industrial symbiosis lecture[1]

Resource Management &

Energy Systems

INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS

byEkanem Omomen Edet([email protected])

Resource Management & Energy Systems Industrial Symbiosis

Linear Nature of Industrial Systems

Output

(Waste)Industrial System

Input

(Materials, Energy)


Grann, 1997

• The concept of Sustainable Development has brought about many and differing opinions as to what it means and how the concept should be translated into specific actions.


Cyclical System in an Industrial Ecosystem

Biogas Digestor

Chicken Farm

Gas Tank

Fertiliser

Fodder

Households

Tea Processing

Rice Paddies

Fish Farm

Pig Farm

Market

Industrial Food Web in Fushan Farm in China (Source: Graedel & Harper, 2004)


Biomimicry, Industrial Ecology & Industrial Symbiosis

BIOMIMICRY

IndustrialEcology

IndustrialSymbiosis

RenewableEnergy

ProductDesign

Closed Loop

Business Model


Biomimicry

A science that studies nature’s models and then imitates or takes inspiration from these designs and processes to solve human problems, e.g. a solar cell inspired by a leaf


Industrial Ecolgy

Is the study of the flows of materials and energy in industrial and consumer activities, of the effects of these flows on the environment, and of the influences of economic, political, regulatory, and social factors of the flow, use and transformation of resources

Robert White, Former President of the National Academy of

Engineering


Industrial Symbiosis

Is concept that engages traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving the physical exchange of materials, energy, water, and/or by-products

(Chertow, 2000)


Eco - Industrial Park (EIP)

Is a community of manufacturing and service businesses seeking enhanced environmental and economic performance through collaboration in managing environmental and resource issues including energy, water, and materials.


Eco - Industrial Park (EIP) cont’d

By working together, the community of businesses seeks a collective benefit that is greater than the sum of the individual benefits each company would realise if it optimised its individual performance only.

(Lowe, 1997)


A ‘Mud Map’ of Eco-Corporation Options(van Berkel, 2006)

Industrial Symbiosis

By – Product Exchanges

Utility Sharing

Joint Management of Park Facilities

Regional Resource Synergies

Eco - Industrial Parks

Effectiveness of current policy instruments

for spatial planning and environmental management

Reliance on self-organisation

Busine

ss Oppo

rtunitie

s and

risks

Potential T

riple Bottom

Line

Be

nefits


Industrial Symbiosis – A HistoryAuthor / Profession /

NationalityTitle Year / Edition / Number

of pagesPublisher

Simmonds, Peter Lund / Specialised journalist / Danish-born British citizen

Waste Products and Undeveloped Substances: A Synopsis of Progress Made in Their Economic Utilisation During the Last Quarter of a century at Home and Abroad

1876 / 3RD edition / 491 pages

Hardwicke and Bogue (London)

Koller, Theodor / Chemist / German

The Utilisation of Waste Products: A Treatise on the Rational Utilisation, Recovery and Treatment of Waste Products of all Kinds

1918 / 3RD revised edition / 338 pages (1ST German edition 1880; 3RD German edition 1921)

D. Van Nostrand Company (New York)

Kershaw, John Baker Cannington / chemical engineer / British

The Recovery and Use of Industrial and Other Waste

1928 / 1ST edition / 212 pages

Ernest Benn Limited (London)

Lipsett, Charles S. / specialised journalist / USA

Industrial Wastes and Salvage: Conservation and Utilisation

1963 / 2ND revised edition / 407 pages (1ST edition 1951)

Atlas Publishing Co. (New York)

Main English language surveys on industrial waste recovery, 1876 – 1976 (Source: Desrochers, 2005)


Industrial Symbiosis – A History• 1971 – Forrester, J. “Principles of Systems, 1968 and World

Dynamics”• 1972 – Meadows, D. and Meadows, D. “Limits to Growth”• 1972 – Small Japanese group called “Industrial Ecology

Working Group” publish 300 page document on Industrial Ecology

• 1973 – Same group publish another report with case studies• 1977 – The term “Industrial Ecosystem” was first used in a

paper presented by Preston Cloud at the Annual Meeting of the German Geological Association

• 1983 – Group of Belgians publish “L’Ecosysteme Belgique: Essai d’Ecologie Industrielle”

• 1989 – Frosch, R. and Gallopoulous, N., write “Strategies for Manufacturing”


Types & Classifications of Industrial Ecosystems

“Because of the resulting growing ambiguity in the significance of Eco-Industrial Park initiatives, a typology is desirable for entangling the confusion that is introduced.”

