INDUSTRIAL

TRAINING REPORTON

Aluminium Castings, Clutches and Brakes

Submitted in the partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering

Submitted To Submitted ByMr. Rajan Garg Tarun AhlawatH. O. D. Roll No. 3407306Mechanical Engineering 3rd Year Mech. Engg

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.D. Institute of Technology and Mgmt. Israna-132107, Panipat

(Affiliated to Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra )

PREFACE

The importance of industrial training needs no emphasis. One of the characteristics of modern scenario is

the increasing rapidity of change. This intensifies the need for study, adaptation and training. For an

engineering student the practical training is as important as the theoretical knowledge and sometimes

more than the theory part. The practical training not only makes a student familiar with the atmosphere

and conditions of industry but sufficiently increases his/her knowledge by providing a sense of

confidence and motivation. The main object of all industrial trainings is to prepare an individual so that

he/she can accomplish his/her task efficiently and effectively and can take up and handle jobs of higher

responsibility. Training is an act of increasing the knowledge and skills of an employee for doing a

particular job. The major out come of training is learning. A trainee learns new habits, refined skills and

useful knowledge during the training that helps him/her as improved performance. Training enables an

individual to do his/her present job more efficiently and be prepared for higher level job. Training is a

planned programme designed to improve performances and bring about measurable changes in

knowledge, skill, attitude and social behaviour of an individual.

I personally feel proud and happy in writing this training report that I have completed my training in such

a good organisation which taught me so many useful things.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel immense pleasure in completing this training and submitting this final report. The whole internship

period with ASK Automotive Pvt. Ltd. has been full of learning and a sense of contribution towards

increasing the practical knowledge. I would like to thank Mr. Rajesh Katariya (Manager HR) for

giving me the opportunity to complete my training in such a good organisation.

A successful training can never be completed by the efforts of a single person, but it also demands the

help and guardianship of some conversant person who helped the undersigned actively or passively in

completion of successful training. During the actual training Mr. Devender Sharma (Head Training

Department) has been a source of inspiration through his constant guidance, personal interest,

encouragement and help. I would like to convey my sincere thank to him.

I also take this opportunity to thank Mr. Govind Kaushik (Supervisor) and all those people who made

this experience a memorable one.

Tarun Ahlawat

CONTENTS

1. PREFACE

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3. CERTIFICATE

4. INTRODUCTION

5. ORGANISATION

6. WORK CULTURE

7. PLANT LAYOUT

8. PRODUCTS

9. SECTIONS

10. QUALITY ASSURANCE

11. ALUMINIUM CASTINGS

12. CLUTCHES

13. BRAKE ASSEMBLY

14. BIBILIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

ASK Automotive (P) Ltd. was founded in 1989 by Mr. K. S. Rathee with a vision to achieve excellence in

the field of manufacturing Automotive Components. The company has technical collaboration with the

world leader in friction material M/S. ASK Technical Corporation, Japan.

With its motto of ‘Customer First’ the company grown over the years and presently it has three plants at

different locations in Gurgaon, Haryana.

Through its commitment to innovation, process improvements, quality control and customer service the

company has been able to position itself as a key resource for leading OEMs.

The ASK’s products are in line with the most demanding quality standards. All of ASK’s operation have

secured appropriate Quality Certifications and the Company has received a no of quality and performance

awards from customers

.

The key automotive OEM domestic customers include

The company also export its products to

 

USA Sri Lanka Dubai

           

Netherlands Turkey Iran

The company’s sale graph is increasing year by year. The following chart shows that

Latest Sales Graph

INR in MILLIONS

                     

1801. 0 0

 

                 

1610.00

   

             

1260.00

     

         

713.30

       

                 

     477.50

         

  378.00

           

             

             

             

             

  2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

The following few lines show the success story of the company

1989 Setting up of company

1994 “Best Vendor Award” from Kinetic Motor

1998 ISO:9002 Certification

1999 QS:9000 Certification “Best Vender Award” from Kinetic Motor

2001 Signed TCA with ASK Technica Corp of Japan Setting up of unit II Setting up of Die Casting facility

2003 “Challenge India Support Award” from HMSI

2004 Setting up of unit III Setting up of Paint Shop TS: 16949 Certification

2005 “Best and Fastest Development Award” from HMSI Setting up of Wheel Assembly facility

”Commendation Certification for Quality and Delivery” from HMSI

2006 Setting up of In-house Tool Room

2007 Setting up of Design Centre

2009 Plan to set unit IV

ORGANISATION

Organisation may be defined as the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed,

defining and delegating the authority and responsibility and establishing relationship for the purpose of

enabling people to work most effectively together in accomplishing objective.

