industrialization & segregation

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Industrializatio n & Segregation Making America Grow and Divide

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Industrialization & Segregation. Making America Grow and Divide. Timeline of Events. 1826 Photography is invented 1837 Samuel Morse invents the telegraph 1846 Elias Howe invents the sewing machine. Timeline of Events. 1850 Henry Bessemer develops the process to make steel 1859 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Industrialization & Segregation

Industrialization & Segregation

Making America Grow and Divide

Page 2: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1826

Photography is invented

1837Samuel Morse invents the

telegraph

1846Elias Howe invents the sewing

machine

Page 3: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1850

Henry Bessemer develops the process to make steel

1859Charles Darwin’s Origin of the

Species is published

1860Internal combustion engine is

invented

Page 4: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1865

Marshall Fields opens the first department store

1866First labor union formed ~ National

Labor Union ~ founded by William H. Sylvis

“Jim Crow Laws” are in effect in the South

Page 5: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1867

Dynamite is inventedChristopher Sholes invents the

typewriter

1868Boss Tweed heads Tammany Hall

and the Tweed Ring in New York City

Page 6: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1869

Central Pacific & Union Pacific complete the transcontinental railroad

Knights of Labor formed by Uriah Stephens

1870 Franco Prussian War breaks outF.W. Woolworth founds the chain

store

Page 7: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1871

The Great Chicago Fire burns from October 8th – 10th

1872Montgomery Ward begins mail

order catalogs

1873First electric motor is used

Page 8: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1875

British labor unions win right to strike

1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the

telephoneRutherford B. Hayes is elected

presidentPorfirio Diaz seizes power in Mexico

Page 9: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1877

Phonograph is inventedMunn v. Illinois establishes

government regulation of railroadsMother Jones supports the Great

Strike of 1877Great Strike of 1877 occurs

shutting down over 50,000 miles of railroad lines

Page 10: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1878

Bicycle touring club is founded in Europe

1879Thomas A. Edison invents a

workable light bulb

1880James A. Garfield is elected

president

Page 11: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1881

Chester A. Arthur succeeds Garfield after Garfield’s assassination

Booker T.Washington heads Tuskegee Institute

1882United States restricts Chinese

immigration

Page 12: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1883

Germany becomes the first nation to provide national health insurance

Brooklyn Bridge is completed Time Zones are created by C.F.

Dowd

Page 13: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1884

Grover Cleveland is elected president

Berlin Conference meets to divide Africa among European nations

First roller coaster opens at Coney Island, NY

Page 14: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1885

Indian National Congress forms

1886American Federation of Labor (AFL)

is formed by Samuel GompersHaymarket riot turns public

sentiment against unionsSears Roebuck opens for catalog

sales

Page 15: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1888

Benjamin Harrison is elected president

Electric trolleys are first introduced in Richmond, Virginia

George Eastman introduces the Kodak camera

Page 16: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1889

Hull House is founded in Chicago by Jane Addams

Barnum & Bailey Circus opens in London

Johnstown flood occurs in Pennsylvania killing more than 2,000 people

Page 17: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1890

Colonization of sub-Saharan Africa peaks

Congress passes the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

1891Ida B. Wells campaigns against

lynching

Page 18: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1892

Grover Cleveland is elected for a 2nd term

Ellis Island opens becoming the main immigration station on the east coast

Page 19: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1893

Women in New Zealand gain voting rights

France establishes IndochinaFirst Ferris wheel is unveiled in

Chicago, Ill.

Page 20: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1894

President Cleveland sends federal troops to Illinois to end the Pullman strike

1895Marconi invents the radioX-rays are first usedMotion pictures are invented

Page 21: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1896

First modern Olympic Games are held in Athens, Greece

William McKinley is elected presidentSupreme Court established

“separate but equal” doctrine in Plessy v. Ferguson

1898Hawaii is annexed by the U.S.

