infection and immunity · infectionandimmunity volume35 * number1 * january1982 editorialboard j....

INFECTION AND IMMUNITYVOLUME 35 * NUMBER 1 * JANUARY 1982

EDITORIAL BOARDJ. W. Shands, Jr., Editor-in-Chief (1984)

University of Florida, GainesvillePhillip J. Baker, Editor (1985)

National Institute ofAllergy and Infectious DiseasesBethesda, Md.

Peter F. Bonventre, Editor (1984)University of Cincinnati

Cincinnati, OhioBernard N. Fields, Editor (1984)

Harvard University, Medical SchoolBoston, Mass.

Arthur G. Johnson, Editor (1986)University of Minnesota, Duluth

Stephan E. Mergenhagen, Editor (1984)National Institute ofDental Research

Bethesda, Md.John H. Schwab, Editor (1985) ,

Department ofBacteriology, Medical School,University ofNorth Carolina

Chapel Hill, N.C.

Michael A. Apicella (1982)John A. Armstrong (1983)Roland Arnold (1984)Joel B. Baseman (1982)Edwin H. Beachey (1983)Elmer L. Becker (1984)Neil Blacklow (1984)Arnold S. Bleiweis (1984)William H. Bowen (1982)Robert R. Brubaker (1983)Ward Bullock, Jr. (1982)Priscilla A. Campbell (1983)Bruce Chassy (1984)John 0. Cisar (1982)Myron Cohen (1984)Barry C. Cole (1984)Gerald A. Cole (1983)R. John Collier (1984)Lynette Corbeil (1984)Jim E. Cutler (1984)Peter C. Doherty (1984)Judith E. Domer (1983)James L. Duncan (1982)Dennis Dwyer (1984)Roman Dziarski (1984)Robert A. Eisenberg (1984)Toby Eisenstein (1984)Peter Elsbach (1983)Stanley Falkow (1982)John C. Feeley (1982)Robert Finberg (1984)John R. Finerty (1984)Thomas J. Fitzgerald (1983)Samuel B. Formal (1983)Robert M. Friedman (1983)Peter Gemski (1982)Robert Genco (1982)Ronald J. Gibbons (1982)

Frances Gillin (1984)Mayer B. Goren (1982)Frank Griffin (1984)Carlton L. Gyles (1982)Arthur H. Hale (1982)Edgar Hanna (1984)Martin S. Hirsch (1982)Randall K. Hohnes (1983)Johannes van Houte (1982)Dexter H. Howard (1982)Karl M. Johnson (1983)William Johnson (1982)Garth W. Jones (1984)Irving G. Kagan (1983)George E. Kenny (1984)George S. Kobayashi (1983)Yi-chi M. Kong (1983)Julius P. Kreier (1983)Maurice J. Lefford (1984)Thomas Lehner (1983)Stephan H. Leppla (1982)Jack P. London (1983)Michael Loos (1984)Jerry R. McGhee (1982)Douglas D. McGregor (1982)Floyd C. McIntire (1982)Monte Meltzer (1983)Jiri Mestecky (1983)J. Gabriel Michael (1983)George Miller (1983)W. E. C. Moore (1983)David Morrison (1983)Frederick A. Murphy (1982)George Naff (1983)George A. Nankervis (1982)Neal Nathanson (1984)Robert J. North (1982)Alois H. Nowotny (1983)

Pearay L. Ogra (1983)Roy C. Page (1982)Monique Parant (1984)Fred Rapp (1983)John B. Robbins (1983)Donald Robertson (1984)Burton Rosan (1983)Noel R. Rose (1983)David Rosenstreich (1982)Jon A. Rudbach (1984)Stephen W. Russell (1982)R. Bradley Sack (1983)Catherine Saelinger (1984)Edward J. St. Martin (1982)Irvin E. Salit (1983)Anthony J. Sbarra (1984)Charles F. Schachtele (1982)Julius Schachter (1983)H. Jean Shadomy (1983)Alan Sher (1984)Gerald D. Shockman (1983)Ralph Snyderman (1982)Barnet M. Sultzer (1982)John L. Swanson (1984)Norton S. Talchman (1982)Diane Taylor (1984)Ivo van de Rijn (1984)Duard L. Walker (1983)Lewis W. Wannamaker (1984)Peter A. Ward (1982)James D. Watson (1982)Robert G. Webster (1983)Willlam P. Weidanz (1984)WilDiam 0. Weigle (1984)Emnilo Weiss (1983)Jerry A. Winklestein (1984)Alex J. Winter (1983)Mever J. Wolin (1984)

Helen R. Whiteley, Chairman, Publications BoardLinda M. Illig, Managing Editor, Journals

Walter G. Peter III, Director, PublicationsPaul B. Cederborg, Production Editor

Infection and Immunity (ISSN 0019-9567), a publication of the American Society for Microbiology, 1913 I St., NW, Washington,DC 20006, is devoted to the advancement and dissemination of fundamental knowledge concerning: (i) infections caused bypathogenic bacteria, fungi, unicellular parasites, and viruses; (ii) the ecology and epidemiology of pathogenic microbes; (iii)virulence factors, such as toxins and microbial surface structures; (iv) nonspecific factors in host resistance and susceptibility toinfection; and (v) immunology of microbial infection. Instructions to authors are published in the January issue each year;reprints are available from the editors and the Publications Office. Infection and Immunity is published monthly, and the twelvenumbers are divided into four volumes per year. The nonmember subscription price is $180 per year; single copies are $18. Themember subscription price is $32 (foreign, $37 [surface rate]) per year; single copies are $6. Correspondence relating tosubscriptions, reprints, defective copies, availability of back issues, lost or late proofs, disposition of submitted manuscripts, andgeneral editorial matters should be directed to the ASM Publications Office, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006 (area 202833-9680).