The ASK Automotive (P) Ltd. has a very good functional organisation. An organisation chart of the

company is shown below

Under each head there is one senior engineer and one engineer. Under engineer there are supervisors and

under supervisors there are workers.

WORK CULTURE

MD

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

DIRECTOR

CEO

GM SECRETRI-AL AND LEGAL

GM MARKETI

NG

GM MANUFECTURING

GM PERSONN

EL

HEAD CREADIT

AND COLLECT-

IONS

HEAD SALES

HEAD SERVICES

HEAD ADVERTI-SEMENT

HEAD PURCHAS

ING

HEAD PRODUCT

ION

HEAD QUALITY CONTROL

HEAD DESIGN

HEAD RECRUIT

MENT

HEAD TRAININ-

G

HEAD LABOUR

HESD INSURANCE AND TAXES

HEAD RECORDS

Various activities of ASK group stands towards maintaing 5-S and TQM are being undertaken in the

company for achieving overall excellence. Some of these are listed below:

The plant has been divide into various zones with each zone having a zonal leader

The zonal leader is responsible for 5-S activities in his zone

Periodic 5-S audits are being conducted by the core group

Concept of TEI has been introduced

SGIA (Small Group Involvement Activities) teams formed for different activities

ACMA CUSTER AT ASK

PLANT LAYOUT

There are three plants of ASK Automotive Pvt. Ltd. One plant is located at Udhyog Vihar Phase I,

Gurgaon, second plant is located at Fhatepur Nawada, Manesar, Gurgaon, and third plant is located at

IMT Manesar, Gurgaon. I have completed my training at Unit III. The plant layout of unit III is shown

below

LAYOUT OF ASK AUTOMOTIVE PVT. LTD. UNIT III

PRODUCTS

PARKING

PARKING

ADMBLOCK

ADMBLOCK

TOOL ROOM

DRILLING SECTION

MACHINING SECTION

STORE RAW MATERIAL

FFF

PAINT SHOP

ASSEMBLY SECTION

STORE FINISHED GOODS

FINISHING SECTION

GATE NO. 2

GATE NO. 1

MAIN GATE

ASK Automotive (P) Ltd. manufacture products of many types and specifications according to the need

of OEM customers, but still these can be divided into two types

1. Friction Material Products

These are the products which require friction linings on their surface. Main

friction material products are:

Brake Shoe

Brake Assembly

Brake Lining

Clutch Plate

Brake Assembly Brake Shoe

Brake Lining Clutches

2. Aluminium Castings

Aluminium castings include many products like:

Panels

Hubs

Non-Automotive

Crank Case

Grip

Engine Parts

Panels Hubs

Non Automotive Parts Crank Case

Engine Parts

Grips

All the products manufactured by ASK are not of one specification but based upon the various different

specification given by the different customers.

SECTIONS

The different sections of unit III are:

1. Raw Material Store

2. Machining Section

3. Drilling Section

4. Finishing Section

5. Paint Shop

6. Assembly Section

7. Tool Room

8. Finished Goods Store

RAW MATERIAL STORE

The raw material required in Unit III comes from Unit II. For brakes the raw material is all components of

shoe brake such as brake shoe, brake lining, back plate, retractor spring etc. For clutches raw material is

clutch plates and for aluminium castings the raw material is unmachined and unfinished castings which

are finished and painted there.

MACHINING SECTION

In machining section all the machines required to do basic machining of any component are available.

The machines available in machining section are:

Lathe Machine

Shaper

Slotter

Drill Machine

Reaming Machine

Boring Machine

Milling Machine

Grinding Machine

Broaching Machine

Power Hacksaw

DRILLING SECTION

The drilling section of the industry is one of the most important sections for quality aspects. The different

parts manufactured by company require many precise drilling operations. To meet the quality standards

the drilling section is equipped with CNC machine tools. The entire drill machines available in drilling

section are CNCs. There are 15 CNC drill machines out of which ten machines are of fixed automation

type and the rest five are used foe flexible programming. The basic idea behind using CNC machines is

the required accuracy. Also the computer readily and easily programmed, therefore, the system is very

flexible. The machine can manufacture a part followed by other parts of different design.