Page 22: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1899

German psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud, publishes The Interpretation of Dreams

1900William McKinley is reelected

Page 23: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1901

The Commonwealth of Australia is founded William McKinley is assassinated and

Theodore Roosevelt becomes president

1903 Wright Brothers fly the first airplane in

Kittyhawk, North Carolina First World Series for baseball held ~

Boston Pilgrims beat the Pittsburgh Pirates

Page 24: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1904

Theodore Roosevelt elected president

1905William Haywood founds the

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) or Wobblies

Workers revolt in St. Petersburg, Russia

Niagara Movement founded by W.E.B. Dubois

Page 25: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1906

San Francisco is hit by an earthquake on April 18th

1907Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan

1908Oil is discovered in PersiaHenry Ford introduces the Model TWilliam H. Taft is elected president

Page 26: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1909

Pauline Newman founds the ILGWU (International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union)

W.E.B. Du Bois founds the NAACP1910

The appearance of Halley’s Comet causes widespread panic

Mexican Revolution begins

Page 27: Industrialization & Segregation

Timeline of Events1911

Triangle Shirtwaist fire occurs killing 146 women

1912Woodrow Wilson is elected

presidentQing dynasty in China is overthrown

Page 28: Industrialization & Segregation

Expansion of IndustryNatural Resources

U.S. after Civil War ~ agricultural nation By 1920s ~ leading industrial nation

Reasons for expansion Wealth of natural resources Government support of business Growing urban population providing

cheap labor and markets for new products

Page 29: Industrialization & Segregation

Black Gold1840s

Kerosene came into useAbraham Gesner ~ Canadian

geologist discovered how to distill the fuel from oil or coal

1859 Edwin L. Drake used a steam engine to

drill for oil near Titusville, PA making the removal of oil more practical

Page 30: Industrialization & Segregation

Black GoldA boom spread through

Kentucky, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, and eventually Texas

Petroleum refining industries were established in Cleveland and Pittsburgh

Gasoline was not considered usable so was thrown away

Page 31: Industrialization & Segregation

Bessemer Steel Process

Steel ~ made by removing carbon from iron to make it lighter and more flexible

Problem ~ how to make it easierIron ore deposits found in

Mesabi Range of Minnesota ~ 3 miles wide and 100 miles long

Page 32: Industrialization & Segregation

Bessemer Steel Process

Developed independently by British manufacturer, Henry Bessemer and American iron maker William Kelly around 1850

Involved injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities

By 1880s America was producing 90% of the nation’s steel

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Bessemer Steel Process

Page 34: Industrialization & Segregation

New Uses for SteelRailroads ~ biggest customer

~ used steel for trackJoseph Glidden ~ barbed wireJohn Deere ~ steel plowCyrus McCormick ~

mechanical reaper

Page 35: Industrialization & Segregation

New Uses for SteelInnovations in construction

Brooklyn Bridge ~ 1883 ~ 1595 feet across the East River in New York City

William Le Baron Jenney ~ constructed the first skyscraper ~ Home Insurance Building in Chicago

Page 36: Industrialization & Segregation

New Uses for Steel

Page 37: Industrialization & Segregation

New Uses for Steel

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Inventions Promote Change

1876 Thomas Alva Edison established the world’s first research lab in Menlo Park, NJ

1880 Incandescent Light Bulb

1880sInvents a system for producing & distributing electricity

Page 39: Industrialization & Segregation

Inventions Promote Change

Page 40: Industrialization & Segregation

Inventions Promote Change

George Westinghouse assists in making electricity safer and less expensive

1890s ~ electric streetcars made urban travel cheaper and efficient

Also ran fans and printing presses

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Inventions Promote Change

Page 42: Industrialization & Segregation

Inventions Promote Change

1867Christopher Sholes invented the

typewriter1876

Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson invented the telephone

opens a way for worldwide communications

Women in the workforce1870 ~ 5% and by 1910 ~ 40%

Page 43: Industrialization & Segregation

Inventions Promote Change

Page 44: Industrialization & Segregation

The Age of RailroadsMade local transit reliable and

westward expansion possible for business as well as people

Assisted in settling the West and developing the country

Huge land grants were given to the railroads by the federal government

Page 45: Industrialization & Segregation

National Network1856

Railroads extend to the Mississippi River

1859Crossed over into Missouri

1869Central Pacific and Union Pacific

meet at Promontory, Utah on May 10, 1869 creating the first transcontinental railroad

