INTRODUCTION TO PROJECTThe project under VIL LIMTED is 0km to 22km. the total project include 186 km which is NH-21 joining Kiratpur sahib to Mandi Himachal Pardesh under this project total 36 bridges and 23 tunnels should be constructed the total length of highway under VIL is 22km from which 0 to 6+640 is under Punjab section and 6+640 to 22 km is under Himachal section the whole project is NHAI(national highway authority of India)it is four lane highway in which dividers is provided in the lanes from which width of divider under Himachal section is 2mtr and width of divider under Punjab section is 5 mtr.total area acquired under Himachal section is mainly 30 mtr wide but in same places it is according to need like where gavian wall should be constructed for supporting the roads at that place area acquired should be more than 30 mtr. wideIn Punjab section total area acquired is 35 mtr. the width of layers and thickness of layers that are constructed in this project are as followings.Width of EMB(embackment top) is 12.503 mtr and the above layer is subgrade layers which is 11.977mtr wide and 200 mm in thickness the other layer of sub grade which is known as sub grade top is 11.608 mtr in width and 150 mm thick 2 layers are provided on pavement.After that two layers of GSB is provided GSB 1 , GSB2 . GSB1 is 100 mm thick and 11.345 meters wide and GSB2 OR GSB TOP is 100mm thick and 8.095mtr wide WMM(Water Mix Macadam) is provided after GSB top which is 125mm thick layer and 7.845 mtr wide and 125mm thick other layer is provided with width of 7.595mtr.After WMM TOP DBM(dry bond macadm) is provided this layer whose width is 7.250 m and thickness is 80mm After DBM top most layer of road is provided which is also called a carriage way that is BC (bituman course) it is 50 mm thick and width of bc is 7.250mtr. that is width of main carriage way.Methodology/Planning of work:-The whole work is planned by the ITNL (international transportation network limited)The work is done in following:- 1. Recognises 2. Survey 3. Preparation of maps4. Work Distribution After that VIL started work according to their own way as the work is economical. They prepared a OGL first i.e. original ground level that is removing of grass and extra and making surface clean. After that EMB is provides as per requirement and after EMB layers of road are started.1. Subgrade :- It is 500 mm thick layer divided into 3 layers 2. GSB :- It is 200mm thick layer which is divided into 2 layers 100 mm each 3. WMM :- It is 250 mm thick layer which contains 2 layers of 125mm each 4. DBM :- It is 80 mm thick layer.5. BC :- It is 50 mm thick layer provided on the top of road which is also called carriage way.

DETAIL OF PAVMENTThe following figure showing the all layers that are layered to construct a road with their thickness and width and width of dividers also , mentioned here and -2.50% camber is also provided in Himachal section.

The following figure shows a detail of Punjab section with thickness, width and camber

MATERIAL USED Following material is used in layers of pavement1.SUBGRADE: Subgrade soil is an integral part of the road pavement structure as it provides the support to the pavement from beneath. the subgrade soil and its properties are important in the design of pavement structure. the main function of the subgrade is to give adequate support to the pavement and for this the subgrade should possess sufficient stability under adverse climate and loading conditions.CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL: Soil consist mainly of mineral matter formed by disintegration of rocks by the action of water,frost,temprature,pressure or by plant or animal life. based on the individual grain size of soil praticals soils have been classified as gravel,sand,silt and clay. the charcterstics of soil grains depend on the size, shape,surface texture,chemical composition and electrical surface charges. moisture and dry density influence the engineering behaviour of a soil mass.DESIRABLE PROPERTIES : The desirable property of soil as a highway material are1. Stability2. Incompressibility3. Permanency of strength4. Good drainage5. Ease of compactionTEST OF SUBGRADE SOIL: The test used to evaluate the strength properties of soil may be broadly into there groups 1. Shear tests2. Bearing tests3. Penetration testsSHEAR TESTS : They are usually carried out on relatively small soil samples in the laboratory. in order to find out the strength properties of soil, a number of representative samples from different locations are tested. some of the commonly known shear tests are direct shear test , triaxial compression test and unconfined compression test.BEARING TEST: are loading tests carried out on sub grade soils insitu with a load bearing area . the result of the bearing tests are influneced by variationns in the soil properties with in the stressed soil mass underneath and hence the overall stability of the part of the soil mass stressed could be studied.PENTRATION TESTS: may be considered as small scale bearing tests in which the size of the loaded area is relatively much smaller and ratio of the pentration to the size of the loaded area is much greater than the ratios in bearing tests. the pentration tests are carried out in the field or in the laboratory.CBR (CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST): This test was developed by the California division of highway as a method of classifying and evaluating soil-sub grade and base course materials for flexible pavements. CBR test an empirical test , has been used to determine the material properties for pavement design empirical tests measure the strength of the material and are not a true representation of the resilient modulus. it is a penetration test.