FINISHING SECTION

The finishing section is fully equipped with the machines and technology required to control the surface

finish of the components. The surface finishing specially required for the castings is done in this section.

Whatever may be the manufacturing process, an absolutely smooth and flat surface can not be

obtained. There are so many irregularities present on the surface of the component which not only give

a bad look to the component but provide a base for corrosion and scale etc to occur. To save metal

from these problems surface finishing is required. All the surface finishing processes can be performed

in the finishing section such as

Grinding

Lapping

Honing

Buffing

Barrel Tumbling

Barrel Rolling

Super Finishing

Burnishing

Powder Coating

Polishing

PAINT SHOP

ASK has a positive pressurised paint shop with following facilities:

Equipped with humidity controller

Using hydrostatic guns for highest quality of painting

Baking of paint is done in temperature controlled oven to ensure consistency in quality of product

Seven bath pre-treatment plant for chromotising

ASSEMBLY SECTION

The assembly section is the last stage for completion of a component. The assembly section at ASK is a

manual one. Though some of the processes for assembly are carried out automatically but most of the

work is done manually.

TOOL ROOM

The tool room is one of most important section of any industry. At ASK the tool room is equipped with

all the tooling solutions required. The tool room is very capable to support the company goal for

achieving development commitments given to its customers by providing related tooling solutions well

within stipulated time frame. The tool room works to eliminate tool related

Quality Problems

Production Problems

Break Down Problems

in existing and duplicated tooling by advancement through design.

QUALITY ASSURANCE

The quality assurance department plays an important role in any company as in case of ASK. The main

function of quality assurance department is to verify the quality of any process or product as per ASK

standards. The next function is the development that include

To develop the vendor

Good communication with the vendor

If necessary shot out the problem in a particular component at a vendor’s end

ASK is the India’s first company to be awarded the QS 9000 certificate of approval in its category,

followed by another landmark of achieving certification TS 16949:2002 this ensures that the quality

standard of ASK can match up with the best in world. Some of the major achievements of quality

department are:

1994 ‘Best Vendor Award’ from Kinetic Motors

1998 ISO:9002 Certification

1999 QS:9000 Certification

2004 TS:16949 Certification

2005 ‘Commendation Certificate For Quality and Delivery’ from HMSI

ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY QUALITY DEPARTMANT

Receipt Inspection

In process Inspection

Final Inspection

Vendor Development

Customer Complaint

Maintain and Implementation of Quality System

Internal Audits

ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT

RECIEPT INSPECTION

Sent back to supplier for corrective action report to get back from supplier

H. O. D.

ENGINEER

BOUGHT OUT INSPECTORS

FINAL AUDITORS

LINE AUDITORS

RECEIVED FROM SUPPLIER

RECEIVED INSPECTION

GREEN CARD OK QUALITY

YELLOW CARDHOLD

RED CARDREJECT

IN LINE INSPECTION

INLINE INSPECTION

FIRST OFF SETTING APPROVAL

LINE AUDIT

SHIFT START-M/C CHANGE-NEW PART-MOULD CHANGE

ONCE IN TWO HOURS

VISUALPROCESS CHANGE

VISUAL AND BONDING

VISUAL, DIMAENSIONAL AND BONDING

ALUMINIUM CASTINGS

Aluminium castings are one of the main products manufactured by ASK Automotive Pvt. Ltd. These

castings are generally the engine components. The different castings manufactured by ASK are shown

below:

Panels Hubs

Non Automotive Parts Crank Case

Engine Parts

The die castings manufactured by ASK have excellent surface finishes that are consistent dimensionally

with the precision features and minimum draft. ASK Automotive Pvt. Ltd. produces efficiently

engineered and high pressure aluminium castings. Die casting alloys are generally non ferrous and there

are a large no available with a wide range of physical and mechanical properties to cover almost every

application a designee might need.

