industry expert session - physicianssurfactants may induce irritancy in sensitive skin 65. laundry...

Industry Expert Session

The Impact of Laundry Products

on Sensitive Skin

PRESENTED BY:

Charles Crawford, PhD Vice President, Product Development

The Sun Products Corporation

Matthew J. Zirwas, MD Associate Professor of Dermatology

Member, North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG)

©2014 The Sun Products Corporation All rights reserved. March 2014

Objectives

3

Determine the role of surfactants in cleaning and skin

irritation, as well as the balance of these factors in laundry

detergent formulation

Describe the effect of washing on fabric microstructure and

the role of fabric softeners in fabric lubrication

Discuss the importance of a complete line of all® free clear

laundry products in the management of sensitive skin

Skin irritation can be a response to stress factors

caused by clothing and detergent

4

These physical, chemical, and immunologic stress factors can elicit an

inflammatory response in sensitive skin1-5

1. Fujimura T et al. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2011;33(6):566-571.

2. Kiriyama T et al. J Dermatol. 2003;30(10):708-712.

3. Allergy to mold - animal dander - dust. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000814.htm. Accessed August 23, 2012.

4. Housecleaning tips to ease allergies. http://www.webmd.com/allergies/features/allergy-tips. Accessed January 21, 2014.

5. Sensitive skin. http://www.aad.org/media-resources/stats-and-facts/prevention-and-care/sensitive-skin. Accessed January 21, 2014.

Stress factors are categorized into physical, chemical,

and immunologic triggers

5

Physical Chemical Immunologic

Irritation caused by

damaged fibers1

Friction between

skin and certain

fabrics2

Laundry detergent

residue after

washing (2.5%, on

average)3,4

Irritating chemicals

released by fibers5

Airborne allergens

become trapped in

fabric fibers6,7

Formaldehyde

released by

permanent press

clothing8

Dyes9

After washing and rinsing a shirt multiple times with

standard detergent, there is enough detergent residue

to generate foam10

1. Farooq A, Schramm CJ Jr. In: Zoller U, ed. Handbook of Detergents. Part E:

Applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2009:181-200.



4. Kwon S et al. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2009;72(21-22):1369-1379.

5. Nicol NH, Boguniewicz M. Dermatol Nurs. October 2008;(suppl):3-18.

6. Allergy to mold – animal dander – dust. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/

article/000814.htm. Accessed August 23, 2012.

7. Housecleaning tips to ease allergies. http://www.webmd.com/allergies/features/

allergy-tips. Accessed January 21, 2014.

8. Kiracofe EA, Zirwas MJ. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(2):313-314.

9. Elsner P. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1994;124(3):111-118.

10. Data on file, The Sun Products Corporation.

Surfactants may induce irritancy in sensitive skin

6

Laundry products are complex formulations consisting of

various components, including surfactants (surface-active

agents), brightening agents, fragrances, and dyes1,2

While these components form the basis for detergency,

they can also induce or exacerbate existing skin conditions

when residues remain on clothing after washing3-6

Formulations cause different skin irritancy reactions based

on their chemistry, but they can be engineered to minimize

their effects on skin7

1. Belsito DV et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46(2):200-206.

2. de Guertechin LO. In: Broze G, ed. Handbook of Detergents. Part A: Properties. New York, NY: Marcel

Dekker; 1999:7-46.

3. Ananthapadmanabhan KP et al. Dermatol Ther. 2004;17(suppl 1):16‐25.

4. Effendy I, Maibach HI. Contact Dermatitis. 1995;33(4):217-225.

5. Fluhr JW et al. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2008;21(3):124-135.


7. Hall‐Manning TJ et al. Food Chem Toxicol. 1998;36(3):233-238.

Surfactants in detergent react directly with the stratum

corneum (SC) layer

7

Surfactants react strongly with SC keratin and lipids and can

cause1,2:

Increased skin barrier permeability

and decreased integrity

Skin dryness, causing typical symptoms

of contact dermatitis


2. Corazza M et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24(1):1-6.

Detergents utilize 4 types of surfactants with differing

biochemical properties

8

Surfactants form the basis of effective detergency through

emulsification of dirt and soils1

They are categorized with respect to the charge on their

hydrophilic head group upon dissociation in water2,3:

Nonionic Anionic Cationic Amphoteric

No electric

charge

Negative charge Positive charge

Positive and

negative charges


2. Khandal RK et al. In: Zoller U, ed. Handbook of Detergents. Part E: Applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2009:419-454.


