could walk to work.

Most of the houses were crowded with five ormore people possibly crammed into a single

room.

Housing conditions like those were perfect

breeding grounds for diseases.



POLLUTION

Chimneys, bridges and factory smoke blocked

out most of the light in the towns. A layer of

dirty smoke often covered the streets like a

blanket. This came from the factories that

used steam to power their machines. The

steam was made by burning coal to heat

water. Burning coal produces a lot of dirty,black smoke.



IMPROVEMENTS

Gradually, improvements for the poor were

made. In 1848, Parliament passed laws that

allowed city councils to clean up the streets.

One of the first cities to become a healthier

place was Birmingham. Proper sewers and

drains were built. Land owners had to build

houses to a set standard. Streets were pavedand lighting was put up.



EMPLOYMENT

The higher living expenses due tourbanization, many families' resources wouldbe extremely stretched.

As a result, women and children were sent outto work, making up 75% of early workers.Families were forced to do this, since they

desperately needed money, while factoryowners were happy to employ women andchildren for a number of reasons.



REASONS FOR EMPLOYING WOMEN

AND CHILDREN

They could be paid very little, and childrencould be controlled more easily than adults,generally through violent beatings.

Children also had smaller hands, which wereoften needed to reach in among the parts of amachine.

Employers found that children were moremalleable and adapted to the new methodsmuch better than adults did.



CHILD LABOR

Children were also sent to work in mines,

being small enough to get more coal and ore

from the deep and very often unsafe pits.

They could also be forced to work as long as

eighteen hours each day.

Sometimes the children started working as

young as four or five years old.



RESULT OF HARD LABORING

Since workers, especially women and children,

were laboring for up to eighteen hours each day,

there was very little family contact, and the only

time that one was at home was spent sleeping.

As a result, children received very little education,

had stunted growth, and were sickly. They alsogrew up quite maladjusted, having never been

taught how to behave properly



People also had to share housing with otherfamilies, which further contributed to thebreakdown of the family unit.

The living conditions were indeed horrible;working families often lived in slums with little

sanitation, and infant mortality widespread.During the early Industrial Revolution, 50% of infants died before the age of two



REFORMS IMPLEMENTED DUE TO

SOCIAL CONDITIONS



1802: HEALTH AND MORALS OF

APPRENTICES ACT

Hours of work were limited to 12 per day, with no

night work allowed.

Employers were to provide education, decent

clothing and accommodation.

Inspectors were to enforce the Act and appoint

visitors.

For all textile factories employing over 20persons, proper ventilation was to be provided

and mills were to be whitewashed twice a year.



1844: FACTORY ACT

Women and young persons (13-18) were to

work no more than 12 hours per day.

Children under 13 were to work no more than

6 1/2 hours per day.

No child under 8 was to be employed.



1847: FACTORY ACT

Women and young persons were to work nomore than 10 hours per day.



1850: FACTORY ACT

Women and young persons to work infactories only between the hours of 6 a.m.

and 6 p.m. or 7 a.m. and 7 p.m.



1853: FACTORY ACT

Children were only to work during the samehours as women and young persons.



1860: BLEACH AND DYE WORKS ACT

This extended existing provisions to bleach and dye works.



1864: FACTORY ACTS EXTENSION ACT

Extended the previous acts to cover moreindustry types.



1878: FACTORY ACT

Extended the Factory Acts to all industries.

No child anywhere under the age of 10 was to

be employed. 10-14 year olds could only be employed for

half days.

Women were to work no more th

an 56h

oursper week (Factory Legislation 1802-1878).



EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

IN ECONOMY

Increased production meant increased wealth.

As an indication of the economic growth inspired by new technologies, purchasing

power in Great Britain doubled and the total

national income increased by a factor of ten in

the years between 1800 and 1900.



As the Industrial Revolution progressed, the

factory owners accumulated great wealth

while the working classes retained none.

Factory owners and others who controlled the

means of production rapidly became very rich.

Industrial capitalists gradually replaced

agrarian land owners as leaders of the nation's

economy and power structure.



DISSENT IN ENGLAND

The Luddites (machine breakers)

It was in 1811 that the most outspoken and

violent movement to protest th

e IndustrialRevolution began. In the first few months of

that year, manufacturers in the city of

Nottingham began to receive threatening

letters from the mysterious "General NedLudd and the Army of Redressers.



Workers of the area, angry at employers who

were reducing wages and even replacing

experienced employees with unskilled (and

therefore less expensive) laborers, began to

revolt, breaking into factories and destroying

hundreds of stocking frames in the space of a

few weeks.



The concept became known as Luddism and

over the next year the movement spread

throughout the industrial centers of England.

Damages inflicted were generally restricted to

the destruction of factories and mills, but did

occasionally extend to violence against

people, including the killing of WilliamHorsfall, the owner of a large mill in the area

of Yorkshire.



DISSENT IN ENGLAND

Peterloo

Although English officials had managed to repress theviolence of the Luddites, they could not stop the

discontent th

at was growing across th

e country.

Workers became interested in politics for the first time,demanding better working conditions, less corruptionin the government, and universal suffrage. In 1819, a"reform meeting" was arranged to take place inManchester on August 16th where two radicals, HenryOrator Hunt and Richard Carlile, were to speak.



The public assembly at St. Peter's Field drew acrowd estimated at 50 000 people, which worriedthe city magistrates and induced them to call in

the military to quell a potential riot. Manchester Yeomanry responded and, led byCaptain Hugh Birley, charged into the docilecrowd, killing eleven people and wounding 400.

The event became known as the PeterlooMassacre, in a reference to Napoleon's defeat atWaterloo




IN POLITICS

Although Britain had become a constitutional

monarchy a century earlier, the vast majority

of the population remained disenfranchised

from the electoral system. As industrial

strength grew along with a more forcible

middle class, electoral reform was a necessity

to balance the new society's power structure.




IN POLITICS

Before 1832, only 6% of the male population

could vote - represented by aristocrats who

owned large plots of land in the countryside

and other property.

By 1832, the middle class factory owners

wanted political power to match their new-

found economic punch - this resulted in theReform Bill of 1832 which enfranchised 20% of

the male population to vote.




IN POLITICS

The Reform Bill also redistributed electoral

districts to better reflect the large populations

of city centers. Before, most of the electoral

power could be found in the countryside

where aristocrats owned vast properties .

The middle-class became more or less

satisfied, but workers were still notrepresented by the British electoral system .



ADVANTAGES BROUGHT BY

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The new inventions brought such things as better

food, better clothes, running water, gas and

electric lighting.

With the growth of science, medical knowledge

advanced.

Better transportation and communication made

life more comfortable and more abundant. New economic life inspired new economic ideas

like LAISSEZ-FAIRE doctrine by Adam Smith.

industrial revolution effects

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