The flexible automation technologies available at ASK include:

Quick change tooling for standard machines

Modular fixtures and jigs

High speed capability, multi functional, excellent quality and well processed design

Internet systems transmitting information between engineering and management

In process gauging and embedded inspection devices for quality control

Recycle systems for achieving green products and a healthy work environment

Key die casting specifications include:

Materials - Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys

Al - 7 kg max. weight and 950 sq cm max. size

Finishes - Spray Painting

Complete range of secondary operations – CNC machining, drilling, assembly services

All factories QS:9000 and TS 16949 certified

In house mould/tool design and fabrication capabilities

Central melting furnace of capacity from 80 to 660 tonnes

The casting of these products is prepared in Unit II and these are brought here for finishing. Here at Unit

III the castings from 20g to 2.50 kg of weight are duly machined, finished and painted. Machining of

casting involves basic operations like turning, milling, slot cutting, drilling etc and the operations are

performed on the machines available in different sections of unit. After completion of machining work

the castings are sent to the finishing section. In the finishing section first of all the components are

cleaned for all types of chips and burrs removal. Then it is completely cleaned for all types of foreign

materials like dust, dirt, greases, oil etc. after cleaning the component is painted in paint shop. Cleaning

and painting of casting is a long process and completed in following stages:

STAGE I - FINISHING

Stage one includes surface finishing processes

.

SURFACE FINISHING

All types of surface finishing processes are available in finishing section and can be used according to

requirement. These are:

Grinding

Lapping

Honing

Buffing

Barrel Tumbling

Barrel Rolling

Burnishing

Powder Coating

Polishing etc.

For aluminium castings the most used process is burnishing.

BURNISHING

Burnishing operation is the process of getting a smooth and shining surface by contact and rubbing of the

surface against the walls of a hard tool. It is a finishing and strengthening process. Burnishing is basically

a cold surface plastic deformation process which improves the surface finish and induces the surface

compressive residual stresses, thus improving the fatigue life of the component. In the process of

burnishing a cylindrical roller of hardened steel or cemented carbide is made to roll against the

component surface. Hole burnishing is preferred with multi roller tools on drill presses, turret lathes,

horizontal bores, unit built machines and automatic lathes. Burnishing raises the hardness of the surface

by 20 to 50% and its wear resistance by 1.5 to 2 times.

STAGE II - CLEANING

Stage II includes surface cleaning processes.

SURFACE CLEANING

Surface cleaning is necessary before painting. It provides a base for paint or any other coating material to

stick with surface firmly. First of all the component is cleaned by wire brush and cotton waste and then

surface cleaning of castings is done by following processes:

ALKALINE CLEANING

In this method the parts are cleaned by dipping them in aqueous solution of alkaline silicates, caustic soda

or similar cleaning agents. Some type of soap is added to aid in emulsification. This method satisfactorily

removes greases and oil. The cleaning action is by emulsification of oils and greases. Special washing

machines are employed in lot and mass production. Washing machines may be of single, double or multi

chamber type.

CHEMICAL POLISHING

Chemical polishing is one of most important surface finishing process for aluminium and its alloys. In

this process the metallic objects are immersed in baths of selected acids. During the process, certain

amount of metal, mainly from peaks is dissolved, producing a bright surface, without the formation of

etched pattern. For chemical polishing of aluminium alloys the most successful of the solutions used

contain phosphoric, nitric and sulphuric acids. The production cycle consists of following steps

i. Immerse for 1 to 3 minutes at 100°C

ii. Remove and rinse in hot water (70°C) to remove viscous film formation

iii. Rinse in a mixture containing equal amounts of water and 1.42 sp. gr. nitric acid at room temp

iv. If anodising required, rinse in cold water

v. If lacquering required, rinse in hot water

The resultant surface finish will be of the order of 0.45 to 0.50 with a high reflection factor of 88%

STAGE III - PAINTING

The IIIrd stage is consists of painting process. After cleaning the surface a coat of paint is applied on the

surface of component as explained below:

Metal parts are painted to protect their surfaces against the corrosive action of surrounding medium and

also to improve their appearance. The process of coating with paints and varnishes is carried out in three

stages: (i) preparation of the surface to be coated, (ii) painting and (iii) drying with finishing.

i. SURFACE PREPARATION

The castings with clean surfaces are first prepared by applying primers like oil varnish, Oleo-

bituminous, water soluble and nitro soluble primers. The primed surface is then treated with filler,

whose layer should be as thin as possible. Oil varnish fillers and quick drying pyroxylin fillers are

commonly used.

ii. PAINTING

Painting is done by applying one or several layers of paint. Oil and enamel paints and varnishes are

used for this purpose. Nitro enamels dry in 30 to 40 minutes; after drying these form a hard glossy

layer. Oil and spirit enamels dry for 24 to 48 hours

Methods of Painting

The various methods of industrial painting are

Brush Painting

Spray Painting

Dip Coating

Flow Coating

Painting in Drums

At ASK spray painting is used as painting method.