Surfactants may cause varying degrees of irritancy

9

Surfactants can alter SC proteins and lipids and cause:

Subsequent permeation of the SC, allowing surfactants to reach

viable keratinocytes and cause further damage

Compromised skin barrier function

Corazza M et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24(1):1-6.

Surfactants may cause varying degrees of cytotoxicity

10

Exposure can cause skin barrier damage and cellular lysis

Corazza M et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24(1):1-6.

Each surfactant has unique detergency, sensitivity, and

foam-generating properties1-6

11 1. de Guertechin LO. In: Broze G, ed. Handbook of Detergents. Part A: Properties. New York, NY: Marcel

Dekker;1999:7-46.

2. Polefka TG. In: Broze G, ed. Handbook of Detergents. Part A: Properties. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker;

1999:433-468.

3. Zappone M et al. Zoller U, ed. Handbook of Detergents. Part E: Applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2009:69-82.

4. Floyd D. In: Zoller U, ed. Handbook of Detergents. Part E: Applications. Boca Raton, FL:

CRC Press; 2009:287-299.


6. Problem water? 85% of the United States has hard water.

http://www.almnet.org/associations/1437/files/problemwater.pdf. Accessed March 10, 2014.

Surfactant mixtures can cause 3 types of irritant effects

12

Detergents typically contain of surfactant mixtures, which affect

skin irritancy potential and cleaning capabilities1,2

1. Crawford C, Zirwas MJ. Skinmed. 2014;12(1):23-31.

2. Hall‐Manning TJ et al. Food Chem Toxicol. 1998;36(3):233‐238.

Residual washing detergent in cotton clothes: a factor

of winter deterioration of dry skin in atopic dermatitis

13

Nonionic surfactants in detergents may benefit

individuals with sensitive skin

Purpose: To study the effects of residual washing detergent in

the winter deterioration of atopic dry skin

Method: Open trial to investigate the effect of residual washing

detergent in cotton clothes on dry skin in 148 Japanese patients

with atopic dermatitis

Results

115 patients (78%) had widespread or localized dry skin on the trunk

Of these, 87 patients (76%) showed marked or moderate

improvement after 2 weeks of use of nonionic, additive-reduced

washing detergent

Kiriyama T et al. J Dermatol. 2003;30(10):708‐712.

Study

Skin irritation potential of mixed surfactant systems

14

Purpose: To study the effects of mixed surfactant systems on

skin response

Method: Open trial utilizing 4-hour covered patch tests with

3 commercially available surfactants

Results

Surfactant mixtures are capable of producing an irritant response

that is lower than that predicted by adding the irritant potentials of

the individual surfactants

Mixing anionic and nonionic surfactants may lower the high irritancy

potential of anionic surfactants

Nonionic surfactants may lower the irritancy

potential of anionic surfactants

Hall-Manning TJ et al. Food Chem Toxicol. 1998;36(3):233-238.

Study

Nonionic and anionic surfactant mixtures produce a

quenched response

15

When combined, nonionic surfactants reduce the harshness

of anionic surfactants and reduce the skin irritancy potential

of detergents on sensitive skin1


CIM, colorimetric index of mildness; LAS, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Data on file, The Sun Products Corporation.


quenched response

16








quenched response

17







all® free clear laundry detergent has an optimal

surfactant balance

18

all® free clear laundry detergent

Contains a unique blend of

anionic and nonionic surfactants

that minimizes skin irritancy

potential and maximizes

cleaning performance

Formulated without dyes

or perfumes

Proven clinically mild in multiple

14-day patch tests


The Role of Fabric Softener in Laundry

19

Fabrics can cause skin irritancy in the absence of

detergent residue

20

Physical stress factors can play a crucial role in the

irritation of skin in susceptible individuals1-5



3. Allergy to mold - animal dander - dust. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000814.htm. Accessed August 23, 2012.

4. Housecleaning tips to ease allergies. http://www.webmd.com/allergies/features/allergy-tips. Accessed January 21, 2014.

5. Sensitive skin. http://www.aad.org/media-resources/stats-and-facts/prevention-and-care/sensitive-skin. Accessed January 21, 2014.

Fabric microstructure is permanently altered after

repeated washing

21

Alteration is caused by1:

Shrinkage and fraying of fibers due to repeated washing

Mechanical friction in the wash

Chemical action of detergents

Deposition of salts found in detergent and hard water

These changes can induce or exacerbate existing skin

conditions2

1. Farooq A, Schramm CJ Jr. In: Zoller U, ed. Handbook of Detergents. Part E: Applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2009:181-200.



