industrialization & segregation
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Industrialization & Segregation. Making America Grow and Divide. Timeline of Events. 1826 Photography is invented 1837 Samuel Morse invents the telegraph 1846 Elias Howe invents the sewing machine. Timeline of Events. 1850 Henry Bessemer develops the process to make steel 1859 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Industrialization & Segregation
Making America Grow and Divide
Timeline of Events1826
Photography is invented
1837Samuel Morse invents the
telegraph
1846Elias Howe invents the sewing
machine
Timeline of Events1850
Henry Bessemer develops the process to make steel
1859Charles Darwin’s Origin of the
Species is published
1860Internal combustion engine is
invented
Timeline of Events1865
Marshall Fields opens the first department store
1866First labor union formed ~ National
Labor Union ~ founded by William H. Sylvis
“Jim Crow Laws” are in effect in the South
Timeline of Events1867
Dynamite is inventedChristopher Sholes invents the
typewriter
1868Boss Tweed heads Tammany Hall
and the Tweed Ring in New York City
Timeline of Events1869
Central Pacific & Union Pacific complete the transcontinental railroad
Knights of Labor formed by Uriah Stephens
1870 Franco Prussian War breaks outF.W. Woolworth founds the chain
store
Timeline of Events1871
The Great Chicago Fire burns from October 8th – 10th
1872Montgomery Ward begins mail
order catalogs
1873First electric motor is used
Timeline of Events1875
British labor unions win right to strike
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the
telephoneRutherford B. Hayes is elected
presidentPorfirio Diaz seizes power in Mexico
Timeline of Events1877
Phonograph is inventedMunn v. Illinois establishes
government regulation of railroadsMother Jones supports the Great
Strike of 1877Great Strike of 1877 occurs
shutting down over 50,000 miles of railroad lines
Timeline of Events1878
Bicycle touring club is founded in Europe
1879Thomas A. Edison invents a
workable light bulb
1880James A. Garfield is elected
president
Timeline of Events1881
Chester A. Arthur succeeds Garfield after Garfield’s assassination
Booker T.Washington heads Tuskegee Institute
1882United States restricts Chinese
immigration
Timeline of Events1883
Germany becomes the first nation to provide national health insurance
Brooklyn Bridge is completed Time Zones are created by C.F.
Dowd
Timeline of Events1884
Grover Cleveland is elected president
Berlin Conference meets to divide Africa among European nations
First roller coaster opens at Coney Island, NY
Timeline of Events1885
Indian National Congress forms
1886American Federation of Labor (AFL)
is formed by Samuel GompersHaymarket riot turns public
sentiment against unionsSears Roebuck opens for catalog
sales
Timeline of Events1888
Benjamin Harrison is elected president
Electric trolleys are first introduced in Richmond, Virginia
George Eastman introduces the Kodak camera
Timeline of Events1889
Hull House is founded in Chicago by Jane Addams
Barnum & Bailey Circus opens in London
Johnstown flood occurs in Pennsylvania killing more than 2,000 people
Timeline of Events1890
Colonization of sub-Saharan Africa peaks
Congress passes the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
1891Ida B. Wells campaigns against
lynching
Timeline of Events1892
Grover Cleveland is elected for a 2nd term
Ellis Island opens becoming the main immigration station on the east coast
Timeline of Events1893
Women in New Zealand gain voting rights
France establishes IndochinaFirst Ferris wheel is unveiled in
Chicago, Ill.
Timeline of Events1894
President Cleveland sends federal troops to Illinois to end the Pullman strike
1895Marconi invents the radioX-rays are first usedMotion pictures are invented
Timeline of Events1896
First modern Olympic Games are held in Athens, Greece
William McKinley is elected presidentSupreme Court established
“separate but equal” doctrine in Plessy v. Ferguson
1898Hawaii is annexed by the U.S.