Spray Painting

The method consists in applying fluid paint in atomised form. This method is most common and

productive, but requires premises equipped with exhaust devices and spraying equipment. This method

can be used in the following four ways:

i. Mechanical Spraying

In this method the paint is delivered to a spray gun by a pump.

ii. Air Spraying

In this method the paint is sprayed by a jet of compressed air which carries the paint mist to

the surface to be painted. The method is capable of coating 30 to 80 of surface per hour, but

losses are high (40 to 50 %).

iii. Air Less Spraying

In this method, paint heated to 70 to 90°C is forced through a nozzle at a pressure of 2 to 4

N/mm² and so sprayed. The method allows the use of highly viscous paints, which cuts the

solvent requirements drying time. The production rate can be 50 – 200 m² of surface per hour

and paint losses amount to 25 – 50%.

iv. Electrostatic Spraying

In this method, a negatively charged sprayer delivers paint which gets into the surface of a

positively charged metal part being painted. The charging is being provided by a high voltage

constant current source. The paint losses are less than 5%. The method makes it possible to

improve working conditions, to provide for fairly high productivity (50 m² of surface per

hour) and for the possibility of developing a fully automated painting process.

iii DRYING

After being painted, the parts undergo drying. The quality of paint coatings depend on the

method of drying. Drying is a complex chemical process involving evaporation of the solvent and

oxidation or polymerization of the coating film. Drying can be natural or artificial.

The natural or air drying is carried out at a temperature of 18 to 25°C over a long time. The

artificial drying makes it possible to speed up solidification of the coat and also to greatly improve

its quality.

The most common method of artificial drying is by convective heating. The drying is carried out in a

closed chamber which is air-heated by gas, electricity, or steam to temperature of 55 to 220°C or by

means of a reflector equipped with banks of special electric lamps. The latter method takes only from

one fourth to one half as much time as hot air drying method. Other drying methods utilize high

frequency current (induction heating) and infrared rays.

CLUTCHES

A clutch is the device used in transmission line between the engine and gear box which transmits the

rotary motion of engine shaft to the gear box shaft at desire. It is the device which makes or breaks

contact between the engine and gear box.

Clutch Plates

FRICTION MATERIAL FOR CLUTCHES

Mainly the friction materials for clutches are of three types:

1. Millboard Type

2. Moulded Type

3. Woven type

MILLBOARD TYPE

This is only asbestos sheet treated with certain impregnants. From this sheet are then facing discs cut

according to different size requirements. This is the cheapest available type and is quit satisfactory.

MOULDED TYPE

This is made by mixing asbestos fibres with a suitable binding material, heating to a certain well

defined temperature and then moulding in dies under pressure. Metallic wires are also sometimes used

to improve wearing qualities.

This type of facing is more dense and capable of taking heavier working loads. However there is one

disadvantage that each clutch facing has to be moulded separately.

WOVEN TYPE

This type consists of a cloth impregnated with certain binders. The cloth may either be woven like

ordinary cloth with wrap and weft or by winding the fibres in circumferential direction only.

In the solid woven variety, the cloth is woven just to the required thickness. In case of laminated

variety, the layers of cloth one upon the other are held together by a binder. Stitches are provided in

addition to the binder.

COMMON CLUTCH FACING MATERIALS

Organic friction materials are the most common types of clutch facing materials. These are:

Leather

Dry leather on iron has coefficient of friction of 0.27.

Cork

Cork on dry steel or iron has coefficient of friction of 0.32.

Fabric

Good quality fabric materials have coefficient of friction of about 0.4. But they can not be used at

high temperatures.

Asbestos

Asbestos facing has a coefficient of friction of about 0.2. However it has got anti heat

characteristics.

Reybestos and Ferodo

These asbestos based facings have a coefficient of friction of about o.35 but obsolete due to health

risk possessed by asbestos.

Non Asbestos Based Clutch Facing

These are made of man made fibre yarns such as glass fibre, mixed with special rubber compound

to improve frictional performance, firmly locked with the elastomer based novalac binder and

moulded with pressure and heat. Some materials may also be woven and may contain brass wires.

Examples of this type are SW3-AF, HWK 200 etc.

REQUIREMENT OF GOOD CLUTCH FACING

Good wearing properties.

The wear of the clutch facing depends upon the rubbing speed and intensity of pressure. For

maximum life the rubbing speed at the time of engagement should not exceed 30 m/s while

pressure intensity should not exceed 100 kPa.