Page 46: Industrialization & Segregation

National Network

Page 47: Industrialization & Segregation

National Network

Page 48: Industrialization & Segregation

National Network

Page 49: Industrialization & Segregation

Railroad Time1869

Professor C.F. Dowd proposed that the earth’s surface be divided into 24 time zones

United States had 4 time zones ~ Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific

1918 Finally adopted by the U.S. Congress

Page 50: Industrialization & Segregation

New Towns and Markets

Railroad promoted trade and interdependence

Cities like Chicago, Minneapolis, Abilene, Flagstaff, Denver and Seattle will grow, prosper and become diverse

Page 51: Industrialization & Segregation

Pullman1880

George M. Pullman build a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars in Illinois

Built a town nearby for his workersResidents lived in clean, well-

constructed brick houses and apartment buildings

Town had doctors, offices, and an athletic field

Page 52: Industrialization & Segregation

Pullman

Page 53: Industrialization & Segregation

Pullman1880

George M. Pullman build a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars in Illinois

Built a town nearby for his workersResidents lived in clean, well-

constructed brick houses and apartment buildings

Town had doctors, offices, and an athletic field

Page 54: Industrialization & Segregation

Credit MobilierOne of the most infamous schemesUnion Pacific stockholders formed a

construction company in 1864 Gave the company the contract to

lay track at 2 to 3 times the actual cost and pocketed the profits

Donated shares of stocks to 20 representatives in Congress

Page 55: Industrialization & Segregation

Credit MobilierInvestigation took place because

of reports in the New York SunOfficers of the Union Pacific had

taken up to $23 million in stocks, bonds and cash

Those implicated were Vice President Schuyler Colfax, and Congressman James Garfield

Most received a slap on the wrist and were able to keep their profits

Page 56: Industrialization & Segregation

The Grange & Railroads

Farmers did not like railroad corruption

Grange Founded in 1867 by farmersDemanded governmental control

over the railroad industry

Page 57: Industrialization & Segregation

The Grange

The Patrons of Husbandry

Page 58: Industrialization & Segregation

Railroad AbusesFarmers Angry for many

reasonsUpset by misuse of government

land grantsPrice fixing by different railroad

companiesCharging different customers

different prices (more for short hauls than for long hauls)

Page 59: Industrialization & Segregation

Granger LawsGrangers took political actionSponsored state and local

candidatesConvinced local and state

legislators to pass the Granger Laws which established maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibited discrimination

Page 60: Industrialization & Segregation

Munn v. Illinois1877Supreme Court upheld the

Granger Laws by a vote of 7 to 2

States won the right to regulate railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers

Helped to established the federal government’s right to regulate private industry to serve public interest

Page 61: Industrialization & Segregation

Interstate Commerce Act

1886Supreme Court ruled states could not

set rates on interstate commerce1887

Passed by Congress in Established the federal government’s

right to supervise railroad activitiesCreated a 5 member ICC ~ Interstate

Commerce Commission

Page 62: Industrialization & Segregation

Interstate Commerce Act

1897Supreme Court ruled that it could

not set maximum railroad rates

1906Regained power to be effective

Page 63: Industrialization & Segregation

Panic of 1893Financial problems played a huge

role in the Panic of 1893Worst depression of the time600 banks and 15,000 businesses