2. GSB (GRANUAL SUB BASE): The GSB contains the mixing of 40 mm aggregate and sand. it contains 2 layers 100 mm thick each DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES: 1. Strength2. Hardness3. Toughness4. Durability5. Shape of aggregates TESTS ON ROAD AGGREGATEIn order to decide the suitability of the road stones for use in construction the followings tests are carried out 1. Crushing tests2. Abrasion tests3. Impact test4. Soundness test 5. Shape test

AGGREGATE CRUSHING TESTThe strength of coarse aggregate may be assessed by aggregate crushing test. the Aggregate crushing value provides a relative measure of resistance to crushing under gradually applied compressive load. to achieve a high quality of pavement aggregate possessing high resistance to crushing or low aggregate crushing value are preferred.

ABRASION TESTDue to the movements of traffic the road stones used in the surface course are subjected to wearing action at the top. Hence road stones should b e hard enough to resist the abrasion due to the traffic .Abrasion tests are carried out to test the hardness property of stones and to decide whether they are suitable for the different road construction works. It is mainly carried out by one of the followings 1. Los Angeles abrasion test2. Devel abrasion test3. Dorry abrasion test Los Angles test is preffered as its results are correlated with pavement performance.

SOUNDNESS TESTSoundness test is intended to study the resistance of aggregates to weathering action by conduction accelerated weathering test cycles. The proud aggregates subjected to freezing and thawing is likely to disintegrate prematurely . To ascertain the durability of such aggregate they are subjected to an accelerated soundness test as specified in IS 2386 part 5.

BITUMENOVERVIEW: Bitumanous materials or alphasts are extensively used for roadway construction,primarily because of their excellent binding characteristics and water proofing properties and relativelyh low cost . bituminous materials consists of bitumen which is black or dark coloured solid or viscous cementitious substances consists chiefly high molecular weight hydrocarbons derived from distillation of petroleum or natural asphalt, has adhesive properties and is soluble in carbon disulphide. tars are residues from the destructive distillation of organic substances that bituman.bituman will be disolved in petroleum oils where unlike tar.PRODUCTION OF BITUMENIt is the residue or by product when the crude petroleum is refiend. processes, such as the straight distillation process solvent extraction process etc . may be used to produce bitumen of different consistency and other desirable properties. depending on the sources of characteristics of the crude oils and on the properties of bitumen required more than one processing method may be employed.VACUUM STEAM DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM OILS: In this process the crude oil is heated and is introduced into a large cylinderical still. steam is introduced into the still to aid in the vapourisation of the more volatile constituents of the petroleum and to minimize decomposition of the distillates and residues the volatile constituents are collected and the various fractions stored for further refining if needed. The bottom fraction from this unit is the vacuum-steam-refined asphalt cement. the consistency of asphalt cement from this process can be controlled by the amount of heavy gas oil removed normally asphalt cools down to room temperature it becomes a semi solid viscous material.

CUTBACK BITUMENThis type of bitumen is used for cold weather bituminous road construction and maintenance. There are so many cut back bitumen 1. r\Rapid curing(rc)2. Medium curing(mc)3. Slow curing( sc)RC is recommended for surface dressing and patchwork.MC is recommended for premix with less quantity of aggregates.SC is used for premix with appreciable quantity of aggregate.REQUIREMENT OF BITUMEN:The desirable properties of bitumen depend on the mix type and construction . In general bitumen should posses following desirable properties.The bitumen should not be highly temperature susceptible during the hottest weather the mix causing cracks. The viscosity of bitumen at the time of mixing and compaction should be adequate.TESTS ON BITUMEN: The followings tests are usually conducted to evaluate different properties of bitumenous materials.1. Penetration test2. Ductility tests3. Softening tests4. Specific gravity test5. Viscosity test6. Flash and fire point test7. Float test 8. Loss on heating testDUCTILITY TEST:It is the property of bitumen that permits it to undergoes great deformation . Ductility is defined as the distance in cm to which a standard sample or briquette of the material will be elongated without breaking . Dimension of the briquette of the material will will be elongated without breaking dimension of the briquette thus formed is exactly 1 cm square. the bitumen sample is heated and poured in the mould assembly placed on a plate . these samples with moulds are cooled in the air and then in water bath 27o c temperature. The excess bitumen is cut and the surface is leveled using a hot knife. Then the mould with assembly containing sample is kept in water bath of t he ductility machine for about 90 minutes.The side odd mould are removed the clips are hooked on the machine and the machine is operated the distance up to the point of breaking of thread is the ductility value which is reported in cm. the ductility value gets affected by factors such as pouring temperature, test temperature rate of pulling etc.A minimum ductility value of 75 cm has been specified by BIS