Second class postage paid at Washington, DC 20006,and at additional mailing offices.Made in the United States of America.Copyright C 1982, American Society for Microbiology.All Rights Reserved.

The code at the top of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the articlemay be made for personal use or for personal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that thecopier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., P.O. Box 765, Schenectady, NY 12301, forcopying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kindsof copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works,or for resale.

8* Ilmfififa: 4 lljkt.

Author IndexAbramson, Jon S., 350Adamson, Michael, 20Ahmed, Aftab, 111

Allansmith, Mathea R., 202Allen, Janice B., 377Appelbaum, Benjamin, 64, 86Arnold, Roland R., 157, 202Artis, William M., 368Awad-Masalmeh, M., 305

Baer, George M., 213Barcinski, Marcello A., 46Beaman, Blaine L., 111

Benedettini, G., 13Beneke, Everett S., 79Bergey, Earl J., 335Blumenstock, Erich, 264Brophy, Patrick F., 289Brown, Arthur, 248Buchanan, Thomas B., 229Burns, Christine A., 202

Campa, M., 13Campbell, Lindy K., 64Carlsson, Jan, 20Chan, John K., 187Clark, I. A., 52Clark, Ian A., 58Colizzi, V., 13Coto, Celia E., 356Craven, Rebecca C., 281

de Graaff, Johannes, 32DeChatelet, Lawrence R., 206Deem, Richard, 111

Devlin, Veronica, 363Dewhirst, Floyd E., 133Diffley, Peter, 173Dondero, Dale V., 363Doyle, Ronald J., 157Duncan, Robert L., Jr., 368

Falcone, G., 13Feigin, Ralph D., 166Fikrig, Senih M., 71Fisher, J., 138Fleischer, Bernhard, 25Fleming, Diane O., 240Fraser-Smith, Elizabeth B., 105Freedman, Lawrence R., 320Freedman, M. L., 138

Gallo, Dana, 363Gannon, Patrick J., 193Garzelli, C., 13Gates, David, 248Gershwin, M. Eric, 111

Gibbons, R. J., 326Giebink, G. Scott, 350Glauser, Michael P., 320Golub, Ellis, 86Gonzdlez, Pedro H., 356Guentzel, M. Neal, 222

Hammond, B. F., 343Harrington-Fowler, Linda, 124Helander, Ilkka, 359Herrera, Caleb, 222Hirayama, Toshiya, 38Hoilien, Catherine A., 314Holder, Ian A., 276, 281Hughes, Cofin, 270Huxsoll, David L., 314

Jacobs, Diane M., 193Jann, Klaus, 264Jayawardena, Anil N., 173Jerrells, Thomas R., 117

Kaplan, Sheldon L., 166Kato, Iwao, 38Keller, Robert, 5Kendall-Morris, Saundra, 95Knapp, Joan S., 229Knoop, Floyd C., 289Knox, Kenneth W., 64Kornman, Kenneth S., 256Kreth, Hans W., 25

Laguens, Ruben P., 356Lai, C. H., 343Lambris, John D., 377Lampe, Richard M., 166Lampuri, Jorge S., 356Lee, Gerald D., 5Lee, Wei-Li, 71LeFrock, Jack L., 187Leon, Leonor L., 46Libby, Jeffrey M., 374Loesche, Walter J., 256Lounatmaa, Kari, 359

MacLaren, David M., 32Malamud, Daniel, 86Marx, Arthur, 193Mason, Edward O., Jr., 166Matsuda, Futami, 38Matthews, Thomas R., 105Mayer, Hubert, 193McClelland, Catherine L., 213McGarrity, Gerard J., 296Merz, David C., 179Mills, Elaine L., 350Montie, Thomas C., 276, 281Moon, H. W., 305

Nesbitt, Warren E., 157Neter, Erwin, 193Newborg, Michael F., 143Noda, Masatoshi, 38North, Robert J., 143

Ohishi, Iwao, 1

Osterman, Joseph V., 117

Patterson, Ronald J., 79Pereira, Lenore, 363Peros, W. J., 326

Phillips, David M., 296Phillips, Ruth, 270Plaeger-Marshall, Susan, 151

Quie, Paul G., 350

Rapmund, Garrison, 314Reed, D. E., 371Reid, Frances L., 213Ristic, Miodrag, 314Robbins, John B., 95Roberts, Anthony P., 270Rock, D. L., 371Rogers, Alvin L., 79Romanowska, Elzbieta, 193Rosan, Burton, 64, 86Runnels, P. L., 305Rzepczyk, Christine M., 58

Sakaguchi, Genji, 1Sandin, Ramon L., 79Sandstrom, Eric G., 229Scates, Steve M., 111Scharfstein, Julio, 46Schell, Ronald F., 187Schneerson, Rachel, 95Schneider, R. A., 305Schwab, John H., 377Server, Alfred C., 179Shalita, Alan R., 71Shewen, Patricia E., 91Shirley, Pamela S., 206Smith, Jean S., 213Smith, Jerry W., 151Staat, Robert H., 157Steiner, Theodor, 296Stevens, R. H., 343Stinson, Murray W., 335Suntharalingam, Kamala, 71Sutton, Ann, 95

Tanzer, J. M., 138Taylor, K. Grant, 157

Umstead, Carol L., 166

van den Bosch, Johannes F., 32

Waalwijk, Cornelis, 32Waters, Ruth V., 105Waxham, Melvin N., 179Wheeler, Robert, 276Wicken, Anthony J., 64Wilder, Martin S., 124Wilkie, Bruce N., 91Wilkins, Tracy D., 374Wilson, Lawrence A., 151Wolinsky, Jerry S., 179Wood, P. R., 52Woodie, James D., 363Wust, Carl J., 248