failed4 million people out of jobs25% of the railroads were taken

over by financial companies

Page 64: Industrialization & Segregation

Big Business and Labor

Andrew Carnegie ~ Carnegie Steel

John D. Rockefeller ~ Standard Oil

J. P. Morgan ~ United States Steel and J.P. Morgan Banking

Cornelius Vanderbilt ~ Vanderbilt Railroad

Page 65: Industrialization & Segregation

Big Business and Labor

Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller

Page 66: Industrialization & Segregation

Big Business and Labor

J. P. Morgan Cornelius Vanderbilt

Page 67: Industrialization & Segregation

Big Business and Labor

Andrew Carnegie Born in Scotland and came to the U.S. in

1848 In 1850 he began working for the local

superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad

Was given the chance to purchase stock in the company

Used the money to buy more stock and by 1865 he left his job with the Pennsylvania Railroad

Page 68: Industrialization & Segregation

Big Business and Labor

Andrew Carnegie In 1873 he entered the steel business By 1899 Carnegie Steel Company

manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain

Success due to his management practices Incorporated new machinery and

techniques Attracted talented people by offering them

stock in the company Encourage competition among his

assistants

Page 69: Industrialization & Segregation

Carnegie Steel

Page 70: Industrialization & Segregation

IntegrationVertical Integration - control all

phases of development from the ground up Was less expensive to own mines,

railroads, and processing plants than to pay rent for them

Horizontal Integration – companies producing similar product merge Carnegie gained control over his

suppliers and limited his competition

Page 71: Industrialization & Segregation

Vertical Integration

M in n in g

S h ip p in g

R efin in g

M an u fac tu rin g

C arn eg ie S tee l

P ro fits

Page 72: Industrialization & Segregation

Horizontal Integration

S m all o ilcom p an y

S m all o ilcom p an y

S m all o ilcom p an y

StandardO il

S m all o ilcom p an y

S m all o ilcom p an y

S m all o ilcom p an y

Page 73: Industrialization & Segregation

Social DarwinismCharles Darwin

English naturalistDeveloped the theory of biological

evolutionWrote Origin of the Species, published

in 1859Explained the process of natural

selection which weeded out less –suited individuals and enabled the best adapted to survive

Page 74: Industrialization & Segregation

Social DarwinismHerbert Spencer used Darwin’s

theories to explain the evolution of human society

Economists used Social Darwinism to explain laissez-faire economics

William G. Sumner, a professor at Yale, promoted the theory for business failures and successes

Page 75: Industrialization & Segregation

Robber BaronsJohn D. Rockefeller

Rockefeller sold oil cheaper than others and gave railroad friends discounts on oil if they shipped only his oil

Standard Oil had lower prices Bought out competitors Joined the companies in trust

agreements Horizontal Consolidation - creation of one

large business from smaller ones

Page 76: Industrialization & Segregation

Standard Oil Company

Page 77: Industrialization & Segregation

Robber Barons

J.P. MorganInvestment BankerBought Carnegie Steel for $500

millionCreated U.S. Steel - the first billion

dollar corporation in the worldControlled over 60% of steel

production in the U.S.

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United States Steel

Page 79: Industrialization & Segregation

Robber BaronsThese industrialists were called

robber barons because of the tactics they used to create their companies.

Industrialists were also philanthropistsRockefeller gave away $500 million,

established the Rockefeller foundation, University of Chicago, and created a medical institute that helped cure yellow fever

Page 80: Industrialization & Segregation

University of Chicago

Page 81: Industrialization & Segregation

Robber BaronsCarnegie gave away about 90% of his

wealth which still supports the arts and learning today Carnegie Hall Carnegie Music Institute Carnegie Mellon University 2,811 libraries throughout the world

