Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases

A Presentation by Yasmine Biady

Infectious DiseaseRINGWORM

Cause and TransmissionRingworm, a fungal infection is not caused by a worm, but a mould-like fungi known as dermatophytes that

thrive and are caused within the top layer of moist, dirty skin, in the scalp, and in the nails, It is also known as a

type of tinea infection. People can contract the disease from both

humans and animals. Damaged skin is more vulnerable to infection, as well

as warm, moist skin. When the fungus takes hold, it typically causes a ring

like rash of red, flaking skin. Ringworm is contagious and spreads

through direct contact with an infected person or animal. It can also be contracted from fungus in the soil, or surfaces of objects that an infected person has touched. Once a person is

infected, they are contagious until the rash starts to shrink or fade.

Symptoms Symptoms can very from: Itchy,

dry, red, scaly, or irritated skin, Yellow, thickened and brittle nails, to red ring-shaped rashes sometimes filled with puss with dry and scaly or moist, raised and crusty boarders, temporary bald patches, red swollen spots, red cracked peeling skin, skin lesions, and allergic reactions.

Treatment Doctors can prescribe antifungal cream , ointment or shampoo for most cases to be used for a period of 2 weeks - several months depending on the case. Advance cases will require oral medicine such as Griseofulvin. Without treatment, the infection can linger for several months and cause further serious infection and may develop into a bacterial infection, with removal of the dead and infected skin

Prevention Practice good hygiene : bathing,

changing undergarments (underwear) everyday. Keep your skin clean and dry when possible discouraging the

fungus to take hold. Don't share personal hygiene items such as brushes towels and clothing limiting

the chance of contraction. Wash clothing and bedding frequently. Carefully clean and dry feet after showering, changing socks daily, lower barefoot activity in public places (limiting the chances of contracting athletes foot) With an infected animal, consult a veterinarian to limit the amount of

cuddling and patting until the rash heals.

Incidence• Young children are particularly susceptible to Ringworm. However all

ages are susceptible to infection.

• In countries such as Australia, UK and USA the incidence of ringworm

has been estimated to be about 3% of the population, increasing up to 5% in

the elderly,

• Some subgroups such as miners, servicemen and sportsmen etc. have an incidence of up to 20% due to the

use of communal showers and changing rooms.

INFECTIOUS DISEASEDiabetes (Type 1 & Type 2)

Cause and transmission

General Overview: More than 3 million Australians have diabetes or pre-diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when there is too much glucose in the blood because the body is not producing insulin or not using insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone needed for glucose to enter the cells and be converted to energy.

Cause and transmissionType 1 diabetes ( AKA Insulin dependant

diabetes, juvenile diabetes ):

• Occurs when the pancreas gland no longer produces the insulin needed

• One of the most common chronic childhood diseases in developed nations (10-15% of all cases of diabetes)

• Is not caused by lifestyle factors

The cells inside the pancreas that make insulin have been destroyed, so the

pancreas is unable to make insulin. It is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental influences, and

is not communicable.

Cause and transmissionType 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependant, adult

on-set diabetes):

• Occurs when the pancreas is not producing enough insulin and the insulin is not working effectively

• Is the most common type of all diabetes cases (85 - 90%)

• Risk factors include family history, ethnic background and being overweight

• Caused by Lifestyle factors such as unhealthy eating and lack of physical activity, older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, physical inactivity, and even race/ethnicity

Symptoms

 Type 1:The Symptoms are Usually abrupt onset. They range from: Excessive thirst and urination, unexplained weight loss, to weakness, fatigue, irritability, lethargy, increased appetite, sugar in urine, ketones in urine, heavy or laboured breathing, and even unconsciousness. Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed quickly, in childhood or young adult hood although it can occur at any age.

Symptoms Type 2: The symptoms for type 2 diabetes can sometimes go unnoticed as the disease develops gradually. Symptoms can be the same as for type 1 plus blurred vision, skin infection, slow healing, tingling and numbness in the feet, gum or urinary tract infections. It is usually diagnosed in adults over 45 years

Treatment  Type 1: Treatment includes lifelong insulin injections every day, regular blood glucose level tests, a healthy eating plan, calculated diet, regular physical activity. It is evidently quite difficult to manage.

Treatment Type 2: Treatment includes: Regular Physical activity and healthy eating. Over time treatment may progress from lifestyle treatment to requiring tablets and/or insulin injections. It is relatively easy to manage opposed to Type 1.

Prevention

Type 1 Diabetes:Generally Type 1 Diabetes Cannot be

prevented- However through receiving low doses of insulin, you

can delay its arrival if you know for a fact that you will catch the disease.

PreventionType 2 Diabetes:

Can be prevented through: Following a healthy lifestyle- this includes regular physical activity, making healthy food

choices, and not putting on a lot of weight, especially if there is a chance of having a pre-diabetic condition. A

more advanced option is genetically – If you know that genetically tour

family has a history of diabetes there is a procedure that envolves replacing

the faulty (diabetic) genes with normal ones

IncidenceType 1:

• 50% of cases of type 1 diabetes occur in children and young adults. 95% of diabetes in children is type 1. There are around 2000 new cases each year . Type 1 diabetes accounts for around 10% of all diagnosed diabetes. Appoximately 140000 people in Australia have type 1 diabetes• The incidence rate of Type 1 diabetes among children aged 0–14 increased between 2000 and 2004, and then remained relatively stable until 2009. Between 2000 and 2009, the incidence rate of Type 1 diabetes among people aged 15+ decreased

Incidence

Type 2: • Generally occurs in adults. Around 55,000 new cases every year• Between 2000 and 2009, the incidence rate of insulin-treated Type 2 diabetes increased.• Type 2 diabetes accounts for around 85% of all people with diabetes. • There are around 1 million people with diabetes in Australia (half are undiagnosed)

Ringworm Resources•  Book: Human diseases and conditions Neil

Izenburg, M.D Steven A. Dowshen, M.D.

• Book: Human diseases Elizabeth Sakker, Catherine Odium and robert Garner

• Website: http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Mycoses/Cutaneous/Dermatophytosis/

• Website: http://ideas.health.vic.gov.au/bluebook/ringworm-info.asp

• Website: http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Tinea

Diabetes Resources• Book: Diabetes by Justin Healey issues in

society volume 250\

• Encyclopaedia: Diabetes by Judith peacock -perspectives on Disease and illness

• Website: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/reportcard/diabetes-incidence.htm

• Website: http://www.aihw.gov.au/diabetes-indicators/incidence/

• Website: https://www.google.com.au/search?sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&q=type+1+diabetes+treatment&surl=1