Yersin, Bertrand R., 320Yow, Martha D., 166

INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Jan. 1982

INFECTION AND IMMUNITY

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

HOW TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPTSSubmit manuscripts directly to the ASM Pub-

lications Office, 1913 I Street, NW, Washington,DC 20006. The maniuscript should be accompa-nied by a covering letter stating the following:the journal to which the manuscript is beingsubmitted; the most appropriate section of thejournal; the address and telephone number ofthe corresponding author; and the former manu-script number (if it is being resubmitted).Submit two complete copies of each manu-

script, including figures and tables. The manu-script may be either the original typescript orclear, clean copies. Type every portion of themanuscript double-space, including figure leg-ends, table footnotes, and Literature Cited, andnumber all pages in sequence, including theabstract, tables, and figure legends. The use ofpaper with numbered lines is recommended.Submit figures as glossy or mat-finish photo-

graphs. (See p. iv for detailed instructions).Authors who are unsure of proper English

usage should have their manuscripts checked bysomeone proficient in the English language.Manuscripts may be rejected on the basis ofpoor English or lack of conformity to acceptedstandards of style.

EDITORIAL POLICYManuscripts submitted to Infection and Im-

munity (IAI) must represent reports of originalresearch that have not been previously pub-lished and that are not being considered forpublication elsewhere.

Page ChargesAuthors will be assessed $20 per published

page for papers received after 31 December1981. A bill for page charges will be sent with thegalley proofs and reprint order form.

It is anticipated that the page charges will bepaid by all authors who have funds availablefrom their institution or from the sponsor of theresearch. If funds for payment of page chargesare not available, a request to waive the chargesmay be sent to Walter G. Peter III, Director,Publications, American Society for Microbiolo-gy, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006,immediately after receipt of the letter statingthat the manuscript is acceptable for publica-tion.

CopyrightTo maintain and protect the Society's owner-

ship and rights and to be able to protect the

original authors from misappropriation of theirpublished work, ASM requires authors to sign acopyright transfer agreement. This agreement issent to the submitting author when the manu-script is accepted for publication. Unless thisagreement is executed, ASM will not publish themanuscript. (U.S. government employees mayfile a statement attesting that a manuscript wasprepared as part of their official duties.)ScopeIAI is devoted to the advancement and dis-

semination of fundamental knowledge concern-ing (i) infections caused by pathogenic bacteria,fungi, unicellular parasites, and viruses; (ii) ecol-ogy and epidemiology of pathogenic microbes;(iii) virulence factors, such as toxins and micro-bial surface structures; (iv) nonspecific factorsin host resistance and susceptibility to infection;and (v) immunology of microbial infection.

IAI will consider papers concerned with theecology of pathogenic microbes. Clinical de-scriptions and the microbiology of hospital envi-ronments should be submitted to the Journal ofClinical Microbiology. Papers concerned withenvironmental ecology should be submitted toApplied and Environmental Microbiology.

IAI will consider papers concerned with spe-cific and nonspecific immunity to microorga-nisms, including the function of phagocytes,lymphocytes, immunoglobulins, and other fac-tors. Studies of basic immunology and tumorimmunology are more appropriate for non-ASMjournals.

IAI will consider papers describing experi-mental models of infections and the pathologicalconsequences of infection. In addition, the jour-nal will consider papers describing microbialproducts that are or may be related to pathogen-esis. Microbial products or activities that aredescribed and related to diagnosis should besubmitted to the Journal of Clinical Microbiolo-gy. If papers contain extensive taxonomic mate-rial, they should be submitted to the Internation-al Journal of Systematic Bacteriology.IAI will not consider papers concerned with

antimicrobial therapy. These should be submit-ted to Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

IAI will consider papers concerned with uni-cellular parasites. Those dealing with multicellu-lar parasites are usually not accepted unless thepaper is concerned with immune modulation byparasites or their products.Papers describing methodology are not en-

couraged; only under unusual circumstanceswill they be considered for publication.

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If you have questions about these guidelines,please contact the editor-in-chief of the journalyou are considering.Note that a manuscript rejected by one ASM

journal on scientific grounds or its general suit-ability for publication is considered rejected byall other ASM journals.

Editorial StyleThe editorial style of ASM journals conforms

to the Council of Biology Editors Style Manual(4th ed., 1978; CBE Secretariat, 9650 RockvillePike, Bethesda, Md.), Robert A. Day's How toWrite and Publish a Scientific Paper (ISI Press,1979), and Scientific Writing for Graduate Stu-dents (CBE Secretariat), as interpreted andmodified by the editors and the ASM Publica-tions Office. The editors and the PublicationsOffice reserve the privilege of editing manu-scripts to conform with the stylistic conventionsset forth in the aforesaid publications and inthese instructions.

The Review ProcessAll manuscripts are subjected to peer review

by the editors, by members of the EditorialBoard, or by qualified outside reviewers. Whena manuscript is submitted to IAI, it is given amanuscript control number and is assigned toone of the editors. The author is notified of thisnumber and the editor to whom the manuscriptis assigned. The reviewers operate under strictguidelines set forth in "Guidelines for Review-ers" and are expected to complete their reviewswithin 3 weeks after receipt of the manuscript.Authors are notified, generally within 8 weeksafter submission, as to acceptance, rejection, orneed for modification. When a manuscript isreturned to the author for modification, it shouldbe returned to the editor within 2 months. Ifmore time is required, permission should beobtained from the editor; otherwise it may beconsidered withdrawn.When an editor has decided that a manuscript

is scientifically acceptable for publication, themanuscript is sent to the ASM PublicationsOffice together with a signed letter of accept-ance. The month of publication, approximategalley date, and section are added to the accep-tance letter, and the letter is mailed to theauthor. The editorial staff of the ASM Publica-tions Office completes the editing of the manu-script to bring it into conformity with prescribedstyle and English usage.

