infection control, vital signs, oxygen & medical emergencies warning: blood and guts to follow !
TRANSCRIPT
Infection Control, Vital Signs, Oxygen & Medical Emergencies
Warning:
blood and guts to follow !
Infection Control
• Microorganisms
• Infectious Disease
• Chain of Infection
• Nosocomial Infection
• Disease Control
• Environment
Microorganismsthat cause disease Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa
Can grow in or on an animal or plant and cause diseases.
Host: animal or plant that provides life support to another organism.
Microorganisms
Disease: Any change from the normal structure or function in the human body.
Infection: Growth of a microorganism on or in a host.
Disease
• Disease occurs only when the microorganism causes injury to the host
Pathogen
A disease producing microorganism.
Multiply in large numbers and cause an obstruction
Cause tissue damageSecrete substance that produce effects in
the body Exotoxins ( high body temp, nausea, vomiting)
BacteriaBacteria
Strep ThroatStrep Throat
Bacterial Bacterial PneumoniaPneumonia
Food PoisoningFood Poisoning
Protozoan
• Trichomonas Vaginalis
• Plasmodium Vivax– Malaria
Viruses
• Common cold
• Mononucleosis
• Warts
Fungi
• Athlete’s Foot
– Tinea pedis
• Ringworm
6 Steps of Infection
Encounter
Entry
Spread
Multiplication
Damage
Outcome
Chain of InfectionChain of Infection
HostHost
Infectious Infectious MicroorganismMicroorganism
Mode of Mode of TransmissionTransmission Vector/ FomiteVector/ Fomite
ReservoirReservoir
Nosocomial InfectionsNosocomial Infections
Infections Infections originating in the originating in the hospital; an hospital; an infection not infection not present before present before admittance to admittance to the hospital.the hospital.
Nosocomial InfectionsNosocomial Infections
Iatrogenic Iatrogenic InfectionInfection
Compromised Compromised PatientsPatients
Patient FloraPatient Flora Hospital Hospital
EnvironmentEnvironment Bloodborne Bloodborne
PathogensPathogens
Third Degree Burn
Universal Precautions
Since there is no way you can know if a person is infected, you should ALWAYS use universal precautions:
Wash your hands Wear gloves Handle sharp objects carefully Properly clean all spills Wear mask, eye protection, and apron if
splashing is a possibility.
Airborne Precautions
Patients infected with pathogens that remain suspended in air for long periods on aerosol droplets or dust.
TB, Chickenpox, Measles Respiratory protection must be worn when
entering pt room. Pt should wear mask.
Droplet Precautions
Patients infected with pathogens that disseminate through large particulate droplets expelled from coughing, sneezing, or even talking.
Rubella, Mumps, Influenza Surgical mask must be worn when within 3
feet of the pt. Pt should wear a mask.
Contact Precautions
Patients infected with pathogens that spread by direct contact with the pt or by indirect contact with a contaminated object (bedrail, pt dressing).
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Hepatitis A, Varicella, Flesh-eating Virus
All PPE should be used and equipment must be disinfected after use.
Controlling the spread of Disease
• Chemotherapy
• Immunization
• Asepsis– Medical– Surgical
• Disinfectants
Physical Methods of Controlling Diseases
• Handwashing• Standard
Precautions– Gloving– Gowns– Face masks– Eyewear
Handwashing
Single most important means of preventing the spread of infection.
7 to 8 minutes of washing to remove the microbes present, depending on the number present.
Most effective portion of handwashing is the mechanical action of rubbing the hands together.
Types of Nosocomial Infections
Iatrogenic Infection – related to physician activities
Compromised Patients - weakened resistance; immunosuppressed
Patient Flora - microbes in healthy people Contaminated Hospital Environment Bloodborne Pathogens – Hepatitis B and HIV
So What, and Who Cares?
Students and Techs are challenged both physically and mentally by the microbial world. In this world of newly found, life-threatening diseases, education has become the key to survival. Health care providers must be committed to infection control so that diseases can be conquered!
Syphilis in the eye
Infection Control per JCAHO
Fingernail Compliance
No more than ¼ inch long
No artificial nails
No chips on nail polish
When do you wash your hands?
When hands are visibly soiled Before and after patient contact After removal of gloves After using the toilet After blowing or wiping the nose Upon leaving an isolation area
When do you wash your hands?
Before Eating
How long do you wash?
10-15 Seconds
When should sharps boxes be emptied? When they are 2/3 full
What are some examples of proper usage of gloves? Wear gloves when you anticipate possible
contamination When handling chemicals like disinfectants for
cleaning Remove gloves immediately after performing
task and performing hand hygiene Hallways should be considered a
“glove free zone”
When do you use disinfectant jell?
Before and after patient care when hands are not visibly soiled
Before performing invasive procedures for hand decontamination
To decontaminate hands after contact with patient’s intact skin, i.e., after taking vital signs
What can you use for cleaning equipment and surfaces? Disinfectant wipes
How do you know equipment is clean? Clean equipment is covered with plastic A clean bed or gurney is dressed Medical equipment is cleaned between
patients or when soiled Not sure ? Always clean and disinfect.
What are examples of Standard Precautions?
