infancy (pt 3)
DESCRIPTION
Social development in early infancy.TRANSCRIPT
The Roots of The Roots of SocializationSocialization
Emotions in InfancyEmotions in InfancyNon-verbal encodingNon-verbal encoding
The non-verbal expression of The non-verbal expression of emotionemotion
Infants display similar kinds of emotionInfants display similar kinds of emotion
The degree of emotional The degree of emotional expression variesexpression varies
Experiencing Experiencing EmotionsEmotionsNot the same as adultsNot the same as adults
Non-verbal expression may be Non-verbal expression may be reflexivereflexive
With maturity, emotional expression With maturity, emotional expression increases in rangeincreases in range
Reflects a greater complexity developing in Reflects a greater complexity developing in the brainthe brain
Separation & Stranger Separation & Stranger AnxietyAnxiety
Stranger AnxietyStranger AnxietyInfant’s wariness in the Infant’s wariness in the presence of an unfamiliar adultpresence of an unfamiliar adult
Increased cognitive abilities Increased cognitive abilities play a role in stranger anxietyplay a role in stranger anxiety
As memory develops they As memory develops they respond positively to familiar respond positively to familiar facesfaces
Separation AnxietySeparation AnxietyDistress displayed by an infant Distress displayed by an infant when the usual caregiver when the usual caregiver leavesleaves
With the growth of cognitive With the growth of cognitive abilities, familiar faces become abilities, familiar faces become bonded with the infantbonded with the infant
SmilesSmilesEarliest SmilesEarliest SmilesEarliest smiles are meaninglessEarliest smiles are meaningless
by 6 – 9 weeks they smile at things that by 6 – 9 weeks they smile at things that please themplease them
Anything that amuses them brings a Anything that amuses them brings a smilesmile
Social SmilesSocial SmilesSmiles directed toward particular Smiles directed toward particular personspersons
By 18 months their smiles are directed By 18 months their smiles are directed toward their mothers & other toward their mothers & other caregiverscaregivers
Decoding Others’ Decoding Others’ ExpressionsExpressions
Discrimination Discrimination of Emotionsof EmotionsCan tell when caregiver is happy to Can tell when caregiver is happy to see him/hersee him/her
Can discriminate vocal expressions Can discriminate vocal expressions of emotion earlier than facial of emotion earlier than facial expressionsexpressions
Can discriminate between Can discriminate between happy & sad vocal happy & sad vocal expressions at 5 monthsexpressions at 5 months
Infants learn to produce & decode Infants learn to produce & decode emotions & begin to learn the effect emotions & begin to learn the effect of their emotions on othersof their emotions on others
Experiencing Others’ Experiencing Others’ FeelingsFeelings
Social Social ReferencingReferencingLooking to the emotional Looking to the emotional responses of caregivers or responses of caregivers or other adults when in an other adults when in an unfamiliar setting for cues unfamiliar setting for cues to interpret the situationto interpret the situation
Search others’ facial Search others’ facial expressions & expressions &
imitates itimitates it
Occurs in ambiguous Occurs in ambiguous or or uncertain situationsuncertain situations
Development of Development of the Selfthe Self
Self-Self-AwarenessAwarenessKnowledge of oneselfBegins around 12 monthsCulture affects self-recognition
Theory of MindTheory of MindKnowledge & beliefs of how the mind works & how it influences behavior
Capacity to understand Capacity to understand another’s another’s intentions grows intentions grows during infancyduring infancy
EmpathyExperiencing another’s feelings
RelationshipsRelationshipsAttachmentAttachmentAffectionate, reciprocal relationship Affectionate, reciprocal relationship formed between an infant & the formed between an infant & the primary caregiverprimary caregiver
Bonds form between infants & parents, siblings, other family members, & others
When children experience attachment to a given person they feel comfortable around them
Harlow’s Harlow’s ExperimentExperiment
Types of Types of AttachmentAttachment
Secure AttachmentSecure AttachmentMother is used as a Mother is used as a base for explorationbase for explorationAs long as the mother is As long as the mother is present the infant explores present the infant explores independentlyindependentlyBecomes upset when mother Becomes upset when mother leaves & seeks her upon leaves & seeks her upon returnreturn
Avoidant AttachmentAvoidant AttachmentProximity to the mother Proximity to the mother is unimportant to the is unimportant to the infantinfantUpon mother’s return, avoids Upon mother’s return, avoids herher
Ambivalent AttachmentAmbivalent AttachmentDisplays positive & Displays positive & negative reactions to the negative reactions to the mothermotherDoesn’t explore much due to Doesn’t explore much due to extremely close contact with extremely close contact with mothermotherAmbivalent with mother’s returnAmbivalent with mother’s return
Disorganized-disoriented Disorganized-disoriented AttachmentAttachmentInconsistent, Inconsistent, contradictory, confused contradictory, confused behaviorbehaviorLeast securely attachedLeast securely attachedRuns to mother upon return but Runs to mother upon return but doesn’t look at herdoesn’t look at her
Interactional Synchrony
When caregivers respond to When caregivers respond to infants appropriately & caregiver infants appropriately & caregiver & child match emotional states& child match emotional states
Produces secure attachmentProduces secure attachment
Responding of mothers Responding of mothers separates secure from insecure separates secure from insecure attachmentattachment
Fathers & Fathers & AttachmentAttachment
Fathers Seen as Having Fathers Seen as Having Secondary Child-rearing Secondary Child-rearing RoleRoleSome infants form a primary relationship Some infants form a primary relationship with their fatherswith their fathers