Effect of repeated washing on fabric quality3

Fabric softeners address skin irritation that is secondary

to altered fabric

22

Typically, fabric softeners contain cationic surfactants that

interact with negatively charged sites found in most fabrics

They work by:

Adsorbing to fabric surface and preventing direct contact

between fibers

Lubricating fabric, which improves feel on skin

Farooq A, Schramm CJ Jr. In: Zoller U, ed. Handbook of Detergents. Part E: Applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2009:181-200.

Effects of softened and unsoftened fabrics in

infants and adults with sensitive skin1,2

23

Use of fabric softeners may be advantageous in

patients with sensitive skin

Purpose: Two studies examined the effects of softened and

unsoftened fabrics in infants and adults with sensitive skin

Method: These trials assessed effects on skin using visual

grading for redness, smoothness, and dryness, as well as

squamometry and measurement of transepidermal water loss

(TEWL)

Results: Fabric softeners may have a beneficial effect in

infants and adults with sensitive skin, particularly in patients

with a history of skin conditions

1. Piérard GE et al. Int J Dermatol. 1994;33(2):138-141.

2. Piérard GE et al. Contact Dermatitis.1994;30(5):286-291.

Study

The effects of fabric softener on skin dryness

24

Individuals with dry skin may benefit from

wearing softener-treated fabrics

Purpose: To study the effects of fabric softener in individuals

with dry skin

Method: 20 male volunteers with mild to moderate dry skin were

assessed for skin dryness after wearing softener-treated T-shirts

for 2 weeks; participants were evaluated using clinical grading,

subjective symptoms, SC water content, and TEWL

Results: Significant decrease in coefficient of friction of

softener-treated fabric was observed

Fujimura T et al. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2011;33(6):566-571.

Study

all® free clear fabric softener is mild on skin1

25

all® free clear fabric softener

is specifically formulated

with a group of cationic

surfactants called ester

quats*, which2:

Provide the foundation for

effective fabric softening

Are biodegradable softening

agents

Lack skin-sensitizing potential


2. Jowsey IR et al. Dermatitis. 2007;18(1):32-39.

* Quaternary ammonium cations

The Effect of Laundry Products Containing Fragrances

on Sensitive Skin

26

Fragrances in laundry products can also exacerbate skin

reactions

27

Fragrances in laundry products greatly influence

purchase intent1

Most consumers believe that clothes that smell clean

must be clean1

In reality, fragrances are:

Complex mixtures of ketones, aldehydes,

esters, and other organic molecules2

Potential potent skin sensitizers3

Hypothesized to be culprits of irritant

reactions in patients with sensitive

skin3,4


2. Ingredients. http://www.ifraorg.org/en-us/ingredients#.Ux6EDtTD8-W. Accessed March 10, 2014.

3. Bouchez C. http://www.webmd.com/allergies/features/fragrance-allergies-a-sensory-assault. Accessed March 10, 2014.

4. Nicol NH, Boguniewicz M. Dermatol Nurs. October 2008;(suppl):3-18.

all® free clear laundry products complement sensitive

skin management

28

Formulated without dyes or perfumes

Engineered for people with sensitive skin

Available as laundry detergent, fabric softener, and dryer sheets

as components of comprehensive skin management

The all® free clear line of laundry products is specifically

formulated for use in people with sensitive skin


Summary

29

Detergent surfactant combinations aid in detergency but may

cause irritancy in patients with sensitive skin1-3

all® free clear laundry detergent contains a unique blend of anionic

and nonionic surfactants that minimizes skin irritancy potential and

maximizes cleaning performance4

Fabric microstructure is permanently altered after repeated

washing due to mechanical friction and chemical action of

detergents5

all® free clear fabric softener is specifically formulated to be mild on

skin and provides effective fabric softening4

Dyes and perfumes influence purchase intent, but they are made

up of complex chemicals that can cause skin reactions4,6

all® free clear offers a complete line of laundry products—free of

perfumes and dyes—designed for sensitive skin4


2. Effendy I, Maibach HI. Contact Dermatitis. 1995;33(4):217-225.

3. Fluhr JW et al. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2008;21(3):124–135.


5. Farooq A, Schramm CJ Jr. In: Zoller U, ed. Handbook of Detergents. Part E: Applications.

Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2009:181-200.

6. Bouchez C. http://www.webmd.com/allergies/features/fragrance-allergies-a-sensory-assault.

Accessed March 10, 2014.

Q&A

30

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at Sun Products, Booth 2922

Thank you!

31

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