Presence of good binder in it.

Cheap and easy to manufacture.

High coefficient of friction.

High resistant to heat. A good clutch facing can withstand temperature of about 330°C.

BRAKE ASSEMBLY

Brakes are the devices used to control and reduce the speed of vehicle and to stop the vehicle when

required. ASK manufactures shoe breaks and disc brakes.

BRAKING REQUIREMENTS

1. The brake must be strong enough to stop the vehicle within a minimum distance in an

emergency. But this should also be consistent with safety and vehicle must not skid.

2. The brake must have good antifade characteristics. This requirement demands that the cooling

of brake should be very efficient.

COMPONENTS OF BRAKE

The basic components of a brake are:

Brake Drum or Cover

Brake Shoe

Brake Lining

Retractor Spring

Adjuster and Expender etc.

Brake Shoe Brake Lining

Brake Assembly

REQUIREMENTS OF BRAKE DRUM

1. It should provide a surface having good anti-wear qualities.

2. It should allow the optimum heat transfer.

3. It should have sufficient strength but minimum weight.

4. It should be able to accommodate within the wheel space available.

BRAKE SHOE

The brake shoes are made of T- section and are covered to match the inside curvature of the drum. The

ends may be flat, curved or having a semi circular groove to locate the expander. They are made of

cast iron or steel. Aluminium shoes have also been tried because of their good thermal conductivity,

but their use has been very limited probably due to low values of strength and stiffness of aluminium.

The modern vehicles employ pressed steel brake shoes.

BRAKE LININGS

There are two main types of brake linings:

1. SOLID WOVEN TYPE

The asbestos based non metallic linings have in general, have an average coefficient of friction of

0.4 up to around 260°C and fade is not serious up to 300°C. Their maximum temperature

resistance is around 350°C.

2. MOULDED TYPE

This type is moulded directly from the ‘mix’, which contains asbestos fibres, together with resin

powders and fillers. The average coefficient of friction with this type of lining is 0.4 and

temperature resistance varies from 400 to 450°C. They have good anti- fade and anti-wear

characteristics.

The different moulded type brake linings used are:

Ferodo 2629 F

This is for use on drum type brakes.

Recommended Operating Range

Unit Pressure 70-690 kN/m²

Max. Rubbing Speed 18 m/s

Max. Temperature 400°C

Max. Continuous Temperature 175°C

Bonding

Common adhesives may be used for bonding, but for better results thermosetting adhesives

should be employed.

Recommended Mating Surface

Good quality, fined grained cast iron.

Technical Data

Ultimate Tensile Strength 15.18 MN/m²

Ultimate Compressive Strength 6.8 MN/m²

Ultimate Shear Strength 6.9 MN/m²

Thermal Conductivity 0.67 J/m s/°C

Brinell Hardness 12

Friction Coefficient 0.41 (for design purpose)

Rane 9011 DC

This is for use of commercial vehicle drum brakes.

Technical Data

Density 190 g/cc

Hardness (Rockwell ‘L’ Scale) 90

Gross Braking Strength 45 MPa

Tensile Strength 21.6 MPa

Shear Strength 15.7 MPa

Compressive Strength 107.9 MPa

Max. Continuous Operating Temperature 250°C

Max. Transient Operating Temperature 350°C

DISC BRAKE PADS

Ferodo 2449 E rigid moulded friction material is used for disc brake pads. It is light brown in colour,

having a random fibre asbestos base and containing copper particles. The material has good resistance

to fade and wear.

Recommended Operating Range

Unit Pressure 0.35-5.2 MPa

Max. Rubbing Speed 24 m/s

Max. Temperature 550°C

Max. Continuous Temperature 250°C

Recommended Mating Surface

Good quality, fine grained pearlitic cast iron.

Technical Data

Modulus in Compression 830 MPa

Ultimate Shear Strength 11 MPa

Thermal Conductivity 1.23 J/m s°C

Brinell Hardness 14

Friction Coefficient 0.37 (for design purpose)

The asbestos free disc pad material is Rane 6717 H.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

1. A Text Book of Production Technology by P. C. Sharma

2. Automobile Engineering by Dr. Kirpal Singh

3. Elements of Workshop Technology by S. K. Hajra Choudhary

4. Industrial Engineering and Management by Dr. O. P. Khanna

5. www.askbrake.com