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Carnegie Philanthropy

Page 83: Industrialization & Segregation

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 Made it illegal to form a trust that

interfered with free trade between states or with other countries

Not easy to prosecute companies that violated the act

Used more against labor unions than big business

Page 84: Industrialization & Segregation

The SouthIn a strangle hold by the North

which controlled 90% of the railroads

Remained agricultural and at the mercy of the railroads

Did have hopes in forestry, mining, tobacco, furniture and textile industries

Page 85: Industrialization & Segregation

Labor Unions Emerge Long Hours and Danger

Steel mills demanded 7 day work weeks Seamstresses worked 12 hour days, 6 days a week Employees were not entitled to vacation, sick

leave, unemployment compensation or reimbursement for injuries suffered on the job

1882 675 workers killed in on the job accidents each

week 1890 – 1910 ~ women working went from 4 to 8

million 20% of the boys, 10% of the girls under 15 worked

Page 86: Industrialization & Segregation

Child Labor

Page 87: Industrialization & Segregation

Child Labor

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Child Labor

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Child Labor

Page 90: Industrialization & Segregation

Early Labor Organizations

National Labor Union (NLU) First large scale national organization Formed in 1866 by William H. Sylvis 640,000 members 1868 – Congress passed 8 hour work day

for government workers

Colored National Labor Union Created because blacks were not

admitted to the NLU

Page 91: Industrialization & Segregation

Early Labor Organizations

Noble Order of the Knights of Labor Organized in 1869 by Uriah Stephens Focused on industrial workers Motto ~ “An injury to one is the concern of all” Supported 8 hour work day Advocated equal pay for equal work by men

and women Advocated arbitration 1886 – 700,000 members Declined after the failure of a series of strikes

Page 92: Industrialization & Segregation

Early Labor Organizations

Page 93: Industrialization & Segregation

Craft UnionsAmerican Federation of Labor

Founded by Samuel Gompers who led the Cigar Maker’s International Union in 1886

Focused on collective bargaining to reach written agreements

Used strikes as a major tactic Able to increase wages for workers and

decrease the work week as well

Page 94: Industrialization & Segregation

American Federation of Labor

Page 95: Industrialization & Segregation

Industrial UnionismAmerican Railway Union

First attempt to form a industrial union of skilled and unskilled workers

Founded by Eugene V. Debs 1894 ~ won a strike for higher wages Membership 150,000 within 2 months Added momentum to union organizing

Page 96: Industrialization & Segregation

American Railway Union

Page 97: Industrialization & Segregation

Socialism and the IWW Debs and others in an attempt to organize turned

to socialism Socialism ~ an extreme form of communism

advocated the overthrow of communism 1905 ~ Industrial Workers of the World or

Wobblies organized William “Big Bill” Haywood was the leader Included miners, lumberers, and cannery and dock

workers Membership never topped 100,000 Gave dignity and a sense of solidarity to unskilled

workers

Page 98: Industrialization & Segregation

Wobblies

Page 99: Industrialization & Segregation

Labor in the West1903 ~ Japanese and Mexican

workers organize a successful strike in the sugar-beet fields of Ventura County, CA

State Federation of Labor in Wyoming supported a union of Chinese and Japanese miners who wanted the same treatment and wages as other miners

Page 100: Industrialization & Segregation

Strikes Turn ViolentThe Great Strike of 1877

July 1877 Workers for the B&O Baltimore and Ohio

Railroad struck to protest a wage cut (2nd in 2 months)

Work stoppage spread to other lines Freight and passenger traffic stopped on over

50,000 miles of track for over a week Rutherford B. Hayes was asked to intervene

because it was impeding interstate traffic Federal troops were sent in to end the strike

