industrialization, ii: changes in society urbanization –rapid growth of cities –environmental...
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Industrialization, II: Changes in Society
• Urbanization– Rapid growth of cities– Environmental consequences: The Great Stink of
London (1858) and miasmas– Housing problems– Diseases: typhus, typhoid fever, cholera, influenza– Diet
River Irwell, Manchester. The scum on the surface is the result of sewage.
Housing in Manchester
An attic occupied by a family of ten
Illustrated Times, 1863
The New Industrial CityThe New Industrial City
Worker Housing in ManchesterWorker Housing in Manchester
Housing for factory workers in New York – early 1900s
Housing for German Factory Workers -- 1902
• Conditions of labor– Hours– Inside the factory– Women and children
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages
under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.
11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.
17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.
22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.
27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.
32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.
37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.
42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.
47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.
52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.
57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
American Textile Mill
British Children in the Mining Industry
• Changes in the social structure– Decline of the aristocracy– Rise of a proletariat– Rise of the middle class & Victorian womanhood
Queen Victoria and family
• Impact of Industrialization: Optimists vs Pessimists– Production
• 1780-1800 – doubled
• 1800-1851 – rose 3 ½ times
– Population• 1780 – 9 million
• 1851 – 21 million
– Was it worth it?• Irish example: agricultural and impoverished
• Blake, Wordsworth, Dickens, Zola protested treatment of workers
• Marxists wrote about the misery
• Revisionists argued that standards of living rose; idea of poverty being bad
• Leisure – The nearly universal day off: Sunday– The rise of spectator sports: football & cricket– The pub
W.G. Grace – Britain’s First Sport Celebrity
• Responses to the Problems of Industrial Society– Luddites– Unions– Governmental reforms– Middle class vs. working class
The Luddites, 1811-1816
Some Useful Websites
– http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/reforming_acts_01.shtml
– http://www.historyteacher.net/APEuroCourse/EHAP_Topics/EHAP-Topic-IndutrialRevolution.htm
– http://www.victorianweb.org/index.html– http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/
ind_rev/images/indust.html.htm– http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/
modsbook14.html