Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution is when people stopped making stuff at

home and started making stuff in factories!

Vocabulary

Rural-Country

Urbanization-The movement of people to the cities

Capital–money to invest in enterprise

Enterprise- a business organization in such area as shipping, mining, railroads or factories

Entrepreneur- a person who assumes financial risk in hopes of making a profit

Making Cloth Before Machines

Cottage Industry

Also called the putting-out system.

Slow process.

Business involving people who worked at home.

Why Great Britain?

Abundant resourcesWaterpower-to move

recourses and productsCoal- energy for machinesIron ore -for toolsFavorable geographyCanals to move goodsGood harbors- merchant

ships

Why Great Britain?

Ready supply of capital–money to invest

Stable government-no wars like on the continent

Overseas markets, in part because of its colonial empire.

Queen Victoria 1837 - 1901

The Enclosure Movement

The process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers

Landowners gained:

More land for pastures

Larger fields for crops

Laborers lost:

Forced off their lands

Moved to growing cities

Enclosure One thing Led to Another

Farmers gained pasture land for animals

Raised more sheep

Wool output increased.

Larger fields

Able to cultivate product more efficiently

Farm out-put increased

Profits rose.

Land Enclosure in England

Push FactorsWhere did all the people go?

Fewer worker needed on the lands

Farmers forced off their lands

Small owners could not compete

Villages shrank

Cities grew –

and GREW!!

Over London by Rail Gustave Doré c. 1870. Shows the densely populated and polluted environments created in the new industrial cities

James Hargreaves' Spinning Jenny

Invented in 1764

Spun many threads at the same time

Each machine was capable of doing the work of eight people

Spinners were angry about the competition.

In 1768, a group of spinners broke into Hargreaves' house and destroyed his machines.

Richard Arkwright“Pioneer of the Factory System”

The Water Frame -1769

Problem- factories had to be near a water source, sometimes far from raw materials.

James Watt’s Steam Engine -1782

Solution- steam new was the new power source

Steam engine more practical

Led to the need for coal to heat the water to produce steam.

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/34865-massive-engines-watt-steam-engine-demo-video.htm

Steam Engine

The steam engine drove Britain’s Industrial Revolution it ran on coal.

Steam power was used to spin and weave cotton.

By 1840 cotton cloth was Britain’s most valuable product-cotton goods were sold all over the world.

The need for coal sparked the need for coal miners.

The Impact of the Railroad

Young Coal Miners

Eli Whitney-Cotton Gin

Patented in 1793- others copied his invention so he did not make any money.

Separated the cottonseed from the raw cotton fibers

Revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States

Led to the demand for more slaves.

An original model of an Eli Whitney cotton gin – photo © National Museum of American History - Smithsonian

Impact of the Industrial Revolution on slavery

The cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on American plantations.

The Factory System

Rigid schedule.

12-14 hour day.

Dangerous conditions.

Mind-numbing monotony.

The Nature of Work in the Factory System

Family-based cottage industries were replaced by the factory system

Harsh working conditions with men competing with women and children for wages

Child labor that kept costs of production low and profits high

Owners of mines and factories exercised considerable control over the lives of their laborers

Division of Labor

Cooperative labor

Specific tasks and roles

Intended to increase the productivity

Growth of total output and trade increased

Complexity of industrialization process

The Industrial Middle Class

The Industrial Revolution created a new middle class along with a working class.

The middle class owned and operated the new factories, mines, railroads and other industries.

The middle class had a much more comfortable life than the working class

The new middle class was called the bourgeoisie

Women and Children in Factories

The employment of women and children was a holdover from the cottage industry system.

They were unskilled and were paid half or less than the men.

“Upstairs-Downstairs” Life

Problems of Pollution

Industrial Staffordshire

Henry Bessemer

British engineer

Developed a new process for making steel from iron

Steel was lighter, harder and more durable than iron

Steel was more cheaply produced and was a major material for tools, bridges and railroads.

Henry Bessemer's steel-converter

Henry Bessemer

During the Crimean War (1853-56) Bessemer patented a process by which molten pig-iron could be turned directly into steel by blowing air through it in a converter. This cut out the wrought-iron stage and dramatically reduced the cost of producing steel

British entrepreneurs were slow to make use of Bessemer's converter but Andrew Carnegie saw it on a trip to England and made a fortune using this method to produce steel in the United States.

Advancements in Science and Medicine

Louis PasteurDiscovered bacteria -germ theory 1864And pasteurization of milk.

Edward JennerDeveloped smallpox vaccination -1796

Changing Role for Women

Excessive working hours for women were outlawed in 1844.

The laws restricting industrial work for women and children led to a new pattern of work

Married men were now expected to support the family, and married women were to take care of the home and perform low-paying jobs in the home, such as taking in laundry, to help the family survive.

Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution- Reforms

Introduction of reforms to end child labor

Expansion of education

Women’s increased demands for suffrage- the right to vote.

The Rise of Labor Unions

Encouraged worker-organized strikes to increase wages and improve working conditions

Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children

Wanted worker rights and collective bargaining between labor and management

Factory Act of 1883

British Parliament passed a law called the Factory Act of 1883

limited working hours

restricted children from working in factories

made working conditions safer and cleaner

Labor unions were formed that demanded better working conditions or they would strike

Socialism and Communism

Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto (written with Friedrich Engels) and Das Capital

Response to the injustices of capitalism

Importance of redistribution of wealth to the communists

Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900

Industrial RevolutionAPS Standards

Origin in England, because of its natural resources like coal, iron ore, and the invention and improvement of the steam engine

Spread to Europe and the United States

Role of cotton textile, iron, and steel industries

Relationship to the British Enclosure Movement

Rise of the factory system and demise of cottage industries

Rising economic powers that wanted to control raw materials and markets throughout the world

 

Technological advances that produced the Industrial Revolution

APS Standards

James Hargreaves– Spinning Jenny

James Watt—Steam engine

Eli Whitney—Cotton gin

Henry Bessemer—Process for making steel

Advancements in Science and Medicine

APS Standards

Edward Jenner—Developed smallpox vaccination

Louis Pasteur—Discovered bacteria

 

Industrial RevolutionAPS Standards-Key Terms

Agricultural Revolution

Jethro Tull

Charles Townshend

capitalism

child labor

cottage industry

division of labor

Edward Jenner

Eli Whitney

enclosure movement

entrepreneur

factory system free enterprise

Henry BessemerJames HargreavesJames WattLouis Pasteurmarket competitionprofitraw materialsreformRobert Owens-utilitarianismstandard of livingurbanization Adam Smith -Wealth of Nationsworking conditions

Impacts of the Industrial Revolution on industrialized countries

APS Standards

Population increase

Increased standards of living for many, though not all

Improved transportation

Urbanization

Environmental pollution

Increased education

Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions

Growth of the middle class

CapitalismAPS Standards

Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations

Role of market competition and entrepreneurial abilities

Impact on standard of living and the growth of the middle class

Dissatisfaction with poor working conditions and the unequal distribution of wealth in society

 

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