Timeline of Events1899
German psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud, publishes The Interpretation of Dreams
1900William McKinley is reelected
Timeline of Events1901
The Commonwealth of Australia is founded William McKinley is assassinated and
Theodore Roosevelt becomes president
1903 Wright Brothers fly the first airplane in
Kittyhawk, North Carolina First World Series for baseball held ~
Boston Pilgrims beat the Pittsburgh Pirates
Timeline of Events1904
Theodore Roosevelt elected president
1905William Haywood founds the
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) or Wobblies
Workers revolt in St. Petersburg, Russia
Niagara Movement founded by W.E.B. Dubois
Timeline of Events1906
San Francisco is hit by an earthquake on April 18th
1907Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan
1908Oil is discovered in PersiaHenry Ford introduces the Model TWilliam H. Taft is elected president
Timeline of Events1909
Pauline Newman founds the ILGWU (International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union)
W.E.B. Du Bois founds the NAACP1910
The appearance of Halley’s Comet causes widespread panic
Mexican Revolution begins
Timeline of Events1911
Triangle Shirtwaist fire occurs killing 146 women
1912Woodrow Wilson is elected
presidentQing dynasty in China is overthrown
Expansion of IndustryNatural Resources
U.S. after Civil War ~ agricultural nation By 1920s ~ leading industrial nation
Reasons for expansion Wealth of natural resources Government support of business Growing urban population providing
cheap labor and markets for new products
Black Gold1840s
Kerosene came into useAbraham Gesner ~ Canadian
geologist discovered how to distill the fuel from oil or coal
1859 Edwin L. Drake used a steam engine to
drill for oil near Titusville, PA making the removal of oil more practical
Black GoldA boom spread through
Kentucky, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, and eventually Texas
Petroleum refining industries were established in Cleveland and Pittsburgh
Gasoline was not considered usable so was thrown away
Bessemer Steel Process
Steel ~ made by removing carbon from iron to make it lighter and more flexible
Problem ~ how to make it easierIron ore deposits found in
Mesabi Range of Minnesota ~ 3 miles wide and 100 miles long
Bessemer Steel Process
Developed independently by British manufacturer, Henry Bessemer and American iron maker William Kelly around 1850
Involved injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities
By 1880s America was producing 90% of the nation’s steel
Bessemer Steel Process
New Uses for SteelRailroads ~ biggest customer
~ used steel for trackJoseph Glidden ~ barbed wireJohn Deere ~ steel plowCyrus McCormick ~
mechanical reaper
New Uses for SteelInnovations in construction
Brooklyn Bridge ~ 1883 ~ 1595 feet across the East River in New York City
William Le Baron Jenney ~ constructed the first skyscraper ~ Home Insurance Building in Chicago
New Uses for Steel
New Uses for Steel
Inventions Promote Change
1876 Thomas Alva Edison established the world’s first research lab in Menlo Park, NJ
1880 Incandescent Light Bulb
1880sInvents a system for producing & distributing electricity
Inventions Promote Change
Inventions Promote Change
George Westinghouse assists in making electricity safer and less expensive
1890s ~ electric streetcars made urban travel cheaper and efficient
Also ran fans and printing presses
Inventions Promote Change
Inventions Promote Change
1867Christopher Sholes invented the
typewriter1876
Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson invented the telephone
opens a way for worldwide communications
Women in the workforce1870 ~ 5% and by 1910 ~ 40%
Inventions Promote Change
The Age of RailroadsMade local transit reliable and
westward expansion possible for business as well as people
Assisted in settling the West and developing the country
Huge land grants were given to the railroads by the federal government
National Network1856
Railroads extend to the Mississippi River
1859Crossed over into Missouri
1869Central Pacific and Union Pacific
meet at Promontory, Utah on May 10, 1869 creating the first transcontinental railroad
National Network
National Network
National Network
Railroad Time1869
Professor C.F. Dowd proposed that the earth’s surface be divided into 24 time zones
United States had 4 time zones ~ Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific
1918 Finally adopted by the U.S. Congress
New Towns and Markets
Railroad promoted trade and interdependence
Cities like Chicago, Minneapolis, Abilene, Flagstaff, Denver and Seattle will grow, prosper and become diverse
Pullman1880
George M. Pullman build a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars in Illinois
Built a town nearby for his workersResidents lived in clean, well-
constructed brick houses and apartment buildings
Town had doctors, offices, and an athletic field
Pullman
Pullman1880
George M. Pullman build a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars in Illinois