SOFTENING POINT TEST: Softening point denotes the temperature at which the bitumen attains a particular degree of softening under the specification of test . the test is conducted by using ring and ball apparatus. A brass ring containing test sample of bitumen is suspended in liquid like water or glycerin at a given temperature. a steel ball is placed upon the bitumen sae54mple and the liquid medium is heated at a rate of 5o c per minute. Temperature is noted when the softened bitumen touches the metal plate which is at a specified distance below. generally higher softening point indicates lower temperature susceptibility and is preferred in hot climates.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST: In paving jobs to classify a binder density property is of great use . in most cases bitumen is weighed but when used with aggregates the bitumen is converted to volume using density values the density of bitumen is greatly influenced by its chemical composition increases in aromatic type mineral impurities cause an increase in specific gravity. it is defined as ratio of mass of given volume of bitumen of known content to the mass of equal volume of water at 27o c the specific gravity can be measured using by pycnometer the specific gravity of bitumen varies from 0.97 to 1.02LOSS ON HEATING:When bitumen is heated it loses the volatility and gets hardened. about 50 gm of the sample is weighed and heated to a temperature of 1630c for 5 hours in specified oven designed for this test. the sample specimen is weighed again after the heating period and loss in weight is sample bitumen used in pavement mixes should not indicate mopre than 1% loss in weight but for bitumen having penetration values 150-200 up to 2% loss in weight is allowed.

EQUIPMENT HANDLEDAutolevelAdumpy level,builder's auto level,leveling instrument, orautomatic levelis an optical instrument used to establish or check points in the same horizontal plane. It is used insurveyingandbuildingwith a vertical staff to measure height differences and so transfer, measure and set heights.The level instrument is set up on atripodand, depending on the type, either roughly or accurately set to a leveled condition using footscrews (levelling screws). The operator looks through the eyepiece of the telescope while an assistant holds a tape measure or graduatedstaffvertical at the point under measurement. The instrument and staff are used to gather and/or transfer elevations (levels) during site surveys or building construction. Measurement generally starts from a bench markwith known height determined by a previous survey, or an arbitrary point with an assumed height.

Anautomatic level,self-levelling levelor builder's auto level, includes an internal compensator mechanism (a swingingprism) that, when set close to level, automatically removes any remaining variation from level. This reduces the need to set the instrument truly level, as with a dumpy or tilting level. Self-levelling instruments are the preferred instrument on building sites, construction and surveying due to ease of use and rapid setup time.

RECORDThe record of leveling that we have done during our training in VIL LIMTED is as followsThe following table showing the leveling detail of sub grade at 11+620km The change point or TEMPRARY BENCH MARK at that point is 659.048mtr.

Width of roadStaff readingsReduce level

01.113659.048-1.113=657.935

11.174657.874

41.341657.707

8.51.526657.522

101.667657.381

The following table shows the leveled detail of sub grade of 11+610km.The change point is 659.048mtr

Width of roadStaff readingReduce level

01.412659.048-1.412=657.636

11.452657.596

41.541657.567

8.51.649657.399

101.782657.266

The following table showing the leveling detail of subgrade at 11+600km.The change point at 11+600km is 659.048mtr

Width of roadStaff readingReduce level

01.657659.048-1.657=657.391

11.688657.360

41.727657.321

8.51.756657.292

101.862657.186

The following table showing the leveling details of subgrade at 11+590km.The change point at 11+590 is 659.048mtr

Width of roadStaff readingReduce level

02.141659.048-2.141=656.907

12.186656.862

42.118656.930

8.51.992657.056

102.021657.027

The following table showing the leveling details of subgrade at 11+580km

WidthStaff readingReduce level

01.962657.086

11.963657.085

41.925657.123

8.51.868657.180

101.943657.105

The following table showing the leveling details of subgrade at 11+570km Change point =659.048mtr

Width of roadStaff readingReduce level

02.475656.573

12.441656.607

42.318656.730

8.52.124656.924

102.064656.979

The following table showing the details of subgrade at 11+560km Change point=659.048 mtr

Width of roadStaff readingReduce level

02.740656.308

12.701656.347

42.535656.513

8.52.252656.796

102.264656.784

The following table showing the details of subgrade at 11+550km Change point=659.048mtr

Width of roadStaff readingReduce level

12.260656.740

42.256656.572

8.52.203656.647

102.186656.814

The following table showing the details of sub grade at 11+530km .Change point =657.596mtr

Width of roadStaff readingsReduce level

12.334655.262

42.156655.496

8.51.874655.722

101.020655.776

The following table showing the details of subgrade at 11+520km.Change point=657.596mtr

Width of roadStaff readingReduce level

12.738654.858

42.539655.057

8.52.220655.376

102.113655.485

BIBLIOGRAPHY Reference for the Project Development was taken from the following Books and Web Sites. www.wikipedia.com www.google.com highway engineering by khanna and justo Highway engineering by Robert Ashworth Principles of Highway Engineering

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