Galley ProofsThe printer sends the galley proofs, copy-

edited manuscript, and reprint order form to theauthor. As soon as the galleys are corrected

(within 48 h), they should be mailed to the ASMPublications Office.The galley proof stage is not the time to make

extensive corrections, additions, or deletions. Ifnew information has become available betweenacceptance and receipt of the galley proof, andyou feel that it is important to include thisinformation, insert it as an "Addendum inProof" with the permission of the editor. Limitchanges to correction of spelling errors, incor-rect data, serious grammatical errors, and com-pletion of "in press" references. Such refer-ences can be listed in Literature Cited in alpha-betical order by adding "a," "b," etc., to thereference number; i.e., if the reference falls aftercitation 12, give it the designation "12a." Do notrenumber references.jQuestions regarding late galleys and problems

in the proof should be directed to the ASMPublications Office, telephone 202-833-9680.

ORGANIZATION AND FORMAT

Regular PapersRegular full-length papers should include the

elements described in this section.

Title. Each manuscript should present theresults of an independent, cohesive study; thus,numbered series titles are not permitted. Exer-cise care in composing a title. Avoid the main-title/subtitle arrangement. On the title page, in-clude: title, running title (not to exceed 46 char-acters and spaces), full name (including firstname and middle initial) of each author, address-(es) of the institution(s) at which the work wasperformed, and each author's affiliation or afootnote indicating the present address(es) ofany author(s) no longer at the institution wherethe work was performed. Place an asterisk afterthe name of the author to whom inquiries regard-ing the paper should be directed, and give thatauthor's telephone number.

Abstract. Limit the abstract to 250 words orfewer, and concisely summarize the basic con-tent of the paper without presenting extensiveexperimental details. Avoid abbreviations, dia-grams, and references. When it is essential toinclude a reference, use the full literature cita-tion but omit the article title. Because the ab-stract will be published separately by abstractingservices, it must be complete and understand-able without reference to the text.

Introduction. The introduction should supplysufficient background information to allow thereader to understand and evaluate the results ofthe present study without needing to refer toprevious publications on the topic. The intro-

. .


duction should also provide the rationale for thepresent study. Choose references carefully toprovide the most salient background rather thanan exhaustive review of the topic.

Materials and Methods. The methods sectionshould include sufficient technical informationso that the experiments can be repeated. Forcommonly used materials and methods (e.g.,commonly used media, protein determinations),a simple reference is sufficient. If several alter-native methodologies are commonly employed,it is useful to identify the method briefly as wellas to cite the reference. For example, it ispreferable to state "cells were broken by ultra-sonic treatment as previously described (9)"rather than "cells were broken as previouslydescribed (9)." You should allow the reader toassess the methodology without constant refer-ence to previous publications. Describe newmethods completely, and give sources of unusu-al chemicals, equipment, or microbial strains.When large numbers of microbial strains ormutants are used in a study, include strain tablesidentifying the sources and properties of thestrains, mutants, bacteriophages, plasmids, etc.A method, strain, etc., used in only one of

several experiments reported in the papershould be described in the Results seotion or, ifbrief enough, in a table footnote or figure legend.

Results. In the Results section, include therationale or design of the experiments as well asthe results; reserve extensive interpretation ofthe results for the Discussion section. Presentthe results as concisely as possible in one of thefollowing: text, table(s), or figure(s). However,avoid extensive use of graphs to present datathat might be more concisely presented in thetext or tables. For example, except in unusualcases, double-reciprocal plots used to determineapparent Km values should not be presented asgraphs; instead, the values should be stated inthe text. Similarly, graphs illustrating othergraphic methods commonly used to derive kinet-ic or physical constants (e.g., reduced viscosityplots, plots used to determine sedimentationvelocity) need not be shown except in unusualcircumstances. Limit photographs (particularlyphotomicrographs and electron micrographs) tothose that are absolutely necessary to demon-strate the experimental findings. Number figuresand tables in the order in which they are cited inthe text, and be sure to cite all figures and tables.

Discussion. The Discussion should provide theinterpretation of the results in relation to previ-ously published work and to the experimentalsystem at hand and should not contain extensive

repetition of the Results section or reiteration ofthe introduction. In short papers, the Resultsand Discussion sections may be combined.

Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments for fi-nancial assistance and for personal assistanceare given in two separate paragraphs. The usualformat for acknowlegment of grant support is asfollows: "This work was supported by PublicHealth Service grant CA-01234 from the Nation-al Cancer Institute."

Appendixes. Appendixes, which contain sup-plementary material to aid the reader, are per-mitted. Titles, authors, and Literature Citedsections that are distinct from those of theprimary article are not allowed. If it is notfeasible to list the author(s) of the appendix inthe by-line or the Acknowledgment section ofthe primary article, rewrite the appendix so thatit can be considered for publication as an inde-pendent article, either full length or Note style.

Literature Cited. Arrange the Literature Citedsection in alphabetical order, by first author, andnumber consecutively. (Abbreviate journalnames according to the Bibliographic Guide forEditors & Authors, American Chemical Society,1974, or Serial Sources for the BIOSIS DataBase, BioSciences Information Service, 1981.)Cite each listed reference by number in the text.The following types of references are not valid

for listing: unpublished data, personal communi-cations, manuscripts in preparation, manu-scripts submitted, "in press" references,pamphlets, abstracts, patents, theses, disserta-tions, and any other material that has not beensubjected to peer review. References to suchsources should be made parenthetically in thetext. An "in press" reference to an ASM publi-cation should state the control number (e.g., IAI576) or the name of the publication, if it is abook.Follow the styles shown in the examples be-

low.1. Alderete, J. F., and D. C. Robertson. 1978. Purifi-

cation and chemical characterization of the heat-stable enterotoxin produced by porcine strains ofenterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun.19:1021-1030.

2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, andR. E. Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements forenzyme inhibition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321-325. In D. Schlessinger (ed.), Microbiology-1977.American Society for Microbiology, Washington,D.C.

3. Flnegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H.Spaulding. 1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobicbacteriology. Coordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd.American Society for Microbiology, Washington,D.C.

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4. Gill, T. J., III. 1976. Principles of radio-immunoassay, p. 169-171. In N. R. Rose and H.Friedman (ed.), Manual of clinical immunology.American Society for Microbiology, Washington,D.C.

5. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagalesnomen novum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E.Gibbons (ed.), Bergey's manual of determinativebacteriology, 8th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co.,Baltimore.

6. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genet-ics, p. 352-355. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

7. Sacks, L. E. 1972. Influence of intra- and extracel-lular cations on the germination of bacterial spores,p. 437-442. In H. 0. Halvorson, R. Hanson, andL. L. Campbell (ed.), Spores V. American Societyfor Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

Parenthetical references in the text should becited as follows:... and protects the organisms against oxygentoxicity (H. P. Misra and I. Fridovich, Fed.Proc. 35:1686, 1976).... system was used (W. E. Scowcroft, A. H.Gibson, and J. D. Pagan, Biochem. Biophys.Res. Commun., in press).... in linkage group XIV (R. D. Smyth, Ph.D.thesis, University of California, Los Angeles,1972).... in poly mitochondria (S. E. Mainzer andC. W. Slayman, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc.Microbiol. 1976, K15, p. 139).

NotesSubmit Notes in the same way as full-length

papers. They receive the same review, and theyare neither published more rapidly than full-length papers nor considered preliminary com-munications. The Note format is intended forthe presentation of brief observations that do notwarrant full-length papers.Each Note must have an abstract of no more

than 50 words. Do not use section headings inthe body of the Note; report methods, results,and discussion in a single section. The text is notto exceed 1,000 words, and the number of fig-ures and tables should be kept to a minimum.Present acknowledgments as in full-length pa-pers, but do not use a heading. The LiteratureCited section is identical to that of full-lengthpapers.

ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES

PhotographsWhen submitting electron micrographs, pho-

tographs of polyacrylamide gels, etc., keep inmind the journal page size: 6.5 cm for a singlecolumn and 14 cm for a double column (maxi-mum). Include only the significant portion of theillustration. Each must be of sufficient contrast

to withstand the inevitable loss of contrast anddetail inherent in the printing process. Electronand light micrographs must be first-generationcopies of the original negatives. Indicate with ascale marker the magnification of each photomi-crograph and electron micrograph, rather thanstating the magnification in the legend. Do notmount figures on cardboard. Composite figuresmay be mounted on bond paper. A complete setof photographs, not photocopies, must accom-pany each copy of the manuscript.

DrawingsSubmit graphs, charts, diagrams, and other

drawings as photographs made from finisheddrawings not requiring additional artwork ortypesetting. No part of the graph or drawingshould be typewritten. Use a lettering set orother professional-quality device for all labeling.Most graphs will be reduced to one-columnwidth (6.5 cm), and all elements in the drawingshould be prepared to withstand this reduction.Avoid very heavy letters, which tend to close upwhen reduced, and unusual symbols which theprinter may not be able to reproduce in thelegend. Symbols and lettering should be of ap-propriate size; do not use large letters and smallsymbols or vice versa. Direct readouts fromcomputers, recorders, etc., are not usually ac-ceptable; such materials should be redrawn.

In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as wellas in table column headings), avoid ambiguoususe of numbers with exponents. Usually, it ispreferable to use the International System ofUnits (jib for 10-6, m for 10-', k for 103, M for106, etc.). A complete listing of SI symbols canbe found in the International Union of Pure andApplied Chemistry (IUPAC) "Manual of Sym-bols and Terminology for PhysicochemicalQuantities and Units" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970). Thus, a representation of 20,000 cpmon a figure ordinate is to be made by the number20, accompanied by a label kcpm.When powers of 10 must be employed, the

editorial style of IAI follows the CBE StyleManual recommendation, which differs in theconvention employed from that of several otherjournals. The CBE Style Manual suggests thatthe exponent power be associated with numbershown. In representing 2 x 107 cells per ml, thecorrect designation would be 2, labeled as 107cells per ml, not cells per ml x 10-7. Likewise,an enzyme activity of 0.06 U/ml would be shownas 6, accompanied by the label 10-2 U/ml. Thepreferred designation would be 60 mU/ml la-beled as mU (or milliunits) per ml.

Figure LegendsFigure legends may be placed beneath the

photocopy of a drawing for the convenience of

iv


reviewers. (In addition, however, a complete setof photographs or drawings with legends onseparate pages must accompany each copy ofthe manuscript.) Legends should provideenough information so that the figure is under-standable without frequent reference to the text.However, do not repeat experimental methodsin the legend. Define all symbols and abbrevia-tions used in the figure. Common abbreviationsand others used frequently in preceding textneed not be redefined in the legend.

TablesType each table on a separate page. Arrange

the data so that columns of like material readdown, not across. The headings should be suffi-ciently clear so that the meaning of the data willbe understandable without reference to the text.See the "Abbreviations" section of these in-structions for those that may be used in tables.Explanatory footnotes are acceptable, but moreextensive table "legends" are not. Footnotesshould not include detailed descriptions of theexperiment. A well-constructed table is shownbelow:

TABLE 1. Distribution of protein and ATPase infractions of dialyzed membranesa

ATPaseMembranes

from: Fraction U/mg of Total Uprotein

Control Depleted 0.036 2.3membrane

Concentrated 0.134 4.82supernatant

El treated Depleted 0.034 1.98membrane

Concentrated 0.11 4.6supernatant

a Specific activities of ATPase of nondepleted mem-branes from control and treated bacteria were 0.21 and0.20, respectively.