Built a town nearby for his workersResidents lived in clean, well-
constructed brick houses and apartment buildings
Town had doctors, offices, and an athletic field
Credit MobilierOne of the most infamous schemesUnion Pacific stockholders formed a
construction company in 1864 Gave the company the contract to
lay track at 2 to 3 times the actual cost and pocketed the profits
Donated shares of stocks to 20 representatives in Congress
Credit MobilierInvestigation took place because
of reports in the New York SunOfficers of the Union Pacific had
taken up to $23 million in stocks, bonds and cash
Those implicated were Vice President Schuyler Colfax, and Congressman James Garfield
Most received a slap on the wrist and were able to keep their profits
The Grange & Railroads
Farmers did not like railroad corruption
Grange Founded in 1867 by farmersDemanded governmental control
over the railroad industry
The Grange
The Patrons of Husbandry
Railroad AbusesFarmers Angry for many
reasonsUpset by misuse of government
land grantsPrice fixing by different railroad
companiesCharging different customers
different prices (more for short hauls than for long hauls)
Granger LawsGrangers took political actionSponsored state and local
candidatesConvinced local and state
legislators to pass the Granger Laws which established maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibited discrimination
Munn v. Illinois1877Supreme Court upheld the
Granger Laws by a vote of 7 to 2
States won the right to regulate railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers
Helped to established the federal government’s right to regulate private industry to serve public interest
Interstate Commerce Act
1886Supreme Court ruled states could not
set rates on interstate commerce1887
Passed by Congress in Established the federal government’s
right to supervise railroad activitiesCreated a 5 member ICC ~ Interstate
Commerce Commission
Interstate Commerce Act
1897Supreme Court ruled that it could
not set maximum railroad rates
1906Regained power to be effective
Panic of 1893Financial problems played a huge
role in the Panic of 1893Worst depression of the time600 banks and 15,000 businesses
failed4 million people out of jobs25% of the railroads were taken
over by financial companies
Big Business and Labor
Andrew Carnegie ~ Carnegie Steel
John D. Rockefeller ~ Standard Oil
J. P. Morgan ~ United States Steel and J.P. Morgan Banking
Cornelius Vanderbilt ~ Vanderbilt Railroad
Big Business and Labor
Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller
Big Business and Labor
J. P. Morgan Cornelius Vanderbilt
Big Business and Labor
Andrew Carnegie Born in Scotland and came to the U.S. in
1848 In 1850 he began working for the local
superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad
Was given the chance to purchase stock in the company
Used the money to buy more stock and by 1865 he left his job with the Pennsylvania Railroad
Big Business and Labor
Andrew Carnegie In 1873 he entered the steel business By 1899 Carnegie Steel Company
manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain
Success due to his management practices Incorporated new machinery and
techniques Attracted talented people by offering them
stock in the company Encourage competition among his
assistants
Carnegie Steel
IntegrationVertical Integration - control all
phases of development from the ground up Was less expensive to own mines,
railroads, and processing plants than to pay rent for them
Horizontal Integration – companies producing similar product merge Carnegie gained control over his
suppliers and limited his competition
Vertical Integration
M in n in g
S h ip p in g
R efin in g
M an u fac tu rin g
C arn eg ie S tee l
P ro fits
Horizontal Integration
S m all o ilcom p an y
S m all o ilcom p an y
S m all o ilcom p an y
StandardO il
S m all o ilcom p an y
S m all o ilcom p an y
S m all o ilcom p an y
Social DarwinismCharles Darwin
English naturalistDeveloped the theory of biological
evolutionWrote Origin of the Species, published
in 1859Explained the process of natural
selection which weeded out less –suited individuals and enabled the best adapted to survive
Social DarwinismHerbert Spencer used Darwin’s
theories to explain the evolution of human society
Economists used Social Darwinism to explain laissez-faire economics
William G. Sumner, a professor at Yale, promoted the theory for business failures and successes
Robber BaronsJohn D. Rockefeller
Rockefeller sold oil cheaper than others and gave railroad friends discounts on oil if they shipped only his oil
Standard Oil had lower prices Bought out competitors Joined the companies in trust
agreements Horizontal Consolidation - creation of one
large business from smaller ones
Standard Oil Company
Robber Barons
J.P. MorganInvestment BankerBought Carnegie Steel for $500
millionCreated U.S. Steel - the first billion
dollar corporation in the worldControlled over 60% of steel
production in the U.S.