- Lambert & Boons, 2002


Types & Classifications of Industrial Ecosystems

• Allenby, 1992: Types I – III

• Chertow, 2000: Types 1 - 5


Allenby, 1992

unlimitedresources

unlimitedwaste

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

limitedwaste

energy andlimitedresources

energy

Type I

Type II

Type III

unlimitedresources

unlimitedwaste

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

limitedwaste


energy

unlimitedresources

unlimitedwaste

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

unlimitedresources

unlimitedwaste

ecosystemcomponent

unlimitedresources

unlimitedwaste

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

ecosystemcomponent

limitedwaste


energy

limitedwaste


energy

Type I

Type II

Type III


Allenby, 1992 – Type I

• Is linear• A large constant supply of raw materials is

required• This system is unsustainable


Allenby, 1992 – Type II

• Is partially cyclic• Reduced materials and energy required• Reduced waste produced• Characterises most present day industrial systems


Allenby, 1992 – Type III

• Is highly integrated and closed• All by-products constantly used and recycled• Represents a sustainable state• Is the ideal goal of Industrial Ecology


Chertow, 2000

• Type 1 - Through waste exchanges• Type 2 - Within a facility, firm or

organisation• Type 3 - Among firms co-located in a

defined Eco Industrial Park • Type 4 - Among local firms that aren’t co-

located• Type 5 - Across firms organised virtually

across a broader region


Chertow, 2000 – Type 1

• Waste only is exchanged• A middleman / broker involved• E.g. of Brokers: Age Concern, NISP,

municipalities, e.t.c

Business Broker Manufacturer

Waste Flow



• Synergies are between separate arms of one company

• E.g. Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI)



• Exchanges are between firms in a defined Industrial Ecosystem

• Firms are more involved usually sharing utilities as well as general management of the Industrial Ecosystem

• E.g. Montfort Boys Town Integrated Biosystem in Fiji



• Firms are local but not co-located• Takes advantage of structures already in

place within a particular area• Links existing businesses with opportunities

to link new ones



• Firms are not local• Are mostly virtually linked• Economic impact covers a wider region• Potential for by-product exchanges greatly

increased


Ecosystem Principles for Industrial Ecosystems

locality

roundput

gradual change

roundput

locality

diversity

diversity

gradual change

Industrial Recycling (roundput) system – Environmental win

Ecosystem – Environmental win

Use of renewables by respecting the renewal rate

Outputs that nature tolerates and re-uses

Solar energy

Waste heat (infrared radiation to space

Ideal of the Perfect Industrial Ecosystem (Source: Korhonen, 2000)


Ecosystem Principles for Industrial Ecosystems

• Roundput• Locality• Diversity• Gradual change


Roundput

The Carbon – Oxygen Cycle


Roundput

Ecosystem Industrial System

Roundput•Recycling of matter•Cascading of energy

Roundput•Recycling of matter•Cascading of energy


Roundput

Promotes increased reliance on -• Renewable resources• Use of waste materials• Use of waste energy• Use of waste fuels


Diversity


Diversity•Biodiversity•Diversity in species, organisms•Diversity in interdependency and cooperation•Diversity in information

Diversity•Diversity in actors, in interdependency and cooperation•Diversity in industrial input, output


Diversity

Traditional inputs for power plants:• Oil• Coal

Recycled inputs for power plants:• Peat• Wood waste• Forestry waste


Locality


Locality•Utilising local resources•Respecting the local natural limiting factors•Local interdependency, co-operation