Father’s Nurturance, Father’s Nurturance, Warmth, Affection, Warmth, Affection, Support, & Concern are Support, & Concern are Important to the Child’s Important to the Child’s Emotional & Social Well-Emotional & Social Well-beingbeingCertain kinds of psychological disorders (e.g. Certain kinds of psychological disorders (e.g. substance abuse & depression) are related to substance abuse & depression) are related to the father’s behaviorthe father’s behavior
Infants can develop attachments to other Infants can develop attachments to other than mothersthan mothers
Differences in Differences in AttachmentAttachment
Differences in Mother Differences in Mother & Father Attachment& Father AttachmentAttachment with the father Attachment with the father and mother depend on how and mother depend on how they deal with the childthey deal with the child
Mothers spend more time Mothers spend more time tending the child; fathers tending the child; fathers spend more time playingspend more time playing
Play of the mother & father Play of the mother & father is differentis different
Attachment Across Attachment Across CulturesCulturesCertain attachment Certain attachment patterns seem more likely patterns seem more likely in particular culturesin particular cultures
Attachment is viewed as Attachment is viewed as subject to cultural norms & subject to cultural norms & expectationsexpectations
Multiple InteractionsMultiple InteractionsMay develop multiple attachments & May develop multiple attachments & these can change over timethese can change over time
Mutual Regulation Mutual Regulation ModelModelInfants & parents learn to communicate Infants & parents learn to communicate emotional states to each other & emotional states to each other & respond appropriatelyrespond appropriately
Reciprocal Reciprocal SocializationSocializationAs an infant is being socialized by the As an infant is being socialized by the parents, the parents are being parents, the parents are being socialized by the infantsocialized by the infant
Interaction with PeersInteraction with Peers
SociabilitySociabilityLevel of sociability increases with ageSocial games such as peek-a-boo and crawl-and-chase are the foundation for social interactionsImitation of peers are part of the social experience & a teaching tool
Erikson’s Erikson’s Psychosocial StagesPsychosocial StagesTrust v. MistrustTrust v. MistrustBirth to 18 monthsBirth to 18 months
The infant develops a sense of The infant develops a sense of trust in the environmenttrust in the environment
This is based mainly on how the This is based mainly on how the needs are metneeds are met
If met properly it develops a If met properly it develops a sense of hope that the needs will sense of hope that the needs will be met successfully in the futurebe met successfully in the future
Autonomy v. Shame & Autonomy v. Shame & DoubtDoubt18 months to 3 years18 months to 3 years
If the child is allowed to If the child is allowed to explore, a sense of explore, a sense of independence developsindependence develops
If there is restriction & If there is restriction & overprotection it produces a overprotection it produces a sense of shame & doubt in sense of shame & doubt in him/herselfhim/herself
Stabilities in Infant Stabilities in Infant BehaviorBehavior
TemperamentTemperamentConsistent style or pattern of Consistent style or pattern of behaviorbehavior
Refers to patterns of arousal & Refers to patterns of arousal & emotionality that are consistentemotionality that are consistent
Refers to how children behave Refers to how children behave rather than what they do or rather than what they do or why they do itwhy they do it
It is reflected in It is reflected in activity levelactivity level which reflects the which reflects the degree of degree of overall movementoverall movement
Categorizing TemperamentCategorizing TemperamentEasy BabiesEasy BabiesPositive disposition & adaptablePositive disposition & adaptable
Difficult BabiesDifficult BabiesNegative moods & slow to adaptNegative moods & slow to adapt
Slow-to-warm Slow-to-warm BabiesBabiesInactive & relatively calm in their Inactive & relatively calm in their reactions to the environment & slow reactions to the environment & slow to adaptto adapt
Moods are generally negative & Moods are generally negative & withdraws from new situationswithdraws from new situations
Shy BabiesShy BabiesWithdraws from social situations & is Withdraws from social situations & is anxious in new situationsanxious in new situations
Importance of Importance of TemperamentTemperamentSome temperaments are more Some temperaments are more adaptive than othersadaptive than others
Some temperaments are weakly Some temperaments are weakly related to attachmentrelated to attachment
Cultural differences have a major Cultural differences have a major influence on certain influence on certain temperamentstemperaments
Biological Basis Biological Basis of Temperamentof TemperamentTemperament excites the limbic Temperament excites the limbic system, especially the amygdalasystem, especially the amygdala
GenderGender Issues IssuesGenderGenderSocial perceptions of maleness or Social perceptions of maleness or femalenessfemaleness
Gender Gender TreatmentTreatmentBoys & girls are treated differentlyBoys & girls are treated differently
Parents play with boys differently than Parents play with boys differently than girlsgirls
Fathers tend to interact more with boys Fathers tend to interact more with boys than with girls from birththan with girls from birth
The behavior of boys is interpreted The behavior of boys is interpreted differently than girlsdifferently than girls
All cultures have gender roles for males All cultures have gender roles for males & females& females
Gender Gender DifferencesDifferences
Activity LevelActivity LevelMale infants tend to be more activeMale infants tend to be more active
Boys grimace moreBoys grimace more
Boys have more disturbed sleepBoys have more disturbed sleep
Male neonates are more irritable Male neonates are more irritable than femalesthan females
There’s no difference in the amount There’s no difference in the amount of cryingof crying
Gender RolesGender RolesGender differences emerge via Gender differences emerge via gender roles set by the societygender roles set by the society