United States Steel
Robber BaronsThese industrialists were called
robber barons because of the tactics they used to create their companies.
Industrialists were also philanthropistsRockefeller gave away $500 million,
established the Rockefeller foundation, University of Chicago, and created a medical institute that helped cure yellow fever
University of Chicago
Robber BaronsCarnegie gave away about 90% of his
wealth which still supports the arts and learning today Carnegie Hall Carnegie Music Institute Carnegie Mellon University 2,811 libraries throughout the world
Carnegie Philanthropy
Sherman Antitrust Act
1890 Made it illegal to form a trust that
interfered with free trade between states or with other countries
Not easy to prosecute companies that violated the act
Used more against labor unions than big business
The SouthIn a strangle hold by the North
which controlled 90% of the railroads
Remained agricultural and at the mercy of the railroads
Did have hopes in forestry, mining, tobacco, furniture and textile industries
Labor Unions Emerge Long Hours and Danger
Steel mills demanded 7 day work weeks Seamstresses worked 12 hour days, 6 days a week Employees were not entitled to vacation, sick
leave, unemployment compensation or reimbursement for injuries suffered on the job
1882 675 workers killed in on the job accidents each
week 1890 – 1910 ~ women working went from 4 to 8
million 20% of the boys, 10% of the girls under 15 worked
Child Labor
Child Labor
Child Labor
Child Labor
Early Labor Organizations
National Labor Union (NLU) First large scale national organization Formed in 1866 by William H. Sylvis 640,000 members 1868 – Congress passed 8 hour work day
for government workers
Colored National Labor Union Created because blacks were not
admitted to the NLU
Early Labor Organizations
Noble Order of the Knights of Labor Organized in 1869 by Uriah Stephens Focused on industrial workers Motto ~ “An injury to one is the concern of all” Supported 8 hour work day Advocated equal pay for equal work by men
and women Advocated arbitration 1886 – 700,000 members Declined after the failure of a series of strikes
Early Labor Organizations
Craft UnionsAmerican Federation of Labor
Founded by Samuel Gompers who led the Cigar Maker’s International Union in 1886
Focused on collective bargaining to reach written agreements
Used strikes as a major tactic Able to increase wages for workers and
decrease the work week as well
American Federation of Labor
Industrial UnionismAmerican Railway Union
First attempt to form a industrial union of skilled and unskilled workers
Founded by Eugene V. Debs 1894 ~ won a strike for higher wages Membership 150,000 within 2 months Added momentum to union organizing
American Railway Union
Socialism and the IWW Debs and others in an attempt to organize turned
to socialism Socialism ~ an extreme form of communism
advocated the overthrow of communism 1905 ~ Industrial Workers of the World or
Wobblies organized William “Big Bill” Haywood was the leader Included miners, lumberers, and cannery and dock
workers Membership never topped 100,000 Gave dignity and a sense of solidarity to unskilled
workers
Wobblies
Labor in the West1903 ~ Japanese and Mexican
workers organize a successful strike in the sugar-beet fields of Ventura County, CA
State Federation of Labor in Wyoming supported a union of Chinese and Japanese miners who wanted the same treatment and wages as other miners
Strikes Turn ViolentThe Great Strike of 1877
July 1877 Workers for the B&O Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad struck to protest a wage cut (2nd in 2 months)
Work stoppage spread to other lines Freight and passenger traffic stopped on over
50,000 miles of track for over a week Rutherford B. Hayes was asked to intervene
because it was impeding interstate traffic Federal troops were sent in to end the strike
The Great Strike of 1877