Camera-Ready CopyDrawings, tables, chemical formulas, etc.,

that can be photographically reproduced forpublication without further typesetting orartwork are referred to as "camera ready."Such copy may also be prepared for complicatedmathematical or physical formulas, portions ofgenetic maps, diagrams, and flow schemes. Itshould not be hand-lettered. Camera-ready copymust be carefully prepared to conform with thestyle of [AI. The advantage to submitting cam-

era-ready copy is that the material will appearexactly as envisioned by the author, and nosecond proofreading is necessary. This is partic-ularly advantageous when there are long, com-plicated tables and when the division of materialand spacing are important.

NOMENCLATURE

Chemical and Biochemical NomenclatureThe recognized authority for the names of

chemical compounds is Chemical Abstracts(Chemical Abstract Service, Ohio State Univer-sity, Columbus) and its indexes. For biochemi-cal terminology, including abbreviations andsymbols, consult the following: InternationalUnion of Biochemistry Biochemical Nomencla-ture and Related Documents (1978; reprinted forThe Biochemical Society, London, England),instructions to authors of the Journal ofBiologi-cal Chemistry and Archives ofBiochemistry andBiophysics (first issues of each year), and theHandbook ofBiochemistry and Molecular Biol-ogy (G. D. Fasman, ed., CRC Press, Inc., 3rded., 1976).Do not express molecular weights in daltons;

molecular weight is a unitless ratio. Molecularmass is expressed in daltons.For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial)

name assigned by the Nomenclature Committeeof the International Union of Biochemistry asdescribed in Enzyme Nomenclature 1978 (Aca-demic Press, Inc., 1979). If a nonrecommendedname is used, place the proper (trivial) name inparentheses at first use in the abstract and text.Use the EC number when it has been assigned,and express enzyme activity either in katals(preferred) or in the older system of ",umolVmin."

DrugsWhenever possible, use generic names rather

than trade names of drugs.

Nomenclature of MicroorganismsBinary names consisting of a generic name

and a specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli)should be used for all microorganisms. Names ofgenera and higher categories may be used alone,but a specific epithet must be preceded by ageneric name the first time it is used in a paper.Thereafter, the generic name should be abbrevi-ated to the initial capital letter (e.g., E. colt),provided there can be no confusion with othergenera used in the paper. Names of all taxa(phyla [for fungi, divisions], classes, orders,families, genera, species, subspecies) are print-ed in italics; strain designations and numbers arenot.

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In general, the nomenclature of bacteriashould follow that presented in Bergey's Manualof Determinative Bacteriology (8th ed., TheWilliams & Wilkins Co., 1974). If you wish tochallenge this nomenclature, you may express ajudgment, but the name given in Bergey's Man-ual should follow in parentheses the first timethe name is used in both the text and theabstract.Only those names which were included in the

"Approved Lists of Bacterial Names" (Int. J.Syst. Bacteriol. 30:225-420, 1980) and thosewhich have been validly published in the Inter-national Journal of Systematic Bacteriologysince 1 January 1980 have standing in nomencla-ture. If there is reason to use a name that doesnot have standing in nomenclature, the nameshould be enclosed in quotation marks and anappropriate statement concerning the nomencla-ture status of the name should be made in thetext (for an example, see Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.30:547-556, 1980).

It is recommended that a strain be depositedin a recognized culture collection when thatstrain is necessary for the description of a newtaxon (see Bacteriological Code, 1975 Revision,American Society for Microbiology, 1975).

Since the classification of fungi is far fromcomplete, it is the responsibility of the author todetermine the currently accepted binomial for agiven yeast or mold. Some sources for thespelling of these names include The Yeasts (J.Lodder, ed., North-Holland Publishing Co.,1970) and Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary ofthe Fungi, Including the Lichens, 6th ed. (Com-monwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey,England, 1971).Names used for viruses should be those ap-

proved by the International Committee on Tax-onomy of Viruses (ICTV) and published in the3rd Report of the ICTV "Classification andNomenclature of Viruses," Intervirology, vol.12, no. 3-5, 1979. If desired, synonyms may beadded parenthetically when the name is firstmentioned. Approved generic (or group) andfamily names may also be used.

Microorganisms, viruses, and plasmids shouldbe given strain designations consisting of lettersand serial numbers. It is generally advisable toinclude a worker's initials or a descriptive sym-bol of locale, laboratory, etc., in the designation.Each new strain, mutant, isolate, or derivativeshould be given a new (serial) designation. Sucha designation should be distinct from those ofthe genotype and phenotype, and genotypic andphenotypic symbols should not be included.A registry of plasmid designations is main-

tained by the Plasmid Reference Center, Depart-ment of Medical Microbiology, Stanford Univer-sity, Stanford, CA 94305.

Genetic NomenclatureBacteria. The genetic properties of bacteria

are described in terms of phenotypes and geno-types. The phenotype designation describes theobservable properties of an organism. The geno-type refers to the genetic constitution of anorganism, usually in reference to some standardwild type. Use the recommendations of De-merec et al. (Genetics 54:61-74, 1966) as a guidein employing these terms.

(i) Phenotype designations must be employedwhen mutant loci have not been identified ormapped. Phenotype designations generally con-sist of three-letter symbols; these are not itali-cized and the first letter of the symbol is capital-ized. It is preferable to use roman or arabicnumerals (instead of letters) to identify a seriesof related phenotypes. Thus, a series of bacte-riocin-tolerant mutants might be designatedTolM, TolII, TolIII, etc., or a series of nucleicacid polymerase mutants might be designatedPoll, Pol2, Pol3, etc. Wild-type characteristicscan be designated as Tol+ or Pol+ and, whennecessary for clarity, negative superscripts(Tol- Pol-) can be used to designate mutantcharacteristics. Superscript letters may be usedto further delineate phenotypes (e.g., Strs forstreptomycin sensitivity). Phenotype designa-tions should be defined.