Locality•Utilising local resources, wastes•Respecting the local natural limiting factors•Cooperation between local actors


Locality

Benefits• Reduced transportation • Boost for local economy• Enhanced cooperation with local companies

(Public vs Private; Large corporations vs SMEs)


Gradual Change


Gradual Change•Evolution using solar energy•Evolution through reproduction•Cyclical time; Seasonal time•Slow time rates in the development of system diversity

Gradual Change •Using waste material and energy, renewable resources•Gradual development of system diversity


Industrial Symbiosis - Drivers and Barriers

Drivers:• Regulations on waste disposal• Regional economic development• Lack of natural resources• Space limitations• Increase in profit margins



Kemira Acid Plant Statoil

Refinery

Asnæs Power Station (coal-fired)

Lake

Tissø

Farms Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals

District Heating

Cement; roads

Fish Farming

Gyproc Plasterboard

Plant

Sludge (treated)

Sulphur

Water

Water

Water

Heat

Fly ash

Heat

Gas

Scrubber Sludge

Ste

am

Ga

s

Co

olin

g

Wa

ter

Ste

am

Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis Project (Source: Chertow, 2000)



Barriers• Legislation

Article 1 (a) of the waste framework directive states that:

“ ‘waste’ shall mean any substance or object in the categories set out in Annex I which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard.”



Forth Valley, Scotland


Industrial Symbiosis - Examples

• Kalundborg, Denmark• Styria, Austria• Landskrona, Finland• Forth Valley, Scotland• Tees Valley Petrochemical Complex,

Teesside, UK• Humberside, UK, etc.


Reading List• Ayres, R.U. (1994) Industrial Metabolism: Theory and Policy. The Greening of

Industrial Ecosystems. Washington DC: National Academy Press. (pp 23 – 27).

• Chertow, M. (2000) Industrial symbiosis: Literature and taxonomy. Annual Review of Energy and Environment 25.

• Desrochers, P. (2005) Learning from history or from nature or both?: recycling networks and their metaphors in early industrialisation. Progress in Industrial Ecology – An International Journal, 2 (1), 19 – 34

• Erkman, S. (1997) Industrial Ecology: an historical view. Journal of Cleaner Production 5 (1-2), pp1 – 10

• Graedel, T.E. and Allenby, B.R. (1994) Industrial Ecology Prentice. Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ

• Harper, E. M. and Graedel, T. E. (2004). Industrial ecology: a teenager's progress. Technology In Society, 26, 433 – 445.

• Korhonen, J. (2001) Four ecosystem principles for an industrial ecosystem. Journal of Cleaner Production 9, 253 – 259


Reading List• Korhonen, J. and Snakin, J. (2005) Analysing the evolution of Industrial

Ecosystems: Concepts and Application. Ecological Economics 52 (2005) 169 – 186

• Lowe, A.E. and Evans, L.K. (1995) Industrial Ecology and Industrial Ecosystems. J. Cleaner Prod., Vol. 3 No 1-2, pp 47 – 53, 1995

• Schwarz, E.J. and Steininger, K.W. (1997) Implementing Nature’s Lesson: The Industrial Recycling Network Enhancing Regional Development. J. Cleaner Prod., Vol. 5 No 1-2, pp 47 – 56, 1997

• Van Berkel, R. (2006) Regional Resource Synergies for Sustainable Development in Heavy Industrial Areas: An Overview of Opportunities and Experiences. Curtin University of Technology http://www.c4cs.curtin.edu.au/resources/publications/2006/arc_synergybaselinereport_may06.pdf

http://www.c4cs.curtin.edu.au/resources/publications/2006/arc_synergybaselinereport_may06.pdf

http://www.c4cs.curtin.edu.au/resources/publications/2006/arc_synergybaselinereport_may06.pdf

industrial symbiosis lecture[1]

Documents

resource issues

flows of materials

fushan farm

physical exchange of

community of businesses

economic performance

individual benefits

individual performance