Strikes Turn ViolentThe Haymarket Affair
May 4, 1886 3000 people gathered at Chicago’s
Haymarket Square to protest police brutality
6 workers were killed at the McCormick Harvester plant the day before
Rain began to fall and the people were leaving when the police arrived
Someone tossed a bomb in the police line
Strikes Turn ViolentThe Haymarket Affair
Police fired on the workers 7 police and several workers were killed 3 speakers at the demonstration and 5
other radicals were charged with inciting a riot
All 8 were convicted, 4 were hanged, and 1 committed suicide in prison
Public will begin to turn against labor unions after this event
The Haymarket Riot
The Haymarket Riot
Strikes Turn ViolentThe Homestead Strike
June 29, 1892 Took place at the Carnegie Steel
Company’s Homestead Plant in PA Henry Clay Frick, the president of the
company announced a wage cut Frick hired Pinkerton Detective Agents to
protect the plant
Strikes Turn ViolentThe Homestead Strike
Resulting fight left 3 detective and 9 workers dead
July 12, 1892 ~ Pennsylvania National Guardsmen arrive
Strike ends in November Takes 45 years for steel workers to
mobilize once again
The Homestead Strike
The Homestead Strike
Strikes Turn ViolentThe Pullman Company Strike
Pullman Company laid off 3000 workers during the Panic of 1893
Cut wages of the 2800 workers who were left by 25 to 50% but not the cost of housing
Strike called in 1894 after the economy improved and the company did not restore wages
Debs asked for arbitration, company said no
Strikes Turn ViolentThe Pullman Company Strike
ARU began to boycott Pullman trains Pullman hired strikebreakers Strike became violent Cleveland sent in federal troops Debs was jailed Pullman fired most of the strikers and
railroads blacklisted many others
The Pullman Strike
Women OrganizeMother Jones
Mary Harris Jones ~ most prominent organizer in the women’s labor movement
Supported the Great Strike of 1877 Organized for the Union Mine Workers of
America (UMW) 1903 led 80 mill children on a march to
Theodore Roosevelt’s home which helped influence the passage of child labor laws
Mother Jones
Women OrganizeInternational Ladies’ Garment
Workers Union (ILGWU) Organized in 1909 Pauline Newman founder was an
immigrant from Lithuania in 1901 Was 16 years old when she organized the
union Supported the “Uprising of the 20,000”
which improved working conditions for some strikers
ILGWU
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire On March 25, 1911, a fire broke out in the
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Spread swiftly through the oil-soaked
machines and piles of cloth 8th, 9th, and 10th floors were engulfed All doors except one were locked to
prevent theft and that door was blocked by the fire
The factory had no sprinkler system The single fire escape collapsed almost
immediately
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire The fire department’s ladders only reached
to the 6th floor 146 women were killed Many found huddled with their faces raised
to a small window Public was outraged Factory owners were brought up on
charges of manslaughter State of NY set up a task force to study
factory working conditions
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
Management and Government Pressure
Unions Management refused to recognize unions
as they became more powerful Many employers forbade union meetings,
fired union members, and made new workers sign “yellow dog contracts” (promising not to join unions)
Sherman Antitrust Act began to be used against labor unions with the help of many industrial leaders and the courts
Legal limitations made it difficult for unions to be effective
Management and Government Pressure
UnionsEven with all the pressure, workers
viewed unions as a powerful tool1904
AFL had about 1,700,000 members in its affiliated unions
Eve of WWI AFL membership was about 2 million