What are examples of Standard Precautions? Use of PPE (personal protective
equipment) Protective housekeeping Practicing good hygiene
What are the 3 Transmission-based Isolation Precautions?
Contact
Droplet
Airborne
Review
Microorganisms Disease Pathogen Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoan 6 Steps of Infection
Chain of Infection Nosocomial Infection Controlling Disease Physical Methods of
Controlling Diseases Handwashing Standard Precautions Universal Precautions
Questions?
• Infection Control
Vital Signs
Vital Signs
Oxygen Therapy
Oxygen Devices
Chest Tubes and Lines
Vital Signs
Indication of Homeostasis
Primary Mechanisms Heart beat Blood pressure Body temperature Respiratory rate Electrolyte
balance
Physical assessment include measurement of vital signs
Body Temperature
Pulse
Respiration
Blood Pressure
Mental Status
Body Temperature
Normal average body temperature: 98.6 F
Humans can survive between 106 F and 93.2 F.
Hypothermia Hyperthermia
Measuring Body Temperature
Oral Rectal Axillary Tympanic
Pulse
Pulse rate: Adult = 60 to 100 beats per minute
Children under 10 = 70 to 120 beats per minute
Tachycardia Bradycardia
Respiratory Rate
Breaths per minute: Adult = 12 to 20 Children under 10 = 20 to 30 per min
Tachypnea Bradypena Dyspnea Apnea
Pulse Oximeter
• Normal Pulse Oximeter = 95% to 100%
Blood Pressure
• Blood Pressure • Systolic pressure =
95-140 mmHg• Diastolic pressure =
60-90 mmHg
• Hypertension• Hypotension
Oxygen
Oxygen constitutes 21% of atmospheric gases
If O2 levels in the body drop below 21% homeostasis is altered.
Hypoxia: Inadequate amount of oxygen at the cellular level.
Oxygen Devices
Nasal Cannula Masks
Nonrebreathing mask Aerosol mask Air-entrainment mask
Tent and Oxyhood
Chest Tubes and Lines
• Endotracheal Tube (ET)
– Ventilator• Chest Tubes
• Nasogastric tube (NG)
• Central Lines
Review
Vital Signs Homeostasis Body Temperature Pulse Respiration Blood Pressure Mental Status
Electrolyte balance Pulse Oximeter Oxygen Oxygen Devices Chest Tubes Chest Lines
Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill
"The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity. "The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity. The optimist sees the opportunity in every The optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty." difficulty."
Winston Churchill Winston Churchill
Questions?
• Vital Signs
Medical EmergenciesMedical Emergencies
TRAUMA = X-RAY IS READY
SPINAL INJURY PT
GSW to the Abdomen
Compound Fx of Femur
Medical Emergencies
• Definitions
• What should the RT know?
• Common Radiology Emergencies
Medical Emergencies
Definition: Sudden change in medical status requiring immediate action.
For RT’s medical emergencies are rare, however as medical personnel we must be prepared to recognize emergencies.
Fractured Forearm
What an RT should know…..
How to….. Avoid additional harm to the patient Obtain appropriate medical assistance
quickly
Recognize emergency situations
Remain calm and confident
Anaphylactic Reaction
An immune response to foreign materialBronchospasm – wheezing and
edema in the throat and lungsCan lead to shockRequires prompt recognition and
treatment from the technologist
Why do RT’s care about Anaphylactic RXN’s….?
Water Soluble Iodine• High atomic # 53• Radiopaque• Used to radiograph
– Vessels– Arteries– Veins– Function of internal
organs
Iodine Contrast Material
• Ionic Iodine Contrast– Anion -– Cation +– More patient allergic
reactions
• Non-Ionic Contrast– Less patient allergic
reactions
Radiology Department
Patients are usually sent to the radiology department only after they have been stabilized.
However……
General Priorities
Ensure an open airway
Control Bleeding Take Measures
to Prevent shock Attend to
wounds or fractures appropriately
Provide emotional support
Continually reevaluate and follow up
ABC• A = Air Way
• B = Breathing
• C = Circulation
CPR
• C = Cardio
• P = Pulmonary
• R = Respiration
• Must be certified for the
“Health Care Provider”
• Cards good for 2 years are available.
Become familiar with………..
• In your work environment:– Emergency assistance protocol (how to
get help)– Emergency Cart/Crash Cart Location
Important Conditions to be Aware of……
Level of Consciousness: ALOCAltered Level Of Consciousness
Anaphylactic Shock: vasogenic shock
Hypoglycemic/HyperglycemiaNPO – Nothing by Mouth
Medical Terms to Know…..
Pallor = paleness; absence of skin coloration
Shock = failure of the circulatory system
CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation For program must be for Health Care
Provider
Continued……………
Stroke = Cerebrovascular Accident (brain)
Heart Attack = Myocardial Infarct (heart)
N/V = Nausea & Vomiting Epistaxis = nosebleed Vertigo = dizziness Syncope = fainting
And more……
Hemorrhage = bleeding outside a vessel
Radiologic Technology
• You never know when a medical emergency may occur.
• Helping your patients depends on your abilities to stay calm and perform you duties!
Questions?
• Infection Control
• Vital Signs
• Medical Emergencies