Page 101: Industrialization & Segregation

The Great Strike of 1877

Page 102: Industrialization & Segregation

Strikes Turn ViolentThe Haymarket Affair

May 4, 1886 3000 people gathered at Chicago’s

Haymarket Square to protest police brutality

6 workers were killed at the McCormick Harvester plant the day before

Rain began to fall and the people were leaving when the police arrived

Someone tossed a bomb in the police line

Page 103: Industrialization & Segregation

Strikes Turn ViolentThe Haymarket Affair

Police fired on the workers 7 police and several workers were killed 3 speakers at the demonstration and 5

other radicals were charged with inciting a riot

All 8 were convicted, 4 were hanged, and 1 committed suicide in prison

Public will begin to turn against labor unions after this event

Page 104: Industrialization & Segregation

The Haymarket Riot

Page 105: Industrialization & Segregation

The Haymarket Riot

Page 106: Industrialization & Segregation

Strikes Turn ViolentThe Homestead Strike

June 29, 1892 Took place at the Carnegie Steel

Company’s Homestead Plant in PA Henry Clay Frick, the president of the

company announced a wage cut Frick hired Pinkerton Detective Agents to

protect the plant

Page 107: Industrialization & Segregation

Strikes Turn ViolentThe Homestead Strike

Resulting fight left 3 detective and 9 workers dead

July 12, 1892 ~ Pennsylvania National Guardsmen arrive

Strike ends in November Takes 45 years for steel workers to

mobilize once again

Page 108: Industrialization & Segregation

The Homestead Strike

Page 109: Industrialization & Segregation

The Homestead Strike

Page 110: Industrialization & Segregation

Strikes Turn ViolentThe Pullman Company Strike

Pullman Company laid off 3000 workers during the Panic of 1893

Cut wages of the 2800 workers who were left by 25 to 50% but not the cost of housing

Strike called in 1894 after the economy improved and the company did not restore wages

Debs asked for arbitration, company said no

Page 111: Industrialization & Segregation

Strikes Turn ViolentThe Pullman Company Strike

ARU began to boycott Pullman trains Pullman hired strikebreakers Strike became violent Cleveland sent in federal troops Debs was jailed Pullman fired most of the strikers and

railroads blacklisted many others

Page 112: Industrialization & Segregation

The Pullman Strike

Page 113: Industrialization & Segregation

Women OrganizeMother Jones

Mary Harris Jones ~ most prominent organizer in the women’s labor movement

Supported the Great Strike of 1877 Organized for the Union Mine Workers of

America (UMW) 1903 led 80 mill children on a march to

Theodore Roosevelt’s home which helped influence the passage of child labor laws

Page 114: Industrialization & Segregation

Mother Jones

Page 115: Industrialization & Segregation

Women OrganizeInternational Ladies’ Garment

Workers Union (ILGWU) Organized in 1909 Pauline Newman founder was an

immigrant from Lithuania in 1901 Was 16 years old when she organized the

union Supported the “Uprising of the 20,000”

which improved working conditions for some strikers

Page 116: Industrialization & Segregation

ILGWU

Page 117: Industrialization & Segregation

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire On March 25, 1911, a fire broke out in the

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Spread swiftly through the oil-soaked

machines and piles of cloth 8th, 9th, and 10th floors were engulfed All doors except one were locked to

prevent theft and that door was blocked by the fire

The factory had no sprinkler system The single fire escape collapsed almost

immediately

Page 118: Industrialization & Segregation

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire The fire department’s ladders only reached

to the 6th floor 146 women were killed Many found huddled with their faces raised

to a small window Public was outraged Factory owners were brought up on

charges of manslaughter State of NY set up a task force to study

factory working conditions

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Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

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Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

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Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

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Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

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Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Page 124: Industrialization & Segregation

Management and Government Pressure

Unions Management refused to recognize unions

as they became more powerful Many employers forbade union meetings,

fired union members, and made new workers sign “yellow dog contracts” (promising not to join unions)

Sherman Antitrust Act began to be used against labor unions with the help of many industrial leaders and the courts

Legal limitations made it difficult for unions to be effective

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Management and Government Pressure

UnionsEven with all the pressure, workers

viewed unions as a powerful tool1904

AFL had about 1,700,000 members in its affiliated unions

Eve of WWI AFL membership was about 2 million