(ii) Genotype designations are similarly indi-cated by three-letter locus symbols. In contrastto phenotype designations, these are in lower-case italic (e.g., ara his rps). If several locigovern related functions, these are distinguishedby italicized capital letters following the locussymbol (e.g., araA araB araC). Promoter, termi-nator, and operator sites should be indicated asdescribed by Bachmann and Low (Microbiol.Rev. 44:1-56, 1980): e.g., lacZp, lacAt, andlacZo.

(iii) Wild-type alleles are indicated with asuperscript plus (ara+ his'). Where the geno-type of an organism is being specified (e.g., in astrain table), a superscript minus is not used toindicate a mutant locus. Elsewhere, a super-script minus may be used to distinguish betweenthe symbol of a mutant allele and that of agenetic locus. However, this distinction is bestmade in the context; thus, one refers to an aramutant rather than an ara- strain.

(iv) Mutation sites are designated by placingserial isolation numbers (allele numbers) afterthe locus symbol (e.g., araAl araA2). If only asingle such locus exists or if it is not known inwhich of several related loci the mutation hasoccurred, a hyphen is used instead of the capitalletter (e.g., ara-23). It is essential in papersreporting the isolation of new mutants that allelenumbers be given to the mutations. For Esche-

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richia coli, there is a registry of such numbers:E. coli Genetic Stock Center, Department ofHuman Genetics, Yale University School ofMedicine, P.O. Box 3333, New Haven, CT06510. For Salmonella, the registry is: Salmo-nella Genetic Stock Center, Department of Biol-ogy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta,Canada T2N 1N4.

(v) The use of superscripts with genotypes(other than + to indicate wild-type alleles)should be avoided. Designations indicating am-ber mutations, temperature-sensitive mutations,and indications of phenotype should follow theallele number [e.g., araA230(Am) hisD21(Ts)].

(vi) Deletions are indicated by the symbol Aplaced before the deleted gene or region, e.g.,WtrpA432, A(aroP-aceE)419, or Ahis(dhuA hisJhisQ)1256. Similarly, other symbols can be used(with appropriate definition). Thus, a fusion ofthe ara and lac operons can be shown as '1(ara-lac)95. Similarly, (D(araB'-lacZ+)96 indicatesthat the fusion results in a truncated araB genefused to an intact lacZ, and F(malE-lacZ)97(Hyb) shows that a hybrid protein is synthe-sized. An insertion of an E. coli his gene intoplasmid pSC101 at zero kilobases (0 kb) isshown as pSC101 Q1(Okb::K-12hisB)4. An alter-native designation of an insertion can be used insimple cases, galT236::TnS. The number 236refers to the locus of the insertion and, if thestrain carries an additional gal mutation, it islisted separately. Additional examples, whichutilize a slightly different format, are to be foundin the papers by Campbell et al. and Novick etal., cited below. It is important in reportingconstruction of strains in which a mobile ele-ment was inserted and subsequently deleted thatthis last fact be noted in the strain table. This canbe done by listing the genotype of the strain usedas an intermediate, in a table footnote, or by adirect or parenthetical remark in the genotype,e.g., (F-), AMu cts, mal::AMu cts::lac. In set-ting of parenthetical remarks within the geno-type or dividing the genotype into constituentelements, parentheses and square brackets areused without special meaning; square bracketsare used outside parentheses. To indicate thepresence of an episome, parentheses (or brack-ets) are used (X, F+). Reference to an integratedepisome is indicated as described above forinserted elements, and an exogenote is shownas, for example, W3110/F'8(gal+).

(vii) Keep in mind the distinction between amutation (an alteration of the primary sequenceof the genetic material) and a mutant (a straincarrying one or more mutations of interest). Onemay speak about the mapping of a mutation, butone cannot map a mutant. Likewise, a mutanthas no genetic locus-only a phenotype.

(viii) Avoid the use of a genotype as a name

(e.g., ". . . subsequent use of leuC6 for trans-duction . . ."). If a strain designation has notbeen chosen, select an appropriate word combi-nation (e.g., ". . . either strain PA3092 or anoth-er strain containing the leuC6 mutation . . .").Any deviations from standard genetic nomen-

clature should be defined in Materials and Meth-ods or in a table of strains. For more detailedinformation about genetic maps of locus sym-bols in current use, consult reviews by Bach-mann and Low (Microbiol. Rev. 44:1-56, 1980)for E. coli K-12, Sanderson and Hartman (Mi-crobiol. Rev. 42:471-519, 1978) for Salmonellatyphimurium, Holloway et al. (Microbiol. Rev.43:73-102, 1979) for Pseudomonas, and Hennerand Hock (Microbiol. Rev. 44:57-82, 1980) forBacillus subtilis. For yeasts, Chlamydomonas,and several fungal species, symbols such asthose given in the Handbook of Microbiology(A. I. Laskin and H. A. Lechevalier, ed., CRCPress, Inc., 1974) should be employed.

Viruses. The rules for genetic nomenclature ofviruses (bacteriophages) differ from those formicroorganisms. In most instances, viruses haveno phenotype, since they have no metabolismoutside host cells. Therefore, distinctions be-tween phenotype and genotype cannot be made.Superscripts are employed to indicate hybridgenomes. Genetic symbols may be one, two, orthree letters. For example, a mutant strain of Xmight be designated as X Aamll int2 redll4c1857; this strain carries mutations in genes cI,int, and red and an amber-suppressible (am)mutation in gene A. A strain designated X att434imm21 would represent a hybrid of phage Awhich carries the immunity region (imm) ofphage 21 and the attachment (att) region ofphage 434. Host DNA insertions into virusesshould be delineated by square brackets, and thegenetic symbols and designations for such in-serted DNA should conform to those employedfor the host genome. Genetic symbols for phageX can be found in Szybalski and Szybalski (Gene7:217-270, 1979) and in Echols and Murialdo(Microbiol. Rev. 42:577-591, 1978).

Transposable elements, plasmids, and restric-tion enzymes. Nomenclature of transposable ele-ments (insertion sequences, transposons, phageMu, etc.) should follow the recommendations ofCampbell et al. (Gene 5:197-206, 1979), with themodifications given in section vi. The system ofdesignating transposon insertions at sites wherethere are no known loci, e.g., zef-123::TnS, hasbeen described by Chumley et al. (Genetics91:639-655, 1979). Whenever possible, use thenomenclature recommendations of Novick et al.(Bacteriol. Rev. 40:168-189, 1976) for plasmids

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and plasmid-specified activities, ofLow (Bacter-iol. Rev. 36:587-607, 1972) for F-prime factors,and of Roberts (Nucleic Acids Res. 9:r75-r96,1981) for restriction enzymes and DNA frag-ments derived from treatment with these en-zymes. Recombinant DNA molecules, con-structed in vitro, follow the nomenclature forinsertions in general. DNA inserted into recom-binant DNA molecules should be described byusing the gene symbols and conventions of theorganism from which the DNA was obtained.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS

Verb Tense

Use the past tense in referring to resultsrecorded in the present paper. Use the presenttense in discussing previously established find-ings and generally accepted phenomena.

Abbreviations

It is strongly recommended that all abbrevia-tions except those listed below be introduced inthe first paragraph in Materials and Methods.Alternatively, define each abbreviation and in-troduce it in parentheses the first time it is used;e.g., "cultures were grown in Eagle minimalessential medium (MEM)." Generally, eliminateabbreviations that are not used at least five timesin the text (including tables and figure legends).Abbreviations should be used primarily as an aidto the reader, rather than as a convenience to theauthor, and therefore their use should be limit-ed. Abbreviations other than those recommend-ed by the IUPAC-IUB (Biochemical Nomencla-ture and Related Documents, 1978) should beused only when a case can be made for necessi-ty, such as in tables and figures.

It is often possible to use pronouns or toparaphrase a long word after its first use (e.g.,"the drug," "the substrate"). Standard chemi-cal symbols, numerical multiples (e.g., Me2SOfor dimethyl sulfoxide), and trivial names ortheir symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may beused for terms that appear in full in the neighbor-ing text.

In addition to abbreviations for standard unitsof measurement and chemical symbols of theelements, the following should be used withoutdefinition in the title, abstract, text, figure leg-ends, and tables: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid);cDNA (complementary DNA); RNA (ribonucle-ic acid); RNase (ribonuclease); DNase (deoxyri-bonuclease); rRNA (ribosomal RNA); mRNA(messenger RNA); tRNA (transfer RNA); AMP,ADP, ATP, dAMP, GTP, etc. (for the respective5' phosphates of adenosine or other nucleo-sides); 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, and 5'-AMP (the 2'-,3'-, and 5'-, when needed for contrast, phos-

phates of the nucleosides); NAD+ (nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide, oxidized); NADH (nico-tinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced); NADP(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate);NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidephosphate, reduced); Pi (orthophosphate); PP1(pyrophosphate); UV (ultraviolet); PFU(plaque-forming units); Tris [tris(hydroxymeth-yl)aminomethane]; DEAE (diethylaminoethyl);and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate). Ab-breviations for cell lines (e.g., HeLa cells) alsoneed not be defined.The following abbreviations should be used

without definition in tables:amt (amount)approx (approximately)avg (average)concn (concentration)diam (diameter)expt (experiment)ht (height)mo (month)mol wt (molecular

weight)no. (number)prepn (preparation)SD (standard deviation)

Reporting Numerical Dat

SE (standard error)SEM (standard error of themean)

sp act (specific activity)sp gr (specific gravity)temp (temperature)tr (trace)vol (volume)vs (versus)wk (week)wt (weight)yr (year)

Standard metric units are used for reportinglength, weight, and volume. For these units andfor molarity, use the prefixes m, ,u, n, and p (forlo-, 10-6, 10-9, and 10-12, respectively). Like-wise, use the prefix k (for 103). Avoid compoundprefixes such as m,u or ,u,u. Use ,ug/ml or ,ug/g inplace of the ambiguous ppm. Units of tempera-ture are presented as follows: 37°C or 342 K.When fractions are used to express units such

as enzymatic activities, it is preferable to usewhole units, such as g or min, in the denomina-tor instead of fractional or multiple units such asFg or 10 min. For example, "pmollmin" wouldbe preferable to "pmol/10 min," and ",umol/g"would be preferable to "nmol/,ug." It is alsopreferable that an unambiguous form such as theexponential notation be used in place of multipleslashes; for example, ",umol g-1 min-m" ispreferable to ",umol/g per min."See the CBE Style Manual, 4th ed., for more

detailed information regarding the reporting ofnumbe4s. Also contained in this source is infor-mation on the appropriate SI units to be used forthe reporting of illumination, energy, frequency,pressure, and other physical terms. Always re-port numerical data in the appropriate SI unit.

Isotopically Labeled CompoundsFor simple molecules, the labelin is indicated

in the chemical formula (e.g., 14Co2, 3H20,

. .i.


H235S04). Brackets are not employed when theisotopic symbol is attached to a word which isnot a specific chemical name (e.g., 131I-labeledprotein, 14C-amino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.).For specific chemicals, the symbol for the

isotope is placed in square brackets directlypreceding the part of the name that describes thelabeled entity. Note that configuration symbolsand modifiers precede the isotopic symbol. Thefollowing examples illustrate correct usage:

[14CJureaL-[methyl-14C]methionine[2,3-3H]serine[at-14C]lysine[y-32PJATP

UDP-[U-14CJglucoseE. coli [32PJDNAfructose 1,6-[1-32PJbis-

phosphate

This journal follows the same conventions forisotopic labeling as the Journal of BiologicalChemistry, and more detailed information canbe found in the instructions to authors of thatjournal (first issue of each year).

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